TYPES OF FLOW

 Dry Weather Flow

1. Domestic waste water

2. Industrial waste water
3. Waste water from public facilities
4. Ground water infiltration

 Storm Water Flow

Factors Affecting Dry
Weather Flow

 Rate of water supply

 Population growth
(Design period)
 Type of area served
 Infiltration of ground water.
Factors affecting infiltration
of subsoil water into sewer
lines

Depth of sewer below ground water level

Size of sewer
Length of sewer through infiltration prone zone
Nature and type of soil through which the sewer is
laid
Type of joints, workmanship etc.
Sewer material
Storm water flow
The storm water flow depends upon the
following factors
Catchment area
Ground slope
Permeability of ground
Extent of impervious area
Extent of vegetation growth
Rainfall intensity
 Method for estimating
storm water flow
Rational method

Q=K*A*I*R
Here Q= runoff or storm water flow
K= constant
A= catchment area in hectares
R= intensity of rainfall in mm per hour
I= impermeability factor.
 Hydraulic Design Of Sewers
1) Chezy’s Formula:
V=C(RS)^0.5
where,
C = Chezy’s coefficient
(depends upon shape, size, roughness of
sewer, etc)
2. Manning’s formula:

V=1/n*R^(2/3)*S^(1/2).
where,
n = manning’s coefficient
(the Value of manning’s coefficient n varies
from 0.01 to 0.05 depending upon material of
sewer line)

By comparing Chezy’s & Manning formula

C=1/n*(R^1/6)
3) Hazen–William’s formula :

V=0.85*H*(R^0.63)*(S^0.50).
where,
H is Hazen- William’s coefficient
(the value of H varies from 100 to 150
depending upon sewer line’s material)
 Minimum Velocity of flow
Minimum or self cleansing velocity is the minimum

velocity required to prevent deposition & clogging of

sediments.
It depends upon the shape, size & specific gravity of

particles.
Required at least once in a day.
 Maximum velocity of flow
The maximum velocity
Material of sewer Non scouring
at which no scouring velocity(cm/sec)
action or abrasion takes Earth channels 60-120
place is known as non Ordinary brick-lined 150-250
sewers
scouring velocity
Cement concrete 250-300
Such a velocity depends sewers

upon the material used Cast iron sewer pipes 350-450

for the construction of Vitrified tile and 450-500

glazed bricks
sewers
Forms of sewer
1. Circular Sewers
2. Non Circular Sewers : Horse-shoe
Rectangular

U-shape

Parabolic
 Significance of Circular Sewers

I. Circular section has least perimeter & max R for

given area so it is most efficient.
II. It requires minimum quantity of materials, making
it economical too.
III. Having uniform curvature, it prevents the
possibility of deposition.
IV. They are easily manufactured
 Crown Corrosion
H2SO4
Air Drops

H2S
Cement
concrete pipes

Wastewater
Measures to overcome Crown
Corrosion

1. Ventilating the sewers

2. Operating sewers to full run

3. Pretreatment to reduce sulphate

4. Prohibit entry of sulphides

5. Lining the concrete pipes by vitrified clay blocks.

6. Neutralization of sulphides by chemicals.