13. Re-pads over seams If at all possible, pads should not cover weld seams.

When unavoidable, the

seam should be ground flush before attaching the pad. 14. Openings near seams Small nozzles ( for
which the code does not require, the reinforcement to be checked) shall not be located closer than ½ in.
to the edge of a main seam. 15. External pressures. Reinforcement required for openings subject to
external pressure only or when longitudinal compression governs shall only be 50 % of that required for
internal pressure and tr, is thickness required for external pressure 16. Ligaments When there is a series
of closely spaced openings in a vessel shell and it is impractical to reinforce each opening, the
construction is acceptable, provided the efficiency of the ligaments between the holes is acceptable. 17.
Multiple openings: