z Primary general membrane stress, Pm z Circumferential and longitudinal stress due to pressure.

z
Compressive and tensile axial stresses due to wind. z Longitudinal stress due to the bending of the
horizontal vessel over the saddles. z Membrane stress in the centre of the flat head. z Membrane stress
in the nozzle wall within the area of reinforcement due to pressure or external loads. z Axial
compression due to weight. z Primary general bending stress, Pb z Bending stress in the centre of a flat
head or crown of a dished head. z Bending stress in a shallow conical head. z Bending stress in the
ligaments of closely spaced openings. LOCAL PRIMARY MEMBRANE STESS, PL z Pm+ membrane stress at
local discontinuities: { Head-shell juncture { Cone-cylinder juncture { Nozzle-shell juncture { Shell-flange
juncture { Head-skirt juncture { Shell-stiffening ring juncture z Pm+ membrane stresses from local
sustained loads: { Support legs { Nozzle loads { Beam supports { Major attachments SECONDARY STRESS
z Secondary membrane stress Qm z Axial stress at the juncture of a flange and the hub of the flange z
Thermal stresses. U V PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Page 9 z Membrane stress in the knuckle area
of the head. z Membrane stress due to local relenting loads. z Secondary bending stress, Qb z Bending
stress at the gross structural discontinuity: nozzle, lugs, etc., (relenting loadings only). z The nonuniform
portion of the stress distribution in a thick-walled vessels due to internal pressure. z The stress variation
of the radial stress due to internal pressure in thick-walled vessels. z Discontinuity stresses at stiffening
or support ring. z Peak Stress F z Stress at the corner of discontinuity. z Thermal stress in a wall caused
by a sudden change in the surface temperature. z Thermal stresses in cladding or weld overlay. z Stress
due to notch effect. (stress concentration)