THE TYRANNY OF WORDS » STUART CHASE METHUEN & CO. LONDON 96 Bisex Stat, Stand, W.CACKNOWLEDGMENT book tan experiment. Tt posible o explain words Nh won? Can ome ofthe veton why rao diel, wt to commaniate with one another by meate ef gee ot forth In that sume ky medium? Te is Bibs reat'n Ew bots vite hare broadened sry Mlertandig ofthe world in which T ve, These cont lions Tere atemp to pas on. To them I kave added ch istrative uate ands few concluons of my fi. The subject dealt with—human communication” worst me fr many years 1 elve worries tery ‘who thinks abow lacquage at all Doct B now A is ling about?” Does A himsc know cleasy he ie talking about? How often do tinds met, st do they completely mi each other? Tow yo the worlds mlorenes are duc to nich mies? Wa rule of ths unesines T long ago fermlatd a ules whic tied to fllow in my twriing a tl py wre on the cge ofthe mij wich coment Wh this book. Tn de time 1 found certain hen who ereteted. belly into the heart cf the nbjecy with tols of anmls more sharp than any Hie flow Bebind them here. T do ott all chat tll, YeeasneT'do not understand al tht they tl Ms isnot « Bul and crcl secemt of he fogs vives esploers ato the jngle of words, bat only am of what 1 fowed” peronally ittninatog” and il. To Ali Korsyini, GK. Open, A. Richards, hl W. Bridgman T tader my proud grate for ep tney have extended, and alk ther indulgens for a have let unsaid To ET. Bel, Lancelot Hoghen, fran W. Armeld, B.S. Reb, Jerome, Fran it abled Gt Bri ivw “TUE TyRANGY OF woRDs Walon Hasiton, Henshaw Ward, ae other quoted i the text Yam ony les indebeed, "The manuscript has been read and cried in wha ‘orin part by Walter N.Polakov, John and Frances Gun Dr. and Mrz Hugh H. Darby, Baset Jones, Raymon Gran 'Swing, and. Morris Ernst. My debt to them fit, TL. M, Feine and Beverly Magee typed the et anuscrpt tice and eootiboted variws valuable mgy ton My son, Robert Harfeld Chas, consented to the part of guinea pig, marking in green. penal U Doron ofthe manus ot leet him, 8 boy of ten bre. This was dove on the perhaps not anwarrant {Geumption that if Harvard undergraduate could und fond the text any ineligent vader could understand i He proved fie, conscientious guinea pig and Tam grat tohlm. My le Marian Tyler Chase, ba given unsparing tothe time and ciel neligence in reading, revising, flocumenting the manmerpt, My gratitude to bir is pei SD Ma itis ker, ap polow tome been most amiable in allowing himself and hi afais bbe inquired into during the couse of this study. As wil ge, he comes clone to being the Beto of the story Finally T should ke emphatically to point out tha the semantic dscipline se set forth in. hese pages ered primarily with objective. reaonaipe bet the individual ad the outside word, between the "me And the “"beyond-me” Into thow’sobjective relat ‘hips inside the "my" the paychoogieal domain of moti ‘asocition paths, complete, Guatons, and he rest, Ive not seiusly ventred I do not know enough. Geldof semantics, broadly interpreted, includes this acea Sobjecive rladons alfet many of te problems which ve here considered from the point of view of comm tion. T urge more competent adents to extend and Iu the analy in Geld, an analyse whieh Team indicate Redisg, Comme STUART cHASt Seen, 1997 CONTENTS ‘WORDS Having weten a numberof books, your author ‘hk show vet Gad out the mre of he trot he ut bern te condenly wg, DO ade ino wht he ear by tse war? ‘Doe he Know bel? Surpeiingro f h inal evestaaion. lur Il, § LOOK ROUND THE MODERN WORLD Diactrour fics f ad Inguge a th lg ttle beer Peient tnd Supreme Cour Puli egal an enema hung peer. revit fe mar verel poo te Unie Sitar The neal or 2 coer omaaton of he (Chjer 1H, INSIDE, AND OUTSIDE Wat plot and nurlogits ave 0 sll (rales ham the work ovis te ne inde” How hese te Seah the pater ofthe ewe wee! the macro: ‘top, raopie and eoicrnapse levee Tioeracaning gett, and ow mitre fat of te trvonmet in wich ve ve ‘ingest sree of the pei Bad anges cra power aaaurval agent lor 1A WRITER IN SEARCH OF HIS pcx(Chapter IV. OATS AND BABIES ‘3 How animale drive meanings from thie ene ‘ronment Your autor yell tar at, Hobie Bien av an limoatng eabi How Hote ‘low alr paternal the rely Epertant mamont when lnguage epi How fword mage eormcnces alruaegy cay. We Sal pn te ron soma (Cpr V. PRIMITIVE PEOPLES » Matigowsl among the Trbeiand Tsar, What Uni conten of susan. Teint unvaried fo tonlade tat A cant undead wat B Says without having experienced ith is eset tome’ of the things wich ting’ soe Feb eet renal pare aged a Ea pl (oo Beatin of word wi eg EE ‘reg abstract erm ike “co” "a ath {sing breathing etn Some light on the Chopr VI, PIONEERS —1 st “The zat analy of Cont Aled Korea {Semantic ha to do with thor of meng) How a mahemstian ser ten yas of werk, Sod langues, and offs sme conte sug ‘cas fringing communication. A smnary ‘thin anape and dedi, (epier VI. PIONEERS—IE 6 The ere work of C.K. Ogden so L.A. Riche ad in the Meng of Meni. The famous Tangle of eeene, heuer, Gr (heck wth Rey. Sede ight om Thurman, ‘Arztl, E 8. Rotistn Jeemy Beta aad lu VIL. MEANING FOR SCIENTISTS Now Bina revouioioe sintne cong loge of physics an at forth by Des P. We ign of Harada the baring oppo vin to eopept anak in pole come slut which men have passionately argued for lve thou jer cht: What Trot? No ration ea be pertormed to give eis quetion “oeripton of the reientie method, and hw it ie om ms ee hip i tem kaos about the work oot We IX._THE LANGUAGE OP MATHE- (for ling Lancelot Hagen ad. Thal How i at teped and cm help communi diey ai Ti tations The Ing oat und he ovented the larguage ef he ral len How te Power Age hat om mathemati) equations ad how ‘il c's hae laymen should Eno rometing of yr X. INTERPRETING THE ENVIRON- Summary a he ning fhe plners, oper ‘i rhe elects oy be seers Tee exe rouble ofa pene of wean, Noll ieee hat yo appears but ob iy en tc ony, Wii es, Ge hap tk nd ae Hide, he eso Mart, ain, pilspiersand tsi, Th vn wc ype ee 5(Glopie X THE SEMANTIC DISCIPLINE Ye Petre the young semantic, shang down ‘shal ght A analy fee tom" ci Ted on the tencton of 00 peop. How 80 te ager on what tens. Het thse calle i {lectus ae fen otto much wines wordy, A hneea the protiens of and af euro (ape X11, PROMENADE WITH THE PHILOS- ‘Soins ut How fom Acid John Dewey, itp Sci ian tac hee Inge wr oe Te way ines Ther uy rvn Tew ne Ces Sample oo Chapr XIE TURN WITH THE LOGICIANS — 157 On the nail forma git ith reliable [Bformation The pervenian of git generally raced. "The fey of put fom wort ‘without rfrence to ngs How scone it ee Chapter XIV. TO THE RIGHT WITH THE ECONOMISTS: 19 ‘Asante analy of cues eonemice, How by misundeeanting ther weedy the casa ‘connate made people, aod epeally serine ele fr bre muerable sha the fete ‘tuted, fore hundred pears Aud esl pe ‘tlsingmaaflly tthe hate XP. TO THE LEFT WITH THE ECON- ‘OMISTS. 105, ‘Asemantie anys of Mare ant Mann. How the mets were Kinder than tae ef he ea ‘i, butte language eqaly ba Marx does, fot nih a rela np on whlch to operate ‘he wld ote our ie A semantic rane Hon of eptan” Chop HB, ECONOMISTS A lel ana of the mer economic scene tds gon enseps an parnde of eons na Fey ae a Hanan.” production,” "deeresiton” “public ener Find the rerentethe ‘ting ia the el of pace and tne, te the Lot abaeaedaot rks You il ok Tong and often fates What ean Teloters relly hope to aco ltr XVI. ROUND AND ROUND WITH I JUDGES owe Walton Hasson west to Philadlhia fn 170 find out what the Fathers mean bythe sods they pati he Contin (OF cae Id ogo at secondhand throug stay of the docieats) “Hew wh wae meaat In 76) not meant today, boone of many peofornd hangs in content of situate How the Supeeme Con aecealngly, dosnt shay now ast i king abou" iluminsting eft of te Iourey teugh ting on te canoer {neon Praident and Caw The lk of eating. [itcommaneten in pres pul congresonal tory at ordinary dactaton. Fac rele ‘Som lowing Jerome Prank and eter on hc ‘naga poperis ofthe Law VU. SIROLL WITH THE STATES- What ig a mation a eran ocean” “Jem” "dameetay.” Governmest” Amano? “What ie “ice sm,” "newly" “nine of wat? A ateipt to squoae out the etiage and tt ‘iad ha, anything, thee tomes Sine stoning rel fhe nessng pesca wir XVL_ SWING YOUR PARTNERS WITH. pice ‘or 4 at(Ghaper XIX. ON FACING THE WORLD OUT- ‘SIDE ‘Gathering the thea together The ened for fetes ngage, ‘The etic dbpline no realy Dt ican elp ws beter to uiestand Sine anther, where maw we fen nk speak eee A WRITER IN SEARCH OF HIS WORDS HAPTER 1 Dinye writen ceverat books aad many artis, but ae Tatty have Cbegan tinue into the nature of the (Aeon neem Te. This bra curious overnight when ene stop, nie aspen br the idee i, Carpenters, masons, and enginers who Fader atl Fi he “ie” ena thought to ther tole and iesiraments are not His whe ae mowing comes ve A dy to erect vey durable structure Yet T llow a bo ve ire common to most write for few of us Took pur Wok. We sometimes study smonyms, derivations, hi, syle but'we early explore the mature of words SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY fwrver, We do ao inquire they are adequate esta is Kr building's durable strcture of human com may ration. Language, whether English, renchy i taken for grated) n base datum. Writers ir memories fr a better word to use in 2. iven ‘but are no. more Sethe habit_of questioning fe. than of questioning the weather. There i ie nse that we know actly what we mean, and reales who do not understand as should posh their Teors ago 1 read a lice book by Allen Upward called ‘how Herd Tt was an atempe to get at the meaning sts ag ied in the terms of he Nobel Price Tin award forihe mom dsgibed werk of an dency. "Upward began is quot which wat Rit ed im overliag werd ad bck ‘thom of wet hitryBy aking 2 numberof ito give ther penteal interpretation of the ae receved the flowing repli: ial, hat ae ee Rielle Spposte of eae ‘niimental — stneting todo with2 ‘me TeRUY oF WoRDS ‘A WREFER I SEARCH OF IS WoRDs 3 ‘This gave me pause, I thought I knew what “ideale fill, or was ther something inthe structure of language meant Fight engugh and had uscd many times with Ai hich checked communication? fanfidence. Obviouly, on the bass of Upward’ study, what T meant was rately if at all communicated eo te Iearer, Indeed, on examining my own mental proses Thad some difelty in determining what I did fan by this Tofiy word. ‘Therealer T wat unable to escape 43 uneasy feling, slight but pestent—like a mowe heard inthe wall of «roomthi tmehing as wrong. ‘Th I the pamphles, listened t9 the lectures adopted the ‘eaing was suengthened when T stumbled yponta lie rammes, but the apathy of the unconverted was a5 brochure by H. G. Well writen I Believe forthe Fabian sl as was baling, AB the years weat by it became Society, which deal with what he tered" erie a vent that Twas largely wasting my Une. The message the instrument.” The free of the tn, He ai were (sil bene it Was a human nod kindly mesage™ ‘lumgyforeeps and ered the ruth a litle when grasping oot got through; conmication was blocked.” What jt Hum «=. something in that. Even more untetling elomers meant wa a0 wat cut heaters thought we ‘Wes the prin ebvervtion of Lio Toe in. Too often it was clear that we were not heard at ‘es eame through, but no meaning Few ofthe rede ‘howe who kaw doo tl ved ore ut the ancient thoy thatthe sed ef uth, There who tal dont er planted, would surely prose. "The damn things would come. up. Why? Why ad Me. Wilton’ dabioot ‘To a writer dealing Sa ies this aphorian Became pre nr br democracy” go over with & roan, while our feanly unenduable. Beer to put it sway ona dask uly retsoned appeals dried ily sown empty Shelf, duly cased an ancient Chinese witeerack. ts? ‘Another matter which direst me wee that 1 found Wis thre a way to make language a Uxter vehicle for it almost imposible to read philosophy. ‘The great words municaing ideas? sead Freud, Tron, Le Bom, ‘went round and round in my head wl I beenme diez). ne Dogall, Watson, who gave me some Hight on motives Sometimes they made pleasant mai, but T could rely Hie on language. One found in daly Mie a ind tffect passage between them and the real word of expere reaped distrust of words reflected ia such phrases fence. Willm Jamer I could ually translate, but the all generalizations are ake, including’ ths" one” ome ys" empy verblisas" “slogan” "ante "taking the word for the deed.” Dut the ‘absolute,” “overoul,” “the univers,” “the nana” iirst wat Seldom profoand it was sasally employed to “the eternal” As these works had een acclaimed for entries as part of the pices clralhettage of me “id not agree. Language itt Kind, c seemed obvious hat something in my intellect 1" be taken ino the laboratory fr competent guipment was seriou defeent. I strove ta understand vestigation. For long dime T have beca passed and Plats, Avisetle, Spinoza, Hobbes, Kant, Hegel, Herbert easy about my soo but only in the pas tree yea Spentr, Schopenhauer. "The harder T wrested, the more Hove I followed = fee hardy pioneers int the laboratory. the solemn proceon of verbal ghosts cle tough my Ain os Malis sid: "Ie isa dread thing—with brain, mocking my igporance. Why was this? Was I lone thy scape to stuggle Lsccobn-wise with language.”| WRERER IY SEARCIC OF HIS WoRDS 5 4 "THR TYRANNY OF WORDS ‘The frst ploncer to help me wae Count Aled sytnl, 2. Polih mathematician now living in the Us State He had writen a book published in #935 cll Sine and Sani, andi jacket carced. the endorsement ‘some of the worle’s men dinguished scents au fen aC. B. Hedges, CM. Chil, HS. Jennings, Raymond Pear, B, Malioowsl, Bertand Run, P. We Bridgman, ET. Bell, Ro S. Lille. They agresd that ‘Koray! was working rich vein, nd tha the ona might be of great importance, He war exploring the postbity of formulating a genuine science of communica Bon. ‘The ter which it coming into ee to cover euch Stuie ie“semne,” matters having todo with sgn Son oF meaning. 1 shall employ the term frequently a fhe pages that flow. You had est get tue ot for I (ink we are going to hear wih increasing frequency fhe yeats before | Large sedons of sociology, economics, the I, oven mela, ere af ees afer tn earthquake, Uince investigate —Kereybe,Opdeny and iy-agree broadly om the two besting. tint of (One i identcation of werd with thags. "The tise of astral words. "This tr dog.” Ts? Wing thot is called “dog” it a nonverbal sbjects Tt versed by the sens, ¢ an be described, and fir convenience, the label "dog" ean be. attached tthe label “hand” of chien” “perm.” Dt the Wt th ena. fe aseare of tie when we stop to think about i je is that we do ot top to think about i. We inully confsing the Taba with the nonverbal fl a0 giving 8 spriogs validity to the wordy at ng live ape barking ints own right, When thie 10 deny expands from dogs to higher abstace teh 3s “libre,” "Justice" he eternal” and living, breathing eaity to them, alma nobody Wnt anybody ete means. IF we are cnet of ‘well and god, we can handle ths igh terms Hesjer tamer bandlem Hon, It we are not concious yo, we are extremely ely to get into ifn Iotion of word wih ching ie well stated in the ip argh med nce they each ‘ound. Koray had epent ten years on the book ride Ing ately rey branch of acenee Bom secrcegy tl the quantum theory, in a stubborn atempr to find how. ‘worde behave, and ‘why meaning is 9 often rated, APT read it, sowly, panty, but with proving eagerne, Ttooked for the frst de Into the awful depths language isldepths into which the grammarian an Wha Ieteagrapiee ter tlic pened fr tt ferent busines. Grammar, syntax, detonary dedivac tions, are to semantics as a history of the coinage i (0 Hepes pag ee obese Da T went on to Tis Maasing of Meaning by C.K. Ogden and TA. Richards. People suid ie was hard reading The tide wounded like more pilosphy. On the coney, plotophers were zred from pillar to pot: The able Fegan ave precisely thse who are led to evolve the mest fantaris aytems by the aid of their veal technique" ‘The book encouraged ime to believe thatthe trouble had) Iain note mach with me ss with the philsoper With the tools of semantic analysis, the authors Tad in ain the i Richards contibute a technical term, the st" by which they mean the ‘ebjers Teal world to which the word or Iabel res. A igh cm fm a monn animal my ope sil, which recoguze through piot for with aia animals, is the referee Preently the label Sndany, "That nie dog” Like the va” Tal we the ten reerent” quently flowing pages. Indeed the gal of emai might" Ye ax" Fd the relerent” When people xn 0 hing to whch tr wonder is meet he tion ine lard,5 un TYRANNY OF WORDS Labels at names or things may be Toughly divided it three lites on an aceading sele: 1 Labels for commen object, such as “dog.” “chai "pene." Here diicalty ie ata rlaiu, "Labels for cluster’ and coletons of thingy uch “mankind,” “consumers goods," "Germany," "the wl sce," “he courts” “The are abstractions of « hi order, and confsion in their se is widespread. "The is ‘entity “white race inthe world outide our hea But only tome millions of indivls with eine of abvious or dations waite, 4; Labels for esencer and quale, such ax subline,” "teedom,” "individ," "eruth.” For terms, there are no discoverable referee inthe ont world, ‘and. by mistaking them for substantial co omeowhere at lange in te envionment, we rete ft ‘wonderland, ‘Tis zones the epectal demain of philosophy politics, and ceononis ‘We normally beg the hard question of finding referent an proced lene to define te tern by giving anathe Aicdonary abstraction, for example, desing “leet” “fieedom"—"thus peoping. the tmivere with spc cents, misaking sfmbolc machinery for seeratt 4 Semly as Calvin bllved inthe Devi ‘You doubt this® Tet me ak you s question: ‘communism threaten the world? Unies you are conse ff the dangers ing in the awe of abrrat terme {ake his question serious. You anay peony ot ‘munis ab a real thing, advancing physcally over t feveral continent asa lind of bear or angel, depend fon your polit. "You give a careful, weighted ster te an euclted, pasion answer, tomy question you have identified the word wih he thing en further You would be very hard pat to to find. lower Fefeens for the tem. T have been searching for them Years The gueiion ati ends wit mewn. Ti bout as well ask You: Dees omaiciencethresten | wharen IN SEARCH OF mS WoRDS 7 ) or Docs Ruin thtenten the word? If we can iftone ten generaly can geee—on asec of things real word that may properly be summarized by the Monmuniny" thea the quem bas meaning, and proceed inteligently ois discussion, Otherwise sou and Land Jones and Finkelstein come (0 a ties wth Jones snd Finketeln. Tn Chapter il had’ the fupriting res of trying “ftcam” ly one bunered people. Yet ntl agreements I, the quetion cat berate pleaty of emotion but eal mening, Jones wil flow is meaning and cin iy anc be damned t You. Wl Didgmas's The Lape ef Molen Phe and simile ext of language. With four good Jn sulatanal agreement sto the basic dial, il to be geting on. The tue meaning ofa term fond by obverving what 2 ran does with not Tre saye above i” Selena, through. observing, i many cates that the operaon cannot exit | the question ar no meaning” See them fall, the (stone of peeBinatin piece! Te iy imp pester aay Aibd of experiment or operation ie to test them, ands, unl sock eperation be red they remain without meaning hy sine ave a beginning and an end? I sue te bog? Ireathe a sigh of relief snd 1 tus the reader joins ‘One can tak unl the cows come ome=such tak sivend ied many Yolunes~about thee questions,8 [THE TYRANNY OF WoRDS bbut without operations they are meaaingles, and talk is no more reyarding Wan a decosion fn 2 hun (plopicd today.) He is the one creature who is | ftylum. “Many of the question asked shout toil Accumulste veriable Knowledge about hime | Plilowophical subjects wall be found tobe meanogl vironment, aad yet he isthe ane who Habit | Wien examined ftom the point of view of opertions Wve, No other animal produces verbal monsters Bridgman cite no samples, but we ean Sd plenty el and projects them an the world outide his every band. Language is apparently a sword which cut both ith is help mas ean cooquer the unknown; with! 1 heelty more important tha covet? ficwosly wound himel We ut level of simple diretions, commands, dex Whar is eeonamie value? sical is oe great. When the words mean 1 the ol more portant than the body? I" “There your fod,” "Go to the next wit i ten ie ae death? i eee ae st eh turn Ie" communication je clears But whe ‘A WHIT ON SEARCHE OF HHS WORDS 9g Reale, Words on the level of ideas and generalizations, Dees labour crest il pl valu? Toy, we grow angry, we storm the barreades— the Aryan ace super to the few race? wwe do not know what the ather man i saying 1 oe mate imprest than send Russian speaks to an Englibman unecquated vc, nothing comer through. The Beier shrugs Pee eat arasiny 3u spel ghee ers and besh comprehend that communication 5 and Tooked at language from another wmeting but i fn Englishman speaks fo an Englishman about inating angle. Teena F. T.Bel Lancelot Hoghen, Hens ial, eeonomie, ocalthe communication is Ward, Jeemy Beatham, 5. Robiaoo) H.R. Ti nly blank, but the earer thnks he understands, Malinovsi, Ludvig Witgenin, parts of Pareto, Cha ines proceeds riage ction, ‘A. Meats ‘The Diarion ef Honan Afar, and F.C. il o which my reading and observation te pe Schiller’ superb deneuction of formal logic. Tred pected. Tar tying to earn how to write, and thing T could get my hands on that deal with seme yl for the fist time in my Me, learning how and toeaing. Now o sten, bow to eterpre languages Twat ‘At lst T began to know a litle about the tals of fir means communicate ideas about context: cra Nee sy fo Semantics xl che tenders Mt irene oe eran eons dd and ‘aise, tet omatioe Bela ltatn looked thar greater diorder were constandy. aang the most appaling eharscter, Tha Bi upon a rail hi Iecive tommunicaion. At least this i the cone ‘orp, and tesble, 4 wall which profoundly alee fo which dhe evidence points, to a degree explains the chen tage fire of men Mhe ndvidcal, a2 1 can teal, © biel grounding ome to terms with ther enviontient.” Most crest is besides making philwophy unreadable, makes | fe whe world outside as they find it and instinct nie "mst political speed, claeieal economic become partes with the environment. Man is the aler-inner oraton, diplomatic notes, newspaper creature who can alter Minell and hi. srroundh hs reaties on pedagogies and education, expert Sup etge jou Hisigtatibanie Mas yuty oo comment, disserations on romey and. eed, det he is pechaps the mot secu mladjused of of debates, ane Great ‘Thoughts om Grest living creatures (Some of the fhe, I undertand, ln general. "You would be surprised at he amount hie saves. But ene ast now bow to apy(he tes, A high and mighty dain for all flson sf aut idess & Gly another form of Tels curios sory I ave to tll you T shall not ix ery well ean Hf sina a ard t ive Words withers ns Tit one hy one bead The formal logcane wil wot me of In-adtaper Gis and ther sean, but Thaw aman aga foreas of howe who des ema logis Ted {Pyaleveal i More seriou ae the many pts into wi Lam bovd to all ees ofthe penitence ane te eC ngage bis which ee not fo mach mise aa fommon acl erage ALT wrt hall ie Sih ngs T shal nine Ive of aber, ero bila, I shal deal in varie upc Eat‘ fee a8 tay, many of del iremain: St you are glng twa book where hor fat lec on the atch fr fore of meu 3 ent ave othe grove dian of commune ‘Thats rrchog: you do nor escuster ery ‘Ate alh"one bat @ begin sewer, and le trying am dung 1 tell you, at plainly ab T can, what been dione abowt tomate 40. what he rein sl iy what 1 has de for me pony Teng hots and aepenng ennng: and wh a 2 een font cough could be Sequined with he dace ‘Tire human Beings (0 my Lnowedge have and reeced upon We astute of meaing and com favo for ny conscrabe period. By "cose ul" T mun yeas0d yet of intensive fr. Eee. K. Opten, lA Renard, ant Alsed Keen) Each ingen re than a dove fear of i Met Fy. Ub dou but petpe nd mare than in ig comer to dt, ae witout Gets anybody” Ofthand one wosld epee Iran of books soajaing Inguige Wsaony and. cha Senante in every univer Yeu Richa din tine no resectable tetie on the theory of ng ition was in extncet” ‘There are ew if any pa sslents or tachers of semantic. Even the Bf tania or of fetal! as been more thoroughy int. 80 T have no accreted sytematoc! ody ledge to Set before you, but rather the result of & f rks nto dhe Laboratory sod that. “Theres a ic nh cota, No ved nts a ay call eat uptart ala nteope, as hes when venurng ito more traveled falda I frequently be caught in ty own tap Dy sing age nea or ete, Tue Dat db mie uphor and simile for baa language. At Wwe shall nog imi check ach «reference to the ‘xpience inthe world ouside. If a met Mise theres ich iin acon nication ‘may be tnproved. In the words of Ushnson, the Rarer ges two chases of meaning ci 100 per cent on his money. ‘The last phrase fers apr, and an cape of win I ad Te not an cary book to wate. Peshap i wil give h dca of how to wite 2 better ones “The fll B pen, snd cultivator ave badly needed,cnsereR it A LOOK ROUND THE MODERN WORLD irons attacking the findamental of semis, let take a brit survey of some eflects of had language the contemporary see. orga sin an asumpton without meaning (a 1m afraid Dr. Bridgman wonld be unable to Sn a ‘operation to validate It}; Hf people ax one mete theme Mr. Brown and Mrs. Smith™ate, in overwhelming portions, Kindly aad peacefil folk, and's0'T Sed them Snd if the human braia ean instrument of rmackabl Dover and capacityat the plyilogts asure ‘ust be some reaton, rome ‘uitowsrd croaing of witey at the bottom af out inability to onder our fives apply anit ‘adape ourselves ‘and our tions to Nobody in his senses wants airlaucs dropping bombs and pois gases upon Bis ead? nobody in his sens ‘want slums, Tolar Read, and nderncurthed, cage ‘eholcilien in land of potential economic plenty But bombs are Killing abies in China and Spain to-day and more Ghan onethind of the people in America, ‘nerf, badly howe, shoddy clothed. Nebody watt men and women tbe wzemployed, but in Wester lization ‘fom twenty to thirty lon are, oF hav fecently been, without’ work, and tniny” of those ‘wh Ive recovered ther jobs aze making munitions of wae in brie with a dread irony, we are acting to produ preciely the Minds of things and situations whl we fot want. Tis so though a hungry fumes, with ‘cil, and geod wheat seein his barn, could raise nod br tists. "The tendency of organi song tow survival, not against i Something has perverts! Iman A Look ROeND IE MODEAK WORLD 13 isl haviour, T asume that it 2 temporary pet gy. I ssnme cht ie bound up to some extent with onscious mae of man's more human etebutes ing nd it tol, language. Pick ap any ‘or newspaper snd you will find many of the le doveted. to sound and Tary fom pola, is, leaders of indy, and diplomats, Yow wil find Hist of the adverdsng sections devoted lost sly lal stempt to make” words mean something enc the reader fom what the facts waran Most ve aware of the conic inability of seholcilren vlrsand what Ts taught chen; their examination ae familia exhibits in communication fale Me put # quaston to my fallow suthors in he Bes fronts, poe, and socoloy: How many toke overs show by thei reviews that they know what ve talking about? One in ten? ‘That is about my Yet most of them asert that Tamm seatively loo, Igoorant. How many arguments ante. anyubered ntrover,” aye Rickard,“ normally an expltation rc of misindertandngs for were purses,” Have ver Tatened to a debate in the Senate? A cate being jel bere the Supreme Court?» ‘This is net I humanity strapped pon an etcindl tack, Thies parable defect in the mechani. When the physics i to clea up the language, especialy afer Tiastin, yctadl ater another was taken in the quet ledge. Is Slam dlesrance'n more dif sly hs counting eletroms? Stedy ‘peaking, this may. be easingless quate, but I tak you fet my peat Bs wo Us eisiainie sale cool aS ee ee eee ees ee4 "TR TYRANNY OF WORDS panics them, have kindled emptionl res which far te ‘ead the difernces in Sct Abstract tem are person to become burning, fighting realities, Ye if the know ‘t semantes wore general, and mon were om used feoumuricaion flue, the conflagration could fare. There would be one iferenes of opinion, th Imight bea sharp pale struggle, but not thie win ‘dat of rival metaphyseal ations. one satackod ane cornered, one fights; the reac ests ih ote a a ud ea iim. In ner tines however dis natural ation co fer the confit as been st in motion By propaga Sa Ianguage is now dhe might ywespon ihe ae fdeot and demagogues. Witnes Dr. Goebbels Tade itis doubt ia people learned in semaatis would eer oy fort oF prec pobtlal dictator Ulates weal tet with fla No compro” oe with rou of laugh Apical speech by an axing Hider would be transla {nea iteintnsc meaning any. Abract words and pir without dicoverable rebrent woud roger a seman bank, noises withost meaning. Tor inane 1, boever, a politial leader se: alt in the geographical are clled Germany will hve no ate aa et ws forte neat i itl posbiity of communication failure. ‘There blab a earoad of auch talk. Tf populr 2cdon etl bon the acts. ‘This sateen atsep ib I isidgmar’s operation) approach. ies plead eet icles n_ America ney and thiven on bad language. ‘he Sapreme ny tothe creation by nd pes overt monte in the interpretation Te" Gonain "They gue gies, el vale Dorve phases like “due proces and “nterate com: Qc thew monte ge nto the oe to get ther out ag, and hey proceed to ext wot hows and home. wie: and lawyers furthermore have granted 10.8 Mhtaction the rights pevlegs, and protection Whsled to. Hivng, Breathing human. being. eis that corporations, ae wel sz yom or Tare ented lis, Iter, and the pie of happiest would ny frie He he dd Ot Sie of New Jersey in purslt of happiness at 2. dance Pit would be aight fo se United States Sling and fining being browght back to consiouses by «squid hgvardimen armed with arenpiratr, to ate the AUas ston enjoying is contol eed st a nudist imp This prs animism has. permed ratvely I umber of individuals to throw the ceonomie canton seioly out of gear. Dy eoopmie mechani, ora the operation af fatrie, tres, machines, whereby rm, women, and children are fd thelteed, and the f poopie were armed with senate undertandi, sah ise concept could ot arse Corporations. would i be iterpreted 8 tender persons. ‘Corporates All but one tage ia a lage: menagerie, to ance at some of the other queer creatures erated Wy (eronfing abstractions in America. Here In the Mente ia vast gue called the Nadon—majie and ‘The Aryan Fatherland, whi has pane he sub of | elt 'apen ou fr the sipreme scien yo, In owe Heo bd we fa ad ew echo fr | Gohan the coctars oF history This wonld be tanalated: ‘The Win Bly which tas mare the bab of abs cl pon you fre ny bby whch you hom Dos a ‘We on, awh wi oh ab Soh ‘Theis inot an attempt tobe Buy it a aera blank, Nothing comes dough. The ewer, vered i reducing high-rder abstractions o either nil or 2 sere frothy smiar even ia the rel world af exper fd protected from emotive sodatons with such wo Simply hears nothing’ comprehensible. ‘The “demagoqu a well have ed Sans1 LOOK ROUND THE MoDERN WORLD 17 shove her knoe, is preparing to leave the country up of a haipiny bat never departs,” Selking ry w city goer Cite, x ed lathsone bens, pen Ihe Law iorever tying to drop a morality bute Je poor.” Ceine continues thythmicaly to Rear Tt Wood. Were i the dual shape of Laboor—for sme isty, catching hand, for others a. Galahad in Pacing to and fo with remorelesr esd are the fd the Uulides, hlgted, unclean monsters with gas biceps. Here is Wall Steet, a crouching dragon Wo spring wpen asset not alten nailed ova in eration ofthe county. ‘The Consumer,» pathetic ‘in a gry shaw, goes weal to marke Capital ur each pve er a Kick at she pases, wale fecal Advercing, © playl sprite, squirts pfu oer, Sexi foul ests but when she tums ly allring. Here it he Home, 4 ight in the suatophere. ‘The Economie Man sell ‘town, completely without vertebrae. He flowed shobling demon called the Law of Supply. and i Production, 4 pant with lighting inhi ft, fs loctndy with Distebutoo, a thing gaunt gil fo fainting spells. Above the ocean the golden scaler yvurable Balance of Trade occasionally ltr inthe When peopese the gliter, hey throw thei ot int Tot column of smoke, ten les bigh, looping hoop snake, i the Busines Cyele. That clanking all gets and itchboars, ix Technological Une ments ‘The Rich, in ful evening regalia, st ata fet tbl which they may neve eave, gorging ves bvever amid the eral and shes.» fh, genemen, 8 the sort of word which our we of ie fons Unita States has no. monopoly on menageres Uevaire. Kingsley Marci, editor ofthe Jao Stateme, feenly devoted. Book to the Crown, the grestst In the demonology of the Beish Empires Tt iy My in contemporary fiom, tracy the gronth Te a of ey Sn 6 "TE TYRANNY oF WoRDE ‘wrapped in the Flag. When it sternly rises its arm, faze feady to die frit. Clone bind rears hater sha {he Goverument. Following it one even mote areaucracy. Heth are fatconed with the writhing sr ‘of Red Tape. High in the heavens isthe Constation, Ikind of chalice like the Holy Gray sufsed with eth light. Wt must never be jogged. Below floats the Supre (Coury a blacked pietiood tending the tera ‘The Supreme Court mur be addresed with respecte wll net the ite andthe Canaistion wil go Cut JS synonymous wid the end of the wong, Somewhe above te Rerky Menntsins ar lodged the vast stone tab ifthe Tayi We are govemed not by men but by th tablet, Near then, in satin breeeher snd iver buck ose the ser figures of ur Forefuthers, contempla flomly the Nation they brought to bis The ‘hap demon cowering behind the Conan i Pi Property. Higher than Court, Flag, or the Law, ce to the tun ite and almost ae bright i Progres, ‘thimsce Go of America, ‘Looming. along the crass are two bord. mons ‘wth saly paws ootstetched: Fascim and Commi CConfonng Wem, abild in hand and a litle crowe ‘rom teying to watch both at once i the edna figur ‘of Democracy. Will be fad thon off We wring hands in supplication, walle admonshing the that governments, pecially democratic governments incapable of senvible scion. “Prom Atlantic to, Pcie huge, eospuent shape entided Bosinew puree a 3 lusive Candenc, with a singular Ick of sucess Th Tile trembling geet down inthe comer of Masschuct ‘ccloed in are, sthe Taxpayer. Liberty, in inp rapes, leaps fom cloud coud, lovely and unapprosch she lite he Mas i, ach, ad ing. Ta lemon must be firmly sat pen; if get upy tol ‘hinge will happens the Goneiution maybe jogged fnydhing. Inthe summer of 1937, Mr John Ly Le tras eld be string up the Mists; sid the fear and hoor of our bat people knew no Hounds. Cepia,8 ‘rie TYRANNY OF WORDS ‘A Loox HOUND THE MODERN WoRLD 19 and poining out the dangen of that totem-andsab yan bitery of the “damned wandeses” of the ‘Mite wi hms been subtotals The Indian are a handicsh people and take {he rte of the Drude snd paling the boy Hoe. Mrein questions whether the abou, of the shaman he wonders it med meods of saat edcation rich dors in cetng the perfect "ter image” ha ss muck knowlege in chien’ mins as they Tot been a kde overdone Tt wil be hard now to bu onkusion Cerin in Germany, Taly, and Rania the wow King imo altr the decidedly bons the tent eng sade bind ihe nd of haviour of vert VI. fre ax once the fet of Chinese genlewomen ere Tanda eminiies could handle Lnguoge wi fu" Nilions af mental cripples may raul. “The von aeioaly endangering bt survival They 10% ie work” rear Korybod, i fal devastating a tometises Kile poor od adi ax with.” ‘The and an erga say only be called adapted eloeed ther own eficeny in sequring the neces ‘ten i not ony receiver sina but abo fas pro. Fe by elsorate rivals smd superstaons, Bot ve rics agi simali” Withowt Knowledge of ttnptage’ wasn odiaps it war nor 8 major mena nrc of words toate agsat Thee was ot mh veading or wing. Pest off ni simel Tho, whodelbetly tench people taal experience ate a check on unprovable tater My rom realty tough cals, mythologies, aud dosias owe! Age communis have growa fa eyo’ eying them tbe fas, to deal with ‘phantons # check inividua! experince. ‘They rely face fe in tn Se pine mater, radio, communication at a dat ronatly eri sothing scouly the matin vith ‘Th has operated fo clang the eld for wor, ac haters mene equipment. Ie mgt be improved, tnd ety, and bar reated parade for Si therm maby to quote Korein as Scmuniy of seman est, of persons unable sity of making at Tea tm (10) wath 278800 erect he meaning of wht thy read and hear, one ner i, ile connections bawoen sere tele Ferou equim: Advertser as vell a demagigu jc no name m ates for sack a number T Herve on ts itrcy ‘The cate against the adverts eater than the numberof males jn the univers, ff commerdat predict as hitherto Teed on mena er than the tumber of seconds which the sum Bat Tn modem tines outright mendacy—auch ox = cae With such astounds the Sas bral ght Emcee tempered with spriow entiation. lc To ernary working pups. ‘Serer oflen cele verbl god, treig the ead ee ‘enon away rer the acta reduc, esl he pach iment they are dumb beemoe they ck an adequate ni epecly the doctina ater around he pal Wor the use ofthat equipment. Those intelletuals The plan woman, by wing 2 given comet it fai time bio oon high fences and deplore the fe become ‘Cleopatra, vesst wih all the allare of We fopiiy ofthe herd are om ery shaky ence at In bre, nme oe py their one for i they but knew iy ey re aoe conte has (von suther thes fr the thing. hon on the srt for they dein ler abstrctins “koa otnsate words verifiable means | hear a tun my, "We never can at aaywbere | mot pete are the inevitable vcs of both commer ise the mnses are ap stupid" Tow tat Tam in | ted Retry fad. ‘Their mental ie crea fpreence af a mythinaker, caught on is high perch erupted. Unletered peasants have more sles seta nl the bats ofa veal pron, ‘fad equendy, more seme. Fordgn trader in Medal level. The thing called a sone was recognize hood not as a mad dance of atoms, “Only Lately We lrrned that we are immersed in a vast sen of ‘manifestations ealled the “plenum,” out of which src a few fr everyday we. Scientiic knowlege [rent tine, to quote Koraybak indent th Fy mats objecs represent. sy rare and yey complex cate ofthe beknotiedaes of tun it ie epeeneecery re nad ey cof tle Sealy, at eect ope nd sl ore INSIDE AND OUTSIDE “Tne creatures are fcc. to make a sharp aac between the happenings side their ine and tose wil Tide i the "me," outide is "the work” ‘The fe uniqne, individual diferent from every other No te ladybird or even mtocbas, show iden ch fcettics ‘The chi thse of the “me” B to come terms with the weld, reproduce it kind, and lve a land as conferahly at pile, No operations ave yet peslormed, or perhaps will ever be, whieh shaw "mel bewere than n sng Bad, behaving in a Iiving We GM, Cala saya: 1 The opin i axle witht coramen cance Se elo fo erent REISS gprs te ea Scie aeplanpel acy a's ta cientiic materialist of the nineteenth century Iwomeles ata casa philosopher in thi peat nan word Hui parallel of thse three levels in Ruan terms Te raten as fllon: apie? Perea as seen by each other in dally apes Peon and te ight and very ag sy physians, clinical tecnica and ote cet yen’ ste beaaing 10 be sate‘ tt lee They hoc many dees, sh 2 pid fore re spread perce eg sd hae ed ake re inipes Perons at apacetine event, be these sp of he power mee, rs some erence tha hath accompa Whence cn od 0 be ington call oer stemon toto tales The ist nary wring aniae nin onthe normal formu year thas eterion ts compart muncnt, is olor; above al, iis ntl the micocopic love let hy tat che grin of wl and the mea ofthe handle woud er soe win, changs, tt abmtance™ would remain Thee cent uy dow te ae ‘The environment beyond the “me” may be dest co tel te mame al ih we ‘wih ont eye and ouch with oue ands the Inhich we ean peer ino with inrments;, and the Tisnap, which we donot consol sso fe, but {stuoe with the relations esblshod primarily by me nates, Bele the Sint micrescope wan averted, no bing had Inowledge of minute phenomens, and be fons were indicat there was ho vette once the sobmicrnopie worldaldhough ‘ues, large Seeurate, were mle sbout stom far back sche Grea. For the overwlang. proportion of his his ‘man has deat wih is envzonment only on the macex rt TvRANS OF woHD ‘sae AD otra 3 cg more cent acon nd tf a ec beer aot tt crash your seni eine Sa ere us mae arte Wu a scientie table, You had. better not refuse wees pnt, yea ae Moe Bacivon beer ic cn be coed ee Sect Spy ieee cpg eo in an ening emptnen To purses tach Sees chars nar sou nh pea ype: ha i tl atten bmi see fed bull nots ew thant Silion of he ale of pee bine bak ino fs tan Bln of balk of spt of “substance” gives way to a etally decent (Ge an ened fiseet tbe Iesuppore sy wetng ys best expresed in the language of mathematic, Besieay eeeeteeeres! Thy * ip ee ee SEShD cote oe ae fio ie eee iat eal att cr la yin conto te efron Wh Shen a RG Paka ten thse sy bn ly mcr pon it. “ron" minor one thing to baci hance of my sSeetie bow ging through my scent smering a horseshoe and another thing to. a physicist Seer mace peda ood pint toe arate When ta eee ER en erie at oer a sl The phi we to brow alls tes mak ws scape the nce oven the ‘cmt iar wold tat ops ss sad ge in the ernst fr thi esa te Ie dee wo lope Muy of 1 roy mae Bate pctiew of mening acd ogee ae fe eocrony gums, peti, Hamitnian fine 1% inventory of that which oude ut nr we she fc ot the fem, nina ec fre hs atte lee Inthe Smucosrpeconept Hn bresking down rater nee wor we have evidence veil by pe: Chemie charg he hos evel fr fom the old vent ple, aan gant ct deal Srstngblee ithe cocept of “bance” has le mena Thit world has taken no. fl, eer Ticslige The tend ef modem per fs 19 ei fit many tem om Se inventory sheet hve bees the trations! “categories of thig—the Gre, i, and more ate being ndded eeey year “Te emenber, sll dive the aves nt earthy aw ory is good ennigh to minke ponte the etna fetart'o cain 2 came beSgrend ‘od rte ng Lihes Tat tegen eee ak nme ly tain Seep ran via Bae ea lc maybe met io det Seta ee San hing mri ait» mae el worl we ade ca ee ae ‘iiton ix summed up in memareay nether the ap Mion—stary sun, moon, clouds, water, eatth, mountain SE eeu ata le na a pied i ana inert adhe ag tag ‘inact fd ho ground for = easton Oy al Gc rhons an beaver Se al tt we 2 et ae i ney cota rong chs Jato one organic concep He Tod, among eter Bos 8 democracy” “taco,” “capital. suo fe gi ne i dy an oh ii fa 0) ind eee ar i mas by celts beg oe oe coed Sati ene out car 0 Rep tm cones da vg apa an pr ac rene te oA the Bom heds by ntgag ad by bce Se ic tee i i pn "et power mincpe tanned thaes ‘TE TYRANNY OF WoRDS BSE AXP ovmmDe 25 Animals, lacking words, take their meanings from dy push. The ear is aware of sound travelling eels oan phere emia ee eS ees he ae eee nr ear Ro athe See am fo ed Se See eae ee Se ees eee a paarnaes ws, Mice Amos « peers oe tey eee Ge oer ee eee eee rel rae mtr ee ea a ae yo ae eee me a Sec eee Tiare eee oe oe Foes cones en rt ne ne Ear asia Bee nee Se is co Soe, ee ae es at ee ea Peer a: ees oS ee Se se Ratna gg be Se tee ee vee eee be ee ee Be oe erase ees ee ee ee Sar ee ce ae et hare meer ee ee Ae in een ae yng aba Nea i ie oak ee eee eee eee oe = eee ee es ieee Riga nc cer ee coe a se oa ae a a elm me rd tad Soeur s,s eras crane See Re nr SoS ee Lrsungteine mie es achat eee eee ey coe alae ec Pees myetee cee Nak ey, ater26 “tHe TYRANNY OF WwoRDA Nae AxD UTS a ig gee 9m sx Sd. Ae wat, iy chunks nothing at all In thee regions the 2 long way fon the erent. The objeave. ape Know what che spake is talking thot, Deemer may Te a sppedsing thing Not 2 in ny he may bd seal, Haampe: “Pidaephy Geen St eo ih that dare ta neson Pradene sa plcy tha Seatac sainay rie) Wy acs Reagan expe a dare Pte objec "Sniianhy a "Hation” a proce, fle Fd the apple hs hough fr se day. Sian. peen temperate the ie sale must e ta Uprard pls sncter game with the sane or eee ere eh fo the Gconary fo fi deinton of te "Why i the art nonverbal? Karybak decrbes infusing game be women iafice pon doce Thovght, seminienty Gntlletual capaci, ee thir autenant He begin wi a short dicusion om hears tothe definion of "thowghe” ‘lows sujet, Ue go ov to atk the Wetin Operations of the mind iets age formed Shaanings of te words employed. This proceeds a Toe thow ten minute Wi te wl eesing of ng the two defo tgs he gt tne procaly te vition finde hime going in cil Mat = age fre nthe ag fermd ieee aS ee mes forme inthe mages recon cecil oy Rinker prore spon Dim reais in lament i say Upwatd i tec & hoy the eof the Jerous disturbances He hho sweat paces Wp Tie fetus over the boy fom behind ering the Fa eg ek gion mare fou hi and gun hm we the bow dra tereweyore ea whom the wriced gone as ben rs nea be spoken. "The boy f"andestadiog ‘The cus cles Te btm hs been reached ry the bow in afar a the nsguage mechani goes elow lie vse apprehend che bowsning or the apple and thctings ef undefined tray ich we bomehow hing How dics the soy gct in? Thee a pee ie oe ee ist sory on which the aeulogs ae sll at Bt cannot ate the very thchold where dhe Roughly on the testimony af sent now, drake conte wih the cade word Thin cotat cit something ati Mage fromthe oe fea eee Seen ee rd in te form fHgheorvt,ound-wanes tatu peevesee es eee rart i, ake the nere end ad sare an bnpuse, wayne aay objet er ct on the nonverbal iy eectuctemical, The ip sees though tie : twa the ra, bt ie may or tay nt reach the ran cone. It apes tobe bad fr appropiate hin one of these seo the spl Cond and ln, i de midbraiaad thal ten, in the ior higher brain. The lower merous ne tke Simple ial and reponse mato ach a the vik aed matali balance, The alam aks vs dynam, od ematioal mater ellog or is ryote with He weft, such hing Back ene se you. Cerin mesg, however, pecially "i Te gn ¢ tg Jom nthe eh ‘A group of syaonyme docs not define an objet. caret decption may help bring it ito foc for fener, but is not conclave Final identicaton achieve only by potiting to the apple, touching ie {he hand sesng It with the eves ating ie with the mou ano recognising i 2 nonverbal, Here isthe be ‘which all our proud words rie—every lst one of thes ‘Med to ie they must costanly zeta and be rere Filing ths, they wander ito rgion where there are fpples no objects no acts an ao they become sym20 sim Tenax” OF WORDE NSDL AND ours. ane significantly in human beings are pane into the eo Toe reflection and appropiste acon. ‘Ths i what we pane “Thc higher animals poses cortex and ean presuma indulge in reflection, tad then, afer a definite ine fn ation, The lower animals and insects operate famornatcally on lower nerve cente. A rat hat & it does not overburden it Ifyou each a zat pet 1 imple tik snd then remove his eotex sarge, teaiag & wholly leet, However, he exn be setae ‘wl perfor the trick slmiort st ell a before. There Toot of boy born withost a cortex He died betore ‘nsf yeas old without showing any signs of intel forever of hunger and thirst. ‘The ft year passed in Bund stupor, the next to in constant crying. Tf tak talons of year f eveltion to bul the from the simple wervour stvetre of the lower ‘Thinking euiteslede physical energy. ‘Thinking fo conlented ith the mind at rest, nseaes measur ‘nergy conurption by only $ or 4 per cent. Dut etal aciay of the brain uaveiting. It ewo ‘Gectodes ate attached to dilerent ayes of he ead, ‘Gar pick up the flow of cetety fom an area of flea to lower one, ‘This love can thea be pl For an average mubjos at ret with the eyeeeloved, hart shows a hytbesle sels of waves averaging tem {he second, Open your eyes, ‘The even shyehm. ‘Doa hard sum i mathematics. The curve becomes ja Inslee, in kypnos, the waves change thir pater the thing tact ipeeser all investigator” Gay the cence comity of bra acy.” Pes fhowands ur even mins of calls are discharging 1 29 He as more complied avtchboard. 1 these econe sry tock the as aay Pee ia “The BURA Yeryos suas yea, If wising ye ofa hots, snd ha natural diction Jone organ lower ete to ssboral lays Bn retur by vaso para, Fist the sean rom the wed with ten ene Se mec pono reve hy dr To the, esnng fin, Souaton flows eer tne ee wr, ear thie, fel Pain, and prode symptoms sys fr no pial Sau "Semantic sage of Win, scoring to Kory, onde to reveal of crs” Agee 6 mayf te who coder vs ermal ae by obing sbtacong ng lich are nl tee. aw we eras et? Net i a eth eh lt en ichoards” may imptem you as an extravagant fir bran bahar Se aettgen emn he ores wee teem fo eke American Medial nto Ine 197A delete operon was Pe ion the rao key, the ons wey sujet with sere and “apparey Tne al ments, Smal cores hie ari dhe ental ‘he brain ee ig seared fom the Fat ‘ite mater. "The hyenas wa tha sme meta es may be due 10 Red pcm of rapome in into centres Ifthe eon ar svt were epotanty might be Ben for anew st pater pe fore song citer et fl moskeyenponed tf operadon by changing sppebenie,aOsew ple creatures of the ino creature at te at the organ ginders °" sore thane hema seen were st in varying eet fom much, conan as vs Spprtenson, Atay, depretioninemnin ides deli, cinationg ying rely bol pic sn an yea pray” The ier of cies was ot ePueh to jay coring the ino al alum pallens Sagery ba dae met Drins, You cannot throw acd on your brain. Id Tvs, however, have practically the ee wave "The chic ference between the bain of a man the brain of ape i no im apparatas but in asccia pa which are snore mutnerou aad more complex3° ‘Tu tyewxery oF wouDs for cating bod semantic habit. But the exped Fishes dramatic evidence of the physical fact of ion pater or switchboard in the bai, "Korasbei gives 2 vivid salgy for the ours fiom the evironmnt to the ame” Here sa good pleure representing» dramatic Tackdent. AY we wa Sur emotions are aroused; we “lve through” dhe d ‘The deta, however, tend to be blued snd shortly Jonget them, orn a atiempt to repeat the story Tater {ala Chem’ Now et ut rum the sume fla low mot stopping ona given “al” trom time eo te. The di vito seed us becomes, under anal, 2 secen Satie pletare wid mensarsbe difereaos between, ‘The moving picture represents the proceses going. oh the lower nerve centres, dose o Ie, api, siting, emot Ian 0 remember. The amated fim seprsents the ps fn the Righer osstra, pelle corer, wher fmpuses fom beyond our skias are halted, "analyz checked ith memory and experience. Over the ‘we tend t fod emoton, over the silly to think ‘Let us observe ttce eaterplary, C, Cy and Gy li striped, and fray. Gi puiivey heltrpie: he fulomaialy toward the igh, Gy is negatively. el "He survives mur cndtinar of this earth IC grew upside down with leaves in the gromnd andl a in the air, G woud survive, Cy. poor lla, is nt Ick fn ether world. ‘The human netvou syste den for survival, under conditions of thi earth, sent elleeton, action, iv tht ender The relston i ch ack to past experience. ‘Bven so lowly an animal as the amoeba is supp to conslt it memory before taking action’ He ‘Thingurbob again.” to quote Wiliam James, Wi memory of past expesien, we wold off haben At new seaaion, and soon be as exinet 8 the Broa Suns At bottom the nervous sytem i a tv ‘mechanism, with the one word a the tle jod ISDE AND ovTsIDE 3 Whermore, we should not think of the nervous system thing by sel Data an ater pat ofthe ong, whole "The daication of the Read at agaist he yy sem Som the fied categories of the ancent You cannet rus fom a ber er x motorcar on rect phyieal sim through ‘es, touch, taste fom the aubide world ih soyples ll Se continents except Asa and Atti,” May these simul have been through the elaborate eecical Jinn of my corte and have bees filed for Bitre rence. didnot have to be warned about homes Ta wring thi book T amy thinking, o tying toy or more chan frty years I have been reading about ‘vec experiences of eer people—explorer, cients, foveh workers IPT can connect ia the fle tom thee riences with some of my own Bisthund experiences, Inowiedge ofthe word is enlarged. IFT cance connect the words Tread just go found and round in my i; When T was a schoolbey, tis eeularperbemance pty feequent. I bave read and lien tothe pls iterpretaone of ther experiences and paved through he eeasrchip of ny suindalwayy on the iso pat experience fortis ean be my only reference TAs fo ciry years and more T have been tespetlly wing and hearing edher people's sbaract notions aboot Hhoply, religion, art. economics, sociology, and plies the Dill of hich Ihave had no stud of judges, nse the notous eoereponed to 20 dere experience ihr in my own Hie or ia that of the speaker. We have th been short of Tengumbots. From the fist two set of experience listed above T Secumulated meanings weil Tor may survival and ey= ‘re nYRUEY OF WoRDS comfort. From the last experience T gained ile ‘confusion and miundemtanding / "Thinking Is always tel to memory and experi ‘A thermometer as no memory and responds to 8 temperatare mas. Aman responds to zero empet by remenbering the Lat time he got his tes Inti Richard ays onsereR Ww GATS AND BABIES sata AB oY or ee eee ee bs beside me on the table s¢ 1 write, occasionally ing tentative paw through the tered sect of cpt and notes Hobie Baker, a tawny yellow et, named after a great hockey-player. Holie all er earn to talk He ean lean ta respond (0 my tal Te tesponds to other sigus—sound, smelly sight in vironment.” He can iter cries indisting. pain, re, or excitement. “He eam announce that wants out of doors and Tee there be 1 delay abont i 1 he cannot master words and language: TH xpeience has the character of a recurrence of contents Tes the bey tothe problem af easing. Wh tye encounter something brand-aew, a cis in tleveops. There is no memrandom in the fileB item as such sess when fe fst open ts eye dan new Thingumababs on every band Einstein wih is the ft rdativity vas responble for one cris in meat ‘Max Planck wth his quantum theoy fo another, Scien Imad never conssouly experienced the. phenomena, fora time were stunned and baled. Nomacieates imeet new experience wikout buna, in an arog detention not fo be caught napping. ‘They jeer Fulto’s steamboa, laugh hearty ata hordes) cars pert by asics preset they ae one To 7 Rites and goed selenite tend to let ew ‘pour in und some Lod of workable relationship wi Dist experience are tabled. ‘They do not pretend Kenow all about something that they kaow nothing a ‘We should do ell emulate them. hcintions provoked by bad language. He wil remain ist al is i interpreting real things on the macro- wh. He is ceraily able to think after a shion, epretig gas the igh opt experience, deliberately ling his course of actin, the survival value of which Insiead af words, Hobie eccasionally wee a crude gesture sage. ‘We know that he has nervors sytem corres: "to that in man, with menage coming in tothe tors in shia, cat, md eye and going aver the wires the cortex, where memories are duly filed for reference. Nee are fewer switchboard ib hit cries than in mine, ch may be one reason why fe cannot lean to tl lively more of his behavoge ir under the detin t ‘yparendy he thinks, connects referent with memory, yovveds to many aedont at a rosl of contemplationu THE TYRANNY OF WORDS voting. 4 decison, He deals im absracons of Grier Aer he bas encountered enough individual bj owing rough simaity, bis fling rst ifr. Gf the equivalent of "Hell there® another man!" ‘Great Zen s moe!” He is x0 longer necesary inveigate every man and movse for he Bae ach nabsract Hen of men and mice in ences. Sul ‘rih bed, sai, doors, ci ander things he Feguctly, He finds messing in doorein general, pots it by toing toa daor ina range hoa to be Suto Tht fe probably far at his abstraction fees ated. protably ax far as am animal can go wi Fenguage, Hobie iden of causality not profound. Ihe eject to being combed, he ptr and caw a the rot athe human bring who wilds. "The higher in the animal vale one goes, the I may be the time before reaction to given siaatog Completed, The anioea reat almost imavediatly. Ser t field mouse, bute doesnot sping, He ct {a sally Amman imay dliertely tm his back on prey, and go ito the barn for a gu ‘Meaning comer to Hobie asst comes to me, th past experience, If my experience har been only ele dos ad I ideaty gentleness with dogeinge [Pm likely toe shocked psined seme, day rivake ¢ tage barmdcender fr “dog” “There Ino dogeinegeneral in the world of experience, Dut Rover, Rover, Rover some, geile, some neutral, some vious 'Siniley, Hobie aay’ form a concen Shaker ingeneral from acquaintance with hares bl Sake, ad some dayGorforbid—enet a copper the mwamp.. Gate somedmee die of poionoas Incstne they have wrongly ieatie all young green gt ing things oie good eble gras. “Generillyspesking,anals tend to learn cumulati through expences” ‘The oll elephant i the west the herd. This slcetve process does not always 0 fn the cue of human Benge The old are Wise, Bat’ more often dey seem to be sufled upentions, miiconeeptions, and iratiomal dogmas. coxrs ano nants 35 wf the Union Lengue Club come to. mind sapere and medicine men are acrmally pat the jn allie, Why is tis? One tty hazard the guex that nit identifications in human ‘elngs are. pickled preserved in words, and so not subject to the constant LGC the environment, at In the cast of cat and pants. Ta the end, of course, aday of reckoning aervs art permit to miner the evant Pavlov laboratory ean cause Rover, to idemtiy fond ih sound, switching the astocation pattern fom smell snd hy Hing bell whenever foed Is ready. When hers the bell he comes a-runting. This creates an lial ideation, By repented sitchinge and eounter- ising, a fe eae of nervous cllapee can be Induced Rover’ One must go to consderable trouble ina satory to make an animal crazy by building up of sound, aad has no connection with thooght or "The symbole have no referents citer real oF ined. He jones to hear biel alk. Tiede bose Ties of Latin vere by a sinllar mindless proces, ugh I aver heard of one who liked it. Salo some. vignable way. Speaking without knowing i called tain," bt na practi nateonined to parses. I find Hebie-« waa eit along this dificult ail vemantis Whit" connotes to him is ten fitir and simple that T have no trouble in Tallowing [come Som a like evolutionary mats. “Meaning” ue hs ke vot, and ake meetin of upprehenson. Inve a daceytinder brain and he has 2 onetanger, but gerate on lke principles (1 am having ical viding the word "same"” No two thing in his world over the samme, completly identical.) When T grow6 ‘THE TYRANNY OF Wonos bewldere fn the jungles of language, T return tobe fen of Hate Rnd of cn ne Wha do mesa?” One atts. Well, what dos cat mean? Th {ry to build up fiom that Toundaton, go fen and dose the boundary where inde meets outside, lar and eetve, Afer the ehitd begins to go to schoo, Tooguage sepidly ts precedence over este ih, nike pointing, Mav no meaning in dhenseves, for ach ave agra Shera, i gwack” his»” “pure” most words ste ly ymbolic as 3 and Hue they cam carry som ‘An adult may have characteristics in common with 2th he in as se He ae Ra SSE sek i what Wit Janes ceeds ig fhe, ag coun He Weegee eS intact yf Waton tobe ely aro Soar of rime nd ne Het sue ‘= mak beat pry’ During Sa ‘illions Of signs strike ‘the sensitive tors in his 4h aud tae pater in bis nerwout tian To them ‘ac nelly sew en aly, mane wih dawning contcoume. Mol tems made by Sot a mteecio of eae cnet tan with degake tacdor-t mong Senta rl ger or pu ate’ Tite she Cate the wh ed ad cae rea fed pupa ge way aed asia + ote “Da"—mixed and blurred with plain squawks vel Then Somes the exciting moment—the beginning uma npg te po eh Hie ae each! Sytlables come out of the blur of noises; obje Slot re we nae Nahe ‘hie eoarge te imate eas sae ‘lable and object take on a rough corrlson, ord and he thing mesg Remember thi fr fei ite pie rfc bs ay Ba ate od ee in pega ni po, Bee ee ac pene ta ch ee sen ain tease UB eo verge All wearers af twowses becotne “Daledese” aie ite ely he father hms for a Goaiderable period, word and gesture lng evel togeticr. The eld as 10 be taken up oF simply holds up his arms. He pointy to what he wa fen aS Hobe up and ogefr fod, Gesture gu iw ey TW to te windy nt ages and revere Ink derived om the erent Yiseea Gat al cngrael t Wate eos hat no aE GS to nga and propery exept BY das wrote Ite a Wi Retin to a i Sas oes at Ewe Se8 ‘Tu TYRANNY oF woRDS lasts dal not be ruely violated. Our courte been renere sre. ‘The cae goverment bas boca Dj one man Here and bow we mst etch te threat ol rip so What may never aga rest ts uly bead Boom! 'Splosion's allover. Children are prone to unciteal identication appreate reemblanes more than. ierences Tove great big things and Te tiny thingy and” are vl ofthe mile ground where mor things He Se some elements in a staan but leave ott many harsceriie, ‘They Tequendy generalize from os toro nmances “A milion ete nthe back yard last Dols down, om eros-examinaton, to "Wal there wat ‘1d eat and another one" “Thus it appears that most children do not long {sin Hobie Baker's alse appraisal of the environ Vartal identifentions and confued atetoctions ata teader age. Children ae usually more realise ful in the mater of mora, however, Curent no Sf what comitate sight and wrong mart be hamm Jo dem, since they are barn amaral. Tf eld is these lesoas without alo fearing to abuse the verb be” he is ornate. "Dire ad.” "Ie your bande dy, you are bad boy.” "Ita wrong to Kick p “he geod” Sch admonitions build ps masive of legitimate ideniseatons. ‘sno more than crodely acquired ciildren begin to efer from i and to miterpet ‘world by reson of it. Is the fiult to be charged to Sl, oft the language tag him? “Jerome Prank Tit some rns of asking childsen a ‘he names of thing a ed eed ae ‘The fos ate vo called bene they are ha shape A beeae els wed fe vero Gi ease they ee all wey. How femly the child elieves inthe realty ofthe comes sti strong ini own ght ars axp saps 39 pre day children willbe taught to dlferene pattern, be tke ss ioe long yay oft Ie iseaict be tan" Seg hee i ary tate to ey fart peers a oa Inc Sorter eae emai five day ca tabetha Machi ee ech psig eet gels eta See fe Seema angeeaas amareenirnve Proptes 4“ loll Thorawald hat afer sx yen of stay of one ve they were not ze that hey had. mastered he lcs and sete ofthe nave Kom. ven pin sh care vases meanings. "Me Ise Bal iy eer T frgot to take wit me” = sy he the Bi fiigner am really la. tsb Iquage from yr x mite wood ects fa this ese, to, no ng eon ean gt more a fintion of the meaning ait Of dd Maguaye be can never penonally Ive through the expences Whe ature wish faklned them’ "To the modern atin clans are altel domes from she context of stunien, Te would be an sing dy to prepare parlckclun exit of ‘hy-byday exparience of Secrates and say Benard yo Hlwelny and. note the sinierse” se the jes, But the dala on Socrates are probably une abi. ee is a group of Trobriand ander on fishing ition inthe ely worning. The palms gery and cent wea sql, eat, the canes it over te shoal, expert pairs inthe erm, expert Jas a the bow. ‘There me signe, getarey, Secon, al expresions, oeasnally =” convenional muted Mi. Group action markedly anid by the ection Niage—Pll nt "Lat got” “Drop the ntl “Sh ter” Language hee acquired though personal spn Stig the Ce tenn, oe Im ston than fom elecGoa- A yrowp of oye ing bacale 2 iy show sna arte “Sheet “Eeldt""Fan im!” Secon, "Held 1” "Side cusprer ¥ PRIMITIVE PEOPLES: [Lar us lok a Trobriand Talanden, ith the ival sistance of Malinowski How do primitive peoples penning fro language? Wen Gotan ote Mi lens we 1 cngaion wr, 1 rum ear! behind rea arm Pla, This represents » wordfor-ward tranalaion into En ‘ofan azaunt ofa canoeing tp. It does net sound ex Yet the native who delivered it was magriienly el ‘These words sv taplated easnot expres the idea hat speaker had. No ftelgn Yeader can hope (0 ut Mat he tnd, Why? Becste the worde sre ound 3p Dative seit. "Torn fiom the context of that il fod placed nakedly on the pages of a book, they mot nothing.” Malini Teayned to understand ‘words only afer ving the naive: lve, handling tools, padding in ddr canoes, dicovering ther nd tadiionss He had expeience with his own ‘het fe before be could understand leary what thy Ta due time be determined thatthe words eared 2 that one canoe had eaten a neighbours canoe in a wile pasing hough the sea arm of Fo, R. C. Thumwal, anthropologist of the Univers erin, confirms the Ging of Malinowski, He seven yeu in New Guines, After learning = Tnguage, he found that meaning wat oltea ‘ecsne native word eaey symbole implications en diferent Gom ur own.” Misionaries with a i 1 smear Tae Ba FAs a mode of behaviour in practical matte like nga mode of setion rather than am instrument of #\s otertaining narrative which the Pit story ‘sample, “Here the action Sat second hand, but‘THE TyRANAY oF woRDs ares have partite in such cane races inthe ‘Their rornt are In gue working ore word tal are sgncam Cecuue of Prods erpesonel the tener & As hes, ai, soi incre —greniog el tri Good moines aie ay No eae, foe's ven or intend (how often have you sid ering when wan log less tock) ut Of the wales tenn which en fal wen tach ote in lence Concably it might be done (eature language, ih bown lan ves of the thumbs up for Nie day,” ham down for vanes" “Ar ual word mage inthe eating of wel prayer Tere words often had mre potent than thing the mountain wil come to Mahomet at is She syobol stall criow the relent Thi Iie, bu soa o e's mot unnatural dee from the inns ely coon of thing and wordy ffm the we of words or sction ester than ncn Eaiy ‘the history of some primitive societies, “oulboe” theory of meaning appa. "The sol haw tine repuade, Toca annoy, whih haus ‘pial part of penn or hing Sie, the maga recepace which Eatoun the exon ‘Bening The sll they can be eeguea in "rea eaiteace” of ash the asored “anv ana "abit of eeal schol In Chapter ra ‘Mau proeat tay bonded with our one Nature peopl tga name chy thing they Waking wih's nave in's New Guinta re ali Wrenn hs sein aed by a sage plat Teka ate issn, the ive who ish toe sy,"Oby tats un “baa” Abin wah of in he larder f merely“ Syng animal.” Nainova 2 general teeny w ole anna Gt which Intome psi conection, tradorl or afl to man to bande the roti abo, Siar, | reoenber ‘Shmar of hone rs and plats whch wre wef, Pamumve Peoptss 43 oy on camping expedition, o- weil in making inple= is for gamer, ‘The other ra T lew dutiflly from tie, and soon feet Mlinows notes that the mative” interest gester ia al than in plans in sell in mineral ning ts than in érayling ones Small details of land: je are named, big stretches go nameless Peron come animale nex, objct Ia It fllowe that animal jects tend to beeome pesonte animim i ram- among primitive peopler Do we not catch glimpee this inthe maveaine and feminine gender of Romance guges? Even in Engh, we say when tlering to a eck, “Sle went deen with all hands?” Foray is, he old ear is only lew Buman than the family or, sine early expeince warrant the heap exience ying fund ohn the eatgery of Cue ae evo Interac hat sue act ets o He ie ict wel of tit own. Sch harls dectivr pnd crea tesa al tla tina re pee ee ‘i ‘oughshewn blocs af prtve abe Language, we sometimes asume, i primarily the expre- of thoght by means of speech sounds. Grantng that lnerations ef Malinowak are well ken, it appeats i specalaons. ‘The word ie ll belived to cstv ape the thing, and to have power in and of itl, "State stor John MeNaboe of New Yerk biterly oppoted Dil for che contrat afsypiis in May, 1937, boone the“ ‘rim TWRANNY OF woRDS emournve Pearens 45 agecence of elven might be caerupted by 2 wide Wi” the word for “water,” anew name for water the ofthe term.» This parcalae word creat! ash Ht to br found, To ex's tel on = men mee et rventiy conde. ae effective at casing it on his on. Names were therefore csely guarded According to Dr. P. Hariogon of the Smithsonian istony teror ‘the dead was #0 intense. among rica Inns that their names were not spoken aloud ithe dead commonly bore name ike "Hive Reindeer” ‘Song Bow," raves ad fiends alter the feral ne ire to Tavent new words for conuton shjct ke inler snd bow, or at let to change the word a lide is brand of magic taetably rested ina. weler of erent names forthe same objec, aed helped Yo create Taba ef more than one bundeed languages spdten by vein Indians. How many tribal wars teled fom Inbal, Dr. Haragion doce ot atempt to compte. nore wary the mote dead, dhe more new names, the freignen,” the more wars, the Inmevery decent woman aad decent man. “Dsome. words are” very interesting semantically fone says “sexual intercourse," people are not Tat if one articnatr an old Anglo-Saxon word of leter-which my publisher certainly would not toe thereat Englspeaking persons become right hotrr. 7a Bot syle face rite seme nore ‘ae fret. Both rer to am ideal thing and ary equal weight as synonyms. Tt sa strange lang Stracare whore X is respectable and normal if you ‘one symbol for i, but beyood perdigan it yeu we ancthe "The person hs a sul, cette the serpent has a 0 andi most “evil; the sun hs a soul ti i goed ‘Upon such foundations have soaring sjtemt of the tbe erected) while out eclentste grope toward geod Knowledge with baled eyes. ‘The work outside ‘stra pattern, order, sractore. Language has nat eared to comopond to tis stractre, but has grown ‘ore devious yitera.” We uy to impose pon the der the torvour strctae of oor verbal rms, the wold ouade to behave as our words behave. Ui tonal fir not iat Kind of @ word ‘Ward tnagie is cornmon to all primitive peoples Ta cerbin Wet Afcan tribe, before siting up house ing i is bighly derable o obtain a SampaA Sampa. sprayer wellen in old magic Iter: which sil fre met iy to understand. Tt can be purchased at ‘waar fora fe cowie sell, He makes it while ‘wats Toa clash he put a bit of clay, ether, Serco Jninshestecyte Vere tie clea teal aa igs of stow, or-whatever seks hiv fancy, and it chants spell. Hinds parents who loses fist child flclowe may name the second by some rich term "“Danghll,” on the theory that the god who rex people only by their names, wil nok btber to waste hoe on such a lowly erature, What isa cose fol Sword wlaged for carrying phyicl hari? Frazer gi many examples of word tabsor to show the univer the peaches, When New Zealand chic war al ‘Word magi ot confined to mature peoples. Herodotus not dare mention the name “Osi.” ‘Tae true and atame of Ala secret ax aze the names ofthe B= gos and the "zeal" name of Gonfuris "oid the mame “Jahweh." Among Christian peoples saint the moral code to te the name of Gd or that hin Som except ceremonial oecaion, and in such wentons af "God lee you.” Caste gave a command Spin to'am obecire general elle “Scipio” for the ere 2 ad lo Wasp, scent and modern, isin based priasly won magi. If you go ot nam Ametcan steet and "Bogor Problyati,” eas ill not be shocked ul v0 peieman wil touch you.” Yet you ate showing jl dams” im Rosia, Realenate operator fequenty lish thir swarepy ad stony eubviions with such hes Ploal Helght," "Cedar Gardens,” nd "Laurel6 ‘Tue avRaney oF wonDs Meadows" hoping that te cstomer wil deny the with the words He often doe. ‘3 Baro chi in 106t delivered nme es follows: Sorry opty ext inthe mouth ofthe who speak ‘go me i he power of man el hi lows By ‘ort of will shan! "wou be to rise them om the ‘Tate Say opinion” Noverttlen, you socere who est ‘pesky we ration! a yo a eet a Spee oe eeepc Saeki ceosate fan ietwen wt he unsacgensonl st Seca ne A savage has Htde knowledge of natural cause, T ist t whom the par played by the father eld panne Peres o Men, ie asia, find meaning from the Thiogumbabs jose experience "at. “know! fs every side and say no more than "Gidiap” and fn it” “He fels that avarenee to which Korybiki fies rfere as meaning that lies below the threshold Inoguage "Man. alone of the animals, can attach ‘ACT, he was probably derbi 3¢ ws” “the man who pitches,” and Small sl around, "the pitcher” English hed ew word, ighthave been “thrower,” itmight have been" yewser™ gh have been "'." Ht yomner™ sere fared, nto you make ofthe real sell tenm “bunt” for hit? Any sound symbol will do, although some are hops easier to get ied to than others A game of james qulely Sastrues ane inthe almet ede come ftion of five or sx letters into pronounceable words tof them au yt apuslied. ‘Start with winta. Go ot ‘ey WELD, WHI, DEWL, DWE, LEWD. Were ate a man, a woman, and a buby ia an adobe it the mountains of Mexico’ ‘The woman hae awakened, yal the baby, and pounded carn for the morning lst of tora, THe man i sil aeep om he serape the comer. The woman is hungry. She needs water ve torts, but eanot leave the baby. ‘The spring quazter of «mile away. Thi is concrete skwaton, cplanations are avalable. ‘Theories as to the origin of language are interes but they are probably beyond the test of operation remain unveried hypotheses, Four theories have Advanced which philalagat, tn Appant moment Characeried as ht Malina speaks of Avon ie demanded. Let 1. The bow-wow theory: words as imitating aphlyvasious language tt ofanimale. Vist ve will suppose that this Tadian family has geste 2, The pook-pooh they: language ax developed Ijcsage oly. "What most the worten do? She must cxclanation, sn dowa the baby, go over 19 the man, shake himy and “i Theding-dong theory: words originating hon him over to the heath, Then she must Incrmany tween sound and somes a8 in “buss” he ground corn, the empty water jay the spring, and crack” her stomach to abow tat she ie hungry. Ske mst “tThe yorhesho theory: cries in common font to the aby and shake her heady ticating that flo, a8 i ln chanto THE TYRAXRY OF WoRDS memirive PxoPLES A ‘meaning and will solve the situation, but st takes Mie Americans adopted the word canoe" one would and efor. halo ay "that boat with the curved sides cere ‘New ‘we wil bring language into the context Inrebaek, you know, thst darned Indian thing.” woman, “lding the baby, looks ove from the ve “rage” was invented, one woul! have had to comer to the slesping, man and. cies, "Paro! Wat ‘yneopated matic taken ftom the Negroes” Before GHELIE We may eat bar hon cine omobiley" one had Yo speak, with many geturey, ThA this Mle story eaves no doubts ty it was 1 8 hordes cariage, and draw disnetons between step to tae, sting. steam engines and internal combustion ‘Wie may also deaw an intermediate picture, The i have words bat no word at yet for water Them the statements above is anal sve time, but not mach She mst sy wr often hno perfcy well without speaking, and Go and get some of the cold, alors, liquid tu ‘ually communicate that knowing. Uy getarer— use for mixing torilas" This serves to lsat, nes Harpo Mars—but hat a act of symbols gives point that any language wil tend to grow unl there i the power greatly to inereae dhe efceney of com> Sigteeetebeaibe weny- coer en ce ote ication. Unibrtanatly, owing tothe. Tren chosen the gaps are file. Thus instead of a long. deci Tatler, w the fam which tke Topay, just giowed boat studies into homan communion and the meat Whe power sometimes work i reverse. ‘of fangunge, we fl tse gap with a new syle I indi dlieae to aleve that words have no mening SRE Sats ted Set os weet mee sels, hard as try. Hobie of edie nee mt bran area development of gesture eat, When cil ly throw aside. The following illustration may help te Tearaing to write, they sorts Git realy, a bas elped me sesdbstes kewissdl sniiacenise wean Tppose that an Englishman and a Freachinin are (oils gaara oeenay eee tae qed on a dase sland. "They ae an exceptionally seasons siees we guy mea inate pity one fom Yorkuite aad ne fom Drove, eet se ae a lady refoes eo Teaea the ters Tanguage, Mea: to the gesture made. Many moderns find it dificl to le, they are aot to die of startin and exposure, eT al Sines oe a eee joi hard work to be dene, much ef labour in eotmion, iad Sea aaicvaat eh cana fetes serve fo atime, but for era aks words ae badly language growing. year by years Hh Ie ‘Mencten ed. So hey deride, by gestures, to invent ane adnirably docamented the espaasion. ‘New words nge which ie aeither French nor English Each of coat eoremrig io Al Oa an tre je hows the alphabet common to both Is aan rn ee Piey have salvaged pencils anda pa! two. a paper vm the wreck Now observe careflly what Losi aad Js rst "ied egsege mt tas al They go down to the beach and begin. John points a Mencia? “toot cnaee 1 he say waving is arm to comprehend the whole Sone ate ihe See ee “fspanse, Lous ods. Joba wet om ht pad w at, Louis “southpa fui" War” it to be the word for “sea” snd “me” Sis oes (Eta eyed Isl nose points te the sand takes Bandi and rune "Blowatt”"pulmoton” "Xray," stratosphere W through his fingers. Louis nods and writes om his padFa ‘DE TYRANNY OF WORDS 1 Am. This sal sight with Jon, “Wap” becomes word for sand. Then Lows pois the apg, ad becomes the symbol for freak water- And eo they gi the sland, making up sre neural words, short and for all the common objecs in which they are ru Interested because of the werk there isto da ‘Then J Invites Loas by gesures look a him while he pantomime walks "Rab i the word for_ walk" fat for fun” Louie ste down and the seton ir sytli as ra So they invent words forall thelr compan "Now the task becomes ante. difelt. They ha word for "tee" but how shall they agi calle sof tes ora wood? ‘They werk i ot, Pethape by ad ‘ea asa sufi With tis symbole outa duly on ther pods and prerently commited to memory, ‘dy Tabours of Sing, foodogeting, cooking, sh boullding, are grealy aided. Yet mt single nnd mshing i tel “Tn due tne, Louis becomes lonely and wants 10 to John about his soa. But after a hunrcane of finde cuspren vr PIONEERS—1 uswors to the validity of language are ancient, if nil receatly pefound Te is reported that the great ole hime was oceasonlly weary atthe surpesing ions to_which pure seivony, uncontaminated Dp sieurdes of formal loge with bis clawic sory of ils an he tortie. In one's hex exmploying rigors ba logic the tortie always won; "in the actual word vay ist Wiliam of Occam (1300 an) challenged sinolutes” of dhe medieval philosophers. Jn a tact Ie razzed the Schoolmen, hang that “abeolates" "nverals™ were mental coaventeees, sd that God kl not be proved by words, His prscple of Eom ‘cian now ant aliplicnde Enis are not Te multiplied beyond what is necarery—was know a3 ns ago, beta shaved lean tbe Ray arguments the Scholastics. Willam of Oncam wet aapert to the hovtes, but happily nat bed inl “ive Macons, Roger aboat 1250 and Francis about 1600, bh sxptical of logie-chopying, and France was one ‘he prinipal founders of that diciplise which we eal enti method. Indeed, ever since Galileo refed fle by timing the drop of cannon ble from the tp the Tower of Ps, sient have been cg away fem yay language to invent new languages and az ors logic whith Better deserbe the oatide world. Jeraay samy concerned afew men have besa with he exact lation of law ad statue, es forced to arn ha great ental powers toward the problem of semantic, Oden, ‘looted student ef Bencbam, ushesiegly ees the "gd came ay rd ete a ae veh fseatal tasks are done, and whenever Louis an J do not clearly understand one another, they have bit Point isto the names thing or act, and then to fn the pad. Happy pait—they have no word for “el ‘muni and scannot get into an argument aout5 THE TyRARY OF WORDS ‘rusty old Yorahireman with the spark which ip The Manag of Meonng insta, by binging the ese {nto Bis equations and infrencs, shook the language ‘scr toe foundations, both mathematical and ver lind gave to bith Korzynkl and Began afr suppa TT propote inthis chapter and the following one tog ‘an cutlve of dhe plonering work of Koreybai, Out [Richards Bridgman, and others 1 wil enail & ‘amount of duplication of what bar gone bere. Th Young aad dial sady ike tema, however, itm Inatingicatea literary late to ay ngs tie. Tn seo ‘mpl T have ba to say some things a score of times Tlng them home, ‘The reader is frther warned th the outline a5 prevented 3 not pure Koraybsk or pi Ogden, but a composite thes, embredered with ‘examples elected by myelt Tam tying smo 10 ‘a fibric tha to exploit personales PIONEERS —1 53 ose rcs by cout esis ocone ‘he eo ee of attraction “ae apd ys stroman of teksti rearch and ace fo hn at, rch rental eoratn opment of chile in way ae vera el 2d AA apis preaches, the Reverend C. E. Newton of eld, Hines confsed recently that he ad surdered Denia ‘Kelly and then thnown her body ino. dat isippt River,” The State's Attorney thu desibed “elendants characters, his lovemaking. Finally be thought he could dono gal allan even begna to iden himself with God.” uch tragedies do verbal idenestions sometimes Tinive language wat cat in the sbjeceprediate nih ihe" a en fundamental Our aren Bean saimat “cow They tw anne anal of ur shape aod sid? "Ths anor ene ofthe sme at; bk are cow.” When they side same” Ingo the niqsenca of every jerk Ove may Sere ie ye Boman Hoy bt ter covet | experenes have occur when usps a mae of the res, was mistaken for a ‘‘cow.! rae voc langage slab?” Not i one i damaged tre ar thee ple of wats wd temperate 2 A B 40°F, 65°F. (Our remote ancestor, when anguage wat in inf give words to reaiony, feclingy emotions. Like dre, they idetied howe flings with he ‘mythology, gods or demons in human shape made thing vith ther hands (The world wat creatd in sc ‘The remarkable concepts became rote in the ‘language and the stuctue, i nt the my, remain lagu ws to tis day (Gosia J- Kejer, wetg of Koryo in Seite mati, had well uated the legacy of the pas: Deeply snl sy eel nthe sca fl lagu et be und ay rg sere ee Bega om rain bleh Sed peseene ew fl ‘ether "Po langengerbectse te secs a Mee y staph and my, by anamere lem ‘re rwrasoey oF wonDs ently old wate” There is thus no abolte Su” or “warm.” ‘The wie of langeage 10 prod such subtantiver fae fo the ets. Thee words ca raly expres things, but only relations. Relative to fet pal the water in the mide peli warm; to ane right plat substentally the sae tne, i Relations ve veil meanings abvlute warm flyer have none. Some wien on dynamic loge Sogedovty eal “heat” and "cold". polar. word late the elng of terperatire the pol of eat and pole of cold are bth nesemuy. Sime polar wordt food ta bad, bet and sow, heathy nd une to oo. "Take the word “bad” Tt probably are 9 exp sague feng of dike. Rather than go to the ‘Tcaribing the characteris one dace Uke in fhimal or a plot of sil one said, "Tes bad” All ‘Tach shert exe ‘Then the word wot made into a atv “dnc” AU this stration level, ib ‘omething ominots and menacing in 56 own Tight. hd ‘eit nt be auocdated with badnee Hades § Ieorporated int rigid standards of judgment, coped ‘oral judgment: “This gil is bad The statement that ie wally tad a veritable chunk of bude She may alo be a charming gid, Kod tildes, {o ber paren, and peinps ovina to her young m ‘To eat her oct of touiry ar “bad” i thereat oft Ghewaled or tro-nued appraial Adequtely tf hr id, we mut make 2 manpeaved.appraialy must brow ber ober characteris, the cream (Tie evronment in which she was Bough op te the moral code at the place and time of the foes, and something about the cconomic and ‘rejuies of the judge who cals er “bud ie aa boy who wil not getup in the morning is conciade that he any!" Casio," Stbsantve aa to "bednes” in the American ‘The boy seedves the hank treatment which. la Mrarranty and preety becomes deranged and oman able Fereunaly at spat doctor called ine ronuns—t 55 bee pa Saree ns fee ll creer oe eee aa ey pene na a He ag a tana not bcs bes Pape “lve fr bun sbeebs cen ih the canon wart" Whely bd ps and hone bed ante ep o ec wold owe tas «cera strate Kavwadge Moc ‘word Sear or Seal be bes care ar thn te apr ed ne, We have sedated Noy “on™ date sien coy a taint ee acure” a tam Regn copied by ey fin ofa sure, or Baer got ook eee "To get daable siete ne i sablsh definite relates Gesncen saan grdes tite order Rl, tr, sacra Asonomer tot deve the Ano ofthe tn om yng fice exchaivey, They sequte well knowlege Sling bt ati ety planes, oo, Ser of the tan, rela ida, my solar ea, ‘The raton flight an ging sls cardial fr knowledge abot the na we the ion fing get the an rte es Impetn tin thle Hes Let tbe extinguished, sn ne for ts thera they oo are engl, Sons36 ‘re TYRANNY OF WORDS ‘Koray takes a structural view of the human ner ype, Although ie sratoe Sr oo complex to under ily in deta te ordety fanedoning” depends on lection of meteges around the nerve itn a expla Jn Chapter g. Wien this drecon i teveed by phy Injury on, as Koneybelt believes, by bad language, ‘organi becomer testlly unbalanced, mentally“ Ctderode” Human beings obey law of ructre as the outhde workt—vhich makes seus, for they are oti i fe wich te andrand the moll and orl, it tial toe shad te a lege she ste coe ‘pital scr "To thie carval point Korey fexin and api, He cites dhe elpolsration of a ‘Ge eanot im mountsne or deve mouarears on bouitiee mighty wef id in both activites. To bean the map mnt be acraratey mort havea structre i to the tatory an which we are wo wall or dive tele and rade mis bear sla rlaons, the towns ‘ome ins oder, tothe actual rail roads, ae IW the onder of three cider going ruth is Motreal, ‘York, Miami, and the map shows Montreal, Mam, N ‘York, our journey sky to be a fssen. Tones fll roontaintral map to an indicated good camming tic ined out fo be a swamp. H cost me igh Povgulees and ery. "] ‘As we have seen, mos Ianguages (English, Fi Gernany what you il) with thee equating tie" thelr file SdentScatios, wpurow substantive foe levels of abstractions, and one-valied ud fe stractoally dial to oa nervous stem a favitonment. ‘The effect is Ihe a bone crise throat. We get orders and levels Cagle up; we tandestand apd misinterpret relations. "There it however, oe language which ie capable expresing the stor relations found jn thei Svar and fn che nervous yem Te ie wed Wid Tuclity by a Japanee asian, a Clean, ar an A "The name uf thie useful, wellordered langage satin dike tstimotils, but honesty seems to dem ProxEERs—1 57 ein this subjects and. here a tetimionial on mathe- is. Convinced by Korsybai that an understanding Matlicmatics improves communication I bought Hele ik, Callas Made Bay by 8. P. Thompacny snd Se to sh. Ina few days of hard sweating T brushed up what Pee Teele cue Se acc eal aaeet ood ene es a rete nate pretest tee Boe sorla pace cee ge Ps aan pena Bi ave ie a ae! Deere eee earn Poni’ taprcraniicgene pede he staan af senor oes a he ete inal empy = lenge dn eo bow are eee a Bs cnssenteus yen ase Fe re poss iene tc a Omen tae cette ence Seer err | oo cea eoteak ge nee eta aperalg ceteris eee a open Se pentane alien eee en Ee bo tte ta no Sea ae, Oe peonin Taye eres wa ence Naeriet p art gee Ber ageteeeicprsa| at eas eh Pind saeco oe eee pons ae EEE eae ae8 protection of natural resources" one mt be ex Fa there sno entity “mare” am old moder with fone hat interviews, bat tal the word is only wel ig for summing up a great varery of natural pro the Iydlagi el sll formation, wind and plant, animal lie, and son. “f The sae of Kee made, called somewhat omi a “eructurl ferential” aban ad in reshaping lang Habie At fist blsh, the model Tooks and sound Tei interesting t9 lear, however, that Dr. P. 8. Gray cf Washington, las cured mental patents wth its Wt pve m0 aid, of course, when mental diode ‘rsen fio physial case, but ft doce appear to Be in removing semantic Hcchage. Meanwhile the the srctural diferent in. contoled experiment ‘ehools shows & debnite rang of LQ. levee of 0 ‘of ehilren™ "The model conse of metal or wooden tagr Imanipulsor lear comet semaiie reactions Ts r ‘teen, but apparently fe wor. Tet wake any object and fallow ie ehrough the degele om the dagram. Here, for instance, this wh which T write. AU the sobiroscopie level of even” at oted euler, it sa mad danoe of de ‘An eve i proces which doe not sop and 1 the GE our Keowledge does rot repeat Heel, and 10 tre can seibe a indefinitely great number of ch Isis Not the phrase “iadeinitely grea.” "Safety" 8 many modern physicists dare approach. "At the net levy the objet eof finite sz. Ts ci ingce are many ut not indefinitely great. Te cam Spprchended by the senses, ap the event cannot ‘Biker revoguizes » pencl afer experience (at le RSA ase al aoe coins Wie mronsuas—t 1 to Inock it om the for) but be gives no name to ian beings give it Taba. The label vies wit leven language. Ta Rosia, “pene” becomes “ks- ish” "Phe nervous sytem sbtracts the eject fom event, dropping out many characteristics in the proces, je human being gives the object a name, sberaction ay rect eter het outs” sng on fo te four 2. The ebject—nonverbal at this Tevel. (Ogden and dhrde cal tthe "erent. 4. The word "pencil (Call “label” hy Koraybai ‘sma by Open and Richsts) +60 ‘Tur TyRARRY oF WoRDS 4: Deseription of dis pene { Pencllearacla 6 Pencis as howchold equipment along with and ables 17 Pencil as part of the tem “shel,” sting fut doting "Penis av yar of the term “standard of ving. 9. Peselle as part of the com ‘“eooomic goods 16. Penels as pat of the tenn “production.” 1 Pence as part of the term “eapitlisn.” 1 Pencils ax part of the term “Western clini 4g, nels as ave of dhe cenm “human culture Gh, on, on. ‘Oherve how remote om the. objet capil’ cry abataction fr fo dhe omen pentl, laves of bread, wheelbarrow, bank cheques, Symamos which eousitote the lowerorder referents in the cod give meaning, x any, 9 the tenn. Obs the great difeulty of any two pesos agreeag on a re fora seis of rere for the label "capitaliom.” Without such agreement, capital cannot be intl ‘Secused, Paling meaning dacusions, che main rel ‘fu the ter i argument ito tir emotions. uch mations wil be random, undirected and fovemmed by each debster' mental image of de ast "When we sy dt he Taba "i" he object, we on vo alntacton level. A cild wing the model i the separate meta or wooden ‘agr and potes that econ tng nt the thin. This pial handing stam the ditinon ‘between, word and thing firmly into re pevctve week collage [repost to ther we of the Koray techie ia 1 flow General Scant weil n handing eam not eeched by oi hl "Une prey rai manages a = “ud ie has ben anoishngly noes oe fr the thing Toniation of word with thing suggest vious ques over which men have debated with vigour and psion Mhowsands of years. What ae ° eee eee She ‘schon tt cia aie cere Chae spon A svearch chemist hat supplied. me with an exellent fost without changing the quality of the candy or ie henieal analysis, ‘The management prompay acid upon Tis soxgetion. Thereupon the morale ofthe factory went i piceex Foreman and workers were convinced that the st watch was afvior, sid bad fr the ean. I labour cots neeared, batches were epited,miunder- andings developed. My chemie was” an. nconou ‘What goatbe ‘ra TYRANNY OF WoRDS ee oer ee ere ea ee ee ee eee roses —a 6, "be conscious of abstracting is to know what level on ate ony and what characterises are let out 8 tat Jer "The event has characteristics Indefinite reat, ‘ile penaisaeaane bas very few. About all that one 9 say about poses Sa, general is thot they symbolize jects whieh (1) are Hoager than’ they are” broad, (2) will mate a matk, Ie one i unconscious ef abtacing, Ii gives to words a definite, oneraluod meaning "She fia bad gid with no ands of but” He flere Soother perma’s speech as always having that theaning. His eactions tend tobe Rasy and emotional, largely fxs ‘he thalamus region. “He jumps down your throat with You're wrong!” Hei fil of imate tas and eternal rincplen Wi abseaeony fied at ee rather than esd ecg a eal te Oa wer nat "wom." and develop a fear ef "Rees A Tir newour dete loom nee fat abead, Bein bee cue Teads to fanatic and dogmatism, Young men and women make an enity out of the stration "mariage," conceiving it to be an actual ute bis eyond imagining. When they mary, the Yeaiting shock is -eedesiy great. “Heaven” tes ievastating, because its devotes can Sle 20 Inter report xcept in spook parlour. Heys in 1907 who expected ‘yar tobe a horrible busines sled let fom shel shock ecording to Koreybli than those sallined ith "gary," patriotism,” anda “bate for democracy.” (Observe that in the semantic approach to sbsirsctions thre is'no pen 0 "think ogy throwgh™—the sock, ete 0€ one dogmadst to another. "Thinking things Uivogh has heretofore largely meant snore wet mental Isiour—fom chought to word and back to thought agua, Nere,om the contrary, we are ying fad te obj the yr to which the thought and word tele, and afer Ut t discover i tetera relationship, ‘The mets "sew diepline in many feds, tearng-down. of the ‘ull of what ha pase for thot and bung fh, The structure of language iherited from out pratve wcestors och hat proxies separate terms for factors ‘nich ae aseparable in ae" Mate,” spacey" times? Sigs ro Some India ron fae ‘Some Indone ave gh “The fink to ls ane desipton ad tre enc Int a conf of nrenor ae Gsespon very com sone pine poi Homan fe © infects to impenons dciplou, beat they are moe ‘yeoman We he nn ond iM god long ee’ we.dpanionly thom Thee ei eo ho oi {omy lien dat ols to descriptions SSeteacl, any, nex Tt hep order Sse. Mfain sy “How wold yon defines erporaion?” TTom owes, "A coportion ta lol doce. voiding pond espesaiiy snd plundering the eb ‘ri cnn Tt makes vo In cae The loa repos ea vealed ‘loneviag he polis i an inference “He Tame the Teper sad Gh John and‘ lees AIMe a defaon ie Bang gies. Instance f uch Fao sve very aumerous They tae the gene for What 27 Pe chal of «thing oe Xie fie thing "The objective characteris of ¥ are not dslsed.6 ‘THE TYRANNY OF WoRDS ‘pliable inthe rea work. ellege boy T Kno seporte that he snd group offends s9t up all ene nigh i 109 furtouly arguing the quesuon, "It tere were B0 ma Jn space would tine go on?” Obvieuly there cnot Someting towicre thtone ae oP Nothing, Someviere, st sre ine verything which happens most be structurally represn ‘1 something, somentere, st sme tine. We wut ty Tends to get gether. We iesite them to on home diner at seven o'clock, The fiends are the “something? the hou the “mewbere;" the seven o'deck “some tne" So far as we now Know thie the ‘of every situation Ja he enviroment in hich we Yee ie was not ntl Einstein and Minkowk at thie concept wat rescued from verbiage and nailed the head of modern phys ‘Adam says: "T don't Uke Harvard. Univesity. wouldnt send my hoy thre." "The statement i mea Tes as ie stands, What ir i that you do. ne lke Me ‘Adan? “The cologe Dulldings, dhe Yard, the location, Cambridge? ‘The way in which President-Emerit Lowel Iban he Sacso.Vaneth cae in 19972” The thea instruction ia 1796? "Some member of the fealyy 1998? Pars ofthe curret eusrculum? ‘The appointment af Jamer MC. Landis ar dean of the Lav Schocl? football tea? ‘The socesy crowed? Wat ting? tn Place? Wh? Te Adam, made alt of those charctrieics of ln 1938 which he di ike sod another of thse which didnot The, ‘and found he second more impresive, he ‘Bight propery say that ofr ae knew the crcumstancey, these were more characteristics of hich he. eleappeoved than thee were dat he approved. Or he might say that angle negative factor outweghad Ja his mind a lumber of postive ftom THe could shorten thi tT don't like Harvard” provided he were fully consis onsite one such grovp; "body," “mind,” consicue ‘another. We thus try to opt sn car beads what ison Pronenns—t 65 he abstraction, or short ext ten, If not conscious lend mot of ware notin such statementhe fs gully ding phantom He might ex wih equal meting, Tidon't ike centaur.” ‘iarvard” is an abstraction of @ rdatvely ow order Applying the whatorherevwhen test to lier abaraction, paces even more shatering reul Take. "beauty." Win kindof beaut thing?” At what time? In what place? Take tree secth." What vasiry? Ta what age? |n'whae couney? I kxow of no more elective method for Arapgingabsractios out of the serstorpere into the fart pace KKoraybskt employ two allied symbolic devices which | find Wery wife When making » statement aboot thing, own, pecially scenic thing, he appends the date: The behaviour of the human nervous stn keown snl eseribed by physslogesin 4993" Seeatie creas F frow and change ss addional ict are gathereds "We never now it all; rather, we progeenively arrow tne margin of dhe unkown. Tee wef to acute the hit of dang statement acene or ofheewie Again, en fering to usigue individuals, wher they be men, ‘ogy cateplas, er penlly Kormyid uses Ute sate: hata symbols-Silth, Smit Foy or—io" att tem of, one fom anther. T' have area ted th ‘vce ia eae page, and will we i Request asin, I helgs one to femember that here eno mankind general Joo in the univese, ut only Adam, Adam, ‘Adare Desies the Indes andthe dates, Korybski advocates | more general we af quotation marks (he "trh") tn onder to remind wn that an alataction Gr being wed soto put us on guard, He recommends a tore general ‘ie of yphens ("psjehoragie”) and a generous spring «Cees ety" tovemphase the pent tat charcterties Jane been ft out. "The apple is round, see, ete inate that the apple ha ther characteris in aditon (o'rmundnes: and seca. Thee devices I dot find tefl as dhe indexes and the date, but they do help We make us concen of Iangaage.CF rte TROY oF WORDS {ied fuigetnts of thre stdin have tobi op Getectod sight thinking fr cestuien He ivr tres Spubols tos stem of general soma By whch he mean "noe Artes” "nor dent “howNewonian” ‘The symlns not ase mc but they seve to show hit pat of slo. Observe he no agent Arca, or Enc, or Newton Ors ete ey, He ei ig oe, ‘cee ty, when beter med cf conemunieaton are sraablo—tener in te we ‘moe gly Teh the word ene OT hate FOS fame af iy comply Sought time and pron fit up to 8 dove Use, Large et il re bik in my mid,“ took on the cai tf ncasing sbod ot be 0 US to userid fe out isde othe act that Roybal war a ‘nel more to lets snd thea an ob trem part thee that he entangled thi say wath hab concept calle “te odin” t woul Rae Ba cuarren va PIONEERS It Koxzvast approaches semantics as a. mathematician, ‘Oyen and Richards appronch ie a scholary intrested Initeratareand esthetics. One long section of The Mecng Of Meaing i devoted to am analyse of teen cones of "dena. Te noc withow sigeieance thay, arg Hom such deren bacground the two sic travel to m many sinila conclons. They agree unequivocally at conaion of word with thing rampant in the present ve of languaye, and. the chic cause of communication Aire, “They agree tht abtract words are grea me Fane and dat this mishandling tend fo populte The fovieonmen wis fbn ene The heart of the Ogten and Richasds analy can be iagramed by a wangle as gen on page 68 “The tangle is not a pattem of ere chanel, but a Angra owing rations, sds. ststoal preetain, Vom the outide werd 'and sometnes fom a pain other simula fsde, we reve a spn “Aon fay be ‘timulas fom without oF proc sehin.” Tir sign tw pocced interpret to Bind meaning in. Interpretation, voted ear, dependé on past experience. Thesound of Itch serapd upon a Bot lads sro expecta flames Ife Id never mown matey the ign would be without meaning Ugh asvage ihe ponsly mere! ara de vatching his eat ‘The ight of x opened oir wil eae Pesurabetnerpretationtweluveleamed to ejoy ote, fin apathy or gt ose have never ben encoatered, Tuan experience i a seis of sig stutony, flowed hy eelection and the fling of referener in the bran. The sgn eal up the objectthe match, the oyster, ‘upon his boo, the word can never lok as it did It moves nearer. Many things which ere once b and misty come into focus68 ‘Te TYRANNY OF WORDS the pencil—which i Inbelled the “referent” The ree Bs the Thingumbob to which the sign refer. We yp lien’ mena ‘dog’” when we sold tay that ‘wofde “chien” and dog” both efr to the same ai Tin the cortex, the es of memory are consulted and in Dictation takes place, This proces Ogden and Bich Ebel “retrence”or thought. ‘The “selerent” is that ‘which reference ix made- So fr, this proces applies A higher stimalz ‘Man alone takes the next sep. ‘echass the reference witha word, phrase, oF "sym From sign to refrene to refrence to sjbol—dhat isd ‘ander, Animals can limp azound he tangle by wing few meaningll eis and gestures in place of words trends of parmoe sip the top ofthe triangle al ee rowan 69 The twlangle gles ut the key to the alli semantic oblem, the misuse of abieaction, “Clear communica: Visw demands refren, reference, and syibely all three, Suppose we diregard’ referent, and simply think about voy ing words to exteralie that thinking. We oll round and round, ‘The “subline” merger nto the od" and both into the “etemal”, “Liberty” merge io "inaidvaion” and. both itn “true democracy.” "National Socialism” ‘merges into “racial party” and ja ino “toaitaiansm” Many Feaders who’ mould Jular ideas and prncples perform with singular lisivenass em the let side of the Wangle Ta the next ideal dkcusion that you heat, watch fer thi let Thnded. performance, and take what amuiement you oo Mare alent fghtens me- What om earthly fn earth—are thee people talling about? ‘They eae fr ip the sbetreton Inder with magnificent diveard for te referent. "Yet unless both speaker and hearer are aware ta similar referent, minds cannot meet, agreement cannot Ire reached, communication is checked st elective at hen ame nape off rao. ‘ec, for emple, is the Archbithop of York ssying in contetion with the aieation of Baward VIIL in she fear rogys" The King isthe ineroation of is people” The Aotement igravely disused but what does itmpean? Heres Mi. Aldichy of the National Cty Bank, admonisking the oingat Colgate Cellege while eceing at Boncrary degree: We ned aap seperation, 9, bain ae well a he ent i ethics ae of a Fics vin edtegic seta beglna! cfcecesne vdeo whe our ferlters wre tying doy ate ly vin etl lr sprint poten tart sei Here is Nicholas Berdyaey, 2 Russian philowopher: “Bie. Joey ie the tei of a deep interaction between ete ul ime; it the incest eruption of etic into ne I meatal energy were inesbacsible, i ight not mater CObverve thatthe tangle dar nv dave Thi = ma of the fist importance. ‘There is no direct relation (ean teferent and eymbal, between thing. and 2 tindlg mechani Swed. Yet hiss begs Contanty leaping fom word to ding, idenying ‘vith thing. "The most prolife fallacy of oman, Chune i tat the base of the tangle ie fled in.” Sr you may, yoo cannot eat the word “opster," ca sit onthe word chai,” cannot lve en the word “money ‘The confi ofthe symbol money” wil tings in real world required for srsval an comfort is per the central economic diieay of modern timesp "TE TYRANAY OF WoRDS {Dat youand 1 and allege seniors expended good effort to ubdersand this sore of thing. But the human mind Stone ean think hard about abstract uber or more t {wo bou a day. Vive minutes serious thought about th frypion of eterity into ne puts me under the tbe, "To make «satapeat io symbolizes reference, to gh f lel wo-a chought. Buta reference without 8 hha in midair. No eat would be guity of such nonin "The advance in hnowladge the screase inoue power ‘eferng to seftrents a they actually hang together.” ‘curl ie again. Tes coin cealar ot lipial? An observer at tl tankind fea spr oF the leva ter elipical. An observer above the ois Divine” Vou cannot make ch atatements boeane its crear." Whit a problem for Pilots! The ony Adams, as physically observed fly contradict could keep 4 shoo! of Heavy Thinker bury for dec je ctu, or betawse bo competent obevations ae fn the let side ef the tangle, dueasing the quality a n meord.” Yer bow often in sng the term have you ‘lipcal and the ewence of the reuse, By no manne inipltly overlooked the parade of Adam, a le of tmakebellove can we dics the wha! of releens women, and children two. bilion song which, lable? Weean only cover the fs How does tabla f mrching one fot apart, would stetch fifeen times ‘Whatarclts characteris? How do our senses experience rund the equator? This ie your reltent. ‘Too often T "The pot of every diction is fi he referent Hv gotten tad sed "mankind" a lever to promote fe ie found, emotional fictom disolve in mutual 1 rvate concep of what I wanted pen todo or be. Thete ‘Manding. ‘The prtcpants are then starting fon sn iy "mankind." Call as bry at you may, “Hey, Teundaten, talking about similar things. "The ‘Nnkind come here!” and not an Adar will anne. sent, st musta, is grounded on 2 Sem base Toe such tery as the omnipotent” and "the eer, ier, of course, Bnd Whe feleent fr “oxygen” cha i find referents, one or mor, for" oer” ot “feudal.” Feleens fr high-order shseaction are imposible to forthe daconion fut, Ircreats are del tole ‘ats x bother But they most be ound ‘We cannot cape from concrete reibrents by absrac language. If we ty to dodge the dificuly, o ‘words become meanings. We Fequenly use the abit ton mankind." What the reerent? Depending ta fine on the conte or the way we ie mankind” Feleent is every person who ever lived, every ppenon, or 4 sample study of enough persons to Fed conelaons about ll pron. On debs op Heine to-day che referents are Adam, Adam, Adam roweens—1 n about Ads What ean you say about sue st coletion ef Adama? You cat say that pracelly an probably sey that every Adum abuses language, [provided he talks ata, Characteristics, descriptive ster ens inferenees, which are a matter of common record Procically all dat one ean say bout “the sublime” is hot itis “that estence which partes of sblimity"— iat, partes of blabwhich fot especially rewarding (Or dae can say “he subline” means the omaipotent Aoxher Blab, "Sublime" isa useful adjective to etablich ‘lations sbline vice, 4 subline wines to be ‘pavigly fr what ove considers top-notch, ‘The word ives fromthe Latn,conneting orginally "pt theline Trem Tike Veapitalio’” are not 0 bodies. They le tveen “muain," with i observable parade of Adams, int “the subline," with nothing obsemable. Referentp sae TYRANNY oF woRDS eee eee es et eee ee a Tecate. We sal sy vod sae in ater chapter, ‘aft ay that ey people trday have Slr ree Se eapimiam" and herere mon of eG Stowe itis meine, “Experiences of inividuals die. Hence thi image ghd sbrecons ier. ti acodingly wi Saco, say Ogden and Richards, art oo hing thie one ean pit simple terete ‘och as Adam, tat crthers that any ths eal ‘Then send the absracion Jade age pus frequent checks. Ie wil save dine nd leon bn the Te Meng of en tet ran ace lnguage “Among them are the followings Biel pete eo es ty me ye sword Rover” in any acon anf ce pad fog. The seleene may be comple, howeve, ke Magan inbece” Cal comes pper i Gato” Mathematical sybol have no spec setrent fa be mansplated thong sw agreed pen top Sy given et We sal clone ops thie import at erp. 2 Sob hick ea be util oe fo tor {ie ane ey tag Lam thinking tho the ‘hjce whether {uy "Hobie Bas "ny yellow eat BT ht of cnr gb or eer stn theese of maskin wach we apeetaeheeete edt eel ‘ran sisracton of higher or, “gl ombal rit to wt otal elt rr ae eins tates ion aah ‘age dems oro wha he beter ni lem ta Tisy “my yellow dog” by a ip ofthe tongue he esky al Bobi er the ner, cro ye Tturally think Tam talking about a dog. Needle to Sips of the tongue nny ectvely Dios communal Tis shopgal sy The peta eo te ‘tis proiby a ogasine to wich she reer nota Sscommonly known in other ee “Only suc 2st of anon,” tere our author Prownas—at 6 ‘ule the philosopher to discus more important mates Non his own or hr collegues peat af expresion.” ‘When we define a ear we reach for the dictiauary and ubsttute another synbal forthe same nlerent, Ala” W slo called a "lounge." When we defive fing, we Mocibe is characteriice: “This sla to which Tce fv: Gxt long, thre fet broad, made ef ea, covered with ve spl rales do the work of 40,000 mond By combining fundamental operations of pie with twenty directions comity, Ogden got rd of c00 Engh verb. A right lent can Tea Basle in afew wees, and Tor hat quarter mankind (half a illon Adams) which alseady speaks Tilsh, only ee polishing it ecesry. I Base becomes eraly not only will eomminication be aided, but one a hr reatons for wnt wil be lesened. I is hater to hate Virignes™ who speak ote’ lnguage Meanwhile L. A.'Richads hat been ‘extending the con- lye: fist anounced in The Meaning of Maming na seis nc were omitted. How could they be expected to jugs” ‘re remaaony oF woRDs ese uns they knew who verote i? 5. Which {hin mind of Shaw's outraged crits in Fan's Fis Fl ‘In The Phply of Rar (an wofortnate te in opinion), Richards amplifies wth great clarity cet ‘ipees of senantca, The sic of shetorie and gram fioume that words bave definite, onewalued 1 ‘Bat mot words as they pas from context to context ch ther meaning, and im many diferent ways. Ti Sy and tei sence to to dos, We recall Malina Dire “contest siaton,” and hiaioabiit © unden The words of«psitive people wt head shared thelr [Avpajor cote of communication fue js the ene Teanng superstition to it chat a word at meaning ‘Own independent ofits te, and enetralngisuse, Asa ma tine ord ae sir easing ony in a smi comte Flere are four statements cnploying the word ft”: 1. Shei 2 ft gi, 2 Yate 8 lames of wala at ee The e's iy ts he 4 lw the in ofa mammals i layer of ft. owenas— es Hace in which to Sind it, Look to the conten, the onder Nn the elaon in which the word i beng sciey tmployed No word Sa ulaon cn be judged sore oF income, Beat or ugly, o aythng lt that mate, iy more dam a gle mea note ea be jodged except trian toa maly, ceptions ra eas Shr Without contest the word say be wren "Babe By Ng anon we cae te he sued of ean wom, bot ty thom ns Chinese genan. "Through Cavers messrele 10 tun” Sa ney ringing Hint pony, Nowe ie wersji the dr ‘neues man vero theowgh” Uni a iting, Tbliiers and thet produces are quent gu of pefrming word mage by tering phe fem tevewer' coment and ng in a bitsb. "The reviewer, foe example, "This Henk beau example ob Now to confine th reader!” Next moring te Star-Pibne years with an advertemen othe bask page th a stvambead: “eae comple + Qe Hokus” Yet n't ese T doubt the polish od egal be bed lly of awdslent pace He bar misepecnted in Fie but so conBdent are judge and he of that words have ieaning i ibemelvr that simply prov Titel id say enuf cxmple"— yeh Ae aid would peoably conan adoqste dence ‘Abate terms are epeily sujet chaage dn sting context easages Ac ler point we all hte haw the meaning if omer" ht altered since Vi, when the moor Commerce Clauss ten ithe Gaysttution. Yet we snk for ful come seve, ar we meget inten at » fly frcrtableaeient, rather than ata situs ‘The remedy {tot to rest such change, bt t Flo ees gly, dof the Recbiiy of speech, Widely dtc ms Kc this remedy” wuld be ike he todo ot Comment is uoecestry a to the date mate of “4 Grattmany words Wint word ena the ming pa tthe cont fom whch it dravn it delegated eficay Tale he statements "The swooped ut of the findlasied othe hangar.” Herb smtet since i Sndieates the word “silane” so early that we ha etd to we te abo, Te image comes without the “The ene properstcating speriion mode Wore vwiten worl) bose on the page they-appeae ‘pcan ting of re fc Spoken words run more ogetber sad sate Sraaentene w ousted a whole and the context fealy grapet. ‘The avalanche of printed words eave ear by yeu sd the ofiting Ht a word Talo loudspeaker as own indvasages. “The {hat meanings belong to" words Sa thir own ight Inch aster, avo of the magel theory of "We pine to the dtlenary as dhe coneuae ar smuuings Mor nage. The dionary alot theroxtens—at n oon ose. The dist of the Coniaton was unheard i when the Consation was dred sod for aay eas theater. The wideprad eaboaiation of the doeument ce the ie ogee. The hnae-tue jrocpe wai dows bdore reset work in Msg Seley, nd anthopslogy madeittndevant. Ando itgoc. "inp chang fom tine tine, bat normaly ag ta bia ehtnga athe aso he ote woes fic doing things they donot believe fn some deeds Mead of beesog i them. Many ot are now wig in and wear words ot tik fe yrong to oso, escation hears, Daspony wil probably be merly 2 fire, with 20 mal principle inwlved,Foday gore: Int provider work ald'money forte unenployel, Ts nteavene the prince ovement interereaceanis r= ed in high quant ar asmesablenecey A few yes bos ama ex bencped sand a seman terns 2 pase Judgment ial ittder sbtractns, arma witout fren die ui ote by expedient or epenion, revered fr Hele {uh Some raps apes oak ie more lel; rater umber have the eppaate elec. By ining {ip and paricdacly by tying tat the tppcnton ih great del bars ae me 6 ‘i TYRANRY OF WORDS eee ss. ee ae ‘Thorman W. Arse in his book The Soll of Gs inet, makes tn important and entertaining application ‘Emintie theory. lit “symbols” apply net to trons, bt to the principle, ideal, dogmas, my vet Mich men cary around in thes Reads Ta order to eve Confasoo. vith the more rigorous "symbol" of O Stud Richard I ssl we “prinipes” in dscasng Ara [A job lot of Amesican prncpls to-day inlade ‘Decry Se bet an of goers Gena ane by autre coup and nin ‘Aor mnt am abege ge a fb ‘edoay tn wa nerng vie Laat ea ve, ‘Tie Content i divinyl document Pie open 3 med Hae Principles provide standard rule fee judgment for conduc. Instead of invenigating te faci ofa situa fone cape a principle upon c.f the priniple happens ‘fete face, may be uel timenver. IF Dae facts of a bygone age, ite application to ew facts apd. ‘enone may be fiicnlon ce disaswous. Pendpes Ihake seme af the dine oftheir origination although ‘Aryan mytht which the Nagis are now formulating ‘ancl snake no seme a¢ all. The wouble is that [eepton, people begin t rand chem ae etal, good fy sitnton, anywhere, a any Gime. "Faking the jab Tot Tied abowe, we note Chat the out the inctiieney of governments probably oi With the English coms around 1020, and ceased Trve much sation to the fats afer the very llc Bits Cv Service wr inaugurated in the 187 Plincpls abou the wory man and is jb, the Dean GF ein and the vices of finest squared With dhe f long is Arita was a nates of plonees. ‘The prin ingen t be inapplicable in the Eastern section of country after ge and inthe West afer 1920, whew fo labour unions oa peinetpe ae prepared to lve wlions lars rater than sully hae ideal What they perone fly lose, soley, dey hope wil ome day ain Trincples are’ alten taped pin praca! pplication,fests more to be repected~outhoney, internal conten ‘ational thinking histori principles, To sce the wold ‘aye Robinson, eather than wae with the es Tight of piscpls ip aot am effort to get along without ‘eal ais, and esprations; “it san effort to make these ‘pores rea, t9 make them attainable im eonerete tere ‘lg ideals cam rena fa the Thity Years" War betes Cathole and Protestant, or they ean result in the vit ‘actives ofthe Red Crt On the one side death, on ‘theif. With more looking outward and es looking in ‘we mig dt our behaviour toward the Red Cros ide oth Robinson and. Areal! advance a strong case rental fetons They ble that widhot principles tide them rest amen would fel at aed a they Walking down the street without heir clothes Perhaps ‘clleion of Scions i inevitable. But T confas Io Ferard o the day when we sal digpease wil co ‘ot deve rom enrfal bxerston and from the neces ff survival and well-being ser Ue condos of hr eo Nothing ee ca we know surly, and noting eles bbe Bowod downto. Or so een to me: “FAmecicans were devoid of igi principles i scone able that poverty would have bean viually liquid bout 3925, when must profueton became a dominat dementia! the manufaeare ef good; that the ‘depression would noe have taken plac: that the so Supreme Court cra would not have atten; that Jabour situation would not have beoome acute; that prompects of @ war involving the United States would Be Eonarally emote; that the Demwocrae and Republic partes would be eninct; and that we could go peace About our busines of improving our relations to ‘ovirament bout "This may be a ue fantasy ofmy own. But do sobely ask, Why, if we must have prineipes, do many of nave to be so cucli their ingle eects, and 00D timed for what Is Iappening in the seal word now? {hink one important answer is found Jn the stuctre the language we te cHaPrER vit MEANING FOR SCIENTISTS hatte oe cia te oe eas ee ene oa red reader For my own ake‘ el at ft iy Ee leat at dead eee SSeS eer Fis Soopers a La ee eae ee Fee ee eS eee ee areenicueatt heats Spey ee oe Be ee ee peeks ces rs ere cae ned eee aie sees Lee eee aod Poca ce Pe eee ee Yen thinking ‘and communicating in ways mores, pe ee aes& ‘Tie TyRANAY OF WoRDS “The new weapon isso sharp dat i sometimes wou thems ewe mr fe de ne me Specs of relativity ard quantum theories but ‘crcat upon an aventre whe excement and {Shoei bia to veri ini rtd the ee om he ened tarew the ogo out of pcs, * pice the wold ceatiely enefcted by the human seen frei he produced the lowest yet made wo bopper inate. To commanieate wit he had one Etoployela mathematical leeguage, the clelu ft Soha” says ET, Bell “thresh ut th laws of a Gulag the observers eccentrics fom what ‘pendent at him, with the supe ficiency of tare” "To measure saying acutely 2 man must tae sealed ule & clo 8 telescope, ot other strane Sed make fending ‘Every realiug depends on the fi lol of ight om mcr suck to ee, and on the city of eve cutet fom eye to cote Although th Fite vty of ight wes need more tan 0 ce fgo (0070), up ¢o he time of Eien ie wan a eating were ltantancone Newton dso {ve comeration te finite voy of the ray of Hight intrament to eye, Einstea did, and. Newton, ph eo ried” Meron wren tbe ily meseuements over ong dbtaers, Nevscns ‘GPrechuoc ll work jn teretal magnitudes with cl Spprosinaton, but he sbaates have lst thee maj yar ound that “ibe voc” was but 8 pate tf gpang abot binder Hn observation. Etwtcn thu gave n-new cnt (0 meaning, He fm the meaning of Teng so longer in abot spe, inthe erie by which the length of physio wos determined he checked the meaning of “simultane Iyoperationy and fv the concept untenable. fl Tarvabsolste space” and vabelte te” were me physical notont in oor heads. When operation dled forthe notions dbappeared—to the acute di ibe major of pc MEANING FOR scuENrsts 8% "his binge ws to another mater ofthe St importance, I Einstein thallenged the mised Erowledge of the pot lading the immortal Newion, sad gave contempeany ci ere mental ington wi id they le fo brates, Why athe not ora one et ta ie lect To thunder with you, Mn Eine? Culleged the whole sactre of mony and edie Inocver peasy, the eomomis and sateen wos fis, fo thunder wih you, Chase! and turn on thet Ives, That weuld probably beth end fi Hinan coal nt be dm Bene he was wor ihn te rigour of te sce meds Teo oe Aone beau Scene tet is ankaows othe thai of money and et tr sw maa by lich sie men can age that T am wrong or sgh Hone sents applied snarls of pot te ees Moines, and rouch st pained ther dance feng ey I erage dat he was eight Ian when Home apes vats fom this plancty Tope. tat some eee fencer, wil remeber that nse men chnbel hich place. ‘A few menber af the race acknowledged = Wiline which made. thetnbow, because they ace {isa toe te meting thatthe Ren ty Siage dost not omit of gentmen with Vandphe bars In white cans aqui Son mecreapey ose Ve othpate adversementt headed "'Sceece Sa "The central poston is eld by experiment. The ‘spcriment’ must Be conducted under rly senor uitons, 20 that another uae! man can repeat ft vad he must dexcibe his procedure so thee B con ily another corp, oF prove'to the Worthen 4's aun ‘yr, that ACwas asaken, 10 ise mo basher tea “re TYRANNY OF WORDS 2, Net comes 2 yingup of experiment ino bun having one or more Garsterserin common Tannen. gm the group of experimen, dections ot idioms are then enw Many seins op hee Some of the bein fo alee fn the goo) cxvence ‘Gases os "ene? and thor fall ut of sence aes.) ” ‘4. Laws or generalizations may then be attempted, aceon ln of gray, ‘The ls of ature ate Moni bles tat facil rls fr human acon ture, Obey dem’ or ge io woul "Anihersangard procedure mong seats, contre fom the ic value = hypothe, or heath State taal a a hypo or beter, keep so Thee ange a aia apne he Ipoh canbe proved or diproved As inthe ee ie yoied corte other ears mont be able ep ihe expeiment snd check the prot, This ‘SEicaly Eich prceare He got anew he proud tin mathematic! Inga, aod the ha Tie yp of ravi, ada pesmen prot rir imtereting flow the come tat prot. A axher prac whic are fom te bypoie, ‘Sere fall to bo of primary nportnce? (0) chat ‘olor ofthe peihelon ot Merci mast be apr {ng econ century (2) chats Fa fight coming mawtea FoR ScrENTIS 85 The hypothesis was thus proved correct within the Limits of current knowlege, which is enough to expec Dit reatigy was aoe male into "eternal truth” Good cuits were through with “etwnale” Relativity wae Vly the tues pete of certain arpects of the world et covered. Tn 1098 sil semana so. Ta 90 1 ay i superseded by a concept which shows corer Darwin, Pasteur, and Chamberlin alo began with pre Fminary hypothise whieh were ater verifcl in whole Here is @ scents inventgatng a contagious fever, He ‘wants co tnd out how the dice Ia transered fom one ‘csi to the net. rst he browses ound ithe erature ‘enka another pcre fir te sake of const, A voted ocala alt i the cry cowed by povery fin be cured. ‘Long experience with poor pee aad ich people leads its tthe Sypothes thal cota Wt Tal He cannot very it by aay conve expe neat wih another man can cbetk she anges and vmstat capitals i the mong: Tt may Bes, but Tinea upport 0 sves frente Servo, ope fy his heady and ot bisa Seeate knoe Ie moves stety Seward soil rete plunge se, {ns bck to plunge agin The scents Gs hr cent td makes pte totes can fed hem inthe dace The fefrmar ea sldom leat erent even if ere ir any too Bn nye tied be a me: and Toagh koowe The sdenie method is concerned with how shnge 4s hppeny net how they sgh happen. Kaowladge Wi he way things do happens with noe, and, or bu ‘tapprosimately tg seconds; (3) that the dlsplas (reenain liner tothe solar spetram. ought to be Iately 008 Angst uate Many experiments have Tmadey ad a the measurements have grown more ps {he rests have approached more casey to the predic "The motion of the petbelion of Mercary has been. ved ‘with igh precson! measurements of the angle of Tigherays near the win are Row down to 1.72 wih a poobable eror of 10 seconds ps or mis Seplscement of lines In he spectrum is down © ‘Sn where the predition called for 008CF “THE TYRANNY OF WORDS allows us w deal more efecvely with our ea ‘The method no mare an exclave matter for pol onal thon i¢ jr a matter of white coats and. go Moat of tz ate amateur sletis to-day, though we feldom aware of ie You are driving along 2 ange Sd beenme lost In what direction are You going? ‘ia i shining. You look at shadaws cast by tele poles snd then ook at your wateh. It near noo, the shadows must run approximately sor and The operation is cre, but it save petrol. 1 am wa SEAMING FOR scrRNinE Py val obtain similar res, “were the most important ever (ken by our sace”" By the scene method, men are brought to agreements in s emotion and pusion have no place. The degree of ‘emotion diplyed bya dispatant observes Bertrand Rese is a dizetinditstion of his lack of knowledge ofthe subject fat sue, At the stage of unproved hypothe, scents fan et themes go to aguabble sad scratch, bet when. the experimental proof comer in, they must ‘cease thelr Ickering and remove thet hat ‘with ferione. ‘Then one of similar size beide it T pal he fat has abvaye been fo the phy de one sinate ith A x tne which tre no appl aad ds ce as Neon posible aad ta nly ane eons hits T we It on other ness and so sve dime Jeroiene, This is a. crude contelled experiment. atic methed i not pearly a matter of labora ‘and atomamashers or even meter icky; itis a way Tooking at thingy a way of gathering from the world eu {et os ook more closely iat the new meanings suggested by Einstein's work. synonya for the word messing” Js the word “concep.” Scents prefer the Iter ter, The lines quoted above about the author of the fact eee wsiten by P. W Drdgman, of Harvard, Ln thi scion we wil follow the developnent of concepts a set Aint in hit Lage of Madom Phys. Wherever sits re stroggling with new forms of meaning this book own and respected. Tei pethapy the cleseest matrent ei produced of how a scent to-day onder, or should Ive to order, bis inelectual equipment ‘Our sndentanding of mature ir nonexistent apart fiom our mental procene, s0 thi sticly speaking’ na pect of paychology or epistemology ie witht pertinence.” ‘Vs semantes takes a troat seat nthe beginning of tae Jormaice. Broadly speaking, modern scence i ome ferned with two techniques of parallel importance: (1) lsruments for conducting experiments at 2) language Wilh which to exphin the experiments Doth techanques Ive been refined and are constantly improved. How do we get fies into our heads ati farm concept? Wistein shatered a whole comology of covcepte Let ot be knocked galleyovest agin, sys Beigua, The ivi of the phytist must be one of pure emits, aa een Mee ee al Berd tealay snogerennt esr ald peor fsb MPa a See eer 2 eee Se ee oes eee eee fice in Ae Ak ge See wae er iad preemie tyeden a ee oe ee ee ee le ee Sooo oe eee ee ee eee ee oe aes eee oe a ie oe eee88 “THE IYRANSY OF WoRDS coms no & prot rts or abate wh cermine or init new experience, : tnt by print, Ts nom that we mt ve up dvand thatthe word outide be embraced many formula, either simple or comiiested. It may turn at nature can be 30 embraced, but hiking muse trganiard not to dem ita 9 nace Concepts be ordered. thatpreest experience doer net, cud hosing of the fare. Afr ‘Newton's grat worky door to cain new concepts was fly shu, and Eaten brate out the side of he hou, the fculty neal ffoae wo dent. ‘Kezp the door open and get wed Es ‘afore Bintcin, concep in physics wore ural d in ters of" propria La Dok To Newton's Pi we real: “Absote, Troe and Mthematcal Time! ite, and fom it ‘own nature, Nows equly, wid fegahd to saything extemal and. by sniher same faled Duration.” ‘Time i something in and, of i But syn Bridgman, i've examine the deiton of ab time i height of expeience, we find nth ta ‘with uch properties. Even a layman can chee ths ‘ent Tey thn of "one" a an entity and You be almost as balled ithe case “ihe etal” Yi cm think of the face of lock of what cca ‘ysterday, or of watching Jove Oven break the Teeord forthe aso! spin. You can think "Nimes bt of vo aie ‘Scientist ober “loa times onthe ent, o “extend times inthe star dept "A lightyear mesa Standard in etended tie, bt it connotes sat Ina years tines We mst not tlk stout heat of be ob Hght says Bridgman, though the concept of the the tpl davai ofa dee ‘hes fr. We mart oe sllow oul to tak of faking place in ‘Arcuren snow the con tached to evens aking place here wae) “Ie tale nhib his Babi thought, but we must doi Lecomte du Noy has ecendy observed operation yet found ean measure iy fackooland aight If you know that i come serous about it you may wake sp sume find youre public Inughingsck. iva sinpe operation and gives ut one conerpe or me von semen ay 5 ie as a ft poe oh the same amount of work, and, a ferent pockets te fe Sc Sans as De you remember the nen days of childhood? Our copa peas it ith ag, an our ad ‘hing = Chita oan al gan devcops vars concepts fr “length” in ‘term —where an” abslute ey erty, pevtincni "in bo ped che a yom tna wat “legis? mean Sc oe She Ty nd mang wet hae oot rae CS ere sone met katt tet, war ha r etinopt. o Nw ea gee cane ay atl ene snake aL TEN loc fd hn rts a tf Tas cps ak ne pnd {cat wo more “pag Ul satan ee itv tw meat No spanion eae rope i ny opus ag ea st er roger, We eat ny ee cet ele itd wt ety ha od the ance « of 1998, i meaningless. wa Gopi nt sabe to rans oe meoingles. Spéccltions about an expanding univens, the curve of eatapy (hat ty (hat he universe it running down Ie wooed Gracy Ie meaningle, Because 20 experiment cam yee meee the phenomena, Suck z oo “exteapoation,” speculation fill under the head Which means taking a few point on ding the line which join them to Clout Ie is exhilarating menial exrese and gene Gioadeuckoland. TF you ‘morning We take our meter stick and menure a Route lot. Thi 1 curve aad i‘rim TyRASSY OF woRDs ew we stand ot in ont fhe Ro ot and sre 2 toly car moving owe the treet. The cay howe ioe, not st Fost and the operations have to ‘We have to alow for velociy. When the trolley eat sop rearing operations are sma 9 thse fr the hoe To bt sehen it begin to move, length becomes fanedon elocty, and so tine” ges into the concep. ‘We now ‘want to mewure the dance beween sun and the plate Jupiter. "To do 40. we have to tho Sway our mer acs and take to tecopes Lay no longer tata, but optal. New operons demanded and therelre new concep. "To say thal Sar 0! ighcyeam dian actually ad concept {erent Rind of hing than to say tha a tlegraph is too fet ssray. Toming and going down che sale fom sar 10 m cules, we find that other instruments and operations ‘ened and 0 the ineepe of Length. must shift Presently the measuring gauges are found 0 be at in structure, witout clear ‘boundaries At very lengths the concept merges aio the Geld equations deci. (*Long” and. short” are terms ‘elton, usally relative toa man) "Thus length is ot voting which n objet pose ssa man poueee a sit it ha word in our heads ‘eanig determined by what we do rater tha byw Wwe my, and the concent shifts with our doing. To we ‘Sine el "length for hese various concep, ye oan, may be convenient, Dut is always dangerous, era costs foo much in terma of ambiguity. 8 {Great Tinker Hal otra nt tone ty deslaning that length Tenth tow and fren, and thre be no more tment fe "The opertonal 3 es Knowledge about world oui no longer absclute, but relative. The op {on i pestrmed rlave to some standard, ay the forthe meter wtck. Concepts emerge from thee opera Stich are definite anid veable Another man ea peo the operation and cherk the eaneet Concept, hs Tigran, most be conructble ent of the mater siewraxe Fon soeNTITS or naman experience and workable wikia that experince, ‘When coneeps move beyond the reach of experienc, they ecome unverifiable ypathees Knowledge alvances when vefind how thing are elated and in what order. This te In with Keraybaks central idea of knowlege a structural In Chapter T we noted that the operational approsch renders meaningless such Great Questions att May space fr bounded? Tt clears the ai of cores of qutions which ‘hve bemused cr tortred thinkers fr those ef years Iry it youre Poo a Great Queton, ay Ie man a fice br i his course fatsically determined?” Looe operation which can antwer it Keep on locking. Ln under the bed out in the garage, everywhere except Into your own mind. In the end you will Sd that 20 ‘operation i paul, andthe question, to date is meaning les" You ean argue about ie it amsses your bat wir ou aoe your opponent ean Anow anying aboot At last not Yet ‘A hundred years ago the queton “Is man & product of cvotason?” war in a similar Bi Along came Dari tnd Wallace, and by 1 series of operations, expesimeny nd deductions fixed the concepe of even, gave the fieon meaning, and conclusively answered it inthe Iiirmative. Observe that clocks and meter tc ware ft much wed by Darwin, but ceil obsrvations aad Asrptions, of &”quataive rather than a quantitative hararter ST TLength «9 a physic is no longer property 1 be ype to any obj, anywhere, at any tne it eases ol concepts—tengthy howe tos; length moving trolley length, solar distances; eagly, ttoma—as many Wenvepts as Were ae aerent operations. It may. be tl that this all very confusing. On the contay, Ws these one-alued coucept of length which fried the confision, When wey. Consent wih what? Where? When? To se fhe nse concept of Tength im stellar dines, et We eomsistent, brings weal Rnowledge to xan9 TIME TYRANNY OF WoRDS ‘To use “localtime” concepts in the field of “extended Aes” Just to be eonsten, makes one an ant-Biatei today, and something of an ignoramus Silty, Tay doin the concept ef fee spech a pacised Ia Amex fon Ablae people, who have never experienced ‘Ammevican variety of vocal iberey, consent if you Hk but meaningless Consistency it a jevel if you keep it in similar cnteste If you go leaping into eter tes sn ‘ther places, toms to paste nd ealured gist. No sta san can be “consistent” if condone change while he {noffe. Ignorant of the somantie idea foaled, he spend sleepless igh worying about ands constantly pretend 10 free the iterary talents of « Denapaper editor uh the great man being iaconatent, The st Soul ees his courage from Wale Whitman’ fontradie myse? Very wel then I contradict mele” Tn addition to length, time, space, Bridgman deel modem concepts of veloc free, mass, energy, perature, Tight, quantum theory, iat, xvas, fnithin the ramework of eperstons. We have act th (or iryou prefer, we have not space—ep examine thet fany deal here IF the reader eels his euros ao hes earnestly advised to go to the origial source. "Poincaré hat spoken of the half eft uf the “heat” on physic Aa it war grammatically cle among substances, physics speat centres Tooting Something in the outside world coreponding the fand quite acglccng dhe tree pals of water dec Jn Ghapter 6," Heat" i a symbal not fra thing, but elation. Here i's bar of sel A thertometer th its temperature tobe 60", One ans, "What the perature of an election in the bar?” T anower st EsSury degrees" You answer, more wily, Jnow.” ‘We are Bodkin err.” We biave notte talk to the electonic level ‘Tempersture, by Sefton depends on molecular vibration, and #0 temperature at al here must be at leat two mol ‘An elecuon is below this level and 90 has nothing to b called temperatare in is make-up. dmaxIne #oR sores 3 We never experience light by faelf as = thing. Our sperence dea only wath things Tighe, ‘THerelore Hh at aa objec evel is very fie to prove, and ate is more bypotheds shan cberved face inten swe that Hght foes travel by Tne but this concept tony have tobe "a the realnt of quantum Plcncmesa (bekavour wikin the ator) the ordinary onceps of mechanics are Inappicale. $0. slo are friuvity mechanics Electors do not whit! Me fon hed. This is anew kindof experince. Like the kitten, tre muse be sl, observe and gradually form new concept Tle, the lv of mechanics may be ony the tates os elt of guaatam activ, the “aggregate acon peat many Sementary quantum proces" 1 Sm not ging hese usta ia an atte 10 th Yo pay apn ry pe rsp Oficence. T kaow very kde aboot phytic, {on 'eamouly etree in Sing ot Bow phys Haile coneeps Above other men in recent pers they hove widened the bondares of human knowledge. Forget the ply rected here, for fs melgble, but donot st the way a modern physi formar a concept. above allo nor forget the operational appre et ur wt fo the problem of how sents com ania what they doo. "The eoence of an expla tn” sayy Bedgman, "eons fn reduc station ty ements wh whch weaves friar tat we sap then a8'4 matter of coune, so that our cerity tesa” Wie you ia linge sad undead i what You have sid checks with my pas experience as per he Ing sytem i uy bal. “ns that's Thingunbob sigh, Tye seen ctl of them.” ‘An explanation (alt ‘up' a famarcorreldon, batt is by. no. meant sine th" Tes validity’ depends on the hearers exparienee, which may be Lined.” Peshape T ave nevet ‘vountered a Thingumbob Pehaps Ihave misinterpreted it "The explanation that » thunderstorm is caed by an tng god tay be guod enough fr = Trobrand Ikan Wis not good enough fra physicist. ‘Bega notes three op i renting 1 Dem expec:o” ‘ran TYRANNY oF WORDS MEANING FoR seooerists 95 1 the experiment it not to far beyond the ms ure was always followed: and that it wosld probably af known gra, can be explained in concepts det Aa'be over in ninety days, This forcing Of the Rew into ffom past experience. ‘Thur the Knell theory of g fv mould af he ody his yearning fo he fla explana Soto foc without trouble Won, persisted throughout te eatstopbe For mins af ante eethaete bi beyond te el \neteans itis undaken to this day. When President explanatory ‘cis develops Relativity and qua seve, Hew modem physic, fred to met new Bngpiniiod dk ees Teaiees pel vince with New experiment, be sleet an avalanche force the new fate the old moulds and thus fet me ier prota. The voters with sll incomes wee the Srienusts fn the premies. Move of them hep on voting No llow hia to sek new canceps for new expences sits are continually hunting fr the findamenta nicks ofthe univene. Tt was recently ought that such fom the inivdeal the acceptance of any cone Trick had been fou i elects charges, There ne or ered whisk i not tus, no mater what the gun wieaion fr this tidy view, no experimental pool ‘ther ways to society." (Reading this, rodent Mie necesary operations have tot been permed.” ‘The ‘eve abont the fudslent conceps-rail apd nati ry relat bel reasonably wel for are dinenatons ich Herb yg ot wpe tbe people of Cr in the ouside world, ‘The quantum theory hols reasonably Tenet lat tar Ride vile rf smal dimesces™ AL the bordel, the two 3 The explanatory crit can be fend squarely, Mivories clash. So the dogmatist leap to the conclusion se Kitten fee with cautious inverliguton and ot both must be wrong, and tht modern pics cannot ‘pen sind, “All out Enowledge ein term of experience ‘aken seroaly. But just_why mast the taivere be ie mould not expest or diver to ect an explana lained ye consent universal law? Suppose ft fructore diferent in character fom that uf experience. des ot act that way in fact? Suppose tht largeseale es ange attra cea ana small-scale events do flow diferent patter? Sppose drm tha al experience mist conform ofa yp Mae we do ive in several Lind of space atthe same ne? Some physics se ll alited with ths bigotry. Wi he Tact that our mds wat simp ua eo reason for Partly because they were brought up on Newion and hosing that nature must be simple, Will the concept splendour of his mechanical laws, pardy Beene they SIL saves tod language. "Bue jst as the old mo Iv: deecrising factor for hnowlage, ‘utempts to simplify nature and’ roduce it to general favs ave hn a gloomy itary. Newton't mechanics, ‘ovation, thermodynamic, he pelnelple of smiitude, "physics mint become sseics agaist dhe lores he theory of uldimate atonal nity ae wef in certain bli imagine the tall of a poor economist i text, but they do not unwell the whole world cutie to litle but wind for a lime. ‘The gresedepreaion he tak of ding concepts which hall adequately gag wat ace of new experience a8 lgantic a i er aM A Tew, The rele 929 exp gant Ss i cat we gra a {Sage Alor usaninesyde eeoneme fealy, eaten roll eee nea aie feeaiy supported by Pretiene Hower, anno era eg us aa the depreaon was nothing new, that we had had pleatgMMy "i cua fr ein ie ina tees nae ff them belorelook at 1897 aod 1899; thatthe ne tak es aa6 su tan oF worDs MEANING FOR scuNrsts a (adi raed sts ray Ga bea thse matter ato the laboratory athe scientist can ng commie ray, but we can Tem to we cur mn He emit We ean adapt the eperatioal approach we dn appreciate the Hest of concepts; we ea avid Fee ae cieinen nile er ota Ca lent eplnadnt the ne en of the Phenomena thi aze good enough to slow st Pov all, we can sive for dhe great diipline of agreement. Boslder Das and Seay tubes T wish we bad some 1.27, 200g snd psf experince T have learned hat & Ret rat a oeate eee Gee is hall goes harder and straighter tof destination ee ra one Has rocking balance, swaying from fact to teat aan ea ater, vith cls ee a else, When we know by now is meanings. Te would make lym Fig poston i taken, mosces tene, weight Gmly ier dhe pnt ea fete {lus oo bodh fet, the afl wallop one gives the ball, See eee ee ee se etc? How agile tsly sends it over the Bacatap oe Tamely ino the net {Seon nr work ingen contest, spre et eee oe a ona at et petra ee a ee ose phys ha rug down the crn on aber ges epee erate eK tna ret have ngh you very lite pli, but 1a he marge the unkown to fang cra ls el ge Slate as nan he semantic diipline has @ Kindred aim. It tnt an a ee aes Drie, bt oly’ wold far ong ha E"aeccictycleticly Ie unnownchercre rin pag langage ain contin cer ee ay 1 canoe hr up al Sik, Thee are nd ya ‘ism and spiritualism has returned to the hearts of m Korzybski, in Ogden, in Bridgman. The book you are SIME sinc bs many cen. Teeny, on ew besten, Fimebdy wil tome slong snd ie the aly note? Tovar ph—progrnively sarong the margin of the tthe fmt ground in history Ti 3 the older sents eannot give up ther Bxed ideas eeep the gain which has been made. “inten Erought ws clover to the world outide, thrash side the barriers of the observers seme. We hav Tike tad in the social sad, che outside ward of be Jbuman bags. Our problem isto see Germany, sce Sp ‘Our task into thrust aide dogma, one-vaued Ny eter cule er gee ually ging on beyond our sin We cannot,bbe defied. Presently galleys and ships began to Journeys beyond ght’ land, and maigation femande How human tis sl Some Heavy Thinker of an times did not begin by sting in hit portico and evel fumbers and planee and truncated. pyramid out head, to plague ‘children in schootoms forever ‘The numbers and planes came outa he ne of sheen farmers, teadere, bulldere—ont af the dayebysay ie the people. They came without mytey, but not ‘kind of mental revaludon. Bertrand Resell has ob that i mast have taken maay ages to dhcover that 2b of eigen ul of ap ae bth nae (Certsin Greek piloeophers took thi use tol and ‘dul fish out a "They ed erm the market pla fod put it inthe eater. They believed bedrock had Feached when they had lated « pint liney an ang femeting changeles, tmeles, eteral. From these Inte, truth could be reared by rexon. The intellect cf Athens and Alesandiia rardy examined the srt things about which thee words cane lntligenty ‘They deat with pure teary, not with living wold, Ena the analy af fats seated i cimasy and often so unreal tit ie hes been a major eduction fubject ever ince No worder so many schoolboys ae bo by geomeny; it connects wth neting in thle exper ad no meaning comer through, Eucla was gest fan his geomecy ie wef in limited context, The a .. . Seteatea ieee Se Eee eee poe eee ee ees rama et eames ps cea vate re Scere eed eee teeta ee ee eee ee Soe ee Sora ee ae nied on ones fingers or ued the abacus, Te was tedious ‘yoke Nat und long afer the fl othe Roman Empire ci Viotem counties alopt the Arabie zor, the sgn forthe empty” column of rumba together widh the rudiments i lgebra. The sera and. Arabic mimerale progied a ooltion more Smpoetane ean that of the ping res ny liberated mankied from the pro bar of the shares. ‘The eenlution was not however, wncppeerd. An eet of 1239 forbade the tankers of Florenes to we the infidel fymbeth. The banker muse sll sete four character fr A (om), sic characters for 48, (vm), fteen for 3.808 (pomincectaxcvin) But by tsing peacl, paper, and the fecal point wich the aero petted, oacchants coal use in minutes sume which used to take Bours. The Hectic adding machine is a. great improvement over nil and paper, but it Has solking compared to the Iinpovernent in mental machinery provided by the aro. COtverve ab the increased eficieny of algebra rymbols: Iie age gnbals: 9 eens e 6 dep rebusaegutar An: 0460 that if you destoy Buel, you necesariy desteoy revealed’ word ef God. ‘Nobody ean deroy Edi {hat can be done io put is work inthe place wt Factions and keep it out of place where coe not meth IE Hintcin had stack to! Eudidan geometry, 7 would never have been hes of ‘ythagorasformelated some excellent mathematic a104 ‘Tur TYRANNY oF woRDS language to determine what will happen under the co lke minature tage wl by tang dene ts and cou, ke» wid tana for tend aeroplane ie the tank which Serlng Berge wet for taunt of cupedeendr yacko. "A mutica for ta Pedi tanionsteses in + steel bat by mensriog fina weap fl in which be Sede chrccetes os Structure ‘Readoaigs se aay axd may be ‘ented by matheoate bol of latonsp. Ea tends of alan eror betome unnecensty Pe fey menarementssrctre inte sop mb di "language comping tothe stoctare i Prolab of the betarbar ef tee! tor ade "Bat no man alive prdised the reat dpresson of with any structural tnowledge 16 voppon him, and ‘an knows surly when the mex cla wil cone, ecw fallow Hlogben nfo simple cere in lating mathemati no ordinary anguee ‘seul ns Brat Ua the anguage of smal ts sentence eae Antxs THE LANGIAGE OF uxtiENATICS 105, Ao tuiply area by length to get breadth; you flow he rule "hen ie pombe to ube fae of fot lle t,apply” to eblong any (wide the Honins ofthis “eng concep) ad gee na coer fo at you waa on ce vrs yan, or always Kloet mths eunton, Yo ont mull yards by Lomeli, mse fot ad yas rolls, you wll create a mathemates! saa yu know it, you wil be preparing ines of le Deepen for the glance of lone and ane ‘veyday language enntais gerne, or nou aa et pained none wordy tia “worting" Gerais ls nd in mathemati ch sybol at

Linosin asoninated: ina Washington theatre [Napoleon evacuates Moscow, 812. Such happen oct are the central exhibit of the siete method. icy ace obscured by marc, selsinder, tholegisan, Hpivioains, Heer Goebbels the prin aad Kenuty adver: : Hers, the frmal logicans, the backers of the tortie ubborn and melding s. On. their recognition and correct interpretation iyends our existence as a species, We cannot live on le aad, aad propaganda. ‘he tem “meaning.” lke the erm “ati a high- lee abstraction, and becomes sefol only in spectic sth ‘There are at Teast five soucts of meaning, Te in come 10 us (1) from signs which are not symbol, [p) om gestures, (a) fom spoken words and sym 1) from writen words aid ‘pmboly (3) fom idea Which sem to appear spontancouly iy cur head, Mowing as intra of sigue eck ae acme You are diving a caralong & road at aight. ‘The heaMeanings iserttin of stolen ward. Here the higher viol leave uy although dogs and horse eee Yo speech, fen af they cannot imitate the words spoken. "Yeu talk me; 1 talk to you, You tell me to watch for the fed Hh a he raivoad ering, to top making sf of ysl, Wy be sure and yore the Republican tke eke the Gone Win wil be violated and the nation destoyed, “The nt warning i good communication leading to my survival itluminate pavement shoulder, ene tren, oui ‘ote clears a ood onde. ‘No words come th bun tat you keep the speedometer at 45 mils an {tis evden that meaning come throghy Rees Tig securely interpreted Saddey as you appr ‘eae; he sene gor lank "The shadows are wong that eld or pond? Docs che rond swing righ ed ths devastating fllure of meaning. Wha you do? You do what any healthy animal does in = Petpet. You dow down, lod harp, wae wl Uh Wo Sud reasemble elf nto a pattern you know. If do not wait, you may Be Kile. "This i perveption of meaning” in ie primary ‘similar onelaion must be drawn when Adam, speaks you and ite ae par ofa crowd. IF Adam ira policeman, "fireman wich an trgeat message for our mediate ty, well and good. Ite san actor ins play, well and vol” Ihe ian erate, @ lecture, «diplomat course pubic relations, 8 communist, or a member of the Chunher of Commerce, God help, Verbal meaning is pecially intense in «joke, If you the pint it Blazes. IF you do no, yu ee a sory vl. "So"you laugh anyway. When you become bled Dy the concepts of meaning think of jokes 1 have ued the term survival” teveral tines as mctsione for “meaning.” Let us fad some referent for this concept, Here ba row of then’ faed and dri Twses, the birth and care of children, provisions. fr posictl and mental health, alii for play, the Red Crous ston, the work of Dr. Victor Hira set fer in Aricen Dat’ Oday, the acter ofthe United States ‘Government fa the Oho fd of 1997 Meaning a ile ef writes rds and sts. Tn this diviion the nonverbal contere range Iran Pop-Bye In the come strips to the tenor eae. Iliterster are 5 alfeted by seman aiffelties her, but one cannot "tc be illterate inthe Power Age. "One might over- nk thal sgo, or somewhat les tally, one-way ‘sign, In mathemati! sytbal, semantic confaion Isc a tnimum, ap we have seen, ‘provided ene sees ‘lear of amber magic andthe pial ef extrapolations Te writen language notably adverikng, lege opinions, state Yer and testis on plea economy~ere sequent Se eer ‘nila ey do soe nat Sd similar measings Hobie river the message eet reat El eevng ote ‘Above the survival ee, but alo words, are Celie sane pees bes isp ea froporioned being, te mote of i, the pall iene or of games being witesed In thee ones, meaning. becomes taper ith. pe the Thibgeaice are sore ally tcagpied Ta loca no ete tnd snc ref tse = ‘lig 0: itp of gtere, You ae ost coreg es hi Teoting wp see your wife beckoning. hae means fey he eee te eee onverbal sp and cere plenty of messing. the est human language Hobie Baker employs twice it up and beg fr fe. Semantic Tieat nt a requte bere, Pe cota, comm ‘ight be improved i we mace mre ae of ear ng, spt Ely Por al dow erent 2 he ea