93D 591 a The dre cetcent abincon of Sie ersten As was duced in Seton 9.1, any obec moving ough fd wll experience a mg, {Ss nt fre inthe diecon of How oust the peste she frcet the ee fie objet. Tis nt free, a combitaton of ow detion comme of enc and tangent fees onthe ody can be detemined by eof Es 91 and 9.2, povided the stb of pes, p ad wal sear sues yar known Only eye stances ‘un tes itboons be eeriod aay The boundary layer How pata plate ‘rl tothe upaream ow as cscssed in Seaton 9.2 one wth ese, Cent advances ‘in compationa uid dynamics (i.e, the use of amputee to save he governing egations ofthe flow fi have provided encouraging real for more conpes shapes However, ‘uch wack ahi res reine ‘Most ofthe information perining org on abet is eat of merous exper ‘ments wit wind mel, wae wanes, owing tanks, and er ingenious Gevies hte ‘ed io meauethe dg on scale model. Ars dacseed n Cape 7. hse data a be Pt nto cimensioless fom and ve resus can be appropriately ried fo pray el flan. Typical, the ea for given-haped objet ea conten, Cp whee a Con ae 3 oi heed sad i etn of er dinesoles prt ch at Ryser, Re, Mach banter Ma, Frode uber, nd ela gh of sarc 6/0 Ta Co = taps, Re, Ma, Fe, e/6) “The career ofp a Function of thee parsers issued thi ct, 931 Friction Drug Ftion dag, stat part of the dag thai do ety t he sear tress, onthe ‘object. is action fot ely the mage ofthe wal sear sess, bu alo ofthe ‘renaon ofthe srac on which tat Thiet by he fac sin Bin Ea 9 the sutace is pull w the open vlc, the etre she free cobs dey {othe dag This tue er the pate pr! othe ow ax ws cece in Section 92 the sutice is perpedialar tte uses 9eocy the sea ses coats ning tothe dag. Such the case frat plate aoa ete upetru vlony a was discs in Section 9. Tn geome sree of «toy wil cote portions pall and worm the ‘psc Row Well ny denon in rwoes. Achar issuh ly Becase {he viscosiyof mos commen Mids is smal the contain ofthe shear ace oe veal rng on ody son ue smal Such xement shoal be worded in desslss terms. Thats, because the Reyols uber of most ania oe quae, the pra ‘ofthe dig cuted dey bythe shat Sess oten gute small. Pc highly stein bots o for low Reynolds umber flow, however, mont ofthe dg aay be et ton “Te fiction dragon Bat pla of with band length oid pr othe pea tow canbe cleited fom y= HEC, share Cth cto deg coefcint, The vue of Coy, given at fancio of Reyaclds ruber, Rey = pl and eave sac auphnese, ein ig. 9.15 ao Table 9, is596 onsperes ao hhedon ‘efron or ‘he pr ore ‘Tis el compare wit the standard expensive (bane tom Fi 92%) in ig £9. The agrees very good over wide nage of Rey suber or Re = Whe cures diverge boot the Bow i oct Doudary user spe Aow-—be Sea es and pessr distibons edo ota Eg, 2 ae aa vali hi ange. The dea deve {ence in the curves for Re > 3 X10 i eto te change from «lina obey ‘unary le, with be comespooding change inthe pressure dsbuon. Tiss ica in Sexi 93.5, Tes finest compare the tion rag 16 he aa eg on the yn. This, 8 _ Cy save 1 @~ G, * GeV) = iT 1 OTR For Re = 10% 10 and 10" hs ato is 0.138, 00483, and O01, especie Mow rag on he acide pressure rag—s renal ofthe boundary yer separation. 933 Drag Coeffcent Data and Examples As was iced in previous scons, the nee pode by bth ps an shar ‘reas ffs, rot intnce hese oo eet ae considered together tn an veal dng feeficeat Cy sdf in B96 und. Tere isan abundance of sich re oe ia svabe ia the Hears Ths information covers incompressible and compres ‘coos ows pst bjs of amo my shape of intest—both nade a alot In is secon we comers ral poion of his information fo seresenaive aos ‘Naina da can be ots from aos sources Rts 6) Shape Dependence. Cleay tne dap cobicet for an objec depends on he bape tbe obj. wit shapes ranging fom tore at are reamlined othe tha arb. The (ag on an elise wich apart rato /D, whee D and € wre the tks a length pal to be Now ilsuates ths dependence, The sep coetcie C= 3/(pU°BD/2) based on ‘beat ea A'= BD, here isthe lena normal he Al, how in Fig 919 ‘The mae Bont the body, the larger the dag cote. Wah €/D = (ue a fa pine oral the Bow) we obi the Hat ple ale of Cy = 19. With €/D = 1 the come Sponding value for accu eylnger is ohaned. AS €/0 becomes ler he value af Cp icant or ver lage aspect aos (€/D — the ellipe behaves a Fat plate pr the ‘ow. For sich css the tan drag is rete ha he presi rg, ad the vale of Cp bated n the tonal area, A= BD, wea Invesee wit nctesing €/D. (Ti ous for lage €/D values tn thee shown in the Rgwe) For ck exter! hin bon (ea lie wit (/D “aft lt, o very th nfs) customary to ua he panerea Sen, A = Bin ening the dea coetcest After alti the parm aes on which Seas sess as, rte ban th acs amalle or thin bode) ont ren The elie at ficient based on the plnform ren, Cy = /(U°/2), sao shown in Fig 21 ‘tery the drag obined by using ee ese dng coeficets would be th see. Tey ‘merely erste wo iferent aj to package the same iformsion “The anoust of sueanining can have a considerable eer on te dag, Isr tke ‘zag onthe two two dimensional objet rin to tale ig 920s the sare The wih ‘ef the wae fer the semis il very thi om te oer of ht forthe slr ‘Samer erelr einerPor very tow Re: ‘it mambo fore ine el, 93 Doe 597 mFicure 9.19 Drag otic i pe ‘ibe cece sre ‘She the foal ar Bote te poem ‘rent Seem FIGURE. 9.20 Two bjctafcomiderabiy darn faba tt ae dag fore a) esa pind Cy = 13, @) Stamnes y= OE Reynolds Number Dependence. Anois parameter on whch he drag coetcieat ‘a be very dependent i the Reynalis umber. The msn extepeies of Reyne maker epenence ar (1) very low Reyacds number dow, (2) magete Reyooeousber ow aninar boundary tye, and 2) very Linge Reyods number ow (buen boundary layer) Examples ofthese tree stations are dsinedblow ‘Low Rey oumber flows (Re <1) ae governed bya tlunce between viscous and esr forces Ten fet re eligi sal In suc nance eda expesed > be afneton ofthe upteam elec, U the Day sie €, nd the viet, Tha B= HU. Fro dimcsional conirtons (ee Seton 7.7.1) 8 ~ cute 938) wher the vale ofthe constant C depends on the shape ofthe Bay. 1 we put Eg, 9.38 ato Smensioless form sey te sandr defnon of te da oon we cay @ _2cuty _ 2c Bvt * pure = Re where Re = pit/i. The use ofthe dynamic presse, gU/2 in the definition of he ray coetcie is somewhat msesing im the cave of eceping ws (Re ~ I) because iExamece 9.10 hap Plow Over aa ‘oy Reyes Number Drag Catclets Rl7) Re = UDA = n/0) Co = 9) nee orks Objet & Tegyanwom mane [ese Deo = (F -@ Ji yi extn peta rte atte are 7S - o inrodces tei densiy, whic isnot an ingot paruncte for sich flows nea ot imgortan). Use ofthis sandard dag coeent defn gives the 1/Re dependence fot sal Re dng coef “Typial ates of Cy fr low Reyaos number flows pata vty of cbjetaze given ‘reer thn at ok parallel to the Bow. Forage Resets naber Rows this io iaicrly lager cee Esa 9.1), Steaming making the body slener can doce a consderabl rg redaction fringe Reyaasnanber Sows, oe very sal Reyes ‘umber dows ican actual ncease the dg Hecate of an intense in the ea on which Shear feces act. Fr mos objects, the low Ress mame Now ress a vali up 1 & Reynolds sumer of about 1 Asal gin ofan, diameter D = 0.10 ev ad pif gravity SG = 2.3, sees oe tert of nk fer having ean sired up by using bat. Deteibe how fat ls hog he il water. Soum08 A ftosbody gram ofthe pars (lave othe moving patil) a sown in Fig. 6.10. ‘The parle moves downward witha cosa yeloiy Uh is governed by atau: teanen the eight of the atl, Whe Booyancy fre ofthe surrounding Wate Fy 298 the dg of be water onthe pre 9,93 og 598 ty wioune esta From the ebody gram me obsin wearer wee , Wm a = 50 mo FD! o ae Fy~ ma¥ ~ me EP @ We assume tesa ofthe snes ofthe objec tha teow wil be crecping ow (Ge < 1 wah Cy = 24/Re oe Table 94) so at 1 p= pe, =) 7 2 = dna QD We mat ven co deme ft rps oot on cals Serv eno a ars pei By Sei bp th) wa 50 740 20" = SepygtD + 199 2? u re = ret? . rom Table 146 fr wae st 156°C we obtin pig ~ 999 kg/m a8 iyo = L12 X 10™ Nef? Tos, fom Eg. 4 we obtain (23 = 19098 Ag/V0.81 m/010 x 10-* mF TRAD x10"? N/a) U = 632 x 10"? m/s (ans Since DU _ (99 ka/m*y0.10 x 10~? my 0682 m/s) _ D TID x 10 Wale ee vee sex that Re <1 abd th form ofthe drag coetcent wes vali600 cmp How Over nent Ras Flow pasta ine deca tis an Deve of ferent ‘Note tha ith density ofthe parce were the sme she suroundng Bid Ea, ‘4 e woud obtain U ~ 0. This is easorabe soe the parle woul be mal Duy td bee wood be no fare overcome the nln iaced eg, Nee sb tht We ba sumed tha be parle fl a its steal teal oc. That, we be teslectedhe sscelration of he parce fom ret ws ermal veloc Since he teal selec ‘sal hin acleraton ine i quit sma. For faster obiet (ach av fe-aling sy de) ‘tiny be inp consid! the acceleration parson of te fb Moderate Reynlds wb ws tnd to ake ons bx aes ow sc, For such Hows past steamlined bois, the gcc tend to decease sghly mith Rep ols number. The Cy ~ Re" dependence for air body ayer on at plate ce ‘Table 9.3) in sch a example. Moderne Reyolisramber Pow ot Sat bes genealy ‘oducs dag coneins that ae celavely constant The Cp vals forte spheres td rear ylides shown in Fig. 21a indicate tis ebreter ete ngs 10? < Re = I ‘Tae suet ofthe fw fel at elcid Replies inetd in Fg 9.2 ie shown in Fig, 8.216, Fora given objet heres wide varity of fw situations pening fon the Reynols somber involved. The cucu earl sag encouraged to ty ie many beat photograph of these and ah) low station found in Ret For any tapes thee sudden change in the chaser of the dg cote when the boundary Iyer ecomesubulea. Thi lls in Fig 9.15 forthe Bape ad Fig. 92 forthe shea ciel eylnder. Te Reynolds ober which ts teason {aks plas ia function ofthe supe of th bod Forsreanlnes bodes, the dag celle increases when he bunday layer becomes twat because mot of the dag dt the ser fc, which sree for at ow tas for amiar ow, On te othe: hand the dag coef for asetvely nt bec, ‘uch as elo or phere, actaly decreases when he bound ayer haces ret Asisdisaned in Seton 9.6, turbulent boundary layer ca Vel fae lng ere imo the sdverse pressure grater on te mar potion ofthe elie befte seperation os, esse Be. m= Fioune 9.27 {0 Drag cox as anton of Repos momber or sth Soul persed a near93 Dmg 601 a FiauRe 9.21 (Conta ty Tpiee fw iw ps reat602 craper9/Fow Over emt Ras Phe ding cof na hang oni “ray wen he ‘randy rb Evaupis ‘Theremin «anes wake and male prose drag for tun boundary aes Bo This iinet in Tig. 9.21 by these Scene in > fr 10° Re-< 1 In parton of Uh range the seal rag oot js the dig eet) decreas with creating ped ‘would be very dif coma te sad ight oF sch an ebjetin this rnge—an inerease in veloc segs a decree in hast (gn lhe Reynolds umber ge the eg increas with an ineeae i th upsea velit (even hough Cp may desea wih Re) Fr exerely bln bode, He fat plate perpendicular he owe Now pris the ee ofthe pit regres ofthe nate fh Douay Inger Bo Ths, he Sag uel shows vey lite dependene on the Reyes rer "The dag coffins fora srs of o-Gmenoal boc f aying Blues are svn ata function of Reyools umber in ig. 9.22. The characteristics dsr above ae ndene Hat is protaced by the repented rings ang of ie pails ine opal x he ‘ero, nested n Fig B11 When teal hecomes are ene te aero ‘rag from he pda ean no fonge spp fe weight oF he a nd al fr esa ‘lod. Este te eos, Uf the up eed wo make D'~ 1 S:in-tinneer “ol basis) hal, Seuunon ‘Asia cased in Example 9.10, for sendy sate sonton force blince on a bie Tang toogh a fui gives waash het y = ya ise bp fe ofthe aon te pail W = yu ithe pile ‘doh td a ecu dng. Ts ean ca owen teat? Z 0%, = 0 ~ Fy o Wit ¥ = 20/6 ice re ye. WF canbe Spi o = ($2082) o- Gag) ° Byung ps = 18 gsi, ye = 288-9 10°? sups/ and D = 18a, = 0125 1,2 becomes 41.4 tgs /80N322 17370128 & 338 x 10" sags/O%C, v a‘he dag cones (uy np nef Mock nem efor Mack um ep apres att 0 93 rg 603, whee U is in, To determine U. we mast know Cy Unforntely, Cy is fanction of ‘he Reynolds ramber (ee Fg 9.21), wich not low less Kaw, Ts, we mast ‘te an ternive tcigue sara tat dene wih the Moody cart fo ean pe oF pe fw pebles (se Sation 85). "rom Fig. 9.21 we expect that Ci oo the der of 0.5, Ts, we assume Cp = 0:5 sd fom By, 3 obi u~ S3 - om Vas : ‘The carespondng Reyes umber (snuming v = 157 > 10°*F2/9) WD _ 912 Hs 125 6) 71ST 10 Re = 726 x 108 For this vlueof Re we oii from Fig, 921, Cp = 05. Tas our assed val of Cy (05 was caret Te coesponding ale of Ui U = 912 Bf = 622 mph (0s) “This etwas obtained by sing tnd et fovel proper fo the a I condone st 20000 false ae used Ve rom Table C1, Py = 1267 % 10? sap apd yw = 3324 x 10" Ths/fe). he comerpnding ress U = 125 = 85.2 pb ‘lea an plane Big trough mach an epcea wold ele fle eve fit were bet de the hal) As seen from By. 2, the apr te Pathe rong te nee "pirat Halonen greater tan 6 inn diameter he Ben sepa. In realty, aha |S eld saris Snd often not neath However the ealcased updates ee Se sgrement with matured values CompressibiltyEffets. Tre sbove dvs i retted incompressible Bows te velocity ofthe objets soir laze, campresiiyeferstecome pera she dap coefcien Peomesfnction ofthe Mach sumer, Ma = Ue, hee eth Speed of soon in be Mud. The laueducton of Mach number elles complies mae case te dag coefficient for a given objets then func of oth Reyools uber sud Mach urbee—-Cy = (Re, Ma). The Mach number and Reynolds aber elects ‘en lsely connected bacase bah are ely proportional othe upseam velo. Fe ‘rample, both Re and Maier ith ncesing Mpa sped of an seplne. Te change Jn Cp duo change in U ae de to changes in Both Re nd Mi "The rene depeence ofthe dag covet on Re ad Ma's geoenly ute corpe> (ef. 13), However te following simphicatons ar often juste. Farlow Mach numbers te da coefcien is estentlly independent of Ma si indicted in Fig 9.23. Fo Sion, if Ma < 0S os, compres effec re urmpan. On th ter had fo larger Mach sumer flows he drag coe cent on be strongly depenent on Ma, witha secondary Reyolds mibe tec. For most bjes, vale of Cy increase dramatically inthe vcay of Ma = 1G sonic ow), This change in characte, inne! by Fig 924, is de the existence of hol waves (extremely rarow region in he ow fel across which he Bow paraters cage ‘in nary disomimoous mane), which te diseased in Chap 1. Steck waves, whl nat extn moni flows, provide mechanism for be generation of dng ta | reset inthe rene low sped able ows, "The character ofthe dag coeficet 3 untion of Mach umber is diferent foun boss han for sp Boles is shown in Fi. 9.2, sharp pit odes develop tet1804 craer0/Fow Over eid Boi smaximam rag eoeffiienin the iit of Ma = 1 (sai Bow), whereas the dag coer Ccompetitty oS at bodes increases wth Ma far above Ma ~ 1 This bedava s dew tbe ate of fesansignit the shock wae ctr aed the seorapanyng Hw separation. The lending ees of wings nts nce the for subsolc arate uly ite rounded apd ln, we those of supersonic Shop enfcent (cad to be alte pte and sharp. More information on ies inert tp an Be ova} ‘standard tens abou compresibie ow end aerodynamic (Res 9, 10, 29). Surface Roughness. Ass ince in Fig. 9.1, the dag ow Bat pate pare ‘te Bow is ite dependea on the suace roughness, povided he Bounty layer Bw it a FiguRe 6.28‘Depnting on he “oly apa “ese fae ‘owns may i one 93 Dmg 605, tuolemt nach ne the src roughness pores hough he laminar bly aiacent tothe price Ge Scion 84) ad al the wal shear sess. Iban tothe increased turbulent bea sess, sree roughnos can lhe Reyoeldenaber at wich he andy layer ow becomes tutuleat. Ths, ough Ba platens have ager portion ofits eagth covered by euueat bud layer than det the comespondag smoot pla. Ths aso [20 acres the et eg he pate ‘In genera for sean bodies, the eg increases with increasing sface roughness. Great aes taken to design the srices of pane wings fo bees soon as possible, nee prong rivets or sre fea can cate coasdeabl increas inthe dng On the other aa, for an exteray bust boo, sich a Bt pate normal othe Row he dag ide rent of he sfae roughness, ince the shear sess ao inthe wpe fw dzeton nd combats aaa tthe das, or lut bodies likes cesar yer sphere, a iret in stace roughness can cally case a decease ip the dag This usteted foro sphte in Fig 925. As s ‘dscussed in Secon 9.26, whe te Reybols puter euchos the ctl value (Re = 3% 10° fora smooth sphere) te boundary lier becomes trbuleat athe wake region behind (he pers bacomes considerably naower hin f were Inminar ee F917). Te elt J considerable drop in pres dag with a gt ineease in feton dag, combining 0 ‘Eve aller veal ra (ond "The bountary lye can be tiped into ubulence at smaller Reyoois number by sings fouh-suraced shee For example th eriscl Reyolds aber fr gl bal fpposinataly Re = 4 > 10% Inthe range > 10" < Re (ans) ‘The above rest i ony an estimate because (the win is probably ot win from the top of the tower to the ground, () he tower no xa combination of + st sphere nd aca yin, (the cinder not finite eng tee il be soe snteracionbewees the Row asthe cider tod at pst he sphere ont ene ee ac excl th of he 0, ad () 2 dag coefcies tale vas otined by extapolaton ofthe sven data. However, sch approxima esa ae often qe nett ‘The seroynaie dragon aufomobles proves an example ofthe use of compte. bois. The power required o mow sar long level ee wed to oveome Eling ‘sslatnce andthe aredyamic dag, For speeds above approximately 30 mp the era. amie drag becories » sigicat canton tote et propane foc nested The soe ‘iouon ofthe rag defo visions portions of eae, rnt ed, wins rot. ear en, minha peak, ra o/c, ad cowl) have been determined by mares ode and falsiced te 3 well as by numeri alcuatons. Ava rsa tk poet ped the ‘serynamic dag on cof «wide vacty of buy sles ‘Asis indcted in Fig, 9.2, te dag caoient for cars hs dereased rahe contin aly over the years, This eduction sa ea of exe design ofthe shape and th tae {os as window moog ree view mire). Anatol edacton in deg bes been sscomplished by a reduction ofthe preted are.‘The et esa conideratle ines ‘in the gas maeage, especially st highway spends Considerable dione formation about ‘he serodynamics rad vehicles can be ound in the teat Ret 30),810 chap ow Ore need Bos 94 _Litt The i cota Form ofthe it WVRIGURE 9:27 | The bso wend af sreamlning automa to rede ht aero ‘pnamic dag and increta mies pr gon adapted rm Ree ‘The elect of several import paramere (ship, Re, Ma Ft and roughness) oo te es coef fr vt ots as ben dss inhi secs, At sob pov 388 coin information fra very wide range of abet sss Hos Some of thisinfonation i given in Fis, 928, 929,44 990 fra varie of we anc, tp he dog produced by te dynamic peste acing than of sae A Tes BeU'AC = to0"A Cy = | Typical nonstearingd objec have deg cette os tt ‘As s indcate in Secon 81, any objet moving trough id wil expaione wae forme ‘ple fid om he ober. For symmetrical objet, this ce wil be inte codon ee free seam—a dig, he objec isnot symmetial (or i it does ot produce see ‘cra fow field uch os the flow around rong sper), ee un ase bec oe normal to be ie sueam—s i . Cosierabl fat hs bee pt forth 1 dood te Various rope ofthe generation of ft Some objets, sucht oma, ne denorede eae it. Cte bjs are designed to rede te lit gener For ncale ae oc, Acar tens trac he cone fre betwen the wheels he round, cing etna jn tracon and comeing sbi. desist eee th it 941 Surface Pressure Distribution ‘Theft can be determined from Ea, 9.2 the distributions of pressure and wall shear sess Hata’ the entire body are known. As indicated in Seeton 9.1, such data sre Ul not ‘known, Typically, he lifts given in tems ofthe lift coeffien £ |" ia a 039) stich sobtind rom experiments, vanced analysis, or noni consdeaions, Tbe [UR coefciet i a function of the sppropate dimensionless pares anda te deka 613, aoe [a ‘30 Typ rng coticens or bjs tere el 5,6, 1S, 0420 = FIGURE 6.Areeaic Phys pei of Fite BEB svapie a. Fra pert Wate Us Beene Goma Sue Vopr Sp : Wty, icoty: Re, Sl i} okey ain avn wvithatin an % I8@@a_amm e-3 Ine uns ge Boa tae © i) Ga amass tae es Ses St 2 is at 2m B=3 ta Eos Ses Lm @ tye am iw eos ino e=3 Sm eos uae ® tse sku e-3 ton ens Gy bos gan © 1934 @2 11 B-5 920 491 6-3 S099 > tah en ay BS aa ene sae ens foam msm as es tau roe te Eo) sun Ed oon ue ast cee oer ge eer d ook Sisko Boe Sir eos ay Boa am E58 @ Lime Sion SIs =e Ga ene tw bl) ame Ese i ist Gan Ee tarnsé tw Bo) aw Eso m ike Pa Be 3m Ele anels him es ania es 6 MG Boe toe Eo luo Bot “Peay mate ape scpcn ie Renn SUE stasie 6 Paula Wate te tty ee eee team ge pg ompeanry Devos Weowe, Some ae, ee Se Ce" clon nln) — ony wy tm veams —_en © 989 sam gm u-9 Vie E-6 Tm 2 ams Be? $ wee Gan av es tap gle te esa mesa «Se Sam ta =a ar ene gels tmees | = ut Sm tm es mene ela amnesia S| Sr os tas eas tm eo) eels mes, © "man fm tmnt am Soy ae els ees Be @ m2 Sm ions Geel) cael; umess i Ba Soe toa es ti eos eaeoa omeese oe & Sie sam Son ess seo gl) Gwaecs am te aE or ite gee “Det ne nde os ‘Fon in pd a psn Ne Rel Ys854 seconde Physical Pope of Piss = TABLE 9.9 ‘Phys Prpprti of Art Sandard Atmosphere (BG Uni” 3 gyeite Dynamat st Denis, Was, Woy, Mt som, Tenperatare * ; * . . tn ompiney alee tiny ho in ~0 40) E-3 oa E-2 a 8-7 Am B-« 1a) om “ams B=} Sm B=? ag oy op oe Jala © 268-3 sas 7S Ey ta Be Lat) tat 2s 3 Ra 2 dae G9 i Bate ois B32 3-7 i Bost eta ES BS B72 Ma Boe lao) ows © hae Bo3 ha B-7 tas Be 1a) © haw Boa Sahe-7 tse eos (ta) ie ® im Boa Bs e-7 hBoe aD ime Bo3 Bib e700 Us B—4 tam % haw 3 3 ED7 im eos Lae. ww aot Ea SMES? 1D Ros lao im im Boa am e-7 tm one a tlt wo ho Boa 4b 6-7 a0 8-6 op io ism Bo (gel? ae ele ie im iw sm Bo Quel7 ae ie mmo kat B= om do Boe lane as fo Maas Bo 5a B-7 3 Es 1a 0 ime E=3 am 27 ce bos ales we Sass Ene fsbo? 990 be a too 6am B= 9508-7 isl Bas tattle “Dayne senna eee = feeiee = SARIS