Professional Documents
Culture Documents
68-Hypocho (I J AGronomy Published Paper) PDF
68-Hypocho (I J AGronomy Published Paper) PDF
1- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir,
Pakistan
2- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of agriculture, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and
Kashmir, Pakistan
3-University College of Conventional Medicine, the Islamia University.
4- Department of life sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
5- Department of Applied Psychology, Bahauddin Zakaria University Sub Campus Sahiwal
6- Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur
7- Faculty of Pharmacy, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Abstract
People are increasingly turning to medicinal plants to treat hypercholesterolemia. Plants are
involved in deceasing cholesterol level. The material for this review was taken mostly from
Biochemistry textbooks & electronic journal Up-to-date. To collect publication PubMed and
the Cochrane database of systematic reviews was used. Some other relevant references
were collected from personal database of papers on efficacy of plants in
hypercholesterolemia, phytotherapy of hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemia and
medicinal plants etc. Various medicinal plants having hypocholestrolemic activity include
such as Prunus amygdalus Batsch, Boswellia serrata, Moringa oleifera Lam, Salvia
officinalis, Aegle marmelos, Butea monosperma, Asparagus officinalis Linn, Capparis
spinosa, Allium cepa Linn, Allium sativum Linn, Anethum graveolens and Ananas comosus
L. These medicinal plants can be further studied for isolation of active ingredients
responsible for activity.
Introduction
This is a steroid that us present in the diet, but it is mainly synthesized in the liver and small intestine,
the rate limiting step being catalysed by beta hydroxyl-beta methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG Co-A) reductase.
Cholesterol is a major component of cell membranes, and acts as the substrate for steroid hormone formation in
the adrenals and the gonads. It is present in plasma mainly esterified with fatty acids. The body can not break
down the sterol nucleus, so cholesterol is either excreted unchanged in bile or converted to bile acids and then
excreted. Cholesterol and bile acids both undergo an enterohepatic circulation. Medicinal plants play a vital role
in treatment of diseases. More than 2000 plants listed in the traditional (Herbal / Alternative) systems of medicine
are prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia. They provide complete relief for people suffering from
hypercholesterolemia. World health organization (WHO) reports indicate that about eighty percent of the global
population still relies on various botanical medicines and herbal drugs have progressed to clinical use of modern
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (11), 2906-2911, 2013
times (Saad et al, 2010). Medicinal plants are now a day very popular among Unani physicians. They are
preferred mainly due to easy availability in market, cheaper as compare to allopathic drugs, fewer side effects
and desirable effects. There are various medicinal plants which are used for treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
Various research studies have been conducted on medicinal plants regarding to their hypocholestrolemic activity.
Plants produce an amazing variety of metabolites such as isoflavones, phytosterols, saponins, fiber, polyphenols,
flavonoids and ascorbic acid, which have generated great interest both for its role in lipid metabolism and
antioxidant. Many more medicinal plants are used to treat hypercholestrolemia, but here in this paper those
medicinal plants are discussed which are usually prescribed in the management of hypercholestrolemia. This
report gives the information about anti-hypercholestrolemic plants. In 2006, Sudhahar et al has reported the role
of lupeol and lupeol linolate on lipemic-oxidative stress in experimental hypercholesteromia (Sudhahar et al,
2006). Chen et al has reported that Hibscus sabdariffa extract inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in
cholesterol-fed rabbits (Chen et al., 2003). Malinow et al has reported the Alfalfa is potentially useful for
treatment of hypercholesterolemia (Malinow et al, 1977). Hirunpanich et al has reported the hypocholesterolemic
and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from the dried calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. in hypercholesterolemic
rats (Hirunpanich et al, 2006). Salleh et al has reported the inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and up-
regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor in HepG2 cells (cell line derived from the liver carcinoma of a
Caucasian adolescent) by tropical plant extracts (Salleh et al., 2002). Bustos et al has reported the HMG CoA (3-
hydroxy 3 methyl glutaryl Co-A) reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces inflammation in a rabbit model of
atherosclerosis (Bustos et al, 1998). Based on these findings, this review is written for the documentation of
medicinal plant commonly used to treat hypercholestrolemia.
Methods
The material for this review was taken mostly from Biochemistry textbooks & electronic journal Up-to-date. To
collect publication PubMed and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews was used. Some other relevant
references were collected from personal database of papers on efficacy of plants in hypercholesterolemia,
phytotherapy of hypercholesterolemia, hypercholesterolemia and medicinal plants
2907
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (11), 2906-2911, 2013
hypocholesterolemic effect and validates the use of Moringa oleifera in traditional system of medicine(Ghasi et
al., 2000).
Salvia officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae, Part used: Leaves. This common culinary herb has many home heath care applications
and is easily preserved by drying bundled sprigs. Sage tea can be used as a gargle for sore throats, mouth
ulcers, and gingivitis, and it has a high mineral content. Sage often contains figures in formulas for premenstrual
syndrome. Study: Kianbakht et al has reported the antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract in
patients with hyperlipidemia. In a randomized clinical trial, 67 hyperlipidemic patients were selected, whose
mean age was 54 years. Treatment duration was 2 months. Dose of extract was 500 mg capsule every 8 h for
2 months. In 33 patients , lipids, creatinine, SGOT and SGPT were evaluated in comparison with placebo group
having 33 patinets. There was significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL and HDL
level were increased. There was no significant alteration in levels of SGOT, SGPT and creatinine compared with
the placebo group. There were no significant side effects. Study showed that it is effective to treat hyperlipidemia
(Kianbakht et al., 2011).
Aegle marmelos
Family: Rutaceae, Part used: Leaves. Devi et al has reported the hypolipidemic Effect of Aegle marmelos Leaf
Extract in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Male Albino Rats (Devi et al., 2010). Study: 50% ethanolic extract of
the leaves of A. marmelos (Linn.) was investigated for its efficacy to lower lipid levels. Hyperlipidemia was
induced by triton and diet in Wistar albino rats. Dose of extract was 125 and 250 mg/kg dose. Serum cholesterol
and triglycerides levels were decreased on Triton WR 1339 administration in rats. There was significant
reduction in serum cholesterol level in diet induced hyperlipidemic rats. HDL levels were found elevated in fat
induced hyperlipidaemic rats (Vijaya et al., 2009)
Butea monosperma
Family: Fabaceae, Part used: Leaves, stem bark and flowers. This plant is prescribed to treat intestinal worm
infestations. It is used to treat piles. It has anti-cancer activity. It is found effective in gastrointestinal disorders. It
is used to treat sprue. It is prescribed to treat pelvic inflammatory diseases, orchitis, swelling, boils and pimples.
It is prescribed to treat bleeding in cattle. Study: Dixit et al has reported the anti-obese activity of Butea
monosperma (Lam) bark extract in experimentally induced obese rats. Butea monosperma bark was
investigated to its anti-obesity effect in cafeteria and atherogenic diet fed rats and monosodium glutamate (MSG)
obese rats. Different doses of extracts were used and there was dose dependent response on obesity. Doses
give were 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of Butea monosperma extract. There was significant reduction in body weight.
This study showed that plant has anti-obesity effect and can be used to treat hypercholesterolemia(Dixit et al.,
2012).
Capparis spinosa
Family: Capparaceae, Part used: Root and shoot. This plant is prescribed to treat inflammatory disorders. It is
prescribed by Unani physician to treat gouty arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It has anticancer
activity. Study: Eddouks et al has reported the hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L in
normal and diabetic rats. Hypolipidemic activity of Capparis spinosa was investigated in normal and streptozocin
induced diabetic rats. Dose of drug was 20mg/kg. Extract was administered orally. There was significant
reduction in triglyceride level in normal rats after one week of dose administration. In diabetic rats, lipid level was
also decreased after repeated oral administration. There was significant decrease in body weight in diabetic rats
2908
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (11), 2906-2911, 2013
after repeated oral treatment in diabetic rats. This study indicated that extract has lipid lowering efficacy in
normal and diabetic rats at 20 mg/kg (Eddouks et al., 2005).
Anethum graveolens
Family: Umbelliferae, Parts used: Leaves. Chemical constituents: Monogalactosyl and digalactosyl are the
main constituents of glycolipid. Phosphatidylglycerol is predominant in leaves where as phosphatidylcholine is
predominant in stem. The major fatty acids present are linolenic acid and palmitic acid. Carvene, dihydrocarvene,
D-limonene, phellandrene, terpene are also reported. Dill oil is powerful pesticide, aromatic, and carminative
properties have also been reported. It is hypolipidemic and is prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia. Study:
Yazdanparast et al has reported the antihyperlipidaemic and antihypercholesterolaemic effects of Anethum
graveolens leaves. Water extract of Anethum graveolens was investigated in diet induced hypercholestrolemic
rats. Duration of study was 14 days. There was significant reduction in total cholesterol level. After this
observation, furocoumarins was isolated from the aqueous extracts of Anethum graveolens and was
administered to investigate its efficacy to lower cholesterol. Chloroform extract of furocoumarin was did not show
anti-hyperlipidemic activity significantly. After this, essential oil of Anethum graveolens was administered orally at
two different doses. 42% reduction in triacylglyceride was observed. This study indicates that Anethum
graveolens has hypocholestrolemic activity (Yazdanparast et al., 2001).
Ananas comosus L
Family: Bromeliaceae, Parts used: Leaves. Chemical constituents:Bromelin, ergasterol peroxide, ash and
vitamin C. Study: Xie et al has reported the hypolipidemic mechanisms of Ananas comosus L. leaves in mice.
Hypolipidemic activity was investigated in fructose fed mice. Study showed that Ananas comosus at a dose of
0.40 g/kg significantly lowered serum triglycerides by 40%. When high fed diet was given to mice, serum
cholesterol level was increased that remained high within 7 days of removing high-fat diets and was rapidly
decreased by administering Ananas comosus. Ananas comosus at a dose of 0.40 and 0.80 g/kg was able to
inhibit serum lipids from the increase in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. Lipoprotein lipase was
activated and 3-hydroxyl-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase was inhibited in vitro. In a further
study, fenofibrates administration increased mice liver weights and Ananas comosus had no effect on liver mice.
2909
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (11), 2906-2911, 2013
This study indicated that Ananas comosus could be a new alternative drug of herbal origin for the treatment of
hyperlipidemia that exhibits its activity by inhibition of HMGCoA reductase and activation of LPL. Its mechanism
is different from fibrates but slightly similar to statin. Ananas comosus may serve as the adjuvant for fibrates in
the treatment of hyperlipidemia(Xie et al., 2007).
Conclusion
Medicinal plants have potential to treat hypercholesterolemia and are useful in hypercholesterolemia. Present
review indictes that medicinal plants are effective in hypercholesterolemia. Activity of plants is evident from in
vitro/ in vivo and clinical trials studies mentioned in this review.
Ethics Statement
This is a review article and there is no need of approval from ethical committee
Conflict of Interest:
There is no conflict of interest
Disclosure Statement
None of the authors have a financial or proprietary interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in the
manuscript, including, but not limited to, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, and paid expert
testimony.
References
Augusti K, Narayanan A, Pillai L, 2001. Beneficial effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) on rats fed with diets
containing cholesterol and either of the oil seeds, coconuts or groundnuts. Indian J Exp Biol. 39:660-667.
Berryman C, Preston A, Karmally W, 2011. Effects of almond consumption on the reduction of LDL (low density
lipoprotein) cholesterol: a discussion of potential mechanisms and future research directions. Nutr Rev.
69:171-185.
Bustos C, Hernandez P, 1998. HMG CoA Reductase inhibition by atorvastatin reduces neointimal inflammation
in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 32: 2057-2064.
Chen C, Hsu J, Wang S, 2003. Hibscus sabdariffa extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in
cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Agric Food Chem. 51: 5472-5477.
Devi K, Sivraj A, Kumar P, 2010. Hypolipidemic Effect of Aegle marmelos Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin Induced
Diabetic Male Albino Rats. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2: 259-265.
2910
Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 4 (11), 2906-2911, 2013
Dixit P, Prakash T, Karki R, 2012. Anti-obese activity of Butea monosperma (Lam) bark extract in experimentally
induced obese rats, Indian J Exp Biol. 50:476-483.
Eddouks M, Lemhadri A, Michel J, 2005. Hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Capparis spinosa L in
normal and diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 98: 345-350.
Ghasi S, Nwobodo E, Ofili J, 2000. Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam
in high-fat diet fed wistar rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 69:21-25.
Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 41(4):383-389.
Karthik D, Ravikumar S, 2001. A study on the protective effect of Cynodon dactylon leaves extract in diabetic
rats, Biomed Environ Sci. 24(2):190-199.
Kianbakht S, Abasi B, Perham M, 2011. Antihyperlipidemic effects of Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract in patients
with hyperlipidemia: a randomized double, Phytother Res. 25:1849-1853.
Kumari K, Augusti K, 2006. Lipid lowering effect of S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide from Allium cepa Linn in high
cholesterol diet fed rats, J Ethnopharmacol. 109(3):367-371
Malinow MR, McLaughlin P, Kohler G, 1977. Alfalfa saponins: a family of substances potentially useful for
treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Clin Res. 25: 974-979.
Pandey R, Singh B, Tripathi Y, 2005. Extract of gum resins of Boswellia serrata L. inhibits lipopolysaccharide
induced nitric oxide production in rat macrophages along with hypolipidemic property. Indian J Exp Biol.
43: 509-516.
Purohit A, Vyas K, 2005. Hypolipidaemic efficacy of Capparis decidua fruit and shoot extracts in cholesterol fed
rabbits. Indian J Exp Biol. 43(10):863-866.
Rajani G, Purnima A, 2009. In vitro antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic activities of Bauhinia variegata Linn.
Indian J Pharmacol. 41(5): 227–232.
Saad B, Mahwish A, 2010. Herbal treatment for cardiovascular disease the evidence based therapy. Pak J
Pharm Sci. 23:119-124.
Sabitha V, Ramachandran S, Naveen KR, Panneerselvam K, 2011. Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic potential
of Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Pharm Bioallied Sci.
3(3):397-402
Salleh M, Runnie I, Roach P, 2002. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and up-regulation of low-
density lipoprotein receptor in HepG2 cells by tropical plant extract. J Agric Food Chem. 50:3693–3697.
Sarika A, Aarti G, 2009 . Effects of methanolic extract of Cuminum cyminum on total serum cholesterol in
ovariectomized rats. Ind J Pharmacol. 41(2): 92–93.
Sebastian K, Zacharias N, Philip B, 1979. The hypolipidemic effect of onion (Allium cepa Linn) in sucrose fed
rabbits. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 23:27-30.
Sudhahar V, Sekar A, Varalakshmi P, 2006. Role of lupeol and lupeol linolate on lipemic-oxidative stress in
experimental hypercholesteromia. Life Sci. 78:1329-1325.
Teotia S, Singh M, Pant M, 1997. Effect of Prunus amygdalus seeds on lipid profile.
Tsi D, Das N, Tan B, 1995. Effects of aqueous celery (Apium graveolens) extract on lipid parameters of rats fed
a high fat diet. Planta Med. 61(1):18-21.
Vijaya C, Ramanathan M, Suresh B, 2009. Lipid lowering activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Aegle
marmelos (Linn.) in hyperlipidaemic models of Wistar albino rats. Ind J Exp Biol. 47(3):182-185.
Xie W, Wang W, Su H, 2007. Hypolipidemic mechanisms of Ananas comosus L. leaves in mice: Different from
fibrates but similar to statins. J Pharmacol Sci. 103:267-274.
Yazdanparast R, Alavi M, 2001. Antihyperlipidaemic and antihypercholesterolaemic effects of Anethum
graveolens leaves after the removal of furocoumarins. Cytobios, 105:185-91.
Zhu X, Zhang W, Pang X, Wang J, Zhao J, Qu W, 2011. Hypolipidemic effect of n-butanol Extract from
Asparagus officinalis L. in mice fed a high-fat diet. Phytother Res. 25(8):1119-1124
2911