Mapping

Maps are a useful and convenient tool for presenting information on landslide

Hazards. They can present many kinds and combinations of information at

different

Levels of detail. Hazard maps used in conjunction with land-use maps are a
valuable planning tool. Commonly, there is a three-stage approach to landslide
hazard mapping.

The first stage is regional or reconnaissance mapping, which synthesizes available

data and identifies general problem areas. This regional scale (sometimes called
“small-scale”) mapping is usually performed by a Provincial, State, or Federal
geological survey. The next stage is community-level mapping, a more detailed
surface and subsurface mapping program in complex problem areas. Finally,
detailed site-specific large-scale maps are prepared. If resources are limited, it may
be more prudent to bypass regional mapping and concentrate on a few known areas
of concern.

three types of general mapping

(1)Regional mapping.

Regional or reconnaissance
mapping supplies basic data for regional planning by providing baseline
information for conducting more detailed studies at the community and site-
specific levels and for setting priorities for future mapping.Such maps are
usually simple inventory or susceptibility maps and are directed primarily
toward the identification and delineation of regional landslide problem
areas and the conditions under which they occur. They concentrate on
thosegeologic units or environments in which additional movements are most
likely. The geographical extent of regional maps can vary from a map of a
State or Province to a national map, which delineates an entire country. Such
mapping relies heavily on photogeology (the geologic interpretation of aerial
photography), reconnaissance field mapping, and the collection and synthesis
 of all available pertinent geologic data. Map scales at this level are typically at
scales ranging from 1:10,000 down to 1:4,000,000 or even smaller.

(2) Community level mapping

This type of mapping identifies both the three-dimensional potential of land

sliding and considers its causes. Guidance concerning land use, zoning, and
building, and recommendations for future site-specific investigations also are made
at this stage. Investigations should include subsurface exploratory work in order to
produce a map with cross sections. Map scales at this level typically vary from
1:1,000 to 1:10,000

(3) Site specific mapping

Site-specific mapping is concerned with the identification, analysis, and solution of

actual site-specific problems, often presented in the size of a residential lot. It is
usually undertaken by private consultants for landowners who propose site
development and typically involves a detailed drilling program with down hole
logging, sampling, and laboratory analysis in order to procure the necessary in for
mation for design and construction. Map scales vary but usually are about 1:600 or
25 mm(1 inch) equal to 16 m (50 feet).
Three Important Criteria for Landslide Maps
The three types of landslide maps most useful to planners and the general public
are (1) landslide inventories, (2) landslide susceptibility maps, and (3) landslide
hazard maps.

Landslide-inventory maps

A landslide inventory map shows the location, spatial extent and type of landslides
in a region, and records the date of occurrence and the types of mass movements
that have left discernible traces in an area which can be identified in the field, or in
aerial photographs and satellite Landslide.

Inventory maps are prepared for multiple purposes including:

1. Documenting the extent of landslide phenomena in areas ranging from small

to large watersheds, and from regions to states or nations.
2. As a preliminary step toward landslide susceptibility, hazard, and risk
assessment.
3. To investigate the distribution, types, and patterns of landslides in relation to
morphological and geological characteristics.
4. To study the evolution of landscapes dominated by mass-wasting processes.
Imageries.

Landslide Inventory Maps are essential for susceptibility models that predict
landslide on the basis of past conditions. If these are not sufficiently available
more emphasis should be given on expert assessment and evaluation. Therefore we
need to know where landslides happened in the past. The conditions under which
landslides happened in the past are analyzed and the relevant combinations are
used to predict future ones.
 We need to understand the causal relations between landslides and the causal
factors. These conditions differ for different landslide types, and therefore
landslides should be classified into different types.

Temporal information is essential to estimate the frequency of landslides.

Therefore we need to know when they happened. Landslide inventories are also
used to validate landslide susceptibility, hazard and risk maps.

The generation of landslide inventories and a landslide database that covers a

certain period of time is a tedious procedure. The methods that are considered useful
for the generation of landslide inventory maps can be classified into the following main groups

 Image interpretation data collected from aerial photographs, high

resolution satellite images, or hill shading images derived from detailed
Digital Elevation Models. Also image interpretation using multi-temporal
images from Google Earth has become a useful tool for landslide inventory
mapping.

 (Semi) automatic classification of landslides from satellite images or Digital

Elevation Models.
o Based on spectral information by detecting fresh landslide areas from
multi-spectral satellite images;
o Based on altitude information by detecting landslides from multi-
temporal high resolution (LiDAR) DEMs, or through radar
interferometry

 Field investigation by mapping landslide signs, scarp area, accumulation

areas, and verification of landslides mapped through image interpretation
and/or classification.

 Community reporting, by interviewing local people on locations, dates and

impacts of past landslide event.

 Archive studies, by studying newspaper archives, old reports, road

maintenance reports.

Figure M.1 and M.2 Represent inventory maps

Figure (M.1)
 Figure (M.2)

Multi-temporal landslide map for the Monte Castello di Vibio area, Umbria, Italy.
The map was prepared through the visual interpretation of five sets of aerial
photographs flown between 1941 and 1997 at scales ranging from 1:33,000 to
1:13,000, and field surveys in 2010. Crown areas are shown separately from the
deposits. Colors show landslides of different ages: (1) relict landslides, (2) very old
landslides, (3) landslides older than 1941, (4) active landslides in 1941, (5) active
landslides in 1954, (6) landslides in the period 1955–1976, (7) active landslides in
1977, (8) landslides in the period 1978–1984, (9) active landslides in 1985, (10),
landslides mapped in the field in winter 2010.
landslide susceptibility map

landslide susceptibility map goes beyond an inventory map and depicts areas
that have the potential for landsliding These areas are determined by link some of
the principal factors that contribute to landsliding (such as steep slopes, weak
geologic units that lose strength when saturated or disturbed, and poorly drained
rock or soil) with the past distribution of landslides. These maps indicate only the
relative stability of slopes; they do not make absolute predictions.
Landslide susceptibility maps can be considered derivatives of landslide inventory
maps because an inventory is essential for preparing a susceptibility map. For
example, overlaying a geologic map with an inventory map that shows existing
landslides can identify specific landslide-prone geologic units. This information
can then be extrapolated to predict other areas of potential landsliding. More
complex maps may include additional information such as slope angle and
drainage
Landslide-hazad maps

describe the relative likelihood of future landsliding based solely on the intrinsic
properties of a locale or site, they are based on the statistical analysis of landslide
distribution and the identified controlling factors and also based on variables such
as rainfall thresholds, slope angle, soil type, and levels of earthquake shaking.

Maps usually divide the study area into zones according to different levels of
hazard to slope movement. They can also be called landslide hazard zonation
maps, old landslides are often degraded and vegetated making their recognition
difficult but this should be attempted it is important that maps

The need for such landslide hazard information may vary according to the future
land use. The degree of landslide hazard present is considered relative since it
represents the expectation of future landslide occurrence based on the conditions of
that particular area. Another area may appear similar but, in fact, may have a
differing landslide hazard due to a slightly different combination of landslide
conditions. Thus, landslide susceptibility is relative to the conditions of each
specific area, and it cannot be assumed to be identical for a similar appearing area.

Even with detailed investigation and monitoring, it is extremely difficult to predict

landslide hazards in absolute terms. Sufficient understanding of landslide processes
does exist, however, to be able to make an estimation of landslide hazard potential.
The planner can use this estimation to make certain decisions regarding site
suitability, type of development, and appropriate mitigation measures. Thus, the
planner is determining acceptable risk.

Landslide hazard maps together with information on existing or expected

vulnerability can also be used to estimate the risk associated with critical facilities
like road and rail networks hospitals or water pipelines such information may be
used to make decisions regarding the acceptable risk for one or more facilities the
need for relocation or the application of appropriate remedial measures

An ideal landslide hazard map shows not only the chances that a landslide may
form at a particular place, but also the chance that it may travel downslope a given
distance

Limitations of land slide Hazard Maps

Landslide hazard maps do not predict when or exactly where landslide will occur
during a specific triggering event the hazard zones simply represent differences in
the chance off landslide occurrence that can be expected over the long term