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The Circuit in Fig. (A) Is Equivalent To The One Shown in Fig. (B)
The Circuit in Fig. (A) Is Equivalent To The One Shown in Fig. (B)
CHAPTER 7
P.P.7.1 The circuit in Fig. (a) is equivalent to the one shown in Fig. (b).
io 8
+
+ vo + +
12 6 vx 1/3 F vc R eq v 1/3 F
(a) (b)
R eq 8 12 || 6 12
R eq C (12)(1 / 3) 4 s
vc vc (0) e -t 60 e -t 4 60e–0.25t V
4
vx v 20e–0.25t V
48 c
v x vo vc
vo v x vc -40 e -0.25t V
vo
io –5e–0.25t A.
8
6
+
+
24 V v c (0) 12 4
(a)
3
R eq 4 || 12 3 v c (0) (24) 8 V
3 6
When t > 0, the switch is open as shown in Fig. (b).
6 t=0
+
24 V 1/6 F 3
(b)
R eq C (3)(1 / 6) 1 / 2 s
v( t ) v c (0) e - t 8 e-2t V
1 2 1 1
w c (0) Cv c (0) 64 5.333J
2 2 6
io 1
+ vx
2
+
vo = 1 V 6
i1 i2
+
2v x
Loop 2: 8i 2 2i1 2 v x 0 = 8i 2 – 2i 1 – 2i 1
1
i 2 i1 (2)
2
i(t ) 12e-2t A
i
+ vx
2
i1 i2 6
2H
+
2v x
Loop 2: 8i 2 2i1 2 v x 0
1
i 2 i1 (4)
2
i - i1 Be-2 t
i (0) 12 B
i(t ) 12e-2t A
Therefore,
i( t ) 12e–2t A
and v x ( t ) -1i(t) –12e–2t V for all t > 0.
P.P.7.4 For t < 0, the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
i(t) 12 8
5
15A 12 8
24
2H
(a)
(b)
For t > 0, the current source and 24-ohm is cut off and the RL circuit is shown in Fig. (b).
L 2
R eq (12 8) || 5 20 || 5 4 , 0.5
R eq 4
–2t –2t
i(t) = i(0)e = 5e amps, for all t > 0.
P.P.7.5 For t < 0, the switch is closed. The inductor acts like a short so the
equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
3
i
io i 1H
io
24 A 4 2
4 2
(a) (b)
4
i (24) 16 A , i o 24 16 8 A , v o 2i 32 V
42
For t > 0, the current source is cut off so that the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
The Thevenin equivalent resistance at the inductor terminals is
L 1
R th (4 2) || 3 2 ,
R th 2
3 (-i) - 1
io i 5.333e -2t A and v o -2i o 10.667 e -2t V
63 3
Thus,
16 A t0 8A t0 32 V t0
i io vo 2t
16 e A t 0 5.333e A t 0 10.667e V t 0
- 2t - 2t
0 t0
P.P.7.6 i( t ) 10 0 t 2
- 10 2 t 4
t
Let I -
i dt .
For t < 0, I 0.
For 0 < t < 2, I 0 10 dt 10t
t
Thus,
0 t0
10t 0t2
I
40 10t 2 t 4
0 t4
20
0 2 4 t
2 2t 0 t 2
P.P.7.7 i( t ) - 6 2t 2 t 3
0
otherwise
Remember the singularity function, r(t), is a ramp function equal to t for all values of t >
0 and equal to zero for all values of t < 0.
t 5t 2 10 ( t 3) dt t 3 5t 2 10 t -3
3
P.P.7.9 (a) -
-27 45 10 28
10
(b) 0
( t ) cos(3t ) dt cos(3) 1
v(∞) = 9.375 V
3 3 1 1
R th 2 || 6 , R th C
2 2 3 2
P.P.7.11 For t < 0, only the left portion of the circuit is operational at steady state.
v(0 ) v(0 ) v(0) 20 ,
i(0) 0
For t > 0, 20u (-t) 0 so that the voltage source is replaced by a short circuit.
Transforming the current source leads to the circuit below.
10 i 10
+
0.2 F + 30 V
v
5
v() (30) 10
15
10 10 2
R th 5 || 10 , R th C 0.2
3 3 3
- v( t )
i( t ) -2 1 e -1.5 t
5
0 t0
i( t )
- 2 1 e -1.5t A t0
20 V t0
v( t )
10 1 e - 1.5t V t0
P.P.7.12 Applying source transformation, the circuit is equivalent to the one below.
i 1.5 H 10
t=0 +
5 60 V
At t < 0, the switch is closed so that the 5 ohm resistor is short circuited.
60
i(0 ) i(0) 6A
10
60
i() 4A
10 5
P.P.7.13 For 0 < t < 2, the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below.
10 20
i(t)
6A 15 5H
Since switch S1 is open at t 0 , i(0 ) 0 . Also, since i cannot jump, i(0) i(0 ) 0 .
90
i() 2A
15 10 20
L 5 1
R th 45 ,
R th 45 9
i(t ) i() i(0) i() e - t
i(t ) 2 (0 2) e -9t
i(t ) 2 (1 e -9t ) A
At t 1 , i(1) 2 (1 e -9 ) 1.9997 A
At t 3 , i(3) 3.6 1.6 e -5 3.589 A
+ v
Rf
1
+ +
2
R1 vo
Since nodes 1 and 2 must be at the same potential, there is no potential difference across
R 1 . Hence, no current flows through R 1 . Applying KCL at node 1,
v dv dv v
C 0 0
Rf dt dt CR f
which is similar to Eq. (7.4).
Hence,
v( t ) v o e - t , R f C
v(0) v o 4 , (50 103 )(10 10-6 ) 0.5
v(t ) 4 e -2t V, t 0
Alternatively, since no current flows through R 1 , the feedback loop forms a first order
RC circuit with v(0) 4 and R f C 0.5 . Hence,
v(t ) 4 e -2t V, t 0
To get to v o from v, we notice that v is the potential difference between node 1 and the
output terminal, i.e.
0 vo v v o - v or v o ( t ) - 4 e -2t V, t 0
P.P.7.15 Let v1 be the potential at the inverting terminal.
v(t ) v() v(0) v() e - t
where RC 100 10 3 10 -6 0.1 , v(0) 0
v1 0 for all t
v1 v o v (1)
For t > 0, the switch is closed and the op amp circuit is an inverting amplifier with
- 100
v o () (4 mV) -40 mV
10
From (1),
v() 0 v o () 40 mV
v o v1 v -v
v o 40(e–10t – 1)u(t) mV
R 40
v th v a 1 f v i 1 4.5 u ( t ) 13.5 u ( t )
R1 20
To get R th , consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a), where R o is the output resistance of
the op amp. For an ideal op amp, R o 0 so that
R th R 3 10 k
R3 R th
R th +
Ro R2 V th C
(a) (b)
1
R th C 10 10 3 2 10 -6
50
The Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (b), which is a first order circuit.
Hence,
v o ( t ) 13.5 1 e - t u ( t )
v o (t ) 13.5(1 – e–50t)u(t) V
P.P.7.17 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). Construct and save the schematic.
Select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final Time to 5 s. Set the Print Step
slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is simulated by selecting Analysis/
Simulate. In the Probe menu, select Trace/Add and display V(R2:2) as shown in Fig. (b).
(a)
(b)
P.P.7.18 The schematic is shown in Fig. (a). While constructing the circuit, rotate
L1 counterclockwise through 270 so that current i(t) enters pin 1 of L1 and set IC = 10
for L1. After saving the schematic, select Analysis/Setup/Transient to change the Final
Time to 1 s. Set the Print Step slightly greater than 0 (20 ns is default). The circuit is
simulated by selecting Analysis/ Simulate. After simulating the circuit, select Trace/Add
in the Probe menu and display I(L1) as shown in Fig. (b).
(a)
(b)
P.P.7.19 v(0) 0 . When the switch is closed, we have the circuit shown below.
10 k a R
+
9V 80 F 4 k
R4
v th v() (9)
R 14
Assuming R is in k,
9
120 10 -6 1 e -t 0 10 -3
R 14
R 14
(0.12) 1 e -t 0
9
0.12R 1.68 7.32 0.12R
or e -t 0 1
9 9
9
t 0 ln
7.32 0.12R
10 (R 4) 9
t0 80 10 -6 ln
R 14 7.32 0.12R
When R = 0,
40 80 10 -6 9
t0 ln 0.04723 s
14 7.32
When R = 6 k,
100 9
t0 80 10 - 6 ln 0.124 s
20 6 .6
L 500 10 -3
P.P.7.21 2.5 ms
R 200
110
i(0) 0 , i() 550 mA
200
i(t ) 550 1 e - t mA
350 mA i( t 0 ) 550 1 e - t 0 mA
35 20
1 e -t 0 e -t 0
55 55
55
e t0
20
55 55
t 0 ln 2.5 ln ms
20 20
t 0 2.529 ms
5L 5 20 10 -3
P.P.7.22 (a) t 5 20 ms
R 5
2
1 2 1 12
(b) -3
W LI 20 10 57.6 mJ
2 2 5
di 12 5
(c) V L 20 10 -3 24 kV
dt 2 10 -6