,iwtd; ,Uf;fpwhdh?

,e;jf; Nfs;tpf;F vd;Dila kWnkhop ‘Mk;’ vd;gjhFk;. vd;Dila Ma;T kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; ehd; kpf kdTWjpNahL ,iwtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; $w KbAk;.,jpy; vt;tpj Iaj;jpw;Fk;
,lkpy;iy.ehd; ,iwtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;; vd;W nrhy;Yk; NghJ mij ehd; mwptpay; czu;NthL
nrhy;fpNwNd my;yhky; mwpahky;czukhy; nguJg;golahfr; nrhy;ytpy;iy.
kf;fs; nghJthf mtu;fs; vijAk; epWgpf;fNth my;yJ epuhfupf;fNth KbAk; vd
epidf;fpwhu;fs;.Mdhy; ,J mwpTg+u;tkhdJ md;W.etPd mwptpaypd; gb xUtu; vijAk;
epWgpf;fNth epuhfupf;fNth KbahJ.cj;Njrkhfj;jhd; $wKbAk;.vNjDk; xU nghUs; cz;L vd;gjw;F
Nghjpa tptuq;fs; ,Ue;jhy; md;wpm J cz;L vd;W $wKbahJ.
,iwtd; ,Uf;fpwhdh? vDk; Nfs;tpNa ,d;ndhU Nfs;tpia vOg;GfpwJ.kdpj ,dtpay; Ma;T –kdpj ,dj;ij
gw;wpa mwptpay; -,iwtidg; gw;wpa czu;T kdpj ,ay;gpy; Mo Cd;wpa Xu; mk;rk; MFk; vd;W
$WfpwJ.
“,iwek;gpf;if ek;Kila ,uj;jj;jpy; fye;jpUf;fpwJ.xt;nthU MZk. ngz;Zk; gpwtp ,iw
ek;gpf;ifahsu;fNs……”
,iwek;gpf;if ek;Kiila ,uj;jj;NjhL fye;J tpl;lJ.xt;nthU MZk; ngz;Zk;gpwtpapNyNa
,iwek;gpf;ifAs;stu;fs;jhk;.VNjDk; xUNeuj;jpy; ,e;j czu;T Vw;gl;Nl jPUk;.Fwpg;ghf jpf;fw;w
epiyapYk; ,lu;ghL Njhd;Wk; NghJk; ehk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhd xU guk;nghUs; ,Ug;gjhf
czu;fpNwhk;.xt;Nthu; MZk; ngz;Zk; ,e;j cz;ikia jk; tho;ehspy; xU jlitNaDk; czukhy; ,Uf;f
KbahJ..
mg;gbahdhy; ,e;jf;Nfs;tp vg;gb vOfpd;wJ? ,iwtd; cz;L vDk; czu;T ek; rijapYk; ,uj;jj;jpYk;
CLUtp ,Ue;jhy; ,iwtd; cz;lh ,y;iyah vDk; Nfs;tp vOg;gg;gLtJ Vd;???
,jw;F fhuzj;ij fz;Lgpbg;gJ kpf vspJ.jq;fs; kdjpy; Cz;wp ,Uf;Fk; ek;gpf;iff;F mwpTf;F
nghUj;jkhd mbg;gil VNjDk; cs;sjh??mwptpay; uPjpahd epWgdk; VNjDk; cz;lh??vd;W
mwpa kf;fs; tpUk;GtNj fhuzkhFk;.
,iwtd;; vd;w ek;gpf;iff;F mwptpay; Mjhuk; cz;L vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.Mdhy; kf;fs; mijf;
fz;L gpbf;f nghJthff; ifahSk; Kiw mwptpay; uPjpahdJ vd;W jtwhf vz;zpf; nfhz;bug;gJ jhd;
mtu;fs; mijf; fzLgpbf;fhky; Nghtjw;F fhuzk; fz;zhy; fz;Lzuf;$ba xU ep&gdj;ij kf;fs;
NjLfpd;wdu;.,J mwptpay; Kiway;y.mij jPu;khdpg;gjw;F mbg;gil jj;Jtk; ,Jtd;W.rupahd
msTNfhis gpuNahfpj;jhy; ,iwtd; ,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;gJ cz;ikNa vd;gJ GydhFk;.
1965 Mk; Mz;L ehd; yf;Ndhtpy; trpj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJ ele;j xU epfo;r;rpia ,q;F epidT
$WfpNwd;.jj;Jt Qhdj;jpy; Kidtu; gl;lk; ngw;w xU ngupatiu re;jpf;f Neu;e;jJ.mtu; ngu;l;uz;l;
u];]ypd; Mu;tyu; Mdhy; mtu; ,iwek;gpf;if ,y;yhjtu;;;.’,iwtidg; gw;wpa vq;fs; fye;Jiuahlypd;
NghJ mtu; ,iwtd; ,Uf;fpd;whd; vd;gij ep&gpf;f ePq;fs; ifahSk; msTNfhy; vd;d?;;’vd;W
Nfl;lhu;.mjw;F ehd; kw;w vijAk; ep&gpf;f ePq;fs; ifahSk; mNj msTNfhy; jhd;;.vd;W
gjpyspj;Njd;.me;j ciuahly; ,jNdhL Kbtile;jJ.mjw;F gpwF NtW Nfs;tpAk; votpy;iy.gjpYk;
mspf;fg;gltpy;iy.
fy;tpahsdhfpa ,e;j kdpju; nksdkhfp tpl;ljw;F fhuzk; vd;d? fhuzk; kpfr; rhjhuzkhdJ.ahtUk;
mw;e;jJk; $l.ehd; mtUf;F mspj;j gjpy; xU tpjj;jpy; Qhgf%l;lg;gl;lNj MFk;.ehk; thOk; cyfpy;
,iwtidg; gw;wpa fUj;jpYk; ifahsg;gl;Nl Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;Wjhd; ehd; Qhgf%l;bNdd;.
kdpj mwpT ,uz;L tpjkhd tsu;r;rpg; gbfis(phases)nfhz;lJ.Id;];BDf;F Ke;ija fhyk; Id;];BDf;F
gpe;ija fhyk;.Id;];BDf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; ,e;j mz;lk; kw;Wk; gUg;nghUs;(macro and
material)gw;wpa mwpNt gutp ,e;jJ.fz;$lhf mwpe;J fzpf;fg;glf;$ba mwpT ,J.vdNt cz;ikapy;
cyfpy; cs;sJ vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ahTk; fz;zhy; ghu;f;;ff; $bajhf ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;;zk;
,Ue;J te;jJ.fz;zhy; fhzKbahjit cz;ikapy;’,y;yhjit’ vd;Nw fUjg;gl;lJ.fz;zhy; ghu;f;ff; $ba cyfNk
cz;ikahdJ.fz;zhy; ghu;f;f KbahjJ cz;ikay;y.mJ ntWk; fw;gidNa vd;gJjhd; ,jd; nghUs;.
,e;jj; jj;Jtk; “gFj;jwpTf;F cfe;j Neu;fhl;rp thjk”(logical positivism) vd;W miof;fg;gl;l xU
Nfhl;ghl;il cUthf;fpaJ.Vw;Wf; nfhs;sj;jf;f mwpthu;e;j thjk; vd;gJ gUg;nghUs; uPjpahff;
fhl;lg;glf;$baJ klLNk,kw;wit Mjhukw;wit Vw;fj;jf;f thjkd;W vd;W ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghL $WfpwJ.
Id;];BDf;F gpe;ija fhyj;jpy; ,Ugjhk; Ew;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mZ gpsf;fg;gl;l NghJ #o;epiy
khwpaJ.mZ gpupj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l gpd; rlg;nghUs; jplkud xd;W vd;w fUj;J kiwe;J tpl;lJ.Mz
cyFf;F mg;ghy; Ed;nghUs; cyF mjd; ,lj;ijg; gpbj;jJ.,q;F ahTk; fz;zhy; ghu;f;f Kbahj msf;fNth
czuNth Kbahj miyfshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
mwpTyfpy; vOe;j ,e;jg; Gul;r;rpf;F gpd; ju;f;f my;yJ gFj;jwpT thjk; ngUk; khw;wj;jpw;F
cs;shdJ. khWgl;l ,e;j #o;epiy jj;Jt QhdpfisAk; mwptpayhsu;fisAk; ju;f;f thj mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis
khw;wpaikf;Fk; epug;ge;jj;jpw;F cs;shf;fpaJ.,g;nghOJ mjd; tpisthf mDkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
vOk; thjk; Neybahd thjj;ijg; Nghd;Nw Mjhukhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,d;iwa mwptpay; vz;zpwe;jtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.kpd;dD <u;g;ghw;whypd; tpjpfs; CL fjpu;(x-
ray) Nghd;wit.,it ahTk; ,aw;ifapy; rlg;nghUs;fsy;y.,it fz;Lzuf;$bait my;y.MdhYk; xt;nthU
mwptpayhsUk; ,it cs;sd vd;W ek;Gfpd;wdu;. “rupahd msTNfhiy gad;gLj;Jk; ngOJ ,iwtdpd;
,Ug;G ep&gpf;fg;gl;l cz;ikNa vd;g GydhFk;”mtw;iw ehk; fz;zhy; ghu;f;f KbahJ vd;whYk;
mtw;wpd; gyd;fis (tpisTfis) ehk; ghu;f;fpNwhk;.vd;gJjhd; ,jw;F fhuzk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lf
<u;g;ghw;wiy nghUj;j tiuapy; fPNo tpOk; Mg;gps; goj;ijAk; CLWTk; fjpiug; nghUj;j tiuapy;
epow;glj;ijAk; $wyhk;.,tw;iw vy;yhk; cs;sitahf ekGtJ mtw;iw ehk; fz;zhy; fz;ly;y.mit
tpistpg;gtw;iw fz;L ek;GfpNwhk;.NtWtpjkhf nrhytjhdhy; kiwKfkhd mwptpd; %yk; mtw;iw
ehk; mwpe;J nfhs;;Nthk;.kdpj mwptpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wk; ju;f;f thjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;ilNa
khw;wptpl;lJ.,d;W mDkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vOk; thjk; Neubahd thjj;ijg;Nghd;W Vw;fj;jf;fJ
vd;gJ epiy ehl;lg;gl;L tpl;lJ.(tptuq;fSf;F ghu;f;f:’kdpj mwpt’ngu;l;uz;l; u];]y;)
Id;];BDf;F Ke;ija fhyj;jpy; ,iw epuhfupg;ghsu;fs;;;;:flTs; cz;L vDk; thjk; GydwpTf;F mg;ghl;gl;l
cyifr; rhu;e;jJ vd thjpl;ldu;.,ij ep&gpf;f Neubahd thjk; VJk; ,y;yhjjhy; ,iwek;gpf;if ju;f;f
uPjpapyhdjd;W vd;Wk; mJ rk;ke;jg;gl;l kiwKfkhd thjq;fs; vy;yhk; mwptpay; uPjpahf
Vw;fj;jf;fit my;y vd;Wk; mit mDkhdq;fs; jhk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ
Mdhy; ,d;W xl;L nkhj;j #o;epiyNa khw;wp tpl;lJ..vJTNk fz;Lzuf; $bait my;y vdNt VNjDk;
xd;W cs;sJ vd;gij Neubahd thjq;fis tpl mDkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapyhd thhjq;fshNyNa epiyehl;l
KbAk;.
“ehk; ,e;j cyig cz;zpg;ghf ftdpf;Fk; NghJ ,e;j gpugQ;r gilg;gpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; njspthd jpl;lkply;
fr;rpjkhd tbt cUthf;fk; mjp Gj;jprhypj;jdkhd flLg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik mlq;fpapUg;gij czu;e;J nfhs;s
KbAk;.”
mDkhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; vOk; thjk; fz;zhy; fhz Kbahj Ez;zpagilg;Gf;fSf;F nghUe;JNkahdhy;
mJ ,iwtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; vd ep&gpg;jw;Fk; nghUe;jNt nra;Ak;.
gz;ilf;fhyk; njhl;L ,iwapay; ty;Ydu;fs; xU jpl;lk; ,aq;Fk; NghJ me;jj; jpl;lj;ij tFj;jtu; xUtu; ,Ue;Nj
Mf Ntz;Lk; vd;W thjpl;L tUfpwhu;fs; ehk; thOk; ,t;Tyfk; Kiwahf rPuhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l xd;W vd;W
fUJtjhy; mijj; jpl;lkpl;ltu; xUtu; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W ek;Gk; epu;g;ge;jjpjpw;F MshfpNwhk;.
gpugQ;rj;jpd; njhlf;fk
Muk;gjj;jpypUe;Nj njhlq;FNthk.250000 Nfhb Mz;LfSf;;F Kd;G tpz;ntspapy; ngUntbg;G
epfo;e;jjhf mwptpay; $WfpwJ.,e;jg; ngUntbg;Gf;Fg; gpd;; ek;Kila ,e;jg; gpugQ;rk;
Njhd;wpaJ.njhlf;fj;jpy; tpz;ge;J vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ khj;jpuNk ,Ue;jJ vd;;W $Wfpd;wdu;.,d;W
gpugQ;rj;jpd; fhzg;ngWk; xt;nthU JfSk; xd;NwhL gpd;dpg; gpize;J ,e;j tpz; ge;jpy; kpfTk;;
,Wf;fkhf mOj;jg;gl;l epiyappy; ,Ue;jd.
thdpay; Maptpdd; gb ,e;j tpz;ge;J jpBnud ntbj;jJ..neUf;fkhf gpd;dpg; gpize;jpUf;f ,e;jj; Jfs;fs;
ntbj;Jr; rpjwp ntspg;gl;ld ,e;j epfo;tpd; tpisthy; Njhd;wpaJjhd; ,e;jg; gpugQ;rk;.,it vy;yhk;
xU rpy tpdhbfspy; Neu;e;jpUf;fyhk;.
,e;jg;ngU ntbg;gpd; tpisthy; gpugQ;rk; Njhd;wpaJ.k;fTk; Mf;fg+u;tkhdJk; mu;j;jKs;sJkhdJk;
MFk;.,e;j mw;Gjkhd epfo;T xd;Nw ngUntbg;G epr;rakhfj; jpl;lkpl;L epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ vd;W
ek;Gtjw;;F NghJkhdjhFk;;. ;,J jp.l;lkplg;gl;l xU epfo;T vd;W epWgdkhFk; NghJ jhdhfNt
mijj; jpl;lkpl;l xUtu; kpfr;rpwe;j jpl;lkpLgtu; ,Ue;jhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; epWgdkhfpwJ.kpfr; rpwe;j
jpl;LkpLgtu;jhk; vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtd; Mthd;.
-kTyhdh t`pJj;jPd; fhd-;