Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Articulo 4 Password Removed
Articulo 4 Password Removed
T-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-420 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-421 Basic Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-422 Written Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-430 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-431 Instrument Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-432 Search Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-433 Couplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-434 Calibration Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-440 Miscellaneous Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-441 Identification of Weld Examination Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-461 Instrument Linearity Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-462 General Calibration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
T-463 Calibration for Non-Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
T-464 Calibration for Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
T-465 Calibration for Cladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
T-466 Calibration Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
T-470 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
T-471 General Examination Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
T-472 Weld Joint Distance Amplitude Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
T-473 Cladding Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
T-474 Non-Distance Amplitude Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
T-480 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
T-481 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
T-482 Evaluation Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
T-483 Evaluation of Laminar Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T-484 Alternative Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T-490 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T-491 Recording Indications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T-492 Examination Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T-493 Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Mandatory Appendices
Appendix I Screen Height Linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
I-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
I-440 Miscellaneous Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Appendix II Amplitude Control Linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
II-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
II-440 Miscellaneous Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figures
T-434.1.7.2 Ratio Limits for Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
T-434.2.1 Non-Piping Calibration Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
60
T-434.3 Calibration Block for Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-434.4.1 Calibration Block for Technique One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
T-434.4.2.1 Alternate Calibration Block for Technique One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
T-434.4.2.2 Alternate Calibration Block for Technique One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
T-434.4.3 Alternate Calibration Block for Technique Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
I-440 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table
T-422 Requirements of an Ultrasonic Examination Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Nonmandatory Appendices
Appendix A Layout of Vessel Reference Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A-440 Miscellaneous Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A-441 Circumferential (Girth) Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A-442 Longitudinal Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
A-443 Nozzle-to-Vessel Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Appendix B General Techniques for Angle Beam Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
B-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
B-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
B-461 Inner t⁄4 Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
B-462 Distance Range Calibration (See Fig. B-462) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
B-463 Distance-Amplitude Correction (Primary Reference Level) (See Fig. B-463) . . . . . . . 78
B-464 Position Calibration (See Fig. B-464) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
B-465 Calibration Correction for Planar Reflectors Perpendicular to the Examination
Surface at or Near the Opposite Surface (See Fig. B-465) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
B-466 Beam Spread (See Fig. B-466) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Appendix C General Techniques for Straight Beam Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C-461 Distance Range Calibration (See Fig. C-461) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C-462 Distance-Amplitude Correction (See Fig. C-462) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Appendix D Data Record Example for a Planar Reflector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
D-10 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
D-90 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Appendix E Computerized Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E-420 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E-470 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
E-471 Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique for Ultrasonic Testing (SAFT-UT) . . . . . . . . 85
E-472 Line-Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (L-SAFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
E-473 Broadband Holography Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
E-474 UT-Phased Array Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
E-475 UT-Amplitude Time-of-Flight Locus-Curve Analysis Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
E-476 Automated Data Acquisition and Imaging Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Appendix F Nozzle Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
F-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
F-420 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
F-421 Personnel Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
F-422 Written Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
F-423 Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
61
F-424 Procedure Requalification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
F-430 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
F-431 Instrument Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
F-432 Qualification Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
F-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
F-461 Calibration Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Appendix G Alternate Calibration Block Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
G-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
G-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
G-461 Determination of Gain Correction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Appendix H Recording Angle Beam Examination Data for Planar Reflectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
H-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
H-490 Records/Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Appendix I Examination of Welds Using Angle Beam Search Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
I-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
I-470 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
I-471 General Scanning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
I-472 Exceptions to General Scanning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
I-473 Examination Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Appendix J Alternative Basic Calibration Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
J-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
J-430 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
J-431 Basic Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
J-432 Basic Calibration Block Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
J-433 Calibration Reflectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Appendix K Recording Straight Beam Examination Data for Planar Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
K-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
K-470 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
K-471 Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
K-490 Records/Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Appendix L TOFD Sizing Demonstration/Dual Probe — Computer Imaging Technique . . . . . . . . 99
L-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-420 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-430 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-431 System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-432 Demonstration Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-461 System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-462 System Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
L-470 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1
L-480 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1
L-481 Sizing Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1
L-482 Sizing Accuracy Determinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1
L-483 Classification/Sizing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1
L-490 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.2
L-491 Demonstration Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.2
Figures
B-462 Sweep Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
B-463 Sensitivity and Distance–Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
B-464 Position Depth and Beam Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
B-465 Planar Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
B-466 Beam Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
A03 62
C-461 Sweep Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
C-462 Sensitivity and Distance–Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
D-10 Reflector Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
E-460.1 Lateral Resolution and Depth Discrimination Block for 45 deg and 60 deg
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
E-460.2 Lateral and Depth Resolution Block for 0 deg Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
G-461(a) Critical Radius Rc for Transducer/Couplant Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
G-461(b) Correction Factor (Gain) for Various Ultrasonic Examination Parameters. . . . . . . . . . 94
J-431 Basic Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
L-432 Example of a Flat Demonstration Block Containing Three Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1
Table
G-461 Transducer Factor F1 for Various Ultrasonic Transducer Diameters and Frequencies . . . . 92
62.1 A03
ARTICLE 4
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
METHODS FOR WELDS
T-410 SCOPE in the weld deposit and single or dual element longitudi-
nal wave transducers.
This Article provides or references requirements for
weld examinations, which are to be used in selecting T-421.2 Computerized Imaging Techniques. The
and developing ultrasonic examination procedures when major attribute of Computerized Imaging Techniques
examination to any part of this Article is a requirement (CITs) is their effectiveness when used to characterize
of a referencing Code Section. These procedures are and evaluate indications; however, CITs may also be
to be used for the ultrasonic examination of welds and used to perform the basic scanning functions required
the dimensioning of indications for comparison with for flaw detection. Computer-processed data analysis
acceptance standards when required by the referencing and display techniques are used in conjunction with
Code Section; the referencing Code Section shall be automatic or semi-automatic scanning mechanisms to
consulted for specific requirements for the following: produce two and three-dimensional images of flaws,
(a) personnel qualification /certification requirements which provides an enhanced capability for examining
(b) procedure requirements /demonstration, qualifica- critical components and structures. Computer processes
tion, acceptance may be used to quantitatively evaluate the type, size,
(c) examination system characteristics shape, location, and orientation of flaws detected by
(d) retention and control of calibration blocks ultrasonic examination or other NDE methods. Descrip-
(e) extent of examination and /or volume to be tions for some CITs that may be used are provided
scanned in Nonmandatory Appendix E.
(f) acceptance standards
(g) retention of records
T-422 Written Procedure Requirements
(h) report requirements
Definitions of terms used in this Article are contained T-422.1 Requirements. Ultrasonic examination shall
in Mandatory Appendix III of Article 5. be performed in accordance with a written procedure
which shall, as a minimum, contain the requirements
listed in Table T-422. The written procedure shall
T-420 GENERAL establish a single value, or range of values, for each
requirement.
T-421 Basic Requirements
T-422.2 Procedure Qualification. When procedure
The requirements of this Article shall be used together
qualification is specified, a change of a requirement in
with Article 1, General Requirements.
Table T-422 identified as an essential variable from
T-421.1 Austenitic-Type Weld Deposits. Ultrasonic the specified value, or range of values, shall require
examinations of austenitic-type weld deposits are usually requalification of the written procedure. A change of
more difficult than ferritic-type weld examinations, be- a requirement identified as a nonessential variable from
cause of the wide variations that usually occur in the the specified value, or range of values, does not require
acoustic properties of the weld deposit. It usually is requalification of the written procedure. All changes
necessary to modify and/or supplement the provisions of essential or nonessential variables from the value,
of this Article in accordance with T-150(a) when exam- or range of values, specified by the written procedure
ining such welds. Additional items, which may be shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the written
necessary, are weld mockups with reference reflectors procedure.
63
T-430 2001 SECTION V T-434.1.2
TABLE T-422
REQUIREMENTS OF AN ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
Essential Nonessential
Requirement Variable Variable
T-430 EQUIPMENT between the beam paths shall be such that the effective
focal spot of the search unit is centered in the area
T-431 Instrument Requirements
of interest.
A pulse-echo-type of ultrasonic instrument shall be
used. The instrument shall be capable of operation at
T-433 Couplant
frequencies over the range of at least 1 MHz to 5
MHz and shall be equipped with a stepped gain control T-433.1 General. The couplant, including additives,
in units of 2.0 dB or less. If the instrument has a shall not be detrimental to the material being examined.
damping control, it may be used if it does not reduce
T-433.2 Control of Contaminants
the sensitivity of the examination. The reject control
(a) Couplants used on nickel base alloys shall not
shall be in the “off” position for all examinations,
contain more than 250 ppm of sulfur.
unless it can be demonstrated that it does not affect
(b) Couplants used on austenitic stainless steel or
the linearity of the examination.
titanium shall not contain more than 250 ppm of halides
(chlorides plus fluorides).
T-432 Search Units
T-432.1 General. The nominal frequency shall be T-434 Calibration Blocks
from 1 MHz to 5 MHz unless variables, such as
T-434.1 General
production material grain structure, require the use of
other frequencies to assure adequate penetration or T-434.1.1 Reflectors. Known reflectors (i.e., side
better resolution. Search units with contoured contact drilled holes, flat bottom holes, notches, etc.) shall be
wedges may be used to aid ultrasonic coupling. used to establish primary reference responses of the
equipment.
T-432.2 Cladding—Search Units for Technique
One.1 Dual element search units using an angled pitch- T-434.1.2 Material. The material from which the
catch technique shall be used. The included angle block is fabricated shall be of the same product form,
and material specification or equivalent P-Number
1
See paragraph T-473 for cladding techniques. grouping as one of the materials being examined. For
64
T-434.1.2 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS T-434.4.2
the purposes of this paragrpah, P-Nos. 1, 3, 4, and 5 blocks as shown in Fig. T-434.1.7.2 for any thickness
materials are considered equivalent. range.
T-434.1.3 Quality. Prior to fabrication, the block T-434.1.7.3 Alternative for Convex Surface.
material shall be completely examined with a straight As an alternative to the requirements in T-434.1.7.1
beam search unit. Areas that contain an indication when examining from the convex surface by the straight
exceeding the remaining back-wall reflection shall be beam contact technique, Appendix G may be used.
excluded from the beam paths required to reach the
T-434.2 Non-Piping Calibration Blocks
various calibration reflectors.
T-434.2.1 Basic Calibration Block. The basic
T-434.1.4 Cladding. When the component material calibration block configuration and reflectors shall be
is clad, the block shall be clad by the same welding as shown in Fig. T-434.2.1. The block size and reflector
procedure as the production part. It is desirable to have locations shall be adequate to perform calibrations for
component materials which have been clad before the the beam angles used.
drop outs or prolongations are removed. When the
cladding is deposited using an automatic welding pro- T-434.2.2 Block Thickness. When two or more
cess, and, if due to block size, the automatic welding base material thicknesses are involved, the calibration
process is impractical, deposition of clad may be by block thickness shall be determined by the average
the manual method. thickness of the weld.
T-434.1.5 Heat Treatment. The calibration block T-434.2.3 Block Range of Use. When the block
shall receive at least the minimum tempering treatment thickness ± 1 in. (25 mm) spans two weld thickness
required by the material specification for the type and ranges as shown in Fig. T-434.2.1, the block’s use
grade. If the calibration block contains welds other shall be acceptable in those portions of each thickness
than cladding, and the component weld at the time of range covered by 1 in. (25 mm).
the examination has been heat treated, the block shall T-434.2.4 Alternate Block. Alternatively, the
receive the same heat treatment. block may be constructed as shown Nonmandatory
T-434.1.6 Surface Finish. The finish on the scan- Appendix J, Fig. J-431.
ning surfaces of the block shall be reprentative of T-434.3 Piping Calibration Blocks. The basic cali-
the scanning surface finishes on the component to be bration block configuration and reflectors shall be as
examined. shown in Fig. T-434.3. The basic calibration block
shall be a section of pipe of the same nominal size
T-434.1.7 Block Curvature (Except for Piping)
and schedule. The block size and reflector locations
T-434.1.7.1 Materials With Diameters Greater shall be adequate to perform calibration for the beam
Than 20 in. (508 mm). For examinations in materials angles used.
where the examination surface diameter is greater than T-434.4 Cladding Calibration Blocks2
20 in. (508 mm), a block of essentially the same
curvature, or alternatively, a flat basic calibration block, T-434.4.1 Calibration Block for Technique One.
may be used. The basic calibration block configuration and reflectors
shall be as shown in Fig. T-434.4.1. Either a side-
T-434.1.7.2 Materials With Diameters 20 in. drilled hole or a flat bottom hole may be used. The
(508 mm) and Less. For examinations in materials thickness of the weld overaly shall be at least as thick
where the examination surface diameter is equal to or as that to be examined. The thickness of the base
less than 20 in. (508 mm), a curved block shall be material shall be at least twice the thickness of the
used. Except where otherwise stated in this Article, a cladding.
single curved basic calibration block may be used for
T-434.4.2 Alternate Calibration Blocks for Tech-
examinations in the range of curvature from 0.9 to 1.5
nique One. Alternately, calibration blocks as shown
times the basic calibration block diameter. For example,
in Fig. T-434.4.2.1 or T-434.4.2.2 may be used. The
an 8 in (203 mm) diameter block may be used to
thickness of the weld overlay shall be at least as thick
calibrate for examinations on surfaces in the range of
as that to be examined. The thickness of the base
curvature from 7.2 in. to 12 in. (183 mm to 305 mm)
in diameter. The curvature range from 0.94 in. to 20
2
in. (25 mm to 508 mm) in diameter requires 6 curved See paragraph T-465, Calibration for Cladding.
65
Fig. T-434.1.7.2 2001 SECTION V
k
oc
bl
n
tio
15 (381)
ra
Basic Calibration Block Examination Surface
lib
ca
13.33 (339)
it
m
Li
9
0.
Diameter, in. (mm)
it
c
si
im
Ba
L
1.5
10 (254)
8 (203)
5 (127)
4.8 (122)
2.88 (74)
1.73 (44)
1.04 (26)
0
0 5 (127) 10 (254) 15 (381) 20 (508)
66
ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS Fig. T-434.2.1
3T
1/ T
2
1/ T
D
4 1/ T
2
6 in. (152 mm)
3/ T
4
1/ T
2
T 1/ T 1/ T
2 2
1/ T
2
D Minimum dimension
∗∗ For each increase in weld thickness of 2 in. (51 mm), or fraction thereof over 4 in. (102 mm), the hole diameter shall increase 1⁄16
in. (1.6 mm).
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Holes shall be drilled and reamed 1.5 in. (38 mm) deep minimum, essentially parallel to the examination surface.
(b) For curved surfaces, two sets of calibration reflectors (holes, notches) oriented 90 deg from each other shall be used. Alternatively,
two curved calibration blocks may be used.
(c) The tolerance for hole diameter shall be ± 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm). The tolerance for hole location through the calibration block thickness
(i.e., distance from the examination surface) shall be ± 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm).
(d) All three holes may be located on the same face (side) of the calibration block provided care is exercised to locate the holes far
enough apart to prevent one hole from masking the indication of another hole during calibration.
(e) Minimum notch depth shall be 1.6%T and maximum notch depth shall be 2.2%T plus the thickness of cladding, if present.
67
T-434.4.2 2001 SECTION V T-461.1
L Nominal wall
thickness (T )
Arc length
* Notches shall be located not closer than T or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is greater, to any block edge or to other notches.
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The minimum calibration block length (L) shall be 8 in. (203 mm) or 8T, whichever is greater.
(b) For OD 4 in. (102 mm) or less, the minimum arc length shall be 270 deg. For OD greater than 4 in. (102 mm), the minimum arc
length shall be 8 in. (203 mm) or 3T, whichever is greater.
(c) Notch depths shall be from 8% T minimum to 11% T maximum. Notch widths shall be 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) maximum. Notch lengths
shall be 1 in. (25 mm) minimum.
material shall be at least twice the thickness of the (b) Marking. If welds are to be permanently marked,
cladding. low stress stamps and/or vibratooling may be used.
Markings applied after final stress relief of the compo-
T-434.4.3 Calibration Block for Technique Two. nent shall not be any deeper than 3⁄64 in. (1.2 mm).
The basic calibration block configuration and reflectors
(c) Reference System. Each weld shall be located
shall be as shown in Fig. T-434.4.3. A flat bottom
and identified by a system of reference points. The
hole drilled to the weld metal overlay interface shall
system shall permit identification of each weld center
be used. This hole may be drilled from the base material
line and designation of regular intervals along the length
or weld overlay side. The thickness of the weld overlay
of the weld. A general system for layout of vessel welds
shall be at least as thick as that to be examined. The
is described in Nonmandatory Appendix A; however, a
thickness of the base material shall be within 1 in.
different system may be utilized provided it meets the
(25 mm) of the calibration block thickness when the
above requirements.
examination is performed from the base material surface.
The thickness of the base material on the calibration
block shall be at least twice the thickness of the
cladding when the examination is performed from the
clad surface. T-460 CALIBRATION
T-461 Instrument Linearity Checks
68
T-461.2 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS T-462.6
T-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultra- T-462.4 Contact Wedges. The same contact wedges
sonic instrument’s amplitude control linearity shall be to be used during the examination shall be used for
evaluated in accordance with Mandatory Appendix II. calibration.
T-462 General Calibration Requirements T-462.5 Instrument Controls. Any control which
affects instrument linearity (e.g., filters, reject, or clip-
T-462.1 Ultrasonic System. Calibrations shall in- ping) shall be in the same position for calibration,
clude the complete ultrasonic system and shall be calibration checks, instrument linearity checks, and ex-
performed prior to use of the system in the thickness amination.
range under examination.
69
T-463 2001 SECTION V T-463.2
2 in.
(51 mm)
3/ CT 1/ CT 1/ CT
4 2 4
CT
2 CT
(min)
GENERAL NOTE: All flat-bottom holes are 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) diameter. Tolerances for hole diameter and depth with respect to the clad
side of the block are ± 1⁄64 in. (0.4 mm).
T-463 Calibration for Non-Piping basic calibration block shall be equalized over the
distance range to be employed in the examination. The
T-463.1 System Calibration for Distance Ampli-
response equalization line shall be at a screen height
tude Techniques
of 40% to 80% of full screen height.
T-463.1.1 Calibration Block(s). Calibrations shall
T-463.1.4 Straight Beam Calibration. The cali-
be performed utilizing the calibration block shown in
bration shall provide the following measurements (Non-
Fig. T-434.2.1.
mandatory Appendix C gives a general technique):
T-463.1.2 Techniques. Nonmandatory Appendices (a) distance range calibration;
B and C provide general techniques for both angle (b) distance-amplitude correction.
beam and straight beam calibrations. Other techniques When an electronic distance-amplitude correction de-
may be used. vice is used, the primary reference responses from the
T-463.1.3 Angle Beam Calibration. As applicable, basic calibration block shall be equalized over the
the calibration shall provide the following measurements distance range to be employed in the examination. The
(Nonmandatory Appendix B contains a general tech- response equalization line shall be at a screen height
nique): of 40% to 80% of full screen height.
(a) distance range calibration; T-463.2 System Calibration for Non-Distance Am-
(b) distance-amplitude correction; plitude Techniques. Calibration includes all those ac-
(c) echo amplitude measurement from the surface tions required to assure that the sensitivity and accuracy
notch in the basic calibration block. of the signal amplitude and time outputs of the examina-
When an electronic distance-amplitude correction de- tion system (whether displayed, recorded, or automati-
vice is used, the primary reference responses from the cally processed) are repeated from examination to exam-
70
Fig. T-434.4.2.2 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS Fig. T-434.4.3
2 in.
(51 mm)
CT
2 CT
(min)
GENERAL NOTE: All side-drilled holes are 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) diameter. Holes location tolerance is ± 1⁄64 in. (0.4 mm). All holes drilled
to a minimum depth of 1.5 in. (38 mm).
Cladding
71
T-463.2 2001 SECTION V T-466.2
ination. Calibration may be by use of basic calibration T-465 Calibration for Cladding
blocks with artificial or discontinuity reflectors. Methods
T-465.1 Calibration for Technique One. Calibra-
are provided in Nonmandatory Appendices B and C.
tions shall be performed utilizing the calibration block
Other methods of calibration may include sensitivity
shown in Fig. T-434.4.1. The search unit shall be
adjustment based on the examination material, etc.
positioned for the maximum response from the calibra-
tion reflector. The gain control shall be set so that this
response is 80% ±5% of full screen height. This shall
T-464 Calibration for Piping be the primary reference level.
T-464.1 System Calibration for Distance Ampli- T-465.2 Calibration for Technique Two. Calibra-
tude Techniques tions shall be performed utilizing the calibration block
shown in Fig. T-434.4.3. The search unit shall be
T-464.1.1 Calibration Block(s). Calibrations shall positioned for the maximum response of the first resolv-
be performed utilizing the calibration block shown in able indication from the bottom of the calibration
Fig. T-434.3. reflector. The gain shall be set so that this response
is 80% ±5% of full screen height. This shall be the
T-464.1.2 Angle Beam Calibration. The angle primary reference level.
beam shall be directed toward the calibration reflector
that yields the maximum response. The gain control T-465.3 Alternate Calibration for Technique One.
shall be set so that this response is 80% ±5% of full Calibrations shall be performed utilizing the calibration
screen height. This shall be the primary reference level. blocks shown in Fig. T-434.4.2.1 or T-434.4.2.2. The
The search unit shall then be manipulated, without calibration shall be performed as follows:
changing instrument settings, to obtain the maximum (a) The search unit shall be positioned for maximum
responses from the calibration reflectors at the distance response from the reflector, which gives the highest
increments necessary to generate a three-point distance- amplitude.
amplitude correction (DAC) curve. Separate calibrations (b) The gain shall be set so that this response is
shall be established for both the axial and circumferential 80% ±5% of full screen height. This shall be the
notches. These calibrations shall establish both the primary reference level. Mark the peak of the indication
distance range calibration and the distance amplitude on the screen.
correction. (c) Without changing the instrument settings, position
the search unit for maximum response from each of
T-464.1.3 Alternate Calibration Reflectors. Side- the other reflectors and mark their peaks on the screen.
drilled holes may be used provided that it can be (d) Connect the screen marks for each reflector to
demonstrated that the hole calibration produces a sensi- provide a DAC curve.
tivity equal to or greater than the notch calibration.
72
T-466.2.1 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS T-472
T-466.2.1 Simulator Checks. Any simulator (b) Alternatively, each pass of the search unit may
checks that are used shall be correlated with the original overlap a dimension less than the minimum beam
calibration on the basic calibration block during the dimension as determined in Nonmandatory Appendix
original calibration. The simulator checks may use B, B-466, Beam Spread. Oscilliation of the search unit is
different types of calibration reflectors or blocks (such permitted provided improved coverage is demonstrated.
as IIW) and/or electronic simulation. However, the
simulation used shall be identifiable on the calibration T-471.2 Pulse Repetition Rate. The pulse repetition
sheet(s). The simulator check shall be made on the rate shall be small enough to assure that a signal from
entire examination system. The entire system does not a reflector located at the maximum distance in the
have to be checked in one operation; however, for its examination volume will arrive back at the search unit
check, the search unit shall be connected to the ultrasonic before the next pulse is placed on the transducer.
instrument and checked against a calibration reflector. T-471.3 Rate of Search Unit Movement. The rate
Accuracy of the simulator checks shall be confirmed, of search unit movement (scanning speed) shall not
using the basic calibration block, at the conclusion of exceed 6 in./s (152 mm/s), unless:
each period of extended use, or every three months,
(a) the ultrasonic instrument pulse repetition rate is
whichever is less.
sufficient to pulse the search unit at least six times within
T-466.3 Confirmation Acceptance Values the time necessary to move one-half the transducer
(piezoelectric element) dimension parallel to the direc-
T-466.3.1 Distance Range Points. If any distance tion of the scan at maximum scanning speed; or,
range point has moved on the sweep line by more (b) a dynamic calibration is performed on multiple
than 10% of the distance reading or 5% of full sweep, reflectors, which are within ±2 dB of a static calibration
whichever is greater, correct the distance range calibra- and the pulse repetition rate meets the requirements of
tion and note the correction in the examination record. T-471.2.
All recorded indications since the last valid calibration
or calibration check shall be reexamined and their T-471.4 Scanning Sensitivity Level
values shall be changed on the data sheets or re-
T-471.4.1 Distance Amplitude Techniques. The
recorded.
scanning sensitivity level shall be set a minimum of
T-466.3.2 Sensitivity Settings. If any sensitivity 6 dB higher than the reference level gain setting.
setting has changed by more than 20% or 2 dB of its
T-471.4.2 Non-Distance Amplitude Techniques.
amplitude, correct the sensitivity calibration and note
The level of gain used for scanning shall be appropriate
the correction in the examination record. If the sensitiv-
for the configuration being examined and shall be
ity setting has decreased, all data sheets since the last
capable of detecting the calibration reflectors at the
valid calibration check shall be marked void and the
maximum scanning speed.
area covered by the voided data shall be reexamined.
If the sensitivity setting has increased, all recorded T-471.5 Surface Preparation. When the base mate-
indications since the last valid calibration or calibration rial or weld surface interferes with the examination,
check shall be reexamined and their values shall be the base material or weld shall be prepared as needed
changed on the data sheets or re-recorded. to permit the examination.
73
T-472.1 2001 SECTION V T-482.1
T-472.1 Angle Beam Technique the search unit may be moved either perpendicular or
parallel to the weld direction.
T-472.1.1 Beam Angle. The search unit and beam
angle selected shall be appropriate for the configuration
being examined and shall be capable of detecting the T-474 Non-Distance Amplitude Techniques
calibration reflectors, over the required angle beam path.
The number of angles and directions of the scans shall
T-472.1.2 Reflectors Parallel to the Weld Seam. be developed in the procedure and shall demonstrate the
The angle beam shall be directed at approximate right ability to detect the minimum size rejectable discontinu-
angles to the weld axis from both sides of the weld ities in the referencing Code Section acceptance stan-
(i.e., from two directions) on the same surface when dards. The detailed techniques shall be in conformance
possible. The search unit shall be manipulated so that with the requirements of the referencing Code Section.
the ultrasonic energy passes through the required volume
of weld and adjacent base material.
T-472.1.3 Reflectors Transverse to the Weld T-480 EVALUATION
Seam. The angle beam shall be directed essentially
T-481 General
parallel to the weld axis. The search unit shall be
manipulated so that the ultrasonic energy passes through It is recognized that not all ultrasonic reflectors
the required volume of weld and adjacent base material. indicate flaws, since certain metallurgical discontinuities
The search unit shall be rotated 180 deg and the and geometric conditions may produce indications that
examination repeated. are not relevant. Included in this category are plate
segregates in the heat-affected zone that become reflec-
T-472.2 Restricted Access Welds. Welds that cannot tive after fabrication. Under straight beam examination,
be fully examined from two directions using the angle these may appear as spot or line indications. Under
beam technique (e.g., corner and tee joints) shall also angle beam examination, indications that are determined
be examined, if possible, with a straight beam technique. to originate from surface conditions (such as weld root
These areas of restricted access shall be noted in the geometry) or variations in metallurgical structure in
examination report. austenitic materials (such as the automatic-to-manual
T-472.3 Inacessible Welds. Welds that cannot be weld clad interface) may be classified as geometric
examined from at least one side (edge) using the angle indications. The identity, maximum amplitude, location,
beam technique shall be noted in the examination report. and extent of reflector causing a geometric indication
For flange welds, the weld may be examined with a shall be recorded. [For example: internal attachment,
straight beam or low angle longitudinal waves from 200% DAC, 1 in. (25 mm) above weld center line,
the flange face provided the examination volume can on the inside surface, from 90 deg to 95 deg.] The
be covered. following steps shall be taken to classify an indication
as geometric:
(a) Interpret the area containing the reflector in ac-
T-473 Cladding Techniques cordance with the applicable examination procedure.
The techniques described in these paragraphs shall (b) Plot and verify the reflector coordinates. Prepare
be used when examinations of weld metal overlay a cross-sectional sketch showing the reflector position
cladding are required by a referencing Code Section. and surface discontinuities such as root and counterbore.
When examination for lack of bond and clad flaw (c) Review fabrication or weld preparation drawings.
indications is required, Technique One shall be used. Other ultrasonic techniques or nondestructive examina-
When examination for lack of bond only is required, tion methods may be helpful in determining a reflector’s
Technique Two may be used. true position, size, and orientation.
74
T-482.2 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS FOR WELDS T-493
T-482.2 Non-Distance Amplitude Techniques. All (c) search unit(s) identification (including manufac-
indications longer than 40% of the rejectable flaw size turer’s serial number, frequency, and size);
shall be investigated to the extent that they can be (d) beam angle(s) used;
evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the (e) couplant used, brand name or type;
referencing Code Section. (f) search unit cable(s) used, type and length;
T-483 Evaluation of Laminar Reflectors (g) special equipment when used (search units,
wedges, shoes, automatic scanning equipment, recording
Reflectors evaluated as laminar reflectors in base equipment, etc.);
material which interfere with the scanning of examina- (h) computerized program identification and revision
tion volumes shall require the angle beam examination when used;
technique to be modified such that the maximum feasible (i) calibration block identification;
volume is examined, and shall be noted in the record (j) simulation block(s) and electronic simulator(s)
of the examination (T-493). identification when used;
(k) instrument reference level gain and, if used,
T-484 Alternative Evaluations damping and reject setting(s);
(l) calibration data [including reference reflector(s),
Reflector dimensions exceeding the referencing Code indication amplitude(s), and distance reading(s)];
Section requirements may be evaluated to any alternative (m) data correlating simulation block(s) and electronic
standards provided by the referencing Code Section. simulator(s), when used, with initial calibration;
(n) identification and location of weld or volume
scanned;
T-490 DOCUMENTATION
(o) surface(s) from which examination was con-
T-491 Recording Indications ducted, including surface condition;
(p) map or record of rejectable indications detected
T-491.1 Non-Rejectable Indications. Non-rejectable
or areas cleared;
indications shall be recorded as specified by the referenc-
(q) areas of restricted access or inaccessible welds;
ing Code Section.
(r) examination personnel identity and, when re-
T-491.2 Rejectable Indications. Rejectable indica- quired by referencing Code Section, qualification level;
tions shall be recorded. As a minimum, the type of (s) date and time examinations were performed.
indication (i.e., crack, non-fusion, slag, etc.), location, Items (b) through (m) may be included in a separate
and extent (i.e., length) shall be recorded. calibration record provided the calibration record identi-
fication is included in the examination record.
T-492 Examination Records
For each ultrasonic examination, the following infor- T-493 Report
mation shall be recorded: A report of the examinations shall be made. The
(a) procedure identification and revision; report shall include those records indicated in T-491
(b) ultrasonic instrument identification (including and T-492. The report shall be filed and maintained
manufacturer’s serial number); in accordance with the referencing Code Section.
75
ARTICLE 4
MANDATORY APPENDICES
I-440 MISCELLANEOUS
REQUIREMENTS
Position an angle beam search unit on a calibration
block, as shown in Fig. I-440 so that indications from
both the 1⁄2 and 3⁄4T holes give a 2:1 ratio of amplitudes
between the two indications. Adjust the sensitivity (gain)
so that the larger indication is set at 80% of full screen FIG. I-440 LINEARITY
height (FSH). Without moving the search unit, adjust
sensitivity (gain) to successively set the larger indication
from 100% to 20% of full screen height, in 10%
increments (or 2 dB steps if a fine control is not
available), and read the smaller indication at each II-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIRMENTS
setting. The reading shall be 50% of the larger ampli- Position an angle beam search unit on a basic calibra-
tude, within 5% of FSH. The settings and readings tion block, as shown in Fig. I-440 so that the indication
shall be estimated to the nearest 1% of full screen. from the 1⁄2T side-drilled hole is peaked on the screen.
Alternatively, a straight beam search unit may be Adjust the sensitivity (gain) as shown in the following
used on any calibration block that provides amplitude table. The indication shall fall within the specified
differences, with sufficient signal separation to prevent limits. Alternatively, any other convenient reflector from
overlapping of the two signals. any calibration block may be used with angle or straight
beam search units.
Indication Set at dB Control Indication Limits
APPENDIX II — AMPLITUDE % of Full Screen Change % of Full Screen
CONTROL LINEARITY 80% –6 dB 32 to 48%
80% –12 dB 16 to 24%
II-410 SCOPE 40% +6 dB 64 to 96%
20% +12 dB 64 to 96%
This Mandatory Appendix provides requirements for
checking amplitude control linearity and is applicable The settings and readings shall be estimated to the
to ultrasonic instruments with A-scan displays. nearest 1% of full screen.
76
ARTICLE 4
NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
77
B-460 2001 SECTION V B-463.1
78
B-463.1 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES B-464.6
(h) For calibration correction for perpendicular re- of the beam. Mark the number 2 on the indexing strip
flectors at the opposite surface, refer to B-465. at the scribe line which is directly above the SDH. (If
the search unit covers the scribe line, the marks may
B-463.2 Calibration From the Unclad Side
be made on the side of the search unit.)
(a) From the clad side of the block, determine the
dB change in amplitude between the 3⁄4T and 5⁄4T SDH B-464.2 1⁄2T and 3⁄4T SDH Indications. Position the
positions. search unit for maximum indications from the 1⁄2T and
(b) From the unclad side, perform calibrations as 3
⁄4T SDHs. Keep the same end of the indexing strip
noted in B-463.1(a) through B-463.1(e). against the front of the search unit. Mark the numbers
(c) To determine the amplitude for the 5⁄4T SDH 4 and 6 on the indexing strip at the scribe line, which
position, position the search unit for maximum ampli- are directly above the SDHs.
tude from the 3⁄4T SDH. Decrease the signal amplitude
by the number of dB determined in (a) above. Mark B-464.3 5⁄4T SDH Indication. If possible, position
the height of this signal amplitude at sweep line 10 the search unit so that the beam bounces from the
(5⁄4T position). opposite surface to the 3⁄4T SDH. Mark the number
(d) Connect the screen marks to provide the DAC. 10 on the indexing strip at the scribe line, which is
This will permit evaluation of indications down to the directly above the SDH.
clad surface (near sweep line 8).
(e) For calibration correction for perpendicular planar B-464.4 Notch Indication. Position the search unit
reflectors near the opposite surface, refer to B-465. for the maximum opposite surface notch indication.
Mark the number 8 on the indexing strip at the scribe
line, which is directly above the notch.
B-464 Position Calibration (See Fig. B-464)
The following measurements may be made with a B-464.5 Index Numbers. The numbers on the in-
ruler, scale, or marked on an indexing strip.2 dexing strip indicate the position directly over the
reflector in sixteenths of the V-path.
B-464.1 1⁄4T SDH Indication. Position the search
unit for maximum response from the 1⁄4T SDH. Place B-464.6 Depth. The depth from the examination
one end of the indexing strip against the front of the surface to the reflector is T at 8, 3⁄4T at 6 and 10, 1⁄2T
search unit, the other end extending in the direction at 4, 1⁄4T at 2, and 0 at 0. Interpolation is possible
for smaller increments of depth. The position marks
2
The balance of the calibrations in this Appendix is written based on the indexing strip may be corrected for the radius
upon the use of the indexing strip. However, the procedures may
be transformed for other methods of measurements at the discretion of the hole if the radius is considered significant to
of the examiner. the accuracy of reflector’s location.
79
B-465 2001 SECTION V B-466.2
80
B-466.3 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES C-461.2
81
C-461.3 2001 SECTION V D-90
C-461.3 Repeat Adjustments. Repeat the delay and (f) Connect the screen marks for the SDHs and
range control adjustments until the 1⁄4T and 3⁄4T SDH extend through the thickness to provide the distance–
indications start at sweep lines 2 and 6. amplitude curve.
82
ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Fig. D-10
100
80
60
10 0
40 %
DA
C
20
20% DAC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GENERAL NOTE: As the reflector is moved through the beam, the flaw indication
reaches 20% DAC at 4.4 sweep divisions, increases in amplitude to 120% DAC at 4.0
sweep divisions, and falls to 20% DAC at 3.6 sweep divisions. The 20% DAC change in
sweep reading, divided by the thickness sweep reading, times 100 represents the
reflector depth (that is, 10% of t ) or the 2 (a) dimension of the subsurface flaw indication.
20% DAC % of t
Minimum Maximum
Search Unit Distance
Maximum Sweep Position, Location, Sweep Sweep From Computation or
% DAC Reading mm mm Reading Position Reading Position Depth Surface Remarks
120 4.0 4.6 23 3.6 4.2 4.4 5.2 10 45 4.4—3.6
8.0
80 4.0 4.6 22.1 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.8 5 47.5 4.2—3.8
8.0
...
20 4.0 4.6 21.7 ... ... ... ... 0 50
depth: 10% of t
length: 3.3 mm
GENERAL NOTE: Column letters refer to D-90 subparagraphs. The units of measure are arbitrary but must be consistent.
83
D-90 2001 SECTION V E-460
(c) Read and record the search unit position with APPENDIX E — COMPUTERIZED
respect to the reference line. IMAGING TECHNIQUES
(d) Read and record the location of the indication E-410 SCOPE
at the beam center line intersection with respect to the
reference line from the weld layout reference points. This Appendix provides requirements for computer
Move the search unit toward the reflector until the imaging techniques.
amplitude falls to 60% DAC (half maximum am-
plitude).
(e) Read and record the minimum sweep reading. E-420 GENERAL
(f) Read and record the minimum search unit po- Computerized imaging techniques (CITs) shall satisfy
sition. all of the basic instrument requirements described in
Move the search unit away from the reflector past T-431 and T-461. The search units used for CIT
the maximum amplitude position until the amplitude applications shall be characterized as specified in B-
falls to 60% DAC (half maximum amplitude). 466. CITs shall be qualified in accordance with the
(g) Read and record the maximum sweep reading. requirements for flaw detection and /or sizing that are
specified in the referencing Code Section.
(h) Read and record the maximum search unit po-
The written procedure for CIT applications shall
sition. identify the specific test frequency and bandwidth to
Data points (a) through (h) above shall be read and be utilized. In addition, such procedures shall define
recorded during the examination. Computations for (i) the signal processing techniques, shall include explicit
depth, (j) distance from surface, and length of the guidelines for image interpretation, and shall identify
reflector shall be made prior to completion of the the software code /program version to be used. This
examination report. information shall also be included in the examination
(i) Subtract the minimum sweep reading from the report. Each examination report shall document the
maximum sweep reading and divide by the sweep specific scanning and imaging processes that were used
reading for one wall thickness. Multiply by 100 and so that these functions may be accurately repeated at
record as depth in % of t (t p weld thickness) a later time if necessary.
The computerized imaging process shall include a
(j) Subtract the maximum sweep reading from the feature that generates a dimensional scale (in either
sweep reading for one wall thickness or use the mini- two or three dimensions, as appropriate) to assist the
mum sweep reading, whichever gives the smaller num- operator in relating the imaged features to the actual,
ber. Divide the number by the sweep reading for one relevant dimensions of the component being examined.
wall thickness. Multiply by 100 and record as distance In addition, automated scaling factor indicators shall
from surface in % of t and length of reflection. be integrally included to relate colors and /or image
Successively read and record data along scan paths at intensity to the relevant variable (i.e., signal amplitude,
increments no greater than nine-tenths of the transducer attenuation, etc.).
(measured parallel to the scan increment change) at
60% DAC (half maximum amplitude). Continue scans
until the maximum amplitude found at the end points
of the reflector is 20% DAC. E-460 CALIBRATION
The length of the reflector is the distance between Calibration of computer imaging systems shall be
the end points measured at the reflector. The length conducted in such a manner that the gain levels are
shall be divided by t and multiplied by 100 to give optimized for data acquisition and imaging purposes.
length in % of t. The data tabulated in Fig. D-10 is The traditional DAC-based calibration process may also
carried out on either side of the maximum indicated be required to establish specific scanning and /or flaw
signal until the 20% DAC point is reached on both detection sensitivity levels.
ends of the indication. It is only necessary to record For those CITs that employ signal processing to
the data to obtain the length (3.3) and depth, (10% of achieve image enhancement (SAFT-UT, L-SAFT, and
t). The first, third, and sixth lines of the data tabulation broadband holography), at least one special lateral
are all that are necessary to define the through wall resolution and depth discrimination block for each
and length of the indication in this example. specified examination shall be used in addition to the
84
E-460 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES E-471
applicable calibration block required by Article 4. These ture processing. The SAFT-UT process offers an inher-
blocks shall comply with J-431. ent advantage over physical focusing processes because
The block described in Fig. E-460.1 provides an the resulting image is a full-volume, focused character-
effective resolution range for 45 deg and 60 deg search ization of the material volume being examined. Tradi-
units and metal paths up to about 4 in. (102 mm). tional physical focusing processes provide focused data
This is adequate for piping and similar components, over only the depth of the focus zone of the transducer.
but longer path lengths are required for reactor pressure For the typical pulse-echo data collection scheme
vessels. A thicker block with the same sizes of flat- used with SAFT-UT, a focused search unit is positioned
bottom holes, spacings, depths, and tolerances is re- with the focal point located at the surface of the material
quired for metal paths greater than 4 in. (102 mm), under examination. This configuration produces a diver-
and a 4 in. (102 mm) minimum distance between the gent ultrasonic beam in the material. Alternatively, a
edge of the holes and the edge of the block is required. small-diameter contact search unit may be used to
These blocks provide a means for determining lateral generate a divergent beam. As the search unit is scanned
resolution and depth discrimination of an ultrasonic over the surface of the material, the A-scan record (RF
imaging system. waveform) is digitized for each position of the search
Lateral resolution is defined as the minimum spacing unit. Any reflector present produces a collection of
between holes that can be resolved by the system. The echoes in the A-scan records. For an elementary single-
holes are spaced such that the maximum separation point reflector, the collection of echoes will form a
between adjacent edges of successive holes is 1.000 hyperbolic surface within the data-set volume. The
in. (25.400 mm). The spacing progressively decreases shape of the hyperboloid is determined by the depth
by a factor of two between successive pairs of holes, of the reflector and the velocity of sound in the material.
and the minimum spacing is 0.015 in. (0.381 mm). The relationship between echo location in the series
Depth discrimination is demonstrated by observing the of A-scans and the actual location of reflectors within
displayed metal paths (or the depths) of the various the material makes it possible to reconstruct a high-
holes. Because the hole faces are not parallel to the resolution image that has a high signal-to-noise ratio.
scanning surface, each hole displays a range [about Two separate SAFT-UT configurations are possible: (a)
0.1 in. (2.54 mm)] of metal paths. The “A” row has the single-transducer, pulse-echo configuration; and (b)
the shortest average metal path, the “C” row has the the dual-transducer, tandem configuration (TSAFT).
longest average metal path, and the “B” holes vary in In general, the detected flaws may be categorized
average metal path. as volumetric, planar, or cracks. Flaw sizing is normally
Additional blocks are required to verify lateral resolu- performed by measuring the vertical extent (cracks) or
tion and depth discrimination when 0 deg longitudinal- the cross-sectional distance (volumetric /planar) at the
wave examination is performed. Metal path lengths of −6 dB levels once the flaw has been isolated and the
2 in. and 8 in. (51 mm and 203 mm), as appropriate, image normalized to the maximum value of the flaw.
shall be provided as shown in Fig. E-460.2 for section Multiple images are often required to adequately catego-
thicknesses to 4 in. (102 mm), and a similar block rize (classify) the flaw and to characterize the actual
with 8 in. (203 mm) metal paths is needed for section flaw shape and size. Tandem sizing and analysis uses
thicknesses over 4 in. (102 mm). similar techniques to pulse-echo, but provides images
that may be easier to interpret.
The location of indications within the image space is
E-470 EXAMINATION influenced by material thickness, velocity, and refracted
angle of the UT beam. The SAFT algorithm assumes
E-471 Synthetic Aperture Focusing
isotropic and homogeneous material; i.e., the SAFT
Technique for Ultrasonic Testing
algorithm requires (for optimum performance) that the
(SAFT-UT)
acoustic velocity be accurately known and constant
The Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT) throughout the material volume.
refers to a process in which the focal properties of Lateral resolution is the ability of the SAFT-UT
a large-aperture focused search unit are synthetically system to distinguish between two objects in an x-y
generated from data collected while scanning over a plane that is perpendicular to the axis of the sound
large area using a small search unit with a divergent beam. Lateral resolution is measured by determining
sound beam. The processing required to focus this the minimum spacing between pairs of holes that are
collection of data is a three-dimensional process called clearly separated in the image. A pair of holes is
beam-forming, coherent summation, or synthetic aper- considered separated if the signal amplitude in the
85
Fig. E-460.1 2001 SECTION V
A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
B7 B6 B5 B4
B3
C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 B2 B1
1.250 in.
(31.75 mm)
2.000 in. (50.80 mm)
2.500 in. (63.50 mm)
2.875 in. (73.03 mm)
3.187 in. (80.95 mm)
3.469 in. (88.11 mm)
3.734 in. (94.84 mm)
Detail 1
5.87 in. (149.1 mm)
VT
-L
A
1.01 in.
T-
40
00
See detail 1 (25.7 mm)
2.13 in.
(54.1 mm)
See detail 1
30 1.750 in.
deg (44.45 mm) 45 deg
1.000 in.
(25.40 mm) 3.50 in.
(88.9 mm)
2 X 0.50 in.
(12.7 mm)
9.75 in. (247.7 mm)
86
E-471 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES E-473
image decreases by at least 6 dB between the peak the superimposed image of two measurements made
signals of two holes. using different directions of incidence offers another.
Depth resolution is the ability of a SAFT-UT system All constraints for SAFT-UT apply to L-SAFT and
to distinguish between the depth of two holes whose vice versa. The difference between L-SAFT and SAFT-
axes are parallel to the major axis of the sound beam. UT is that SAFT-UT provides a higher resolution image
Depth resolution is measured by determining the mini- than can be obtained with L-SAFT.
mum difference in depth between two holes.
The lateral resolution for a SAFT-UT system is
typically 1.5 wavelengths (or better) for examination E-473 Broadband Holography Technique
of wrought ferritic components, and 2.0 wavelengths The holography technique produces an object image
(or better) for examination of wrought stainless steel by calculation based on data from a diffraction pattern.
components. The depth resolution for these same materi- If the result is a two-dimensional image and the data
als will typically be 0.25 wavelengths (or better). are acquired along one scan, the process is called “line-
holography.” If the result is a two-dimensional image
based upon an area scanned, then it is called “hologra-
E-472 Line-Synthetic Aperture Focusing
phy.” For the special case of applying holography
Technique (L-SAFT)
principles to ultrasonic testing, the image of flaws (in
The Line Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (L- more than one dimension) can be obtained by recording
SAFT) is useful for analyzing detected indications. L- the amplitude, phase, and time-of-flight data from the
SAFT is a two-dimensional process in which the focal scanned volume. The holography process offers a unique
properties of a large-aperture, linearly focused search feature because the resulting image is a one- or two-
unit are synthetically generated from data collected dimensional characterization of the material.
over a scan line using a small search unit with a This technique provides good resolution in the axial
diverging sound beam. The processing required to im- direction by using broadband search units. These search
pose a focusing effect of the acquired data is also called units transmit a very short pulse, and therefore the
synthetic aperture processing. The L-SAFT system can axial resolution is improved. The maximum bandwidth
be operated like conventional UT equipment for data may be 20 MHz without using filtering, and up to 8
recording. It will function with either single- or dual- MHz using an integrated filter.
element transducers. Analysis measurements, in general, are performed
Analysis measurements, in general, are performed to to obtain information on size, volume, location, and
determine flaw size, volume, location, and configuration. configuration of detected flaws. The results of the
To decide if the flaw is a crack or volumetric, the holography-measurements per scan line show a two-
crack-tip-diffraction response offers one criterion, and dimensional image of the flaw by color-coded display.
87
Fig. E-460.2 2001 SECTION V
X L
W
K
V
U A
T L
S
B F
M
N
C
PO G
Q
R D H
E I
J
Y
X
W Scanning
STU V
surface
7.50 in.
R QP O N M L K (190.5 mm)
E D C B A
J I H G F
2 in.
(50.8 mm)
X
Index 2 in.
Y (50.8 mm)
FIG. E-460.2 LATERAL AND DEPTH RESOLUTION BLOCK FOR 0 deg APPLICATIONS
88
E-473 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES E-476
The size of flaws can be determined by using the 6 with other techniques, the phased array process assumes
dB drop in the color code. More information on the isotropic and homogeneous material whose acoustic
flaw dimensions is obtained by scans in different direc- velocity is constant and accurately known.
tions (i.e., parallel, perpendicular) at different angles
of incidence. To decide if the flaw is a crack or a
E-475 UT-Amplitude Time-Of-Flight Locus-
volumetric flaw, the crack tip technique offers one
Curve Analysis Technique
criterion and comparison of two measurements from
different directions of incidence offers another. Measure- The UT-amplitude time-of-flight locus-curve analysis
ment results obtained by imaging techniques always technique utilizes multiple search units in pulse-echo,
require specific interpretation. Small variations in mate- transmitter-receiver, or tandem configuration. Individu-
rial thickness, sound velocity, or refracted beam angle ally selectable parameters control the compression of
may influence the reconstruction results. The holography the A-scan information using a pattern-recognition algo-
processing calculations also assume that the velocity is rithm, so that only the relevant A-scan amplitudes are
accurately known and constant throughout the material. stored and further processed.
The parameter values in the A-scan compression
algorithm determine how many pre-cursing and how
E-474 UT-Phased Array Technique
many post-cursing half-wave peaks must be smaller
The UT-Phased Array Technique is a process wherein than a specific amplitude, so that this largest amplitude
UT data are generated by controlled incremental varia- is identified as as relevant signal. These raw data can
tion of the ultrasonic beam angle in the azimuthal be displayed in B-, C-, and D-scan (side, top, and end
or lateral direction while scanning the object under view) presentations, with selectable color-code incre-
examination. This process offers an advantage over ments for amplitude and fast zoom capabilities. This
processes using conventional search units with fixed operating mode is most suitable for detection purposes.
beam angles because it acquires considerably more For discrimination, a two-dimensional spatial-filtering
information about the reflecting object by using more algorithm is applied to search for correlation of the
aspect angles in direct impingement. time-of-flight raw data with reflector-typical time-of-
Each phased array search unit consists of a series flight trajectories.
of individually wired transducer elements on a wedge Tandem sizing and analysis uses techniques similar
that are activated separately using a pre-selectable time to pulse-echo but provides images that may be easier
delay pattern. With a linear delay time between the to interpret since the specular reflections from flaws
transmitter pulses, an inclined sound field is generated. oriented perpendicular to the surface are used. For
Varying the angle of refraction requires a variation of cracks and planar flaws, the results should be verified
the linear distribution of the delay time. Depending on with crack-tip-diffraction signals from the upper and
the search unit design, it is possible to electronically lower end of the flaw since the acoustic parameters
vary either the angle of incidence or the lateral /skew are very sensitive to flaw tip indications and a clear
angle. In the receiving mode, acoustic energy is received reconstruction image of these refraction phenomena is
by the elements and the signals undergo a summation possible with this technique.
process utilizing the same time delay pattern as was The location of indications within the image space
used during transmission. is influenced by material thickness and actual sound
Flaw sizing is normally performed by measuring the velocity (i.e., isotropic and homogeneous material is
vertical extent (in the case of cracks) or the cross- assumed). However, deteriorating influences from aniso-
sectional distance (in the case of volumetric /planar tropic material (such as cladding) can be reduced by
flaws) at the 6 dB levels once the flaw has been isolated appropriate selection of the search unit parameters.
and the image normalized. Tandem sizing and analysis
uses techniques similar to pulse-echo but provides
E-476 Automated Data Acquisition and
images that are easier to interpret since specular reflec-
Imaging Technique
tion is used for defects oriented perpendicular to the
surface. For cracks and planar defects, the result should Automated data acquisition and imaging is a multi-
be verified using crack-tip-diffraction signals from the channel technique that may be used for acquisition and
upper and lower ends of the flaw, since the phased analysis of UT data for both contact and immersion
array approach with tomographic reconstruction is most applications. This technique allows interfacing between
sensitive to flaw tip indications and is able to give a clear the calibration, acquisition, and analysis modes; and
reconstruction image of these refraction phenomena. As for assignment of specific examination configurations.
89
E-476 2001 SECTION V F-422.1
This technique utilizes a real-time display for monitoring F-422 Written Procedure Requirements
the quality of data being collected, and provides for
F-422.1 Written Procedure. Ultrasonic nozzle inside
display of specific amplitude ranges and the capability
radius examination shall be performed in accordance
to analyze peak data through target motion filtering.
with a written procedure. The procedure shall be quali-
A cursor function allows scanning the RF data one
fied to the extent specified in this Subsection. The
waveform at a time to aid in crack sizing using tip-
examination procedure shall contain a statement of
diffraction. For both peak and RF data, the technique
scope that specifically defines the limits of procedure
can collect, display, and analyze data for scanning in
applicability. The examination procedure shall specify
either the axial or circumferential directions.
a single value or a range of values for the listed
This technique facilitates detection and sizing of both
essential variables. The examination procedure shall
volumetric and planar flaws. For sizing volumetric
flaws, amplitude-based methods may be used; and for specify, as a minimum, the following essential variables:
sizing planar flaws, the crack-tip-diffraction method (a) instrument or system description including Manu-
may be used. An overlay feature allows the analyst to facturer and model of pulser, receiver, and amplifier;
generate a composite image using several sets of ultra- (b) ultrasonic technique;
sonic data. All data displayed in the analyze mode may (c) search units, including:
be displayed with respect to the physical coordinates of (1) number, size, shape, and configuration of active
the component. elements
(2) center frequency and either bandwidth or wave-
form for each active element
(3) mode of sound propagation (e.g., longitudinal,
APPENDIX F — NOZZLE shear, etc.)
EXAMINATION (d) scanning equipment (when applicable);
F-410 SCOPE (1) type; manipulator(s), bridges, semi-automatic
devices
This Appendix provides requirements for equipment (2) indexing controls, scanners
and procedure qualification and /or requalification of (3) number of ultrasonic connectors; and length
manual or automated ultrasonic examinations of the of cable
nozzle inside radius. The Manufacturer, examination
(e) scanning technique(s), including:
agency, or other user of this Appendix shall be responsi-
(1) scan pattern (modeling) and primary beam
ble for qualifying the technique, equipment, and written
procedure(s) in accordance with this Appendix, and /or direction
as required by the referencing Code Section. (2) maximum scan speed
The equipment and procedure performance demon- (3) minimum and maximum pulse repetition rate
stration requirements specified in this Appendix may (4) minimum sampling rate (automatic recording
be satisified simultaneously or in conjunction with systems)
other qualification(s)/verfication and/or requalification (5) extent of scanning and action to be taken for
demonstration in accordance with this Appendix. geometrical restrictions.
(f) methods of calibration for detection. Calibration
methods include all those actions required to assure
that the accuracy of the signal amplitude and sweep
F-420 GENERAL locations of the examination system (whether displayed,
recorded, or automatically processed) are repeatable
The equipment and procedure shall be considered
from examination to examination. Any method of
qualified for detection of flaws upon successfully com-
pleting the performance demonstration specified in F- achieving the system calibration shall be recorded. A
423, Procedure Qualification. description of the calibrated sensitivity shall be included
in the procedure.
(g) minimum inspection /calibration data to be re-
corded, and medium (i.e., calibration sheet and /or mag-
F-421 Personnel Requirements netic disk)
Personnel shall be qualified and certified in accord- (h) method of data recording, and recording equip-
ance with the requirements of the referencing Code. ment (strip chart, analog tape, digitizing);
90
F-422.1 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES F-432.1
(i) method and criteria for the discrimination of F-432 Qualification Specimen
indications (e.g., geometric versus flaw), and for depth
(a) The qualification process shall be conducted using
of flaws; surface condition requirements, scanner’s
a full-scale or partial section nozzle (mockup), which
mounting requirements;
is dimensionally sufficient to contain the maximum
(j) surface condition requirements, scanner’s mount-
beam path, examination volume, and the necessary
ing requirements;
reflectors that are to be detected.
(k) identification of qualification specimen, overall
(b) If the examining beams pass only through the
configuration; material, product form, shell thickness,
nozzle forging, the mockup may be a nozzle forging,
bore barrel thickness and diameter(s);
or segment of a forging, which may be fixed in a
(l) essential variable range(s). structure to simulate adjacent vessel surfaces as required
F-422.2 Essential Variable Requalification. When for examination alignment. If the examining beams
the essential variables exceed the tolerances specified pass through the nozzle to shell weld, the mockup
within the qualification procedure, the qualification test shall contain nozzle weld and shell components of
shall be repeated in accordance with F-423. sufficient size to permit qualification.
(c) The qualification specimen shall meet the require-
ments of the vessel specification(s) with respect to:
F-423 Procedure Qualification (1) the basic calibration block material require-
ments (J-431).
The procedure shall be considered qualified for detec- (2) Curvature. The examination and reflection sur-
tion when all qualifying reflectors are located within face curvatures on the nozzle mockup shall be similar
1.5 in. (38 mm) of their true position (x and y). Sizing to those curvatures on the nozzle in the vessel. The
qualification, when required, shall be in accordance size ranges in F-432(c)(6) below shall be considered
with referencing Code requirements. to be similar curvatures.
(3) welding process (when applicable).
(4) Cladding. If the inside surface of the nozzle
F-424 Procedure Requalification in the vessel is clad, the inside surface of the nozzle
The procedure shall require requalification when an mockup shall be clad using the same welding method
essential variable of the qualified procedure has been (i.e., roll bonded, manual weld deposited, automatic
changed and /or exceeded. wire deposited, or automatic strip deposited). In the
event the cladding method is not known or is impractical
to apply on the mockup, cladding may be applied using
the manual weld deposit method. If the inside surface
F-430 EQUIPMENT of the nozzle to be examined is not clad, the inside
surface of the nozzle mockup may be clad, as long as the
F-431 Instrument Requirements reflectors are contained within the base metal interface to
(a) A pulse-echo type of ultrasonic instrument and /or the required volume.
examination system shall be used. The
NOTE: Vessel cladding direction, where known, should be simulated.
instrument /system shall be equipped with a stepped
gain control calibrated in units of 2.0 dB or less. (5) Thickness. Calibration specimen and /or
(b) The system shall exhibit the following: mockup shall equal or exceed the maximum component
(1) Center Frequency: thickness in the region to be qualified.
(a) For examination systems with bandwidths (6) Ratio limits for curved surfaces. Mockup diam-
less than 30%, the center frequency shall not change eter range in the area of qualification shall be determined
more than ±5%. by Fig. J-431. For diameters greater than 4 in. (102 mm),
(b) For examination systems with bandwidths mockup curvature shall be in the range of 0.9 to 1.5
30% or greater, the system center frequency shall not times the nozzle under examination.
vary more than ±10%.
(2) Bandwidth: F-432.1 Qualification Specimen Reflectors. The
(a) The examination bandwidth shall not change qualification specimen shall contain a minimum of three
more than ±10%. reflectors within the examination volume for detection
qualification. Optionally, induced or embedded cracks
NOTE: Bandwidth is measured at the −6 dB points. may be used in lieu of machined reflectors. Additionally
91
F-432.1 2001 SECTION V G-461
92
ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Fig. G-461(a)
200 (5 080)
100 (2 540)
A
50 (1 270)
Critical Radius, Rc in. (mm)
C
20 (508)
10 (254)
E
5.0 (127)
2.0 (51)
1.0 (25)
0.5 (13)
1.0 2.0 5.0 10 20 50 100 200 500
Transducer Factor F1
93
Fig. G-461(b) 2001 SECTION V
FIG. G-461(b) CORRECTION FACTOR (GAIN) FOR VARIOUS ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION PARAMETERS
94
G-461 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES I-471
(c) Example. Material with a 10 in. (254 mm) radius (c) The following reflector data shall be recorded
(R ) will be examined with a 1 in. (25 mm) diameter 2.25 when a reflector exceeds 20% DAC.
MHz boron carbide faced search unit using glycerine as (1) Maximum percent of DAC, sweep reading of
a couplant. indication, search unit position, location along the length
(1) Determine the appropriate transducer factor, of the weld, and beam direction.
F1 from Table G-461; F1p 92.9. (2) Through-Wall Dimension
(2) Determine the Rc from Fig. G-461(a); Rcp (a) For reflectors 20% to 100% DAC, the mini-
100 in. (2 540 mm). mum sweep reading and its position and location along
(3) Calculate the R /Rc ratio; 10 in. /100 in. p 0.1 the length of the reflector for 20% DAC when ap-
(254 mm/2 540 mm p 0.1). proaching the reflector from the maximum signal di-
(4) Using Fig. G-461(b), obtain the gain increase rection.
required; 12 dB. (b) For reflectors 20% to 100% DAC, the maxi-
This gain increase calibrates the examination on the mum sweep reading and its position and location along
curved surface after establishing calibration sensitivity the length of the reflector for 20% DAC when moving
on a flat calibration block. away from the reflector’s maximum signal direction.
(c) For reflectors exceeding 100% DAC, mini-
mum sweep reading and its position and location along
the length of the reflector for 50% of the maximum
amplitude when approaching the reflector from the
APPENDIX H — RECORDING maximum signal direction.
ANGLE BEAM EXAMINATION DATA (d) For reflectors exceeding 100% DAC, maxi-
FOR PLANAR REFLECTORS mum sweep reading and its position and location along
the length of the reflector for 50% of the maximum
H-410 SCOPE amplitude when moving away from the reflector’s maxi-
This Appendix describes a method for recording mum signal direction.
angle beam examination data for planar reflectors when (3) Length Dimension. The length of the reflector
amplitude based dimensioning is to be performed. shall be obtained by recording the position and location
along the length of weld as determined by 20% of
DAC for each end of the reflector.
H-490 RECORDS/DOCUMENTATION
APPENDIX I — EXAMINATION OF
(a) Record all reflectors that produce a response WELDS USING ANGLE BEAM
equal to or greater than 20% of the distance-amplitude SEARCH UNITS
correction (DAC). However, the clad interface metallur-
gical reflectors and back wall reflections need not I-410 SCOPE
be recorded. Record surface reflectors that produce a This Appendix describes a method of examination
response equal to or exceeding the calibration amplitude of welds using angle beam search units.
established per T-463.1.3(c). Record all search unit
position and location dimensions to the nearest tenth
of an inch.
(b) Obtain data from successive scans at increments I-470 EXAMINATION
no greater than nine-tenths of the transducer dimension
I-471 General Scanning Requirements
measured parallel to the scan increment change (10%
overlap). Record data for the end points as determined Three angle beams, having nominal angles of 45
by 20% of DAC. Emphasis must be placed on measure- deg, 60 deg, and 70 deg (with respect to a perpendicular
ment of the parameters determining the reflector length to the examination surface), shall generally be used.
and height and the distances from the examination Beam angles other than 45 deg and 60 deg are permitted
surface to the top and bottom of the reflector, since these provided the measured difference between angles is at
dimensions are the factors most critical in determining least 10 deg. Additional t⁄4 volume angle beam examina-
ultimate evaluation and disposition of the flaw (see tion shall be conducted on the material volume within
1
Appendix D for an illustrated example). ⁄4 of the thickness adjacent to the examination surface.
95
I-471 2001 SECTION V J-433
Single or dual element longitudinal or shear wave angle (3) material of the same material specification,
beams in the range of 60 deg through 70 deg (with product form, and heat treatment condition as the
respect to perpendicular to the examination surface) material to which the search unit is applied during the
shall be used in this t⁄4 volume. examination.
(b) Clad. Where the component material is clad and
the cladding is a factor during examination, the block
I-472 Exceptions To General Scanning shall be clad to the component clad nominal thickness
Requirements ±1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm). Deposition of clad shall be by the
Other angles may be used for examination of: same method (i.e., rollbonded, manual weld deposited,
(a) flange welds, when the examination is conducted automatic wire deposited, or automatic strip deposited)
from the flange face; as used to clad the component to be examined. When
(b) nozzles and nozzle welds, when the examination the cladding method is not known or the method of
is conducted from the nozzle bore; cladding used on the component is impractical for block
cladding, deposition of clad may be by the manual
(c) attachment and support welds;
method. When the parent materials on opposite sides
(d) examination of double taper junctures.
of a weld are clad by different methods, the cladding
on the calibration block shall be applied by the method
I-473 Examination Coverage used on the side of the weld from which the examination
will be conducted. When the examination is conducted
Each pass of the search unit shall overlap a minimum from both sides, the calibration block shall provide for
of 50% of the active transducer (piezoelectric element) calibration for both methods of cladding.
dimension perpendicular to the direction of the scan. (c) Heat Treatment. The calibration block shall re-
ceive at least the minimum tempering treatment required
by the material specification for the type and grade
APPENDIX J — ALTERNATIVE and a postweld heat treatment of at least 2 hr.
BASIC CALIBRATION BLOCK (d) Surface Finish. The finish on the surfaces of the
block shall be representative of the surface finishes of
J-410 SCOPE the component.
This Appendix contains the description for an alterna- (e) Block Quality. The calibration block material
tive to Article 4, T-434.2 for basic calibration blocks shall be completely examined with a straight beam
used for distance-amplitude correction (DAC) calibra- search unit. Areas that contain indications exceeding
tion techniques. the remaining back reflection shall be excluded from
the beam paths required to reach the various calibration
reflectors.
J-430 EQUIPMENT
J-431 Basic Calibration Block J-433 Calibration Reflectors
The basic calibration block(s) containing basic cali- (a) Basic Calibration Reflectors. The side of a hole
bration reflectors to establish a primary reference re- drilled with its axis parallel to the examination surface
sponse of the equipment and to construct a distance- is the basic calibration reflector. A square notch shall
amplitude correction curve shall be as shown in Fig. also be used. The reflecting surface of the notches
J-431. The basic calibration reflectors shall be located shall be perpendicular to the block surface. See Fig.
either in the component material or in a basic calibration J-431.
block. (b) Scribe Line. A scribe line as shown in Fig. J-
431 shall be made in the thickness direction through
the in-line hole center lines and continued across the
two examination surfaces of the block.
J-432 Basic Calibration Block Material
(c) Additional Reflectors. Additional reflectors may
(a) Block Selection. The material from which the be installed; these reflectors shall not interfere with
block is fabricated shall be from one of the following: establishing the primary reference.
(1) nozzle dropout from the component; (d) Basic Calibration Block Configuration. Figure J-
(2) a component prolongation; 431 shows block configuration with hole size and
96
ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Fig. J-431
T
Scribe lines
T/2
T/4 6 in. (152 mm) [Note (1)]
3T [Note (1)]
T/4
T
T/4
Clad
T/2
1 in. (25 mm) min. steps
beyond T/2
97
J-433 2001 SECTION V J-433
NOTES:
(1) Minimum dimensions.
(2) For each increase in weld thickness of 2 in. (50.8 mm) or fraction thereof over 14 in. (356 mm), the hole diameter shall increase
1
⁄16 in. (1.6 mm).
(3) The tolerances for the hole diameters shall be ± 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm); tolerances on notch depth shall be + 10 and − 20% (need only
be held at the thinnest clad thickness along the reflecting surface of the notch); tolerance on hole location through the thickness shall
be ± 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm); perpendicular tolerances on notch reflecting surface shall be ± 2 deg; tolerance on notch length shall be ± 1⁄4
in. (± 6.4 mm).
(4) Clad shall not be included in T.
(5) Subsurface calibration holes 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) (maximum) diameter by 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm) deep (minimum) shall be drilled at the clad-
to-base metal interface and at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) increments through T/4 from the clad surface, also at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) from the
unclad surface and at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) increments through T/4 from the unclad surface. In each case, the hole nearest the surface
shall be drilled at T/2 from the edge of the block. Holes at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thickness increments from the near surface hole shall
be drilled at 1 in. (25.4 mm) minimum intervals from T/2.
(6) Round (hemispherical) bottom holes shall be drilled only when required by a Referencing Code Section for beam spread measurements
(see T-434.1) and the technique of B-60 is used. The round bottom holes may be located in the largest block in a set of basic
calibration blocks, or in a separate block representing the maximum thickness to be examined.
(7) T/2 hole may be located in the opposite end of the block.
location. Each weld thickness on the component must the purpose of this determination, the dimension of the
be represented by a block having a thickness relative straight or angle beam search units flat contact surface
to the component weld as shown in Fig. J-431. Where tangent to the minimum radius shall be used instead
the block thickness ±1 in. (25 mm) spans two of the of the transducer diameter in Table A-10.
weld thickness ranges shown in Fig. J-431, the block’s (f) Welds in Materials With Diameters 20 in.
use shall be acceptable in those portions of each (508 mm) and Less. The basic calibration block shall
thickness range covered by 1 in. (25 mm). The holes be curved for welds in materials with diameters 20 in.
shall be in accordance with the thickness of the block. (508 mm) and less. A single curved basic calibration
Where two or more base material thicknesses are in- block may be used to calibrate the examination on
volved, the calibration block thickness shall be sufficient surfaces in the range of curvature from 0.9 to 1.5 times
to contain the entire examination beam path. the basic calibration block diameter. For example, an
(e) Welds in Materials With Diameters Greater Than 8 in. (203 mm) diameter curved block may be used
20 in. (508 mm). For examination of welds in materials to calibrate the examination on surfaces in the range
where the examination surface diameter is greater than of curvature from 7.2 in. to 12 in. (183 mm to 305 mm)
20 in. (508 mm), a single curved basic calibration diameter. The curvature range from 0.94 in. to 20 in.
block may be used to calibrate the straight and angle (24 mm to 508 mm) diameter requires six block curva-
beam examinations on surfaces in the range of curvature tures as indicated in Fig. T-434.1.7.2 for any thickness
from 0.9 to 1.5 times the basic calibration block diame- range as indicated in Fig. J-431.
ter. Alternatively, a flat basic calibration block may (g) Retention and Control. All basic calibration
be used provided the minimum convex, concave, or blocks for the examination shall meet the retention
compound curvature radius to be examined is greater and control requirements of the referencing Code
than the critical radius determined by Appendix A. For Section.
98
K-410 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES L-462
99
L-462 2001 SECTION V L-482
Notch Details
Or
Examination Surface
60 deg 60 deg
T/
4
T/
2
3T / 4
T
C/L
GENERAL NOTE: Block length and width to be adequate for UT System Scanner.
in. (0.5 mm) of the block’s measured thickness. Set- L-482 Sizing Accuracy Determinations
ups failing this check shall have the probe separation
Sizing accuracy (%) shall be determined by the
distance either adjusted or its programmed value
following formulas:
changed and this check repeated.
(a) Depth:
L-470 EXAMINATION Dd − D m
ⴛ 100
The demonstration block shall be scanned per the Dm
procedure and the data recorded.
Demonstrations may be performed utilizing: (b) Length:
(a) D-scan (non-parallel scan) techniques
(b) B-scan (parallel scan) techniques Ld − Lm
(c) D-scan (non-parallel scan) techniques with the ⴛ 100
Lm
notches offset by varying amounts to either side of
being centered. where:
Dd and Ld are the notches depth and lengths, respec-
tively, as determined by the UT system being demon-
L-480 EVALUATION strated, and
L-481 Sizing Determinations Dm and Lm are the notches depth and lengths, respec-
tively, as determined by physical measurement (i.e.,
The depth of the notches from the scanning surface such as replication)
and their length shall be determined per the procedure
to be demonstrated. NOTE: Use consistent units.
99.1
L-483 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES L-491
99.2