Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Biometrics at The Border

    Uploaded by

    Ayodamola Okunseinde
    4 views19 pages
    Biometrics at the border

    Original Title

    Copy of Biometrics at the Border

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Biometrics at the border

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    4 views19 pages

    Biometrics at The Border

    Uploaded by

    Ayodamola Okunseinde
    Biometrics at the border

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 19
    four BIOMETRICS AT THE BOROER Biometric technologies are central to the remaking of borders. The pro- ‘ductive impact of biometric technologies on borders and border contol is ‘special revealingatthe U.S. Canada border, given‘ts dramatic tansor- ‘mation after 9/1. That's when representation ofthe boundary between the US. and Canada changed fom an unguarded, symbole tine between fiends toa dangerous fissure in U.S. national security policy tis space to stu the ways that these new denication technologies are mobzed in the construction ofthe posto state Although there has been a proliferation of cura studies and fri nist analyses of the southwestern border ofthe US. (Lugo 2000; An- zal 1987; Ono and Slop 2003), the border with Canada has received les scholarly attention, with notable exceptions (Salter 2007; Drache 2004) Imagined tobe a space less in need of securitization and sur rellance before 9/1, afer 9/11 this borders undergoing shi trane farmaton to which biometric technologies ae dered extent. AS a result this border represents an excellent case study to examine how Homeric discourse is involved in eshaping tenitories, border, bodes, ‘entities. Historically Americans saw Canadians as white, middle. nonthreatening visitors fom the North. However, as all tego of racial identifation are inherently unstable, this characterization to be no exception. Since September 1s shift in dacourse i ing this boundary from an unguarded space toa reid line openness is now described in the media as "Turury” (Nunes Neto As the United States ceases to describe its neighbor as the Great Nori, Canadian bodies are reenvisioned as potential pola, hme contain he US, mais 00 nS a ea of wh pe oe wae eae” he bere: aa fm US EE ‘The fist teroits entered the United ign ondestanding has profound rie bode prevents betwee He 0 oun meg ptent ae ued jl post [bodes PS ling eee make ney spec Camden Ndi 2 the page op fame bord: be bere Se rap of new ienfction INST Bo ancenlsted inthe edefntonof be span altura landsape of sae ee nonbern bounds abou te border benny ‘cenada aa ed tsi een lesen Soa srt esto ak he br isl demons the Sieh ro anton inte sega imagined 10 neat rion f ome enon hms, be tk order ible depends upon acs of eS cae ud eepenton tn ae aoe be Pe and yet rs mp ambigous an imerenty pelea ocating he Border serene han ve rosa ese bore RWS SS united Sch Eda he loot he wl tc 0 willon Se andl, theo of ister tradeDetwesh 6 counties carte highest Using pices of bing hands oS ofan om te edly place, rein and inte econ of order de area the longest wilted boundary o2E a sa expos pase inthe US rations ESET spars py ever ofthe sign wade rion “The extly {pbon marked shitinte Canadian basins oramanity’s lationship ‘ee rborder markers and growing asertion st protectionist pl ta ening cee to trae ineratnsl mash Canada’s ee ey ened sd pn RY oS Dan pes woul allies ATS sine land MacDonald 2004) n 984 he Contre ra gran Mulroney cnet power and og it the Canaan si coy rd ake Mc socom eran ng ch a pement ara whch emis if ontaeerveen Fa ete sts ond Mecofetonears ws sgt oc ca enya Caan coe epee 08 he Ehemipmsmnan cries oa 2285 yao er spent of aan expr me destined for the U.S. (Brunet failly 200477) a "imi nner osname Hoven eimeminsal oe Uaied se ot canada i laps wai a i Se oth Coton prs fom see uy dud tebe 193 nd 000 aie sn get ano naa the ding prt desi Se sf ye ome oe Ieee geting pre ral (renal 2004) Moe ani mee in Crea Potted tae, Cords bs Set peat knw eseesin he wo Covert of ee ar sg sce oo a wel os SE a tm non 007, Cvement fads 2027 SE My ear te US eer nein on Crain wer ihe ny ee onc Ecce a “sient ade att cntted nobel oping he border cp unguarded pr te dma nes eH Y SAS he woe Te wes and the Penagn. Hone see Sth toner weft ore in th oi” a ced care raped wees ef be Caan ate Tse aon (Pelumporant une udetding he ate of aa {friendship with the United States. 7 og onan Exceptionaiom “The prvlege that Canad historically enjoys with respect to the United Sue comet othe acon of he Crd tt a ‘Conaa's epi iendship withthe United Statesis determined in ptt pits imaginary whiteness, But since 91 his arate has undergone 2 period of tansormation, evidence of Canadian exceptionalism is made clear through «com parson ofthe diflerencesbewesn Americ’ reatment of Canada and it Penrment of Mexico In her dissertation on disease and the US-Mesico toedor the communication theorist Maria Ruiz (2005:6) found thatthe metaphors usd to describe the southwestern border consistently repre- Tented tas "frontlinediviing"us' fom ‘them. Mexico itselfis cast 5 {eoureof llega pollutants threatening to infect the U.S. national body. Tn contast. the media represent Canada using metaphors like the “Great ‘White North and depict the U.S.Canada border asan “undefended” line between “friendly neighbors" (Gorham 2006). As dacours has rea ie Consequences for material boundaries (Oe and Sloop 2002), these dis “ursve differences inthe representation and racalization and sure Tance of the two countries raul in two very different sets of rules for (Canadians and Mexicans with respect tothe United States ‘One manifestation ofthis contastis the differential teatment and scrutiny of those Mexicans and Canadian who enter the US. a5 they tre ened to do, without obtaining vse. Canadian nationals may sty inthe U.S. withowt a vis for upto six months (U.S. Department of State 1005-2006), compared to seventy-two hours for Mescan nationals. Dut ing thattime Mexican national cannot move beyond proscribed "border “one” whic extends only twenty Sv miles from the USMexio border fnto Clfrni, Texas, and New Mexico and seventfive mils into AS tana (US. Consulate General in Ciudad Juarez 2007) There also are ‘Significant ferences in the money, surellance, and seeuiy personne Gevoted tothe northern and southern borders (Andreas and Birsteker ‘Joo By the end ofthe 1990s the border with Meco was hea impli Ged in intensified regimes of survellance. There were more bord: gens in Brownie, Tess, than along the entre fv thousand mils of the U.S-Canada border (Andreat 2005) ren after 9/11 there are nly ots agents deployed along the norher border (U.S. House of Repre tentatives, Minority Staff of the Commitee on Homeland Security 2005) fn comparison to the 1.000 officals stationed along the southwester boundary (Meyers 2006), Nuiex-Neto (2005) cites a repor by the Com ressional Research Sersce published in 2005: “There are significant geographic, oltial, and immigration-eated Aiferences bene the Northern border with Canada and the South ‘west border with Mexico, Accordingly the (US. Boder Parl deploys 8 different mix of personnel and resources along the two borders. Due tothe fact that over 979% of unathoried migrant apprehensions 0: ‘ur along the Southwest border the (U.S. Border Parl deploys oer ‘90% ofits agents there to deterlega immigration Aho the US. nese ety sont mortem reflow: Ingo bo vm acter dot onsen she Me re The aston ple eno le offence prof 51. del impo borer sinters 2006) The Oba siinsaon do spars be decay hough ts eon sls on iret eles fos 2009), Crain expos cen wen compare te mir ston af he Me fer ne aoe eee “hits sue gar sane ig Cn ad's priegd pace et in pt fom American see nt sa pe valde et ae ren of beet hk. a map syrup or emp te soe Scion eon ses er Ang! 2000 the Ued Sater aed 2 mas ehnlpal alre fred oly step gt lca sug at ettoed the nats inane Te show es ably ends when those who are rescued are safely transported to Cana “ tn Dk Ang Canad rca» mya een rad he be ‘reseed she ew beter eer F ina rented vein Wed A akong “cman ht thea ere Cnads lan dus hapa oe cating eg of te Stane Ageing on te false gh ote Sic ering ofthe ber dikng,ocey ma, retype fot biten Canadian Mount the sng simultaneously mocks Canadian ear ess (The ig ates eCn iat (Snows wt thy exp, ying homage econ td Canadian commit te wala Ste nthe fled edn a sot ape Mc! Matin Seo ose) “ise ages ofthe Gret Wie North depend one imagined ‘tenes ofthe Caadan ste Michel Moor fm Com arn (593 est ars Canad alto the atonal in ‘2! Canaan ao bisa he cl wer ew tase en at Produced anunproiable pace forthe nenly lected president. As anger auth doing of tary plas lends to pusmeting sings in the ae pacientes in desperation. The seat 3 ws FO toe ny he country and boost his tings. Te nl gueson 8 aang mhot gh. The ides fers numb of oggestons Do 8 ‘Sng re por females to en elon ech FSA rly tan the st na pein pic of mmaking ce eras eros suggested a hen summa reed yin preset serous. Randomly png owes aos 2 ore Pendent sides comes com flags of at tated ts oslo tine by an American who ned be gully of Cnadin Os re scnebctey payers pure American fn. he rern’s rea un idx: Why not stars war wi Canada? The fav's denesoo ee or equred to tum Carada ino an enemy reveat 2 goad 66) ie American ruminations oa the Great White Non. Descibing te FRehiy mtd "Caran threat” the freign afin ofcet in hBE rer aap We sed to behing to Canadians. We haughty For Canadians pata the iy Sot sate. We ded tern =200) rae ce no minor” When the presidents ide gress ak Trgvteah how'd tey do tha" the response “No sever” Sine saa red, eye smart” When he present estates 0 5 a eh canada asserting tat he Amen peopl wil neve BH) is tnialy in ageeent offering as a added bari. "Hel rye iter han we ate” ete aie pera eng ts president eye and rnl he snow: “The Ameria peopl, Ms Presiden Wit ereterer eel the, Yuta tha.” Shorty afi, Preven aerate An American 7 dation highlights the sneaky ay of ttn end int te United Sates, which ane ofthe president's carat raze a "ac: Caraians coms out boundaries and walk ae dum undecce Here thf highlights theieagned whvenst ar ghee North, representing Canadian bodies 2s "unde arene Rol hei unmarked aclzed lentes, Evenly 6 rc coup ansors Casio there oes and AS rar mei umpon the bandwagon ee! Toronto. The end ofthe i aoa baguromurofCanad-asmtarshext andthe bombing of Persp representations of Canada ata safe, polite soy 2 aa sets which the imagined whiteness of Canadians i ky. ese dopa of Canada 2 tore beg, tia erson of he 6 cmarren roo reo gid ght ns Moco uteri porters tea ‘nap:ypemmuneyopecia.ey, sp00F of Wed Sails ce on tig Tn en ‘orate Rept Domcts ee eh pop pp {Sorat Zen cone pnd none ce ‘Sele deen write Us wou ins pean lc Ar ut nd voor mapa he bir tmp tm “Stain ona ci ayn peo rp rnp og ‘states into Canada, = ae ants omc ee feign eS. i ioe. nina wi ct ie ie iota weet mc ig oe zat ‘orga poples snd on ac ington ples Cnadan ene sn cnsoed bale enh agi sete ° taro natin” going ie igh of boil oles PES aa tot Abia peoples cul dei eniements fom 8 a en eset on aces helped wo cont ced Die sate ony ce ofthe Canaan sate tl (Toobanl 20003290), Fo, i ead lo tat eine Aboriginal wees wh maried sear men fi Abc sats were pa of bes mony the Canaan ste 0 foe Abra pees amin ‘Get 306; Mote Ang 999) aging Hon (Coen had plone Canadian imnigaton POE, CS re ot adie, proces dependent ont ass 2n4 genet Sots Tecbnl sooo: Raack 2002) ga ae was made 8 wore upon which amitance to Canada wat premised (TOPS) ce ee The ward ace was emaed fom th lglation and + donee ear ited dctiminaton based once, tons ee oS ‘ta Prigonor e” was add onlin the umigaon Act of 75 eens urd om ac and gende rena Reni Connon totem pay fide dometie woes fom we Cabby, fea, sponsor thei faes in anit pete ve sxemet i cana (Tics 20002007, Sue re pices promote the cosine ered tds and Fe Femagiay whiteness of the Canadian st, Sune Tho tracey eee ti exec a “ordering” vem Poses aoe jtned men and woren ae xed fom the Pines Of eres atte same te a i bor “pt ne ar tne anal econo” tn ha wayracalzed nigra Po Sere women of color, re consistent forced whi the Younes Me peri Hani Bano (2000) terms “he dark se of the ation canatian “errs” and 91 Fara inthe lace of Canada nthe U.S national imag 2 ses eig tno of Canadins nthe growing sven PPS sere towing estas of Spee! whe oo) eee Aen evepapes chimed atarambe othe 9/1 NS a ee United Sines om Canada Aso is pubis 9 ot a on Sepia suggested hat American iver Woe aa anette cer reponse fo Today eS FEA MMESE in te United State rom Canada” @ikeson and Bary of cuarria 08 ‘01 On September ithe Wain Pest asserted that two ofthe se eve eros ha definitely entered the US, across northern bound fy Two suspects in Todays terrors tacks in the United States ‘rose the border from Canad with no known difficulty a small, border entry in Cabur Gore, Maine which is usa staffed by ony one border inspection offer a U.S. ofl sai today” (Brown and Connolly oor). The continuing persistence ofthis rumor and oer mistaken ‘if ed the Canadian goverment to make effets to dispel known, falsehoods sbout Canad's connection to terri. In May 2004 the soernment of Canada lunched the website CanadianAlicom. Aimed Primary at Americans, the webate prorided a numberof facts about the rionshlp between the United Stats and Canada and inluded 2 “Debunking the Myth econ tht roundly denounced the conning rumor that terri had entered fom th North “Trueor False: Some ofthe g-1 Hicker entered through Canad: “Tis simply ot. In i.heyhadalbecn eel ited othe United Stats, a hasbeen confirmed by senior American ofa, (Government of Canada 2007) ‘dpe manus stent ye Cdn gn seg a tie er ae coins ‘PE ug uty doped Gist 00 te or ernst 22h cand rei eso. alts fom Tika ont cy ep ome eon Seal cde on eae ee here es nto densa comes we beg ee Se ice ede aed sro es et Tis inpenn Sean fn, ew Gn ee “Rioc the 9) eons cone a fon Cras tn em vn Gopher i doing enero eet eee Ser remain manors when wh ‘Sun te Can intr US. (Rew Gg Syn imu rome ne punt he math Crd a no ang cet tens we ad rine a Soccced in may pldoncono 8 “idea thn megan nconayng y erel Heunes Tsing accampaiedanaticeabot oe cerning eh. reg eden wee a Somgtaw mes then aden eco mt eyo e200) ese mt hat we scsi sgl acct odes SSL eng er cy eae Sen eed Meson oe ang ce a enn ca epee oo He a ca ener ony oma i yl bout wth he ae Sener engi rane ck ae eating spe tetra beta aon een aserian ha he fick ame om ce eet eda nin pnel rae a dnt jenn fr ts 0 i a ge pls so tise cae ss fran Ameen ac, NS i enn rans peal ted Cat ea ee ge mane roi, ig sus so) hy shee cs 0 91 mg meyer Gime a “ad el ssylum laws have helped make the country a ‘tafe haven’ for foreign ‘estremists” (Brown and Connelly 20e- Making clear thatthe pris of (Canadlan immigration are connected tothe racialization of those crss- sngthe border, commentator inthe Ls Angeles Times argued, "Secutty ‘contol ae famous lax in Canada because politically correct Canadians do nt differentiate between 76 yea eld Madame Dupont coming vist Inergrandchilren and bearded young mes from Istaric countries” (cited in Andteae and Biersteker 20033454. Voicing the same problematic views about newcomer to Canada, Douglas MacKinnon (2005), former ess secretary to Bob Dole, argued that "the Canadian government not nly wing allows Ilamic terrorists nto thei county, but doesnot ing to stop them fom entering our nation." Analying the durability of the myth ofthe oe hjackers makes ear that the imagined whiteness of the Canadian states changing However, the instant hat Canadian bod- fee are no longer racilized a white, we see thatthe bodies of people of coor are alel collapsed int the category of "trois" The transforma tion and increased survellance of Canadians inthe U.S atonal imag ary was accelerated a result of media and government corerage ofthe ress ofthe Toronto 8 {mn what became known 2s the "mast igh profile anti-teror sweep” in Canadian history (Akad 2007), the arrest of seventeen ero sospects in Toronto in june 2007 furthered the makeover of Canada from friendly neighbor nto teroristhaven. Quickly dubbed the "Toronto 7” atte that ‘used the medi some dificult when an ighteenth suspect was arrested ‘oe month ater), the eighteen suspects were ultimately charged by the Royal Canadlan Mounted Police with the intent to cary out trois attacks in Canada, although the ncn refused to name any suspected targets, the media variously reported thatthe alleged eros planned to storm the Canadian Pallament, occupy the building housing the Ca- radian Broadcarting Corporatio, and behead Prime Minister Stephen Harper ("Canada Charges 7 Tero Suspects” 2006). As the media leaked ens ofthe allege plans, procedural ieregulartes inthe investigation suggested thatthe planned “terrorist stacks” might be no more than bash lime made by individuals with either the intent othe abi follow trough. Errore in the ealetion of evidence called into question the aim that the group had acquired three tons of ammonia nitrate (2 econ uted ene Madea 2 wecy Canadian fis {eroperable and compatible technology to read these biometric. nthe foterest of having cards that could be used across diferent modes of travel, we ave agreed to use cards that are capable of storing mule biometics. ‘Our two countries have also worked with the International Cl ‘Aviation Organization (40) to approve and adopt international stan- ards forthe use of biometric in travel documents, This international “Cooperation allowed xo to announce, on May 38,2003 that the facial ‘eeognition biometric had been selected asthe globally interoperable biometric. 1cao also certified two otber biometrics for secondary Use [ris ecogition and geri) (For Trade Camda soo) fingerprints). (Foreign Affairs and International Inn oe it ti to ete Sat Brk een Pa i ter wu co oemtig nd Singer et netstat oe “tsps onertarape bn aos rotator chp opel pote bigeye a "nomenon apt yi eer cet rnp pr ea i elena enn of nek se ‘gets pest ecg eam ea ey ‘5 Se 9 cm oar rg ome na chin say eae apes ap a rat se orc stan nro ban ils yi oe nt mo a ‘ty ye nrg eo ni te aon te Sn of me iron eee sen ep Safa {sng norm tn ee hes sipntnan Us mn ee 8 tron) pe ee Scot cr nen et i sa iy on ening en ana ee Sock Sra chs om open win infront my een eas ‘but is not limited to the following: a “ie Gee “alipton “Doct “eh oth “ln let pment ic “ators “Soma dg pend epee - ost “in ee Ss heenit or orisedcrie gure “Gsmtiper mignon nee satus nd ity “Speen pr and eel dosent norman “Reso eto ues “noting ners ior Teghone nme “hte “it tut an iy compton mien st “eis imigonlons ‘auuning mignon an cinin warns re Gita aneacns fr wich pron Ben nein cnn te United Stes eaptonliimaon “ection “Grn onto “Grund tremor "mca bie insgpos fn appeaton i Cientip 2etmmison ied US mio an Naturaloaton SEitrasus bepuesttSiteortother scot termi ed ey mien J seement thu ove rss of ome informa Teese asoay po he Sa oe Aso Pn we rng ean bed nso wig oa aerate’ te neat xangt peal ior em he oun in get 004 he wsng HP te te eof cmoring mec etfs ‘Ed nal coun). ton comping reed on care alan fran Aad neta ede Ca 200 Tun af meni nck sie bse send ge tame ino hy ise the movements SES cee mr the dn puree ofthe Smart Bader Decraton Building onthe Smart Border Declaration of 201, n 2004 rime Mini. ter Pau Mactin released whathe esribedas "Canada's fis vercompre- hensive statement of our National Security Polo.” Laying out an action plan for preparing for and responding to thess wile simultaneously ainining Can't openns—at se dining pr tect “coe values of openness, diversity and respect for cil liberties"—the statement identified a number of areas key to addressing secur concerns, including protecting Canada and Canadians at hore sand abroad, ensuring that Canada isnot a base for thea t its allies, and contributing to international security. Once again, the use of bio. ‘ets to ensure the protection of the US..Canada border i of para ‘mount importance (Given the rita roe that biometrics increasingly play inauthentic ing the identi of travelers, the Government wil alsa work toward 2 ‘reader ue of biometric. In accordance with international standards, (Canada will examine how to we biome in our border ad ie. zation systems to enhance the design and isuance processes of travel and proofofstatus documents and to validate the identity of travelers at our ports of entry. ('Securingan Open Society" 2004345) Five new ntatives aes secur atthe US Canada order Deploy facial recognition (digitized photograph biometrics on ‘Canadian passport Complete non electronic Fingerprint syste ‘Streamline the refugee determination process Further develop next generation smart borders agenda + Apply smart borders principles internationally) ‘The ast point epresents biometric as helping to sehieve the shared goal of exporting the border away fom Non America, "Efeciveborder man agement requires goverments to teat the border a¢ more than a single line at which threats can be intercepted (4) Predictably those densified 4 in need of biometric screening ae immigrants, refugee aman nd vistors” (4 7 raceme ae rie he ome nfrnton on ons ho wk 2S Sta ira et ees Ted a vk The rr te est nae of nr econ of mee er 9 en ot 7G Ente tae mei) Ben Sse ml ae emi eshte eng te Und Stes ncing pe» ger oa pe of ey od U5 omen ped ye Deprnent o ome Se Se are cen” Te esr Tether OS SoorerSes 7 Se ant of critical attention in Canada, where the pass: = een xis cause for particular concer, as checking ‘each pass- rye cel i ee meer apes coving cnn eer US, i ae jee ae epee = OE pie pas ome dct Caan ca tam scme psd eh i enh sn eer dnc open cy xe. se omen rr ve US ened oe meric iechnsopsthatcanbeveeltoauentat the dou ont a nr on Bee compir ve bene i ei ay ag oer bere agrees nck aan pean sd Cond Naoral Seat PO ashe nnd ap bone par Tre yt stnrnedtohor bene ‘Feta hae Se tert ce tpn oer ing rset PS cae nad pomp Coe met Boe Pe a yl cpon cg 2006 Se eh wn red by ne semen Cae ‘frm reminding wo he cers rst. Upon ett yuo eertbe United SB me soy Caan weld ed ni posh appeared confuse ‘Gullenges of transforming Canada int 8 ‘When | frst read that inthe newspaper, bout the need ove pass- ors... said, what’ going on her. thought there wa beter way 0

    You might also like