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6. The equation of L is
5 Equations of Circles 1
y 1 ( x 4)
2
Review Exercise 5 (p. 5.5) i.e. 2 y 2 x 4
x 2y 6 0
6 2 4(1)(7)
1. ∵
8
0
∴ The equation x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 has two distinct real
roots.
2. ∵ ( 24) 2 4(18)(8)
0
∴ The equation 18x2 24x + 8 = 0 has one double real
root.
12k 36
k 3
3x y 3 0 (1)
4.
x 2 y 8 0
( 2)
(1) 2 + (2) : 7 x 14 0
x 2
By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have
3( 2) y 3 0
y 3
∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is
(2, 3).
4 x 3 y 4 0 (1)
5.
2 ( 2 )
y 4x
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
y2 3 y 4 0
( y 4)( y 1) 0
y 4 or y 1
By substituting y = 4 into (1), we have
4 x 3( 4) 4 0
x4
By substituting y = 1 into (1), we have
4 x 3( 1) 4 0
1
x
4
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
1
(4, 4) and , 1 .
4
98
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
3 ( 1)
7. Slope of L 24
2
3
The equation of L is
2
y ( 1) ( x 4)
3
i.e. 3 y 3 2 x 8
2x 3y 5 0
3
8. (a) Slope of L (k )
1
3
k
3k 4
Slope of L 3
2 4 3k
3
∵ L1 L2
Slope of L1 slope of L2 1
3 4 3k
1
∴ k 3
4 3k k
2k 4
k 2
(b)
L1 : 3 x 2 y 24 0 (1)
L2 : 2 x 3 y 3 0 (2)
(1) 3 + (2) 2: 13 x 78 0
x 6
By substituting x = 6 into (1), we have
3( 6) 2 y 24 0
y3
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (6, 3).
Quick Practice
99
5 Equations of Circles
2 2
8 4
( 5)
Radius 2
2
16 4 5
5
2 x2 2 y 2 5x 8 y 1 0
(b)
5 1
x2 y 2 x 4 y 0
2 2
5
2 ( 4)
,
2 2
Centre
5
, 2
4
2
5
2
2 4 1
2 2 2
Radius 25 1
4
16 2
81
16
9
4
100
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
y 4 (1)
(a)
2 2 ( 2)
x y 4 x y 3 0
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 42 4 x 4 3 0
x 2 4 x 23 0
For the equation x 2 4 x 23 0 ,
4 2 4(1)( 23) 76 0
∴ x 2 4 x 23 0 has no real roots.
∴ There are no intersections between the straight line
and the circle.
y 2 x 1 (3)
(b)
2 2 ( 4)
x y 7 x 12 y 37 0
By substituting (3) into (4), we have
102
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
x 2 y 13 0 (5) 4 x 3 y 5 0 (6)
(c)
2 2 (6)
(c)
2 2 (7 )
x y 8x 12 y 47 0 x y 4 x 8 y 11 0
From (5), we have From (6), we have
3 y 5
x 2 y 13 ( 7 ) x
4
(8)
By substituting (7) into (6), we have By substituting (8) into (7), we have
( 2 y 13) 2 y 2 8( 2 y 13) 12 y 47 0 3y 5
2
3y 5
y 2 4 8 y 11 0
4 y 52 y 169 y 16 y 104 12 y 47 0
2 2
4 4
5 y 2 80 y 320 0 ( 3 y 5) 16 y 16( 3 y 5) 128 y 176 0
2 2
y 2 16 y 64 0 9 y 2 30 y 25 16 y 2 48 y 80 128 y 176 0
( y 8) 2 0 25 y 2 110 y 121 0
y 8
By substituting y = 8 into (7), we have
x 2(8) 13
3
∴ The coordinates of the intersection between the straight
line and the circle are (3, 8).
y x 6 (1)
(a)
2 2 ( 2 )
x y 6x y 7 0
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( x 6) 2 6 x ( x 6) 7 0
x 2 x 2 12 x 36 6 x x 6 7 0
2 x 2 17 x 37 0
For the equation 2 x 2 17 x 37 0 ,
( 17) 2 4( 2)(37) 7 0
∴ There are no intersections between the straight line
and the circle.
x 7 y 8 (3)
(b)
2 2 ( 4)
x y 5x 2 y 1 0
From (3), we have
x 7 y 8 (5)
By substituting (5) into (4), we have
( 7 y 8) 2 y 2 5( 7 y 8) 2 y 1 0
49 y 2 112 y 64 y 2 35 y 40 2 y 1 0
50 y 2 75 y 25 0
2 y2 3y 1 0
For the equation 2 y 2 3 y 1 0 ,
( 3) 2 4( 2)(1) 1 0
∴ There are two intersections between the straight line
and the circle.
103
5 Equations of Circles
y mx 1
13
(1)
(a)
2 2 ( 2)
x y 12x 2 y 29 0
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( mx 1) 2 12 x 2(mx 1) 29 0
x 2 m 2 x 2 2mx 1 12 x 2mx 2 29 0
(1 m 2 ) x 2 ( 4m 12) x 32 0
......(*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to C1.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
(4m 12) 4(1 m )(32) 0
2 2
(m 3) 2 8(1 m 2 ) 0
m 2 6m 9 8 8m 2 0
7 m 2 6m 1 0
(7m 1)(m 1) 0
1
m or m 1
7
x 2 y c 0 (3)
(b)
2 2 ( 4)
x y 4 x 20 y 21 0
From (3), we have
x 2 y c (5)
By substituting (5) into (4), we have
( 2 y c ) 2 y 2 4( 2 y c ) 20 y 21 0
4 y 2 4cy c 2 y 2 8 y 4c 20 y 21 0
5 y 2 ( 4c 12) y (c 2 4c 21) 0
......(**)
∵ L2 is a tangent to C2.
∴ For the equation (**),
0
2 2
(4c 12) 4(5)(c 4c 21) 0
(2c 6) 2 (5)(c 2 4c 21) 0
4c 2 24c 36 5c 2 20c 105 0
c 2 44c 141 0
(c 47)(c 3) 0
c 47 or c 3
104
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
y x 1 (1)
(a) (i)
2 2 ( 2)
x y 2x 4 y k 0
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( x 1) 2 2 x 4( x 1) k 0
x2 x2 2x 1 2x 4x 4 k 0
2 x 2 8 x (k 5) 0 (*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to S.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
82 4( 2)(k 5) 0
64 8k 40 0
8k 24
k 3
(ii) From (a)(i), the equation of S is
x2 y2 2x 4 y 3 0 .
2 2
2 4
3
2 2
Radius
1 4 3
2
1.41 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) Let (0, a) be the coordinates of A.
∵ A(0, a) lies on L1.
∴ By substituting (0, a) into the equation of L1, we
have
a 0 1
1
∴ Coordinates of A = (0, 1)
105
5 Equations of Circles
AP (1 0) 2 ( 2 1) 2 16
(c) ∴ Centre (0, 0) , radius or 4 3
3 3
10
In △APB, ( 2 x 4) 2 4 y 2 28
∵ ABP = 90 (tangent radius) (d)
AP 2 AB 2 BP 2 ( x 2) 2 y 2 7
106
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
Radius 2 2 k 0
∴ 2 2
13 26
or 1 4 k 0
2 2
k 5
Radius ( 4 2) 2 (0 1) 2
4 1
5
Centre = (2, 1)
∴ The equation of the circle is
(x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 5
(or x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y = 0).
107
5 Equations of Circles
CP CQ (radii)
( 4 0) 2 ( 2 k ) 2 ( 6 0) 2 (2 k ) 2
16 4 4k k 2 36 4 4k k 2
8k 20
5
k
2
CP
2
5
( 4 0) 2
2
2
Radius
81
16
4
145
4
∴ The equation of the circle is
2
5 145
x2 y
2 4
(or x y 5 y 30 0).
2 2
5
(b) From (a), coordinates of C 0,
2
145
Radius
4
2
5
CR ( 0 6) 2 1
2
49
36
4
193
4
radius
∴ R (6, 1) lies outside the circle.
108
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
∵ L intersects C.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
4 x y 0 (1)
3. (a)
2 2
x y 4 x 18 y 68 0 (2)
( 2) 2 4( 2)(c 9) 0
4 8c 72 0
8c 76 From (1), we have
y 4x (3)
19
c
2
y 2 x 4 (1)
2. (a)
2 2
x y 10 x 8 y 1 0 (2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( 2 x 4) 2 10 x 8( 2 x 4) 1 0
x 2 4 x 2 16 x 16 10 x 16 x 32 1 0
5 x 2 10 x 15 0
x2 2x 3 0
( x 1)( x 3) 0
x 1 or x 3
By substituting x = –1 into (1), we have
y 2( 1) 4
6
By substituting x = 3 into (1), we have
y 2(3) 4
2
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (–1, 6) and
(3, –2) respectively.
109
5 Equations of Circles
By substituting (3) into (2), we have 1. (a) The equation of the circle is
x (4 x ) 4 x 18( 4 x) 68 0
2 2
x 2 y 2 42
i.e. x 2 y 2 16
17 x 2 68 x 68 0
(b) The equation of the circle is
x2 4x 4 0
x 2 [ y ( 2)]2 ( 2 3 ) 2
( x 2) 2 0 i.e.
x 2 ( y 2) 2 12
x2
By substituting x = 2 into (3), we have
y = 4(2) = 8
∴ Coordinates of P = ( 2, 8)
16 x 13 y 0 (4)
2 2
x y 4 x 18 y 68 0 (2)
From (4), we have
16
y x (5)
13
By substituting (5) into (2), we have
2
16 16
x
2
x 4 x 18 x 68 0
13 13
425 2 340
x x 68 0
169 13
425 x 2 4420 x 11492 0
25 x 2 260 x 676 0
(5 x 26) 2 0
26
x
5
26
By substituting x into (5), we have
5
16 26 32
y
13 5 5
26 32
∴ Coordinates of Q 5 , 5
32
8
5
26
2
(b) Slope of PQ 5
8
36
2
9
9
∴ Slope of the perpendicular bisector PQ
2
y-intercept of the perpendicular bisector = 0
∴ The equation of the perpendicular bisector of
9
PQ is y x.
2
Exercise
110
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
( x 1) 2 y 2 24
(c) x2 y 2 2x 7 y 7 0
2. (a)
( 2) 7
[ x ( 1)]2 y 2 ( 24 ) 2 Centre ,
2 2
∴ Centre (1, 0) , radius
7
24 (or 2 6) 1,
2
3x 3 y 25
2 2
25 2 7
2 2
111
5 Equations of Circles
CP 3 0 3
(b) Slope between A and the centre
2 2 1 5 4
3 5
2 1 Slope between B and the centre
2 2
3 ( 6) 3
(b) Radius of the circle
1 9
1 ( 3) 4
4 4 ∴ A, B and the centre are colinear.
∴ AB is a diameter of the circle.
10
2
∴ The equation of the circle is
2
3
2
10
x ( y 1) 2
2 2
2
3 5
x ( y 1) 2
2 2
2 2
4 8
( 7)
5. Radius of the circle 2 2
4 16 7
27
( 2) 6
Centre ,
8. (a) 2 2
(1, 3)
112
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
113
5 Equations of Circles
5 ( 10) Radius CA
Centre ,
12. (a) 2 2
3
2
5 3 [3 (5)]2
, 5 2
2
81
4
5
2
10
2 4
Radius c
2 2 97
(b) 4
25
25 c ∴ The equation of the circle is
4 2
3 97
125 x ( y 3) 2
c 2 4
4 (or x2 y2 3x 6y 13 0).
125 13
c 16. Let x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 be the equation of the circle.
4 2
∴ ∵ The circle passes through O(0, 0), A(1, 0) and
125 169 B(3, 2).
c
4 4 ∴ By substitution, we have
c 11 0 2 0 2 D ( 0) E ( 0) F 0
F 0 ……(1)
13. (a) By substituting P(a, 2) into x2 y2 3x y 6 0, 2 2
( 1) 0 D ( 1) E (0) F 0
we have
a 2 22 3(a) 2 6 0 D F 1
a 3a 0
2
……(2)
a (a 3) 0 ( 3) 2 2 2 D ( 3) E (2) F 0
a 0 or a 3 3D 2 E F 13
(b) By substituting x 0 into x y 3x y 6 0, we
2 2
……(3)
have By substituting (1) into (2), we have
0 2 y 2 3(0) y 6 0 D 1
y2 y 6 0 D 1
( y 3)( y 2) 0 By substituting D 1 and (1) into (3), we have
y 3 or y 2
3(1) 2 E 13
∴ The intersections of the circle and the y-axis are 2 E 10
(0, 3) and (0, 2). E 5
∴ The equation of the circle is x2 y2 x 5y 0
14. ∵ C is the mid-point of AB.
2 2
2 2 0 6 or x 1 y 5 13 .
∴ Coordinates of C ,
2 2 2
2 2
(0, 3)
17. Let x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 be the equation of the circle.
Radius CA ∵ The circle passes through P(0, 2), Q(0, 6) and R(2, 4).
∴ By substitution, we have
( 2 0) 2 (0 3) 2
0 2 2 2 D (0) E (2) F 0
49
2 E F 4 ……(1)
13
0 6 D(0) E (6) F 0
2 2
∴ The equation of the circle is x2 (y 3)2 13
(or x2 y2 6y 4 0). 6 E F 36 ……(2)
2 4 D (2) E ( 4) F 0
2 2
15. ∵ C is the mid-point of AB.
2 D 4 E F 20 ……(3)
3 ( 6) 5 ( 1)
,
∴ Coordinates of C 2 2
(2) – (1) : 4 E 32
3 E 8
, 3
2 By substituting E 8 into (1), we have
2( 8) F 4
F 12
By substituting E 8 and F 12 into (3), we have
114
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
2 D 4(8) 12 20 18. Suppose the circle touches the x-axis at A. Then CA is
perpendicular to the x-axis.
2D 0
CA
D0
The equation of the circle is x2 y2 8y 12 0 3
∴ Radius 0
(or x2 (y 4)2 4). 2
3
2
∴ The equation of the circle is
2 2
2 3 3
[ x (5)] y
2 2
2
3 9
( x 5) 2 y
2 4
(or x 2 y 2 10 x 3 y 25 0)
115
5 Equations of Circles
Level 2 Radius (1 2) 2 ( 2 3) 2
21. Let x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 be the equation of the circle. 23. (a)
∵ The circle passes through (0, 3), (4, 1) and (6, 1). 1 25
∴ By substitution, we have 26
02 32 D(0) E (3) F 0 ∴ The equation of the circle is
3E F 9 ……(1) ( x 1) 2 [ y ( 2)] 2 ( 26 ) 2
( x 1) 2 ( y 2) 2 26
( 4) ( 1) D ( 4) E ( 1) F 0
2 2
4 D E F 17
……(2)
6 2 (1) 2 D(6) E (1) F 0
6 D E F 37
……(3)
(2) – (3) : 10 D 20
D 2
By substituting D 2 into (2), we have
4( 2) E F 17
E F 25 ……(4)
(1) – (4) : 4 E 16
E4
By substituting E 4 into (4), we have
4 F 25
F 21
∴ The equation of the circle is
x2 y2 2x 4y 21 0 (or (x 1)2 (y 2)2 26).
6 D 2 E F 40
……(2)
( 3) 2 ( 11) 2 D (3) E (11) F 0
3D 11 E F 130
……(3)
(1) – (2) : 7 D 7 E 14
DE 2 ……(4)
(3) – (2) : 3D 9 E 90
D 3E 30 ……(5)
(4) – (5) : E 32
4
E 8
By substituting E 8 into (4), we have
D8 2
D 6
By substituting D 6 and E 8 into (1), we have
6 5(8) F 26
F 60
∴ The equation of the circle is
x2 y2 6x 8y 60 0 (or (x 3)2 (y 4)2 85).
116
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
1 y 2 4 y 4 26 1 k 2 2k 1 4 k 2 4k 4
2k 6
y 2 4 y 21 0
k 3
( y 3)( y 7) 0
∴ Coordinates of C (0, 3)
y 3 or y 7
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (0, 3) and (0, 7)
respectively; or the coordinates of A and B are
(0, 7) and (0, 3) respectively.
(c) AC BC
(radii)
26
AB 3 (7)
10
By the cosine formula,
AC 2 BC 2 AB 2
cos ACB
2( AC )( BC )
( 26 ) 2 ( 26 ) 2 102
2( 26 )( 26 )
48
52
12
13
ACB 157 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
CA CB (radii)
2 2
[h (2)] (2h 2 3) (h 0) 2 ( 2h 2 7) 2
( h 2) 2 ( 2h 1) 2 h 2 ( 2h 5) 2
h 2 4h 4 4h 2 4h 1 h 2 4h 2 20h 25
20h 20
h 1
∴ Coordinates of C (1, 4)
CA
Radius [1 ( 2)]2 ( 4 3) 2
9 1
10
∴ The equation of the circle is
(x 1)2 (y 4)2 10
(or x2 y2 2x 8y 7 0).
CP (3 1) 2 (5 4) 2
(b) 4 1
5
radius
∴ P(3, 5) lies inside the circle.
117
5 Equations of Circles
CA (1 r )2 (8 r ) 2 r 2
Radius (1 0) 2 [ 1 ( 3)] 2 1 2r r 2 64 16r r 2 r 2
1 4 r 2 18r 65 0
5 (r 5)(r 13) 0
∴ The equation of the circle is x2 (y 3)2 5 r 5 or r 13
(or x2 y2 6y 4 0).
CQ [0 ( 3)]2 [ 3 ( 2)]2
(b) 9 1
10
radius
∴ Q(3, 2) lies outside the circle.
118
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
(or x 2 y 2 10 x 10 y 25 0)
( x 13) 2 ( y 13) 2 169
(or x 2 y 2 26 x 26 y 169 0).
119
5 Equations of Circles
( 4 3) 2 ( k 0) 2 ( 4 4) 2 [ k ( 2)]2
1 k 2 k 2 4k 4
4k 3
3
k
4
3
Coordinates of S′ 4,
4
2
3
( 4 3) 2 0
4
Radius of C 9
2 1
16
5
4
∴ The equation of C2 is
2 2
3 5
( x 4) 2 y
4 4
3 9 25
x 2 8 x 16 y 2 y
2 16 16
2 x 2 2 y 2 16 x 3 y 30 0
2 2
8 4
C1 15
(c) Radius of 2 2
16 4 15
5
The ratio of the area of C1 to that of C2
120
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
( 4)
0 (6 2) 2 ( 1 2) 2
31. (a) Centre of C 2
,
2
1
16 9
(2, 0) 25
2 2 5
4 0
3
Radius of C 2 2
1
43
1
∴ Centre of C3 (2, 0)
Radius of
C3 3 1
3
∴ The equation of C3 is
( x 2) 2 y 2 3 2
x 2 4x 4 y 2 9
x 2 y 2 4x 5 0
( 4) 10
(b) Centre of C 2
,
2
2
( 2, 5)
2 2
4 10
25
Radius of C 2 2
2
4 25 25
2
Distance between the centres of C2 and C3
( 2 2) 2 ( 5 0) 2
5
Radius of C + radius of C 2 3
2 3
5
∵ Distance between the centres of C2 and C3
radius of C2 radius of C3
∴ C2 and C3 touch each other.
42
32. (a) Slope of AB 62
1
2
4 ( 4)
Slope of BC 6 10
2
∵
1
Slope of AB slope of BC (2) 1
2
∴ AB BC
∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle.
(b) ∵ AB BC
∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
(converse of in semi-circle)
∴ Centre of the circle
mid-point of AC
2 10 2 ( 4)
,
2 2
(6, 1)
Radius of the circle
121
5 Equations of Circles
L1 : x 3 y 3 0 ......(1)
L2 : 4 x 3 y 18 0 .....(2)
(1) (2) : 5 x 15 0
x3
By substituting x 3 into (1), we have
3 3y 3 0
y 2
∴ Coordinates of C (3, 2)
(b) (i) Let x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 be the equation of
the circle.
∵ The circle passes through A(3, 0), B(0, 6)
and C(3, 2).
∴ By substitution, we have
( 3) 2 02 D ( 3) E (0) F 0
3D F 9
……(3)
122
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
(6) 2 (7) :
5D 5 (b) Let (h, k) be the coordinates of S.
D 1 Slope of RS slope of RQ
By substituting D 1 into (6), we have k 0 0 ( 4)
1 2 E 9 h ( 2) 20
E 5 k
By substituting E 5 into (4), we have 2
h2
F 6
∴ The equation of the circle is 2h k 4 ......(1)
x2 y2 x 5y 6 0. ∵ PS RQ
1 ( 5) 1
, slope of PS
(ii) Centre 2 2 2
1 5 k (1) 1
, ∴
2 2 h0 2
k 1 1
1
2
5
2
( 6) h 2
2 2 h 2k 2 ......(2)
1 25 5h 6
6
4 4 (1) 2 (2) : 6
Radius
h
25 5
2 6
By substituting h into (1), we have
5 5 2 5
or
2 2 6
2 k 4
(c) Distance between the centre of the circle and the 5
point D 8
2 2
k
1 5 5
2 (1) 2 6
6 8
∴ The coordinates of S are , .
5 5
1 49
(c) (i) ∵ PS QS
4 4 ∴ PQ is a diameter of the circle passing
25 through P, Q and S.
(converse of in semi-circle)
2
Centre mid-point of PQ
5
1 ( 4)
2 ∴
0,
2
radius of the circle
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. 5
0,
2
34. (a) ∵ The circle cuts the y-axis at two points P
and Q. 1 ( 4)
∴ By substituting x = 0 into Radius
x2 y2 4x 5y 4 0, we have 2
02 y 2 4(0) 5 y 4 0 3
y2 5y 4 0 2
∴ The equation of the circle passing through
( y 1)( y 4) 0 P, Q and S is
y 1 or y 4
2 2
2 5 3
∴ The coordinates of P and Q are (0, 1) and ( x 0) y
(0, 4) respectively. 2 2
∵ The circle touches the x-axis at the point R. 2
5 9
∴ By substituting y = 0 into x2 y
x2 y2 4x 5y 4 0, we have 2 4
x 2 0 2 4 x 5(0) 4 0 (or x 2 y 2 5 y 4 0 )
x2 4 x 4 0 (ii) ∵ PS RS
∴ PR is a diameter of the circle passing
( x 2) 2 0 through P, R and S.
x 2 (converse of in semi-circle)
∴ The coordinates of R are (2, 0).
123
5 Equations of Circles
Centre mid-point of PR 1
Radius PR
0 ( 2) 1 0 2
,
∴
2 2 1
(2 0) 2 [0 (1)]2
1 2
1, 1
2 4 1
2
5
2
∴ The equation of the circle passing through
P, R and S is
2 2
1 5
[ x ( 1)]2 y
2 2
2
1 5
( x 1) 2 y
2 4
(or x 2 y 2 2 x y 0 )
(ii) PR 42 22 20
QB 10 2 5 2 125
Let d be the distance between the parallel lines
PR and QB.
124
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
125
5 Equations of Circles
2 x y 7 0 (3)
(b)
2 2
x y 6 x 4 y 32 0 (4)
From (3), we have
y = –2x + 7 (5)
By substituting (5) into (4), we have
x 2 ( 2 x 7) 2 6 x 4( 2 x 7) 32 0
x 2 4 x 2 28 x 49 6 x 8 x 28 32 0
5 x 2 30 x 45 0
x2 6x 9 0
( x 3) 2 0
x3
By substituting x = 3 into (5), we have
y 2(3) 7
1
∴ The coordinates of the intersection between the
straight line and the circle are (3, 1).
4 x y 5 0 (6)
(c)
2 2
x y 3x 12 y 34 0 (7)
From (6), we have
y = 4x – 5 (8)
By substituting (8) into (7), we have
x 2 ( 4 x 5) 2 3x 12(4 x 5) 34 0
x 2 16 x 2 40 x 25 3x 48 x 60 34 0
17 x 2 85 x 119 0
x 2 5x 7 0
2
For the equation x – 5x + 7 = 0,
( 5) 2 4(1)(7)
3
0
∴ There are no intersections between the straight
line and the circle.
x 2 y 0 (9)
(d)
2 2
x y 2x 6 y 6 0 (10)
From (9), we have
x = 2y (11)
By substituting (11) into (10), we have
( 2 y ) 2 y 2 2( 2 y ) 6 y 6 0
5 y 2 10 y 6 0
For the equation 5y2 – 10y + 6 = 0,
126
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
x 3 y 6 0 (4)
(b)
2 2
2 x 2 y 5x 2 y 4 0 (5)
From (4), we have
x = –3y + 6 (6)
By substituting (6) into (5), we have
2( 3 y 6) 2 2 y 2 5( 3 y 6) 2 y 4 0
18 y 2 72 y 72 2 y 2 15 y 30 2 y 4 0
20 y 2 55 y 46 0
2
For the equation 20y – 55y + 46 = 0,
( 55) 2 4( 20)( 46)
655
0
∴ There are no intersections between the straight
line and the circle.
5x 2 y 2 0 ( 7 )
(c)
2 2
x y x 2 y 30 0 (8)
From (7), we have
5x 2
y (9)
2
By substituting (9) into (8), we have
2
5x 2 5x 2
x2 x 2 30 0
2 2
4 x 2 (5 x 2) 2 4 x 4(5 x 2) 120 0
4 x 2 25 x 2 20 x 4 4 x 20 x 8 120 0
29 x 2 4 x 124 0
2
For the equation 29x + 4x – 124 = 0,
4 2 4( 29)(124)
14 400
0
∴ There are two intersections between the straight
127
5 Equations of Circles
y mx 3 (1)
4.
2 2
x y 3x 2 y 2 0 (2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 (mx 3) 2 3x 2(mx 3) 2 0
x 2 m 2 x 2 6mx 9 3x 2mx 6 2 0
(m 2 1) x 2 (4m 3) x 5 0 (*)
∵ L is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
2 2
(4m 3) 4(m 1)(5) 0
16m 2 24m 9 20m 2 20 0
4m 2 24m 11 0
4m 2 24m 11 0
( 2m 1)(2m 11) 0
1 11
m or m
2 2
128
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
4c 2 16 0
c2 4
∴ We can suggest c = –1 or 1 (or any value of c
satisfying c2 < 4).
129
5 Equations of Circles
∵ L is a tangent to C. 0
∴ For the equation (*), 2 2
[ (6c 10)] 4(10)(c 2c 5) 0
0
36c 120c 100 40c 2 80c 200 0
2
( 3m) 2 4( m 2 1)(0) 0
m0 4c 2 40c 300 0
∴ The equation of the tangent is y = –2. c 2 10c 75 0
(c 5)(c 15) 0
9. Let S be the centre of the circle.
c 5 or c 15
( 4) ( 2)
Coordinates of S
, ∴ The equations of the tangents to the circle are
2 2 y = –3x – 5 and y = –3x + 15.
( 2, 1)
∵ AS is a horizontal line.
∴ The tangent is a vertical line.
∴ The equation of the tangent is x = 3.
y mx 2 (1)
2 2
x y 4 y 12 y 38 0 (2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( mx 2) 2 4 x 12(mx 2) 38 0
x 2 m 2 x 2 4mx 4 4 x 12mx 24 38 0
(m 2 1) x 2 (8m 4) x 18 0 (*)
∵ L is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
[(8m 4)] 4(m 1)(18) 0
2 2
y 3x c (1)
2 2
x y 4x 2 y 5 0 ( 2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( 3 x c ) 2 4 x 2( 3 x c ) 5 0
x 2 9 x 2 6cx c 2 4 x 6 x 2c 5 0
10 x 2 (6c 10) x (c 2 2c 5) 0 (*)
∴ L is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
130
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
2 ( 8) 2 4(1)(16)
12. (a) Slope of L ( 1)
2 0
2 ∴ L1 is a tangent to C.
From (2), we have
∵ L1 L2
1 17 y 10
x (5)
∴ Slope of L1 m 7
2
1
1L : y xc (1)
(b)
2
C : x 2 y 2 2 x 4 y 75 0 (2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
2
1 1
x 2 x c 2 x 4 x c 75 0
2 2
1
x 2 x 2 cx c 2 2 x 2 x 4c 75 0
4
5 2
x (c 4) x (c 2 4c 75) 0
4
5 x 2 4(c 4) x 4(c 2 4c 75) 0 (*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
2 2
[ 4(c 4)] 4(5)[4(c 4c 75)] 0
(c 4) 2 5(c 2 4c 75) 0
c 2 8c 16 5c 2 20c 375 0
4c 2 12c 391 0
4c 2 12c 391 0
(2c 17)(2c 23) 0
17 23
c or c
2 2
131
5 Equations of Circles
(**)
For the equation (**),
( 884) 2 4(169)(1156 )
0
∴ L2 is a tangent to C.
Level 2
4x 3 y p 0 (1)
14. (a)
2 2
x y 6x 4 y 9 0 (2)
From (1), we have
4x p
y (3)
3
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
2
4x p 4x p
x2 6 x 4 90
3 3
9 x 16 x 8 px p 54 x 48 x 12 p 81 0
2 2 2
25 x 2 (8 p 6) x ( p 2 12 p 81) 0
(*)
∵ L is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
(8 p 6) 4( 25)( p 12 p 81) 0
2 2
36 p 2 1296 p 8064 0
p 2 36 p 224 0
( p 8)( p 28) 0
p 8 or p 28
(b) For p = 8,
132
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
2
ry 20
5 y 16
2
5
2
5(r 2 y 2 40ry 400) 20 y 2 64 0
(5r 2 20) y 2 200ry 1936 0 (**)
∵ L2 is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (**),
0
2 2
(200r ) 4(5r 20)(1936) 0
1280r 2 154 880 0
r 2 121
r 11 or r 11 (rejected)
(b) For L1 : 2 x y 4 0 ,
from (*) in (a), we have
133
5 Equations of Circles
2
16. (a) Slope of L1
3
∵ L1 L2
3
∴ Slope of L2
2
∵ A(0, 2) lies on L2.
3
∴ The equation of L2 is y x2.
2
L1 : 2 x 3 y 19 0 (1)
(b) 3
2 2 x2
L : y (2)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
3
2 x 3 x 2 19 0
2
9
2 x x 6 19 0
2
13
x 13
2
x2
134
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
Radius (0 2) 2 ( 2 5) 2
18. (a) ∵ The circle C cuts the y-axis at the two points P
49 and R.
∴ By substituting x = 0 into
13
x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + 21 = 0, we have
∴ The equation of C is
y 2 10 y 21 0
x 2 ( y 2) 2 ( 13 ) 2
( y 3)( y 7) 0
x2 y2 4 y 9 0 y 3 or y 7
∴ The coordinates of P and R are (0, 7) and (0, 3)
17. (a) C: x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y = 0 (1) respectively.
∵ C cuts the x-axis at O and A.
L : x y 7 0 (1)
∴ By substituting y = 0 into (1), we have
x 2 0 2 2 x 4(0) 0
x2 2x 0 2 2
x ( x 2) 0 C : x y 6 x 10 y 21 0 (2)
x 0 or x 2 From (1), we have
∴ The coordinates of A are (–2, 0). y = –x + 7 (3)
(b) Let S be the centre of C. By substituting (3) into (2), we have
2 ( 4)
Coordinates of S
,
2 2 x 2 ( x 7) 2 6 x 10( x 7) 21 0
(1, 2) x 2 x 2 14 x 49 6 x 10 x 70 21 0
20 2 x 2 10 x 0
Slope of OS
1 0 x 2 5x 0
2 x ( x 5) 0
1 x0 (rejected) or x5
∴ Slope of OB
2 By substituting x = 5 into (3), we have
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at O is y 5 7
x 2
y .
2 ∴ The coordinates of Q are (5, 2).
20 (b) Area of △PQR
Slope of SA 1 ( 2)
1
2 (7 3)(5 0) sq. units
2
1 10 sq. units
∴ Slope of AB
2
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at A is 19. (a) ∵ L passes through the point P(2, 0).
1 ∴ By substituting P(2, 0) into the equation of L,
y [ x ( 2)] we have
2 20b 0
x b2
y 1
2 ∵ S passes through the point P(2, 0).
∴ By substituting P(2, 0) into the equation of S, we
x have
y 2 (2) 2 2 0 2 8(2) 4(0) c 0
(c) c 20
y x 1 (3) L : x y 2 0 (1)
2 (b)
2 2
C : x y 8 x 4 y 20 0 (2)
By substituting (2) into (3), we have
x x
1
2 2 From (1), we have
x 1 y = –x + 2 (3)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
By substituting x = –1 into (2), we have
1
y
2
1
∴ The coordinates of B are 1, .
2
135
5 Equations of Circles
x 2 x 2 4 x 4 8 x 4 x 8 20 0 2 ( 6) 0 8
,
Coordinates of M 2 2
2 x 2 8 x 24 0
( 2, 4)
x 2 4 x 12 0
( x 6)( x 2) 0 8 ( 4)
,
Coordinates of centre C 2 2
x 6 or x 2 (rejected)
By substituting x = –6 into (3), we have ( 4, 2)
y ( 6) 2 ∵ M is the mid-point of PQ.
∴ CM PQ (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
8
chord chord)
∴ Coordinates of Q (6, 8) ∴ Distance between the centre C and PQ
( 6 2) 2 (8 0) 2 [ 2 ( 4)]2 ( 4 2) 2
PQ 64 64 8 (or 2 2)
128 (or 8 2)
20. (a) (i) By substituting y = x into x2 + y2 – ky + 2 = 0, we
have
x 2 x 2 kx 2 0
2 x 2 kx 2 0 (*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to the circle S.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
(k ) 2 4(2)(2) 0
k 2 16
k 4 or k 4 (rejected)
(ii) S: x2 + y2 – 4y + 2 = 0
2 2
0 4
2
Radius of S 2 2
42
2
(b) Since L2 is a tangent to the circle S,
CA CP (tangent radius)
i.e. OCA = 90
∵ Slope of L1 = 1
90 inclination of L1
∴ COA
90 tan 1 1
45
CAO
136
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
C : x y 4 x 6 y 104 0 (2)
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
2
3 3
y 13 y 4 y 13 6 y 104 0
2
2 2
9 2
y 39 y 169 y 2
4
6 y 52 6 y 104 0
13 2
y 39 y 117 0
4
y 2 12 y 36 0 (*)
For the equation (*),
12 2 4(1)(36)
0
∴ L is a tangent to S.
From (*), we have ( y 6) 0
2
y6
By substituting y = 6 into (3), we have
3
x (6) 13
2
4
∴ Coordinates of P (4, 6)
(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of Q.
( 4) 6
,
Coordinates of C 2 2
( 2, 3)
By the mid-point formula, we have
x ( 4) y6
2 and 3
2 2
x8 and y 12
∴ Coordinates of Q (8, 12)
(c) ∵ L1 // L and L1 is a tangent to S.
∴ L1 must pass through Q.
2 2
Slope of L
( 3) 3
Slope of L1 slope of L
2
3
∴ The equation of L1 is
2
y ( 12) ( x 8)
3
2 52
y x
3 3
22. (a) ∵ C passes through the point A(–4, 0).
∴ By substituting A(–4, 0) into the equation of C,
we have
( 4 ) 2 0 2 D ( 4 ) E ( 0 ) F 0
4 D F 16
F
D 4
4
137
5 Equations of Circles
138
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
3
2 3x 2 3 y 2 8 x 4 y 4 0
2 (d)
2 2 3 8 4
x2 y 2 x y 0
4
2 2 2 3 3 3
8
4
Radius 9 3 3 3
1 ,
16 2 Centre 2 2
49
4 2
16 ,
7 3 3
4 2 2
8 4
3 3 4
2 2 3
Radius
16 4 4
9 9 3
8 2 2
or
9 3
2 2
6 5
16
2
2
3. (a) Radius 25
9 16
4
3
4
∴ The equation represents an imaginary circle.
2 x 2 2 y 2 18 x 2 y 41 0
(b)
41
x2 y2 9x y 0
2
2 2
9 1 41
2 2 2
Radius
81 1 41
4 4 2
0
∴ The equation represents a point circle.
139
5 Equations of Circles
2 2 ( 3 y 5) 2 y 2 4( 3 y 5) 12 y 15 0
5 1
0 0 9 y 2 30 y 25 y 2 12 y 20 12 y 15 0
2 2
(a) SP
10 y 2 30 y 20 0
13
y2 3y 2 0
2
radius ( y 1)( y 2) 0
∴ P(0, 0) lies inside the circle. y 1 or y 2
2 2
5 1
2 ( 2) 2 4
(b) SQ 1 49
4 4
25
2
radius
∴ Q(–2, 4) lies on the circle.
2 2
5 1
1 2
2 2
(c) SR 49 9
4 4
29
2
radius
∴ R(1, 2) lies outside the circle.
x y 3 0 (1)
5. (a)
2 2
x y 10 x 12 y 59 0 (2)
From (1), we have
y x3 (3)
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
x 2 ( x 3) 2 10 x 12( x 3) 59 0
x 2 x 2 6 x 9 10 x 12 x 36 59 0
2 x 2 16 x 32 0
x 2 8 x 16 0
( x 4) 2 0
x4
By substituting x = 4 into (3), we have
y 43
7
∴ The coordinates of the intersection between the
straight line and the circle are (4, 7).
x 3 y 5 0 (4)
(b)
2 2
x y 4 x 12 y 15 0 (5)
From (4), we have
x 3 y 5 (6)
By substituting (6) into (5), we have
140
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
3x 2 y 4 0 (1)
6. (a)
2 2
x y 6 x 1 0 (2)
From (1), we have
3
y x2 (3)
2
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
2
3
x2 x 2 6x 1 0
2
9
x2 x2 6 x 4 6x 1 0
4
13 2
x 3 0 (*)
4
For the equation (*),
13
0 2 4 (3)
4
39 0
∴ There are no intersections between the straight
line and the circle.
2 x 5 y 8 0 (4)
(b)
2 2
3x 3 y 2 y 19 0 (5)
From (4), we have
5
x y4 (6)
2
By substituting (6) into (5), we have
2
5
3 y 4 3 y 2 2 y 19 0
2
75 2
y 60 y 48 3 y 2 2 y 19 0
4
87 2
y 58 y 29 0
4
3 y 2 8 y 4 0 (**)
For the equation (**),
( 8) 2 4(3)(4)
16 0
∴ There are two intersections between the straight
line and the circle.
141
5 Equations of Circles
D F 1
……(1)
142
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 14 0 6 2 ( 2 k ) 2 r 2 and ( 1) 2 ( 5 k ) 2 r 2
2
k 2 4k 40 r 2 and k 2 10k 26 r 2
or x 1 ( y 1) 2 61
2 4 k 2 4k 40 k 2 10k 26
14k 14
( 1) 2
, k 1
2 2
(b) Centre (b) By substituting k = 1 into (*), we have
1 x2 + (y – 1)2 = r2
, 1
2 ∵ The circle passes through (6, 2).
∴ 62 ( 2 1) 2 r 2
2 2
1 2 r 2 37
( 14)
2 2 ∴ The equation of C is x2 + (y – 1)2 = 37
(or x2 + y2 – 2y – 36 = 0).
Radius 1
1 14
4 16. Let (h, h) be the centre of the circle and r be the radius of
the circle.
61 61
or The equation of the circle is
4 2 ( x h) 2 ( y h) 2 r 2 (1)
143
5 Equations of Circles
∵ The circle passes through (3, 0) and (0, –2). 19. Let S be the centre of the circle.
∴ By substitution, we have
5 ( 4)
(3 h ) 2 (0 h ) 2 r 2 ,
Coordinates of S 2 2
9 6h 2h 2 r 2 ( 2)
5
(0 h) 2 (2 h) 2 r 2 , 2
2
4 4h 2h 2 r 2 (3) 4 2
5 10h 0
(3) – (2) : Slope of AS 1 5
1
h 2
2
4
1
By substituting h into (2), we have 1
2 Slope of the tangent
2
4
1 1 ∴ The equation of the tangent to C at A is
9 6 2 r 2
2
2 1
y ( 4) [ x ( 1)]
13 4
r2
2 1 15
∴ The equation of the circle is
y x
4 4
2 2
1 1 13
x y 20. Let y = mx + 4 be the equation of the tangent.
2 2 2
y mx 4 (1)
(or x 2 y 2 x y 6 0). 2 2
x y 2 y 4 0 ( 2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
17. (a) By substituting y = 0 into x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0,
we have x 2 (mx 4) 2 2( mx 4) 4 0
x 2 0 2 2 x 4( 0) 1 0 x 2 m 2 x 2 8mx 16 2mx 8 4 0
x 2 2 x 1 0 (*) ( m 2 1) x 2 10mx 20 0 (*)
For the equation (*), ∵ y = mx + 4 is the equation of the tangent.
∴ For the equation (*),
( 2) 4(1)(1)
2
0
0
∴ The circle C touches the x-axis. (10m) 4( m 1)(20) 0
2 2
100m 2 80m 2 80 0
( 2) ( 4) 20m 2 80
(b) Centre of C 2
,
2
m2 4
(1, 2) m 2
2 2 ∴ The equations of the tangents are y = 2x + 4 and
2 4 y = –2x + 4.
Radius 1
2 2
21. (a) ∵ C cuts the x-axis at the points A and B.
2 ∴ By substituting y = 0 into
Distance between A(–5, 0) and the centre of C x2 + y2 – 5x + ky + 4 = 0, we have
( 5 1) 2 (0 2) 2 x 2 02 5 x k (0) 4 0
40 x2 5x 4 0
radius ( x 1)( x 4) 0
∴ A(–5, 0) lies outside C.
x 1 or x 4
18. Let S be the centre of the circle. ∴ The coordinates of A and B are (1, 0) and (4, 0)
Coordinates of S = (–2, 0) respectively or the coordinates of A and B are
5 0 (4, 0) and (1, 0) respectively.
Slope of AS
(b) By substituting x = 0 into
3 ( 2) x2 + y2 – 5x + ky + 4 = 0, we have
1 02 y 2 5(0) ky 4 0
Slope of the tangent = 1 y 2 ky 4 0 (*)
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at A is
y ( 5) x 3 ∵ C touches the y-axis at the point T.
∴ For the equation (*),
y x 8 0
k 4(1)( 4) 0
2
k 4
144
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
For k = –4,
y2 4 y 4 0 (from (*))
( y 2) 2 0
y2
∴ The corresponding coordinates of T are (0, 2).
For k = 4,
y2 4 y 4 0 (from (*))
( y 2) 2 0
y 2
∴ The corresponding coordinates of T are (0, –2).
2 x 3 y a 0 (1)
22. (a)
2 2
x y 4 x y 1 0 (2)
From (1), we have
3 a
x y (3)
2 2
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
2
3 a 3 a
y y 2 4 y y 1 0
2 2 2 2
2
9 2 3a a
y y y 2 6 y 2a y 1 0
4 2 4
13 2 3a a2
y 7 y 2a 1 0 (*)
4 2 4
∵ L is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
2
3a 13 a 2
7 4 2a 1 0
2 4 4
9 2 13 2
a 21a 49 a 26a 13 0
4 4
a 2 5a 36 0
a 2 5a 36 0
( a 4)(a 9) 0
a 4 or a 9
(b) For a = –4,
13 2 3( 4) ( 4) 2
y 7 y 2( 4) 1 0
4 2 4
13 2
y 13 y 13 0
4
y2 4 y 4 0
( y 2) 2 0
y2
(from (*))
145
5 Equations of Circles
3 ( 4) For a = 9,
x ( 2)
2 2
1 13 2 3(9) 92
y 7 y 2(9) 1 0
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (–1, 2). 4 2 4
13 2 13 13
y y 0 (from
4 2 4
y2 2 y 1 0
( y 1) 2 0
y 1
(*))
x ky 1 0 (1)
2 2
x y 4 x 2 y 0 (2)
From (1), we have
x ky 1 (3)
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
3
24. Slope of L1
4
∵ L L1
4
Slope of L
3
∴ 4 4
b 3
b3
L : 4 x 3 y c 0 ......(1)
2 2
C : x y 8x 2 y 8 0 ......(2)
From (1), we have
4 c
y x ……(3)
3 3
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
2
4 c 4 c
x 2 x 8 x 2 x 8 0
3 3 3 3
2
16 2 8 c 8 2c
x2 x cx 8x x 8 0
9 9 9 3 3
25 2 8 32 c 2 2c
x c x 8 0 ......(*)
9 9 3 9 3
∵ L is a tangent to C.
∴ For the equation (*),
147
5 Equations of Circles
0 Level 2
2 7
8 32 25 c 2 2c 25. (a) Radius
c 4 8 0 2
9 3 9 9 3
7 7
64 2 512 1024 100 2 200 800 Centre ,
c c c c 0 2 2
81 27 9 81 27 9
∴ The equation of the circle is
4 104 224
c2 c 0 7
2
7 7
2 2
9 9 9 x y
2 2 2
c 2 26c 56 0
2 2
(c 28)(c 2) 0 7 7 49
x y
c 28 or c 2 2 2 4
49
or x 2 y 2 7 x 7 y 0
4
(b) Let (0, k) be the centre of the circle.
Radius k
The equation of the circle is
x 2 ( y k ) 2 k 2 ……(1)
Slope of the tangent with inclination 60
tan 60
3
∴ The equation of the tangent is
y 3[ x ( 3 )]
y 3x 3 ……(2)
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
x 2 ( 3x 3 k ) 2 k 2
x 2 3 x 2 2(3 k ) 3 x (3 k ) 2 k 2
4 x 2 2 3 (3 k ) x (9 6 k ) 0
……(*)
∵ (2) is the tangent of the circle.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
[2 3 (3 k )]2 4(4)(9 6k ) 0
12(9 6k k 2 ) 144 96k 0
9 6k k 2 12 8k 0
k 2 2k 3 0
(k 3)(k 1) 0
k 3 (rejected) or k 1
∴ The equation of the circle is
x 2 ( y 1) 2 1 (or x 2 y 2 2 y 0) .
20
26. (a) Slope of AB 4 2
1
Slope of the perpendicular bisector of AB 1
24 02
Mid-point of AB ,
2 2
(3, 1)
∴ The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB
is
y 1 ( x 3)
y x 4
(b) ∵ The circle passes through A and B.
148
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
1
28. (a) Slope of L
4
∵ AB L (tangent radius)
∴ Slope of AB 4
∴ The equation of the straight line is
3
y 1 4 x
2
y 4x 7
(b) B is the intersection of L : x 4 y 11 0 and
AB : y 4x 7.
149
5 Equations of Circles
Radius AB
3
2 y mx c ......(1)
(1) (1 3) 2 30. (a)
2 2 2
x y a ......(2)
2
17
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
4
∴ The equation of C is
2 x 2 ( mx c ) 2 a 2
3 2 17
x ( y 1) x 2 m 2 x 2 2mcx c 2 a 2 0
2 4
2 (1 m 2 ) x 2 2mcx (c 2 a 2 ) 0 ......(*)
3 17
x ( y 1) 2
2 4
(or x 2 y 2 3 x 2 y 1 0)
3 2
29. (a) Slope of AC
43
1
03
Slope of BC 7 4
1
∵ Slope of AC slope of BC 1
∴ AC is perpendicular to BC.
(b) ∵ AC BC
∴ AB is a diameter of the circle. (converse of in
semi-circle)
mid-point of AB
∴ Centre 3 7 2 0
,
2 2
(5, 1)
1
AB
2
Radius 1
(3 7 ) 2 ( 2 0) 2
2
5
∴ The equation of the circle is
( x 5) 2 ( y 1) 2 5
(or x 2 y 2 10 x 2 y 21 0).
(c) ∵ The circle cuts the x-axis at two points B and D.
∴ By substituting y 0 into
x 2 y 2 10 x 2 y 21 0 , we have
x 2 0 2 10 x 2(0) 21 0
x 2 10 x 21 0
( x 3)( x 7) 0
x 3 or x 7 (rejected)
∴ Coordinates of D (3, 0)
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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
∵ L is a tangent to C. 3 1
∴ For the equation (*), 4 x 3 x c 2 0
0 4 4
(2mc) 4(1 m )(c a ) 0
2 2 2 2 25 3
x c20
4m c 4c 2 4m 2c 2 4(1 m 2 )a 2 0
2 2 4 4
25 5
c 2 a 2 (1 m 2 ) ......(**) x c
4 4
(b) (i) By substituting a2 90 and m 3 into (**), we
have 5 4c
x
c 2 90(1 32 ) 25
c 2 900
c 30
∴ The equations of the tangents are
y 3x 30 and y 3x 30.
(ii) By substituting a2 90 and c 10 into (**), we
have
102 90 (1 m 2 )
90m 2 10
1
m2
9
1
m
3
∴ The equations of the tangent are
x x
y 10 and y 10 .
3 3
4
31. (a) Slope of L
3
∵ AB L (tangent radius)
3
∴ Slope of AB
4
2 1
,
Centre of C 2 2
1
1,
2
∴ The equation of AB is
1 3
y [ x ( 1)]
2 4
1 3 3
y x
2 4 4
3 1
y x
4 4
L : 4 x 3 y c 2 0 ......(1)
(b) 3 1
AB : y x ......(2)
4 4
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
151
5 Equations of Circles
5 4c 4
By substituting x into (2), we have y ( 2) [ x ( 3)]
25 3
3 5 4c 1 4
y y x6
4 25 4 3
15 12c 1 32. (a) Slope of L tan 45 1
100 4 ∴ The equation of L is y x 1 .
40 12c ( 8) ( 6)
,
100 (b) Coordinates of C
2 2
10 3c
( 4, 3)
25 ∵ BC L (tangent radius)
5 4c 10 3c ∴ Slope of BC 1
∴ Coordinates of A ,
25 25
5 4c 10 3c
(c) By substituting A , into
25 25
C : x 2 y 2 2 x y c 0 , we have
2 2
5 4c 10 3c 5 4c 10 3c
2 c 0
25 25 25 25
3 1
y x ......(3)
(d) 4 4
x 2 y 2 2 x y 5 0 ......(4)
By substituting (3) into (4), we have
2
3 1 3 1
x 2 x 2x x 5 0
4 4 4 4
9 3 1 3 1
x 2 x 2 x 2x x 5 0
16 8 16 4 4
25 2 25 75
x x 0
16 8 16
x 2 2x 3 0
( x 3)( x 1) 0
x 3 or x 1 (rejected)
By substituting x 3 into (3), we have
3 1
y ( 3)
4 4
2
∴ Coordinates of B (3, 2)
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at B is
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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
Radius ( 1 2) 2 (3 0) 2
k 23
8
2 2
8 6
(c) Radius of S 23 2
∴ The equation of S1 is
2 2 ( x 2) 2 y 2 18
∵ The centre of S1 lies on the straight line passing (or x 2 y 2 4 x 14 0).
through B and C.
y x 8
∴ Let (h, h 7) be the centre of S1.
The equation of S1 is ......(1)
( x h) 2 ( y h 7) 2 2 ……(3) (iii)
By substituting B(3, 4) into (3), we have
(3 h) 2 (4 h 7) 2 2
( x 2) 2 y 2 18 ......(2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
9 6 h h 2 h 2 6h 9 2
( x 2) 2 ( x 8) 2 18
h 2 6h 8 0
x 2 4 x 4 x 2 16 x 64 18
(h 2)(h 4) 0
h 2 or h 4 (rejected) 2 x 2 20 x 50 0
∴ The equation of S1 is x 2 10 x 25 0 ......(*)
( x 2) ( y 2 7) 2
2 2
For the equation (*),
( x 2) 2 ( y 5) 2 2 ( 10) 2 4(1)( 25)
(or x 2 y 2 4 x 10 y 27 0)
0
∴ The tangent to S at D is also the tangent to
S1.
33. (a) ∵ The circle cuts the x-axis at A and B.
∴ By substituting y 0 into 34. (a) The equation of L is
x 2 y 2 2 x 6 y 8 0 , we have y 1 m( x 7 )
x 2 02 2 x 6(0) 8 0 y mx 1 7 m
x2 2 x 8 0
( x 2)( x 4) 0 L : y mx 1 7m ......(1)
x 4 or x 2
(b) (i)
2 2
∴ Coordinates of A (4, 0) C : x y 20 ......(2)
Coordinates of B ( 2, 0)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
2 ( 6)
,
Coordinates of C 2 2 x 2 ( mx 1 7 m) 2 20
( 1, 3)
x 2 m 2 x 2 2m(1 7 m) x (1 7 m) 2 20
30 (1 m 2 ) x 2 2m(1 7 m) x ( 49m 2 14m 19) 0
(b) Slope of AC 1
1 ( 4) ∵ C and L intersect at the points A(x1, y1) and
Slope of the tangent to S at D 1 B(x2, y2).
Let (h, k) be the coordinates of D. ∴ x1 and x2 are the roots of the quadratic
∵ C is the mid-point of AD. equation
153
5 Equations of Circles
L : y mx ......(1)
2 2
C : x y 10 x 2 y 18 0 ......(2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( mx) 2 10 x 2(mx) 18 0
(1 m 2 ) x 2 ( 2m 10) x 18 0 ......(*)
∵ L intersects C at two points A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2).
∴ x1 and x2 satisfy (*).
(2m 10)
x1 x2
1 m2
2m 10
1 m2
18
x1 x2
1 m2
( x1 x2 ) 2 ( x1 x2 ) 2 4 x1 x2
(2m 10) 2 18
4
(1 m 2 ) 2 2
1 m
4m 2 40m 100 72(1 m 2 )
(1 m 2 ) 2
4(7 10m 17m 2 )
(1 m 2 ) 2
AB 2 ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2
( x1 x2 ) 2 (mx1 mx2 ) 2
(ii)
(1 m 2 )( x1 x2 ) 2
4(7 10m 17 m 2 )
1 m2
154
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
9 1
37. (a) Slope of L1 1
5 ( 3)
The equation of L1 is
155
5 Equations of Circles
y 1 x ( 3) CD
y x4 (b) (i) Radius
(6 5) 2 ( 2 9) 2
∵ L2 L1
50
∴ Slope of L2 1
The equation of S is
The equation of L2 is
y 2 ( x 6) ( x 6) 2 ( y 2)2 ( 50 ) 2
y x 8 x 2 y 2 12 x 4 y 10 0
y x c .......(1)
2 2
x y 12 x 4 y 10 0 ......(2)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
x 2 ( x c ) 2 12 x 4( x c) 10 0
x 2 x 2 2cx c 2 12 x 4 x 4c 10 0
2 x 2 ( 2c 16) x (c 2 4c 10) 0 ......(*)
∵ y x c is a tangent to S.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
( 2c 16) 2 4( 2)(c 2 4c 10) 0
(c 8) 2 2c 2 8c 20 0
c 2 16c 64 2c 2 8c 20 0
c 2 8c 84 0
c 2 8c 84 0
(c 14)(c 6) 0
c 14 or c 6
∴ The equations of the tangents to S parallel to
L1 are y x 14 and y x 6.
1 1
Slope of L1
38. (a) ( 3 ) 3
1
tan AOT
3
∴ AOT 30
(b) ∵ OT TA (tangent radius)
i.e. ATO 90
TA
sin AOT
OA
2
sin 30
OA
OA 4
∴ Coordinates of A = (4, 0)
∴ The equation of C1 is
( x 4) 2 ( y 0) 2 2 2
( x 4) 2 y 2 4
156
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
3 9
Alternative Solution
Let D(h, 0) be the centre of C2 and r be the radius of
C2.
∵ △ODU ~ △OAT
OD UD
OA TA
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)
h r
4 2
h 2r
OB h r
2 2r r
2 3r
2
r
3
2 4
∴ h 2
3 3
2
4 4
∴ The equation of C2 is x y .
2
3 9
k 2
,
2 2
39. (a) (i) Coordinates of R
k
, 1
2
(ii) By substituting y = 0 into 3 x y c 0 ,
we have
3x 0 c 0
c
x
3
c
∴ Coordinates of P 3 , 0
157
5 Equations of Circles
3 mid-point of PR
(b) (i) Slope of L 3
( 1) 2 11 1 14
∵ L PR (tangent radius) Centre of C 2
,
2
1 1
Slope of PR 9 15
3 ,
2 2
0 (1) 1
c k 3
∴
3 2
c k
3
3 2
2c
k 6
3
(ii) ∵ The circle C passes through
c
P , 0 .
3
c
∴ By substituting P , 0 and
3
2c
k 6 into C: x2 + y2 + kx + 2y – 5
3
= 0, we have
2
c 2c c
0 6 2(0) 5 0
2
3 3 3
c2 2 2
c 2c 5 0
9 9
1
c 2 2c 5 0
9
c 2 18c 45 0
c 2 18c 45 0
(c) From (b)(ii), (c 3)(c 15) 0
c 3 or c 15
2(3)
When c = 3, k 6 4
3
2(15)
When c = 15, k 6 4 (rejected)
3
∴ The equation of C is x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 5 = 0.
158
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
2 2 4 ( 7 )
9 15 ,
11 14 2 2
2 2 Centre
7
Radius of C 169 169 2,
1
2
4 4
2 2
169 4 7
( 4)
2 2 2
∴ The equation of C1 is
49
4 4
2 2 Radius 4
9 15 169
x y 81
2 2 2
4
81 225 169
x 2 9x y 2 15 y 9
4 4 2
2
x 2 y 2 9 x 15 y 8 0
(b) (i) 2. Answer: C
C : x y 4 x 2 y 8 0 (1)
2 2 For choice A,
2 2
2 6
2 2 radius 12
2 2
C1 : x y 9 x 15 y 8 0 (2) 2
∴ The equation represents an imaginary circle.
(2) – (1): 13x 13 y 0 For choice B,
y x (3) x2 – y2 = 1
By substituting (3) into (1), we have ∴ The equation does not represent a circle.
For choice C,
x 2 ( x ) 2 4 x 2( x ) 8 0
2x2 2 y 2 4x 1 0
2x 6x 8 0
2
1
x 2 3x 4 0 x2 y 2 2x 0
2
( x 4)( x 1) 0 2
2 1
x 4 or x 1
By substituting x = –4 into (3), we have Radius 2 2
y = –(–4) = 4 1
By substituting x = 1 into (3), we have
y = –1 2
∴ Coordinates of Q (4, 4) ∴ The equation represents a real circle.
For choice D,
Coordinates of S (1, 1) 2x2 + y2 – 1 = 0
14 4 2 ∴ The equation does not represent a circle.
(ii) Slope of PQ ∴ The answer is C.
11 ( 4) 3
∴ The equation of the tangent from P to C at 3. Answer: B
Q is
6 2
2 ,
y 4 [ x ( 4)] Centre of C 2 2
3 1
( 3, 1)
2 20
y x ∴ Centre of C2 = (–3, –1)
3 3 Let r be the radius of C2.
14 (1) 3 The equation of C2 is
Slope of PS [ x ( 3)]2 [ y ( 1)]2 r 2
11 1 2
∴ The equation of the tangent from P to C at ( x 3) 2 ( y 1) 2 r 2 (*)
S is ∵ C2 passes through the origin.
3 ∴ By substituting (0, 0) into (*), we have
y ( 1) ( x 1)
2 (0 3) 2 (0 1) 2 r 2
3 5 r 2 10
y x
2 2 ∴ The equation of C2 is
( x 3) 2 ( y 1) 2 10
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 5.43)
1. Answer: B x 2 y 2 6x 2 y 0
159
5 Equations of Circles
4. Answer: A x 2 (2 x 1) 2 6 x a 0
k ( 8)
, x 2 4x 2 4x 1 6x a 0
Centre of C 2 2
5 x 2 10 x ( a 1) 0 (*)
k
, 4
2
∵ L divides the circle C into two equal parts.
∴ The centre of C lies on L.
k
2 3( 4) 5 0
2
k 7 0
k 7
5. Answer: A
(5) 8
,
Centre of C 2 2
5
, 4
2
∴ The centre of C lies in quadrant IV.
2 2
5 8
2
2 2
Radius of C 81
4
9
2
Distance between the centre of C and the origin
2
5 2
0 ( 4 0)
2
89
4
radius of C
∴ The origin lies outside the circle.
∴ The answer is A.
6. Answer: D
∵ C passes through (1, –2).
∴ By substituting (1, –2) into
C: x2 + y2 + ax – ay + b = 0, we have
12 ( 2) 2 a(1) a(2) b 0
3a b 5 0 (*)
For I, a = 5 and b = 0 do not satisfy (*).
For II, a = –2 and b = 1
3(–2) + 1 + 5 = 0
∴ They satisfy (*).
For III, a = –1 and b = –2
3(–1) + (–2) + 5 = 0
∴ They satisfy (*).
∴ The answer is D.
7. Answer: D
L: y = 2x – 1 (1)
C1: x2 + y2 – 6x + a = 0 (2)
C2: x2 + y2 + 4x + b = 0 (3)
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
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NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
8. Answer: D
2 x y c (1)
2 2
x y 2x 5 y 6 0 (2)
From (1), we have
y = 2x – c (3)
By substituting (3) into (2), we have
x 2 ( 2 x c) 2 2 x 5(2 x c) 6 0
x 2 4 x 2 4cx c 2 2 x 10 x 5c 6 0
5 x 2 (4c 12) x (c 2 5c 6) 0 (*)
∵ L is a tangent to S.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
[( 4c 12)] 4(5)(c 5c 6) 0
2 2
4c 2 4c 24 0
c2 c 6 0
(c 3)(c 2) 0
c 3 or c 2 (rejected
∵ c 0)
9. Answer: C
By substituting x = 3 into C: x2 + y2 – 3x – 4y – 5 = 0, we
have
32 y 2 3(3) 4 y 5 0
y2 4y 5 0
( y 5)( y 1) 0
y 5 or y 1
∵ A lies in quadrant IV.
∴ Coordinates of A = (3, –1)
Let S be the centre of C.
161
5 Equations of Circles
10. Answer: B
Let x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the equation of the circle. OT 2 ( 5 ) 2 5 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∵ The circle passes through the origin, (a, 0) and (0, b). OT 20
∴ By substitution, we have
0 2 0 2 D ( 0) E ( 0) F 0 2 5
F0 (1) TS
tan
OT
a 2 0 2 D ( a ) F ( 0) F 0
5
aD F a 2 (2)
2 5
0 2 b 2 D(0) E (b) F 0 1
bE F b 2 (3) 2
By substituting (1) into (2), we have
aD a 2
D a (∵ a 0)
By substituting (1) into (3), we have
bE b 2
E b (∵ b 0)
∴ The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0.
11. Answer: A
Let S be the centre of the circle.
( a) ( b)
,
2 2
Coordinates of S
a b
,
2 2
b
0
2
a
Slope of OS 0
2
b
a
a
Slope of the tangent
b
∵ The tangent passes through the origin.
∴ The equation of the tangent is
a
y x
b
ax by 0
162
NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
163