CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional Sentence (=Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang
mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan.

Conditional Sentence (Kalimat Pengandaian) dalam bahada inggris selalu berbentuk kalimat majemuk
(compound sentence), yaitu kalimat yang terdiri atas Main Clause (Induk Kaimat) dan Subordinate Clause
(Anak Kalimat). Pada bentuk conditional sentence ini antara induk kalimat dengan amak kalimat dihubungkan
dengan “ if (jika) ”.

Main clause (induk kalimat) adalah bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang dapat berdiri sendiri serta memiliki arti
yang lengkap jika berpisah dari bagian yang lain dalam kalimat majemuk.

Sedangkan Subordinate Clause (anak kalimat) adalah bagian dari kalimat majemuk yang tidak dapat berdiri
sendiri seandainya berpisah dari bagian yang lain dalam kalimat majemuk.

Terdapat tiga tipe conditional sentence. Secara singkat ketiga tipe tersebut bisa dilihat di tabel berikut:

Conditional Sentence Type I

Kalimat conditional disebut juga dengan kalimat pengandaian. Contoh di bawah ini:

If I have a lot of money, I will go to America.

I will sleep if I am sleepy.

If my father has much money, he will buy a new house.

Ketiga contoh di atas adalah contoh dari conditional sentence. Conditional sentence terdiri dari 2 bagian yaitu:
subordinate clause dan main clause. Subordinate clause (if + clause) merupakan pernyataan syarat atau kondisi.
Sedangkan main clause pada conditional sentence adalah pernyataan akibat terpenuhinya (+) atau tidak
terpenuhinya (-) persyaratan yang ada pada subordinate clause atau kondisi yang ada pada subordinate clause.
Perhatikan kembali contoh di atas:

If I have a lot of money…(subordinate clause) kalimat ini merupakan syarat untuk terjadinya sesuatu yaitu : I
will go to America. (main clause). Jadi saya akan pergi ke Amerika jika saya mempunyai banyak uang.

Conditional sentence type 1

Conditional sentence type 1 bermakna future karena akibat (main clause) berbentuk future dan subordinate
clause berbentuk simple present tense. kejadian yang ada pada main clause yang berbentuk future tersebut akan
terjadi bila persyaratan yang ada pada subordinate clause (if…) terpenuhi.

Rumus condtional sentence type 1

If +simple present tense, Simple future tense

Simple future tense + if + simple present tense

NOTE: jangan lupa memasukan , (comma) jika ingin meletakkan subordinate clause terlebih dahulu. Tidak
perlu meletakkan koma jika main clause anda masukan terlebih dahulu.

If she has my address, she will send the invitation to me.

They will buy a car if they have money.

My mother will go to Bali if she has a lot of money.

You will be late if you sleep late.

He will not come if you are angry with him.

Conditional Sentence Type II

Conditional sentence type II Rumusnya sebagai berikut:

If + Simple past tense + , + Past future tense

Past future tense + if + simple past tense

Contoh:

If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

If I were you, I would not do this.

Conditional type II ini digunakan sebagai aplikasi kejadian masa sekarang atau present. Kejadiannya akan
terjadi jika kondisi yang ada pada subodinate clausenya berbeda.

Contoh :

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Pada contoh di atas, telah jelas bahwa saya ingin mengirimkan undangan kepada seorang teman. Saya sudah
mencari alamatnya tetapi tidak ditemukan. Jadi tidak mungkin saya akan mengirimkan undangannya karena
saya tidak mengetahui alamatnya. Jadi fakta dari kalimat conditionalnya pada contoh di atas adalah: tidak jadi
mengirimkan undangan karena tidak mengetahui alamatnya.

Contoh lain:

If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

Saya kenal John. Dia tidak punya banyak uang (ini fakta yang ada). Akan tetapi dia sangat suka denga mobil
ferari dan sangat ingin membelinya. Akan tetapi ini hanya mimpi John belaka karena tidak mungkin dia
membeli ferari karena dia tidak punya uang.

Dari penjelasan ini sangat jelas perbedaan conditional sentence type I dan II. Pada type I… kondisinya pada
subordinate clause berbentuk present dan ini kemungkinan besar terjadi. Sedangkan pada type II, kondisi pada
subordinate clause berbentuk simple past tense yang menyatakan masa lampau..yang jelas jika masa lampau
adalah masa yang sudah lewat dan kita telah mengetahuinya. Jadi type dua adalah kalimat pengandaian yang
tidak mungkin terjadi, sedangkan type I bisa saja terjadi.

Conditional Sentence type III

Pada conditional sentence type II merupakan aplikasi dari kondisi atau kejadian yang ada pada masa
present/simple present tense, sedangkan type III ini merukan aplikasi kejadian masa lampau atau simple past
tense. Terkadang, di masa lampau kita mempunyai keinginan yang tidak dapat kita wujudkan. Lalu kita ingin
bercerita kepada teman atau orang lain. Misalkan:

“ tahun lalu, saya ingin membeli rumah baru, akan tetapi saya tidak punya uang.”

Perhatikan contoh di atas yang sengaja saya buat dalam bahasa Indonesia! Bahwasanya tahun lalu (masa
lampau) saya ingin membeli rumah baru dan saya tidak punya uang. Jadi conditional type I adalah pengandaian
yang kemungkinan besar terjadi, type II aplikasi masa present yang merupakan pengandaian yang tidak
mungkin terjadi dan type III adalah aplikasi kondisi masa lampau atau bentuk past tense yang memang sudah
pasti tidak terjadi karena merupakan aplikasi masa lampau.

Rumus conditional type III

If + Past perfect + , + Past future perfect tense

Past future perfect tense + if + past perfect

Contoh:

If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional
sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal),
sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact/kebenaran ilmiah.

Rumus Conditional Sentence

Rumus Umum

Secara umum, rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut.

if + condition, result/consequence

atau tanpa tanda baca koma:

result/consequence + if + condition

Rumus Conditional Sentence Berbagai Tipe

Type Rumus Conditional Sentence

0 if + simple present, simple present
1 if + simple present, will + bare infinitive
2 if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive
3 if + past perfect, would/should/could/might have + past participle

Contoh Conditional Sentence

Berikut contoh conditional sentence pada berbagai tipe sesuai dengan rumus di atas.

Type Contoh Conditional Sentence

If we burn paper, it becomes ash.
0
(Jika kita membakar kertas, itu menjadi abu.)
If I meet him, I will introduce myself.
1
(Jika saya bertemu dia, saya akan memperkenalkan diri.)
If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day.
2
(Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.)
If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
3
(Jika kamu ingat mengundang saya, saya akan hadir di pestamu.)

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.

Contoh conditional sentence: if…not dan unless:

Dengan menggunakan rumus negatif if, contoh conditional sentence seperti di bawah ini.

 If the students do not understand, they will raise their hand to ask.
 Unless the students understand, they will raise their hand to ask. (Jika para siswa tidak mengerti, mereka akan
mengangkat tangan untuk bertanya.)
Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences are sometimes confusing for learners of English as a second language.

Watch out:

1. Which type of conditional sentences is it?

2. Where is the if-clause (e.g. at the beginning or at the end of the conditional sentence)?

There are three types of conditional sentences.

type condition
I condition possible to fulfill
II condition in theory possible to fulfill
III condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

1. Form
type if-clause main clause
I Simple Present will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
II Simple Past would + infinitive *
III Past Perfect would + have + past participle *

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type if clause main clause
I If I study, I will pass the exam.
II If I studied, I would pass the exam.
III If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type main clause if-clause
I I will pass the exam if I study.
II I would pass the exam if I studied.
III I would have passed the exam if I had studied.

4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type Examples
long forms short/contracted forms
+ If I study, I will pass the exam. If I study, I'll pass the exam.
I
- If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I study, I won't fail the exam.
type Examples
long forms short/contracted forms
If I do not study, I will fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
+ If I studied, I would pass the exam. If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
II If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
-
If I did not study, I would fail the exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
If I had studied, I would have passed the
+ If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
exam.
III If I had studied, I would not have failed the If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the
exam. exam.
-
If I had not studied, I would have failed the If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the
exam. exam.

* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible,
too).

 I would pass the exam.

 I could pass the exam.
 I might pass the exam.
 I may pass the exam.
 I should pass the exam.
 I must pass the exam.
Pengertian conditional sentences

Conditional sentence (kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang mengandaikan suatu

keinginan, harapan, rencana, dan Iain-lain yang masih bisa terjadi [possible), sesuatu yang tak
terpenuhi/angan-angan (unreal), dan tak ter- wujud (impossible).

Contoh:

 If I work hard, I will have a lot of money. (Jika aku bekerja keras, aku akan memiliki
banyak uang)
 If I study English, I will get good score in TOEFL. (Jika aku belajar bahasa Inggris,
aku akan mendapatkan nilai yang bagus dalam tes TOEFL)
 If I had a lot of money, I would buy an expensive car. (Jika aku memiliki banyak
uang, aku akan menibeli mobil yang mahal)
 If i were you, I would work in that foreign company. (Jika aku jadi kamu, aku akan
bekerja di perusahaan asing itu)
 If I had got high score in the national examination, I would have studeid in a state
university. (jika aku mendapatkan nilai yang bagus di ujian nasional, aku akan belajar
disebuah perguruan tinggi negeri)
 We would have got the ticket if we had come earlier. (Kita akan mendapatkan tiket
jika kita datang lebih awal.)

Catatan:

 Terdapat dua bagian di dalam struktur kalimat pengadaian. yaitu mduk Kalimat (main
clause) dan anak kalimat (dalam bentuk if clause).

Contoh:

If I work hard, 1 will have a lot of money.

If clause main clause

 Struktur atau posisi induk dan anak kalimat pada kalimat pengandaian dapat diubah-
ubah.

Contoh:

 If I had got high score in the national examination, 1 would have entered state
university.
 1 would have entered state university If I had got high score in the national
examination.

Catatan:

Ketika posisi induk kalimat berada di depan, maka tidak perlu adanya pemisah berupa tanda
koma (,) di antara induk dan anak kalimat.

Ketika posisi anak kalimat (if clause) berada di depan, maka digunakan pemisah berupa
tanda koma (,).
KINDS OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu:

Kalimat pengandaian tipe 1 (type 1)

Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe 1:

If + subject + VI (Simple Present Tense)+Subject + will + VI (Simple Present tense)

atau

If + subect + (be) present + adjective/noun+Subject + will be + adjective/noun

Contoh:

If I study hard, I will pass the final examination. (jika aku belajar dengan sungguh-sungguh,
aku akan lulus dalam ujian akhir)

Keterangan:

> Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentece) tipe 1 digunakan untuk mengungkapkan atau
mengandaikan sesuatu yang belum terjadi pada waktu sekarang dan memiliki kemungkinan
untuk terjadi dalam waktu dekat. Kalimat semacam ini menjelaskan untuk menyatakan suatu
pola sebab dan akibat.

Kalimat pengandaian tipe 2 (type 2)

Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe 2:

If + subject + V2/simple past tense + Subject + would + Vl/past future tense

atau

If + subject + were + adjective/noun + Subject + would be + adjective/noun

Contoh:
  Rony would buy a new car if he got the job in foreign company. (Rony akan membeli
mobil baru jika ia mendapatkan pekerjaan di perusahaan asing)

 If I passed the company entrance test, I would treat you a plate of steak. (jika aku
lulus dalam tes masuk perusahaan, aku akan mentraktirmu sepiring bistik)

 If I were you, I would apply for that scholarship. (jika aku jadi kamu, aku akan
melamar untuk beasiswa itu)

Keterangan:

 Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) tipe 2 merupakan kalimat yang

digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang tidak mungkin terjadi atau yang
bertentangan dengan kenyataan pada waktu sekarang. Kalimat dengan tipe ini
biasanya digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu khayalan.

 Fakta: fakta yang diungkapkan oleh kalimat pengandaian tipe 2 adalah bahwa saat ini
apa yang diandaikan itu tidak terjadi.

Contoh:

Condotional Sentence:

If I had long holiday, I would visit your home. (jika aku libur panjang, aku akan mengunjungi
rumahmu)

Fakta/Fact :

I have not long holiday. (Aku tidak libur panjang)

Conditional Sentence:
If I were you, I would go to that party. (Kalau aku jadi kamu, aku akan pergi ke pesta itu)

Fact:

I am not you. (Aku bukan kamu)

Catatan : were digunakan baik oleh subjek tunggal maupun jamak. Namun. ada kalanya
bentuk was digunakan pada subjek (I , he, she, it) ketika digunakan pada percakapan tidak
formal.

Misalnya : If I was you. I would accept his invitation.

Kalimat pengandaian tipe 3 (type 3)

Pola kalimat pengandaian tipe 3:

If + subject + had + V3/past perfects + subject + would have + V3/past perfect

atau

if + subject + had been + adjective/noun + subject + would have been + adjective/noun

Contoh:

 If I had had enough time, I would have come to your wedding party. (Kalau saja aku
punya waktu yang cukup, aku akan datang ke pesta pernikahanmu)

 Ifl had worked hard, I would have got the promotion for manager position. (Kalau
saja aku bekerja keras, aku akan mendapatkan promosi untuk jabatan manajer)

 If I hadn’t gone to the mountain, I wouldn’t have had an accident. (Kalau saja aku
tidak pergi ke gunung, aku tidak akan mengalami kecelakaan)

Keterangan:

 Kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) tipe 3 adalah kalimat yang mengandaikan

sesuatu yang sudah terjadi dan tidak terjadi di masa lalu. Tipe kalimat ini biasanya
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu penyesalan.
  Fakta yang diungkapkan dalam kalimat pengandaian ini adalah bahwa apa yang
diandaikan tidak pernah terjadi di masa lalu.

Contoh:

Conditional sentence:

If I had studied English well, I would have got good score in TOEIC. (kalau aku belajar
bahasa Inggris dengan baik, aku akan mendapatkan nilai yang baik di TOEIC.

Fact:

I did not study. Therefore, I had bad score in TOEIC. ( Aku tidak belajar. Maka dari itu, aku
mendapatkan nilai yang buruk di TOEIC. )

 Kalimat pengandaian (Conditional Sentence) juga dapat menggunakan bentuk

progressive atau continuous jika memang menerangkan proses yang sedang terjadi.

Contoh:

Conditional Sentence:

If I were working in England, I would be living together with my family. (jika aku bekerja di
Inggris. aku akan dapat tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku)

Fact:

I am not working in England. I am not living together with my family. (Aku tidak bekerja di
Inggris. Aku tidak tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku)

Conditional Sentence:

If it were not raining right now, I would go to the music concert. (kalau sekarang tidak hujan,
aku akan pergi ke konser musik)

Fact:

It is raining right now, so I will not go the music concert. (Sekarang sedang hujan, jadi aku
tidak akan pergi ke konser musik)

Conditional sentence:

If I had been working in England last year. I would have been living together with my family.
(Kalau aku bekerja di Inggris tahun kemarin, aku pasti tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku).

Fact:
I was not working in England. I was not living together with my family (aku tidak bekerja di
Inggris. Aku tidak tinggal bersama dengan keluargaku)

Conditional sentence:

If it has not been raining, I would have gone to the music concert. (kalau tidak hujan, aku
pasti pergi ke konser musik)

Fact:

It was raining yesterday, so 1 did not go to the music concert. (Kemarin hujan, jadi aku tidak
pergi ke konser musik)

 Conditional sentence (kalimat pengandaian) dapat mengungkapkan kejadian atau

pengandaian yang terjadi pada waktu yang berbeda. Misalnya, klausa if (anak
kalimat) mengungkapkan kejadian pada waktu lampau [past), sedangkan induk
kalimat mengungkapkan kejadian yang sekarang [present).

Contoh:

Conditional sentence:

If I had prepared some foods several hours ago, I would not be hungry right now. (Jika aku
mempersiapkan makanan beberapa jam yang lalu, aku tidak akan lapar sekarang)

Fact:

I did not prepare some foods several hours ago so 1 am hungry right now. (Aku tidak
mempersiapkan makanan beberapa jam yang lalu, jadi aku lapar sekarang).

 Jika terdapat penggunaan were, had (past perfect), dan should terkadang terdapat
penghilangan if.

Contoh:

Were I you, I would attend the state university entrance test.

Were I you = if I were you

 Terdapat pola suatu kalimat yang mengindikasikan suatu kalimat pengandaian

(conditional sentence)

Contoh:
I would have come to your party, but I had to go to my sister’s wedding party. (Kalau aku
tidak harus pergi ke pesta pernikahan kakakku aku pasti akan datang ke pestamu).

Catatan:

Ada kalanya di dalam suatu kalimat tidak menyebutkan klausa IF secara eksplisit. Ketika
klausa if disebutkan secara eksplisit maka kalimat di atas akan menjadi : If I had not had to
go to my sister’s wedding party, 1 would have come to your party.
Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have
happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional
contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include
verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a
past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are
five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences
are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there
is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional If clause
Usage Main clause verb tense
sentence type verb tense
Simple
Zero General truths Simple present
present
A possible condition and its Simple
Type 1 Simple future
probable result present
Present conditional or
A hypothetical condition and its
Type 2 Simple past Present continuous
probable result
conditional
An unreal past condition and its
Type 3 Past perfect Perfect conditional
probable result in the past
An unreal past condition and its
Mixed type Past perfect Present contditional
probable result in the present

The zero conditional

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the
situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths.
The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences,
the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple present
If this thing happens that thing happens.
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains the grass gets wet.

Read more about how to use the zero conditional.

Type 1 conditional

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real.
The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these
sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause Main clause

If + simple present simple future
 If clause Main clause
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
If it rains today you will get wet.

Read more about how to use the type 1 conditional.

Type 2 conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that
is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a
hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause
uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause Main clause

If + simple past present conditional or present continuous conditional
that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen)
If this thing happened OR
that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed
you would not be so tired.
earlier
If it rained you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

Read more about how to use the type 2 conditional with the present conditional and how to
use the present continuous conditional in type 2 conditional sentence.

Type 3 conditional

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is
contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The
type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In
type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the
perfect conditional.

If clause Main clause

If + past perfect perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things
If this thing had happened really happened) OR
that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that
I would have been working in Milan.
promotion
Read more about how to use the type 3 conditional with the perfect conditional tense, and
how to use the perfect continuous conditional in type 3 conditional sentences.

Mixed type conditional

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is
ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed.
The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result
in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the
main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause Main clause

If + past perfect or
present conditional or perfect conditional
simple past
that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that
If this thing had happened
thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at
I would have a better job now.
school
If we had looked at the
we wouldn't be lost.
map
If you weren't afraid of
you would have picked it up and put it outside.
spiders