i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives of Researches 3
1.4 Scopes of Research 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Vegetables oil cracking 4
2.2 Palm oil 7
2.2.1 Physical-chemical properties of
palm oil 9
2.2.2 Palm olein 12
2.2.3 Palm stearin 13
2.3 Natural clay 15
2.4 Zeolites 17
2.4.1 Natural zeolites 19
2.4.2 Synthetic Zeolites 20
2.4.3 ZSM-5 22

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Methodology flow chart 26
3.3 List of equipment
3.3.1 List of equipment 27
3.4 Natural clay sampling 29
3.5 Thermal cracking rig 29
3.6 Analytical method
3.6.1 gas chromatography-mass 30
spectrometry (GS-MS)
3.6.2 Fourier Transform Infrared 31
(FTIR) Spectrometer
 3

3.6.3 Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer

(TGA) 32
3.6.4 Bomb Calorimeter (CV) 33
REFERENCES 34