Foreword It is a great joy for me not only to peruse this excellent book on the

Terracotta’s in the Allahabad MuseumbyDr.S.C.Kalabutalsotowrite

ashortforewordtoit.Dr.Kalaisadedicatedscholarandanuntiringarchaeologist
whohasdistinguishedhimself
inthemuseumworldinamannerunparalleledbythemiraclethathehasalmostac
hievedinbuild-inguptheAllahabadMuseumintooneofthegreatestinstitutions
ofitskindinourcountry.There
aretwomuseumsinIndia,oneinBombayandtheotherinAllahabad, nominally
municipal museums, but
fartranscendingmunicipallimitsandembracinganationalcharacterintherichm
aterialthattheyhouseandthe
charmwithwhichknowledgeofthemisdisseminatedthroughexcellentdisplay
andinterpretation.Single-handed,almostwithoutanyaid,withameagrebudget,
andwiththe
disadvantageoflittleornoknowledgeoftheinnerworkingoftheinstitutionavail
abletotheouterworldthatcouldneverdiscoverthepersonalsacrificeofhisphysi
calcomfortsandintellectualacumen,Dr.Kalahasworkedamazinglytobuildup
thisgreatinstitution.
TheAllahabadMuseumisrichin
sculpturefromBharhutofthesecondcenturyB.C .Gupta
sculpturefromBhumaraofthefifth century
A.D., thenevertobeforgottenuniqueEkamukhalingafromKhoh,
andseveralothersfromdifferentsitesthatmakeiteversoimportant.Theterracottas
fromBulandibaghinthe PatnaMuseumare world
famous.IntheAllahabadMuseum, Kausiimbi, likeBhitiiorRajghatorevenmore,
hasbeenmadeasiteeverin the memory of scholars that Joveofthestudy
terracotta’s.
ThatDr.Kala, thecustodianofsuchavastandrichcollectionofterracottas,
withsuchdevotedstudyandscholarship,
shouldhavetakenandwrittenabookonthisrichcollection,
isindeedagreatgoodfortuneof the Allahabad Museumthathas already had a
valuable bookontheBharhutcollectionfromhishands.
Inthisimportant bookie
in trodt1ctorychaptertracesthegenesisofterracottaartfromtheearliestcivilisatio
nsoftheworld, severalmillenniabeforetheChristian
era,andplacestheartofterracottainIndiaagainstaproperbackgroundandperspecti
ve. He has approachedthe subject mostobjectivelyandtreated every aspect of
terracottaartwithinsight
andunderstanding.Clayistheeasiestmaterialforhandlingbutialsothemostevasive
,andinsomerespectssomewhatelusive.Thevarious types ofterracottas from the
most primitive tothoseproducedbythetechniquesinthe
mostadvancedmethodsofproduction,theevolutionofthemouldanditsuse,haveall
beencare-fullygoneintoatlength.Hehasdiscussedeverytypeoftheme,themotherg
oddess,wingedfigures,Yakshatypes,Devatasandothercelestials,bacchanalianbo
uts,historicalepisodes, domestic
scenes,animalsandothermiscellaneoustypes,withaconfidenceandintellectualint
egritythatisbornofascholarwhoiseverafterthetruthandhasnopet personal
theories. Dr.Kala has freely discussed mentioning the
For e1vord ix

interpretation ofdifferent scholarsfromall overtheworldandfromIndia withno

special predilection
forany,unlesshehassufficientreasontoadducethatitisdefinitelysomething.
Anexamplemaybegiven.Whatisnowanearlyacceptedidentifica-tionof a
terracotta
asRava1acarryingawaySILa,hasbeendescribedbyhimasamancarryingawayawo
maninhishands.HementionstheidentificationofRavai:iacarryingaway Sitars
of Sengupta,but
intheabsenceofmoredetailstoproveit,doesnotaffirmit.Heisverytho ughtfulandh
asgivenseveralidenticalscenesofabductionofwomen;fromtheRani-ka-
NurcaveinOrissa,fromacopingscenefromAmaravali,adwarfattendantYakshacar
ryingafemaleonhisshoulderintheNationalMuseum,andsoon.ButImaysayheret
hatfromthetextualdescriptionofRavar:iacarryingawaySitaas
givenbyValrniki,Ravar:ia'sdimensions,hisfearfulform,thelargefootprintsofth
edemon,thatwerenoticedlaterbyRama,andtheterror-
strikingattitudeofRava1aashecarriedawaySitawhichfrightenedeventhegentle.
Vanadevatasthatshudderedandranawayfromhim,isallbeautifullyansweredinthi
s, anditisnotunlikelyanditprobabl yistheabductionofSita.At
Prambanan,Ravar:iafirstappearsas an asceticand
thenhebecomesfrightfulbutwithtenheads.Herefortunatelyitisthedimensionsoft
hefearfulform,asintheRtimiiyaiw,thataregivenprominenceandrightly.
AnotherexampleisDr. Kala'scareful analysisof
whatisstyledthenudegoddess.Hehascarefullybroughttogetheranumber
ofplaceswherethisform hasbeenfound,
averypopular·deityindeed,atTer,Sangamesvaram,Yelle§varam,Vadgaon,K
olhapur,Sidankote,Nevasa,Mahurjhari,Aihole,SanchIandBhitainadditionto
Nagar-junakoi)<;laandAlampur.HehasreferredtothearticleofDr.Sankaliaon
thisandhasgiventheopinionofDr.StellaKramrischasAditiUtlanapada.Dr.Kal
aissoobjectivethathestatestheviewsbutdoesnotnece ssarilyhimselfacceptorr
ejectany.WhentextuallyunderstooditisevidentthatthisreaJlyconnotesthever
yfirstnamegivenintheAshfotta;ofLakshmIwheresheiscalled Prakrti.
Sheisthemotherthatistheoriginofallcreation.Dr.Kalahimselfhasshownhowt
hereareafewrepreenationsofthedeliveryofachildinaterracottafromCyprusan
dinametalobject
fromLuristan.Thelotusreplacingtheheadofthegoddessisspeciallymentioned
int heVish1udharrnottara3,82,8,devyii:frhamastakepadmamtathakiiry ammano
ha ram,saubhiigyamtadvijiinihi,inthecontextof
LakshmiasaspecialfeaturetorepresenthersaubhagyaasIhaveshowninmydiscu
ssionofthisearlierelsewhere.Thewordsaubha gyaisthereforevery
significantin
thecaseofboththemaleandfemalewhethersubhagaorsubhagii,andsaubhiigyais
thehighestforwomenandtheacme
ofitisinSriLakshmi.WemayrecallthatatBhiirhut,LakshmIiscalledadevatiian
d
notaYakshIevenintheheydayofYakshaworshipandsheisSiriMilDevatii.SrIan
dMa,miibeingthewordtorepresentmotherandthismono-syllablebeinginitself
theappellationofSri asAmarasimhagivesit-indiralokamatii ma rama
mangaladevat a .Raval)aisdescribed a
§ankukan:iaandmahiiba/a.Thefankukan:iaoftheYakshafiguresinterracottasis
verysignificantindeed.Dr.Kala'sdiscussion,interpretationandbringingtoget
her of avastmaterialisaservicetohelp terracotta
x TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

studythat cannot be repaid bymere

thanks.1congratulatehimandfeelproudandgratefulforthishisachievement.
Dr.Kala'sstudy will for averylongtimeremain a uthoritative
inthisfield.Thecatalogueisexhaustive and the illustrations
liberallyappendedtovisually illustrate the textinthe
mosteffectivemanner.ThescholarlyworldshouldbethankfultoDr.Kalaforproducingt
hismagnificentbookwhich, Iamsure, would be hailed and welcomed inevery part
of theworld.

NewDelhiFebruar C.SIVARAMAMURTI
y 24,1980
Pref ace Thepresent studywasoriginallyplanned for publication by
theAmericanAcademyofVaranasi(presen tlydesignatedasAmericanInsti-
tuteof IndianStudies)intheseriesof Allahabad Museumcatalogues,which it had
intended to bring out. Due to heavy workload in theMuseum,Icould not
however proceed with the project.
Intheyear1972,Iwasawardedthe JawaharlalNehru
FellowshipforconductingacomprehensivesurveyofIndianterracotta s. I
tooktwoyearsstudyleaveandsurveyedall the
majorterracottacollectionsofIndia.Iwassimpl)·amazedtoseethefabulousarrayo
fterracottasdealing withfascinatingsubjectsanddonewithextremecareand
skill.ItstruckmethattherichnessanddiversityofIndia'sterracotta
artformsdeservedamoreimpressiveandextensive treatment.
Acorrectandch ronologicalsequenceoftheterracottasisnotpossi-ble,astheir
subjectsandstylesdifferfromcentrelocentre.lhave,therefore,pickedupsomechoi
cestexamplesofterracottaartfromtheAllahabadMuseumcollection,andhavema
dethemabasisforelabo-ratestudy.Inthisprocess,thescopeoftheworkhadtobeext
endedbeyondadescriptivecatalogue.
Myintimatestudyofterracottas housed inthemuseumsof U.S.A.,
U.K.,France,Greece,Iran,IraqandAfghanistanrevealedanun-interrupted
culturaldevelopment.
Irrespectiveofthewide age gap factor, I have,wherever possible,
referredtothecloseornearparallelsin the.terracottaart of
India,theMiddleEastandNorthernEurope.ftisanewdirectionwhichshowsthe
universalcreativestreamsflowingindifferentregionsduringthecourseofcentu
ries.Ihavealsodocumentedspecific typesdug
outfromvariou ssitesofIndia.Jcouldnothowever
locatestylisticfeaturesofindividualpoller-masters.
lshouldliketoexpressmywarmestgratitudetomyillustriousteacher ,Dr.Niha
rranjanRay,formerlyBagishwariProfessorofFineArts,CalcuttaUniversity,who
initiatedmetothestudyofIndianterra-cotta art.
IamdeeplyobligedtoDr.C.Sivaramamurti,formerDi rector,NationalMus
eum,NewDelhi,notonlyforperpetuallyencouragingmeforthepreparationoft
hebook,butalsoforgraciouslywritingavaluableForewordtoit.lamgratefulto
Dr.B.N.Sharma,Keeper,NationalMuseum,NewDelhiforhisusefulsuggesti
ons,whichhavebeenincorporated inthebook.
IamthankfultoShriT.R.AggarwalandalsotoShriShaktiMalik,Proprietor,Abhina
vPublications,NewDelhifor someticulously printingthisprofuselyillustrated
volume.
I
amdeeplybeholdentotheauthoritiesofthemajormuseumsofIndia,U.S.A.,U.K.,F
rance, Rome, Greece,
Iran,IraqandAfghanis-tanforthewelcometheygaveme,aswellaspermittingmee
asyaccesstotheirvaluable terracotta collections andlibraries.
 Preface XIII

Ihavepleasureinrecordingthedebtofthe
AmericanInstituteofIndianStudies,Varanasiforpreparingphotographsforthepr
esentvolume.Butforthisgeneroushelptheworkwouldnothaveseenthelightofthed
ay.
Ontheeveofthis publication, Imust recall with
gratitudethememoryofmye&teemed
friend,thelateDr.MotiChandra,whoseencouragement and recognition of
myearlyresearch effortsspawnedthis major study.

Allahabad S.C.KALA
 List of Abbreviations

Al AncientIndia
ASRAS ArchaeologicalSurveyReport
JAR Archaeological SurveyofIndia,AnnualReport
BPWMWI BulletinPrinceofWalesMuseumofWesternIndia,BombayJournaloftheIn
JIM dian Museums
JISOA JournaloftheIndianSociety
LKM ofOrientalArtLalitKala
ASI Memoir,ArchaeologicalSurveyofIndiaJournaloft
JUPHS heU.P.Historical Society
 Principa.l Terraco ttaSit esRepresented inthe Museurn
AGROHA
Agroha,ancientAisukarl,liesfifteenmileswestofHis
sarinHaryana.Excavationsconductedintheruinsofthea
ncientcityhaveyieldedasizeablenumberofantiquities,s
uchastcrracottas,beadsandcoins(1).Thecoinshavereve
aledtheexistenceofarepublic,thecapitalofwhichwasAg
rodaka.ThegreattraderouterunningfromtheGangestoT
axilapassedthroughthiscity.
AHICHCHHATRA.
TheruinsofAhichchhatraarelocatedhalfamilenorth
- ologicalSurveyofIndiaduring1909·J0revealedfivestrata,th
eastofvillageRamnagarintheAonlatehsilofDareillydist
rict of Uttar
Pradesh.AccordingtotheMahabharata,Ahicbchhatra
wasthecapitalorNorthernPaiichnla(2).
Cunninghamvisitedthesitein the
year187 I.Heconductedlimited excavationsthere,
includ ingoneofaforty-foothigh
mound,twomileswestofthemainsite(3).Realisingthei mpo
rtanceof
theruins,theArchaeo logicalSurveyofIndiastartedregulare
xcavationsat Ahichchhatriiin
theyear1940andcontinueditsworkforaboutfiveseasons.Ni
nestratawereexposedinthedigging,thelowestone
beingearlierthanthe 3rd century B.C.andthelatest
beingofthe 11thcenturyA.D. (4).
The
antiquitiesdiscoveredfromthesiteincludeawidevariety
ofterracottafigurines,brickpanelscontainingepicscene
s,suchasthefightbetweenJayadrathaandYudhithira,Siv
a-
gar:ias,SivaasBhairava,seals,seatings,beads,coinsand
pot-sherdsdecoratedwithinterestingdesigns.Thelife-siz
eGuptaterracottaimagesof Ganga
andYamunawhichonceadornedthenichesoneithersideo
fthestepsleadingtotheterrace ofa
SivatempleatAhichcbhatraareexamplesofsuperbskill,c
harmandbeauty.TheheadofSivawithmattedlocksandth
eheadofParvatrwiththethird
e) Eonherforeheadaretwoothernotableterra-
cottafindsfromthesite (5).Executedaccordingtothe
glorious traditions of Guptaplasticart,
thesetwoheadsdisplayanexcellcncunknownbeforeand
unsurpassedlater.
Blat
ThesiteofBhitaliessometwelvemilessouth-westofAlla
habad.Atpresen ttheYamuniiflowsabout
amilefromtheruinsbutinancienttimesitmusthave
touchedtherampartsofthecity.Excava-tionsbytheArchae
elatestbelongingtotheGuptaperiod.Thecityappearstohav
ebeenmainlyinhabited by a mercantilecommunity.A
largenumberofvaluableseals,sealings,sculptures,pottery
typesandterracottafigurineswhichwerediscovered in
theexcavationsarepresentlyhousedintheIndianMuseum,C
alcutta(6).Oneofthesealingsfoundhereborethelegendsahaj
ati,onthebasisofwhichGhoshidentifiedBhitawithSahajati,
animportanthaltingstationonthe Yamunaduringthe 6th
century B.c.(7).
Severalinterestingterracottatypeshavebeendiscov
eredatBh1ta.SomeofthesehaveparallelsatKausambi.Th
ustheSungaplaquesdepictingstand-ingfemalefigurines,
thenudefemalefigureseatedwithbroadlyspread-
outlegsdrawn up
laterallyandbentattheknees,seatedmalefigureswearing
sleevedcoatsopenonthefrontandaheadgearwithdoublep
rojectionatthetop,frontwallsoftoycartsdepictingapairof
bullsorfourhorsesandGuptamaleandfemaleheadswithe
xquisitecoiffurehavebeenfoundbothatBhitaandatKausa
mbi.OneoftheprizedspecimensfromBhltiiisaminiature
circularmedallion,threeinchesindiameter,depict-ingani
nterestingscene.
Inthefield,therearetwopersons,atthetop,amandrivinga
chariotdrawn
 Principal TerracottaSitesRepresented
intheMuseum
byfourhorses,ashrinewithachaitya-
Iikedoorandenclosedbyarailing,atank,trees,deera
ndpeacocks(8).lnminutedetails, itcanbe
favour-ablycomparedwiththeSafichlpanelsandals
owithacoppersealingfromJhusishowingachaitya,
achariotandaroyalpersonage(9).Anothernotables
pecimenfromBhitaisa·large-
sizeterracottapanelcontainingfiguresofSivaandPa
rvatIseatedonathrone.
JHOSI
ThesiteofJhusiliesclosetotheconfluenceofth
eGangaandtheYamunaatAllahabad.Atpre-sent,
themoundsarescatteredinanareaofaboutfoursqu
aremilesbutalargeportionofthesiteappearstohav
ebeenerodedbytheriverduringthecourseofcentu
ries.
Somehow
Jhusididnotattracttheattentionofarchaeologistsfor apitalofwhichismissing,thereisnoother.monument
overacentury. Cunninghamdidnot visit this site
norwasbeawareofit.Beyondthediscoveryofahoard
ofaboutthirtysilvercoinsofKumiiraguptaIIintheye
ar1898(I0),no
otherobjectofanyhistoricalsignificancecametolig
htatJhusi till 1942whentheAllahabad Museum
begantocollect systematicallysurface antiquities
fromthesite.Sincethenseveralrareandvaluableobje
ctshavebeencollected.Theirstudyhas
revealedthattheancientcityentombed
beneaththehighmounds existed asearlyasthe 3rd
century B.C. The sur-face finds include
sculptures,sealsandsealings,coins,
terracotta figurines,
Tradition says that onmoul<l-
theoriginalnameofJhusiwasPratisthanapura,ca
pitaloftheLunar dynasty.
AgoodnumberofSungaplaquesdepictingfema
lefigurinesorcouplesandexquisiteGuptaheadsdis
playingawidevarietyoflovelycoiffurehavebeenfo
undatJhusi.
KAUSAMBI
ThecityofKausambiwassituatedontheleftban
koftheYamuna,somethirty-
twomilessouth-westofAllahabad.Itsidentificatio
nremainedcon-troversialforanumberofyears.Cun
ninghamrightlyidentifiedKausambiwiththemoun
dsscatterednearthemodernvillageofKosaminAlla
habad district(12).
· xvii
KausambiwasthecapitaloftheVatsaki:ngdom
whichwas one of the fourteen
Maluijanapadds(GreatStates)in the6thcentury B.C. (13).It
wasalso one of the six principal cities of
northernIndiaduring Buddha'stime.
rnthe6thcentury B.C.,theVatsakingdomwasruled
byUdayana,son of
Satitnika.ThBuddha,KingUdayanaof Vatsa,
PradyotaMahasenaofAvan tiandAjatafatruofMagadh
awereallcontemporaries.
ThearchaeologicalfindsfromKausambiarecopiousa
ndbeareloquenttestimonytothepi;os-perityandeleganta
estheticstandardsofconte-porarysociety.Kausabi,ani
mportanhaltip.gstationonanationalhighway,musthaveb
eenvisitedbymenandwomenofdifferentcountrie,s,nation
alities,creedsandprofessions.Theevisitsandcontactshav
elefttheirindeliblemarkont.hecultureofthecity. ,..
BarringasolitarybrokenMauryanmonolithicpillar,thec
extantat the site. No ordinanceofAfoka isengravedonthe
pillar.
Severalpolishedsoftstonerings bearing ontheirinner
side delicately carved nude god-
desses,palmtrees,honeysuckle, birds,animalsandother
motifs assignable to the 3rd century B.C.
havebeendiscoveredatKausambi(14).
I_ ,J"
ThecontributionofKausamblinthefieldofterracottaar
tissignificant(15).Itwasunquestion-ablyoneofthemostfl
ourishingcentresof.the.terracottaindustrydurmgtheSun
gaperiod.Manyterracottaheadsfromthissite
revealhighperfecctioninmodelling.Thesubjectsdepicted
and an interestingdabber with a moul
.madeplaquesalsoofferavividpictureof•thesocial,religio
usandculturallifeofcontemporarysociety.
LACHCHHAGIR
Theerodingmound of Lachchhagir stands
on_theleftbankofthe Ganges, three rryiles
west.6(Handia, in tehsil Handia of
Alfah'abad'district.Tradition says that the houseof
lacbuilt by the·Kauravas for the destruction of the
Pauc;Javasstood at this site. Lachchhiigir is
alsocalledKasaundhan,asecondnameofDuryodhana(16).•
Thefindsfromtheruinswhicharenoi..manyindicateth
atthesiteremainedin occupation from
 xviii TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

the2ndcenturyB.C.tothe12thcenturyA.D.InterestingSu totheMaurya,SungaandKu$ar:iatimeshavebeenfound
ngaandKuiii:iaterracottafigures,sculptures,coinsand at Mathura(24).
beadshavebeenfoundatLachchhagir.Theremains
RAJGHAT
ofamedievalBrahmani-caltemplealsotiescatteredinth
evillageofLachchhagir(17). VaraQasiwasthecapitaloftheKasikingdom.Itis
known
asavimuktak$etraandmahiismasiinainthePuraQas.Itwa
MATHURA snamedafterKasa,theseventhkinginthelineageofManu.I
Mathura,'thecityofgods',wasoneofthemostimportantci twa saprominentcityduring the Buddha's time.
tiesof ancient Jndia. From ThehighantiquityofKasiandVaraqasiwas
remotetimes,ithadplayedadominant welJknownbutnoarchaeologicalevidencewasavail-
roleinthereligiouslifeofthe country. According to the abletoconfirmthisclaim
Riimtiy01:za,itwasnamed 'Madhura'afterthe demon till1940,whenaccidental-lytheremainsoftheoldcity
Madhu.He was succeeded by Lavana,ana were exposed
bitiousrulerwho threw achallengeto mighty bythediggingsmadebylabourersoftheNorthernRailway
Ramachandra.Inabitterfight,Satrughna killed the neartheKashistation.TheArchaeologi-calSurveyofIndia
demon. Duringthetimeof the Chandravarlls1 kings,the soon
regionwascalledSurkna.AccordingtoearlyBuddhistliterat tookchargeofthesiteandconductedexcavations.TheBana
ure,SurenawasoneofthesixteenMahti-janapadas (Great rasHinduUniversityhasbeenexcavatingthesitesince1957
States) in the 6th-5thcenturies .Theseexcavationshave
B.C.(18). ItscapitalwasMathura which revealedthattheearlieststratabelongedtothesecondhalfof
wassituatedatastrategicpointonthenation the1stmillennium B.c.andthelatesttothe18thcentury
alhighway. A.D. Likeallancientcities,VaraQasi
Mathuraisthebirth-placeof wasalsosurroundedbyarampart.Thematerialfindsfro
KrQa.Manystoriesofhislifeandexploitsare still current mtheexcavationsincludesculpt ures,terracottafigurin
intheMathuraregion.MathurawasagreatcentreofBuddh es,seals
ism,JainismandHinduism.Buddhaissaidtohavevisited andscalings,coins,pitchers,vases,beadsandminorobje
thecityonceinhislife·time. cts(25).
OneoftherarestfindsfromRajghatisaSungaplaque
Mathura was a great
depictingthesceneofafair(26).TheGuptamaleandfem
centreofartandarchi-tecture.Asokais said
aleheadsfromthesitearealsocharacterizedbysweet,su
tohavebuiltsomestupashere.Severalfragmentsfromst
btleandsereneelements(27).
uparailingsbelong-ingtotheSungaand Kuiil.la
periods have SANKlSS.A
cometolighthere.ThecolossalYakafromParkham(19) SankissaisasmaHvillagetwenty-
,theheadlessstanding figure of threemileswestofFatehgarh.Theplaceha sbeenidentif
Kanika(20),thegracefulYakis iedwithSankasya,whichwasthecapitalofKusadhvaja,
carvedontherailpillars(21), abrotherofkingJanaka.ItisahallowedspotforBuddhist
andthestandingBuddhafigure sbecau sethe
fromJamalpur(22)aresomeoftheoutstandingsculpture BuddhaperformedmiracleshereandascendedtheTray
sfromMathura. astriri:l.saheaven,thehomeofthethirty-three
MathuriiisalsocreditedwithgivingbirthtotheBudd gods,aftermeetinghismother.BothFaHienandHuenT
haimage(23).ItwasthelargestgranaryoftheBuddhaan sang\'isitedtheplace.
dBodhisattvaimagesduringtheKuaJ;laperiod.These Cunninghamexcavatedpartofamoundinthevicinit
weretransportedtofar-offplaces. yofthevillageSankissliintheyear1862(28).l{ealsosurv
Mathurahasyieldedalargenumberofterra-cottasdati eyedtheentiresiteandlocatedcertainmonumentsmenti
ngfromthepre-Mauryan times to onedby
the7thcenturyA.D.Mostofthemareingrayclayandretains theChinesetravellers.Intheyear19l7,thesitewasexcav
everallocal atedunderthesupervisionofHiranandShastri.Anumbe
featuresnotnoticeableelse-where.TheMauryanterracott rofinterestingsealsandscalings,terracottafigures,potte
ashavemould-madefaces and hand-modelled rytypesandbeads
bodies.The headgear, havebeendiscoveredinthediggings(29).
}cwellery and drapery are applique
andcontainimpresseddesigns.Scoresofterracottasbelon
ging
Contents Dedication vi
Foreword vii

Preface xi
ListofAbbreviations xiv
Principal TerracottaSitesRepresented in theMuseum xv
IIntroduction l
IIArchaicFemaleTypes 9
III Mould-madeFemaleTypes 15
IV Mould-made FemaleTypes(Contd.) 23
vMiscellaneousMould-madeTypes 31
VI MiscellaneousMould-made Types(Contd.) 43
VII TheYakaTypes 52
VIII MiscellaneousTypes 57
IX Miscellaneous Types(Contd.) 87

References 113
Index 121
Illustrations 125
\
 CHAPTERI

Introd uction

s.Afewalsoservedasmagicapotropaicimagesforward
Clayisoneofthemostprizedgiftso ingoffevil.Sincemostoftheearlyfigurineswereunbak
fnaturetohumanbeings.Itpossesse edandmadeoffragilestuff,theyperishedincourseofti
me.Thefigurineswereprobablyproducedonamasssca
sthe letofulfiltheneedofnumerousdevotees.Whenthedem
andforfigurinesincreased,themouldwasinvented.
requisitepotentialforgermination, Thishappenednear-
holdsrootsandsustainsallthatgro aboutthe3rdmillenniumn.c.inMesopotamia.
wsonit.Vegetationexercisesatrem Alargenumberofterracottaanimalandbirdfigurin
es were undoubtedly children's playthings.
endouseffectonweatherandenviro
nment. Fertile
landandfacilityofwaterattractedpr
ehistoricmanandmotivatedhimtos
tartasettledlife.The
movefromthehuntingstage to the
farming stage
wasarevolutionaryeventinthehist
oryofmankind.
Theutilityofclayhasbeenuniversallyacknow-
ledged.Alluvialsoilfromriver-
bankshasbeenextensivelyusedformakinghouseholdpott
ery,humanandanimalfigurines.One great
advantageofclayobjects,potteryandfigurineswasthatthe
ywerelightandsmallandcouldbecarried inperson
anywherewithconvenience.

Theclayfigurineshaveawidedistribution.Thesewere
perhapsproducedin great
abundance.AsinglesiteinMesopotamiayieldedabout20
00clayfigurines(30).Ahoardof2000clayfigurineswasal
sonoticed at
thechalcolithicsiteofVinca,14kilometreseastofBelgrad
e(31).
Thepurposeofmakingclaystatuaryisclear.Someofth
esewerehouseholddeities.Otherswereforvotivepurpose
 Someofthemmighthavebeenmadebythefamilymembersof
theartists.Mouldsarescarceattheancientsitesanditisbelieve
dthatthesewereunbakedormadeoffragilestuff.Aftertakingi
mpressionsthemouldscracked,brokeandfinallydiscarded.
Clayfigurineshavebeenfoundalongwithhumanskelet
onsingravesinMesopotamia(32),Egypt(33)andGreece(
34).Theideawastoprovidethedead,objectswhichhewasu
singwhenalive.Chestsfilledwithunbakedclayfigurinesh
avebeendiscoveredbeneaththefloorsofsomehouse sinM
esopotamia(35).Itwasprobablydonetosavetheinmatesfr
omtheeffectsofevil.Terracottafigurineswerealsonoticed
inthefoundationwallsofhousesandtemplesinBabylonan
dKisch(36).Thefigurineshavebeengenerallynoticednea
r fire-altars, hearth sand residentialhouses.
Thepaleolithic
manhadaknackforclaymodel-ling.Theearliestknownclayst
atuaryassignabletoupperpaleolithicperiodisseeninsideacav
eatTueD'Audoubert on thesouthern sideof thePyraneesin
France (37). Inside thiscave,which is
ratherinaccessible,isseen amodelled clay bison
couplereadytomate. Theseanimalsweremeantforsome
ritualisticorfertility rites. The footprints of thecavemen,
who dancedbeforetheseanimalsaspartofthe ritual, can be
seen even today.
Anotherexampleofpaleolithicclaymodelling is seenin
acave located near village Montespan in
Haute-Garonne in France. Herein a narrow gallery is seen
a damaged clay animal leaning against awall (38).
YetanotherevidenceofclaymodellingisfromDolniVestonic
e,apaleolithicsiteontheriverDyji in Moravia. At this
place were exposed
remainsofhutsalllocatedwithinaradiusof about
100metres.In the centre of a hut of 16'x13'
 2 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum
sizewasnoticeda hearth lined with
Itcontained2000claypellets,thebakedheads of abear,a fox
andalso incomplete figurines
andbrokenlegsofanimals(39). All these were madeofa
plastic materialpreparedfrom
ashofanimalbones,mixedwith clay and fat. Theinvention
of thismaterial by
VestonicemammothhuntersofthelateAurignacianperiodis s
ignificant. The hearth, which servedas a kiln,is the
earliestknown exampleof itskind. Itmayalsobementioned
herethatthefirst everfinger-
printofm:misseenonthebearfigurefrom Dolni(40).The
modelled clay animals
representedthehunters'prey were probably used
huntingand fertility ritesperformed insidethe hut.
TheMotherGoddesswas
widelyveneratedintheancientworld(41).Itwasalsopopul
aramongstthepaleolithichunters.FigurinesoftheMother
Goddessareavailableinthemediumof
mammoth,bone,stoneandclay.Forobviousreasons,how
ever,claywaspreferred.Theearlytypesarefeaturelessand
availableinabstractformswithorwithoutthehead.Insome
cases,theMother
Goddesshasthefaceofareptileorabird.Somefigurinesha
vestun1p-\ikehandsandtaperi11giegs.'Ihe
modeHingisrudimentaryandthefigurinesstiJIfarawayfro
mnaturalism.Suchfigurine s
wereexecutedaroundthe6th-
5thmillenniaD.c.inoldEuropeandadjoin-ingregions.
The
twoprincipalcharacteristicsofthemothergoddessaresa
ggybreastsandpendulouships.Insomeareas,shewasw
orshipped asasymboloffertilityand fecundity. There
are seengrainmarksembeddedonthebodiesofsome-
figurinesfoundintheUSSR.
Theartisttendedtowardsnaturalisminthechalcolitb
icperiod.Oneinterestingfeatureofthefigurinesduringt
hisageisthattheyarevariou slydecorated.Rowsofpinto
pincisions,punchedcirclets,paralielorhorizontalincise
dlinesandtouchesofblueandredpaintontheirbodiesden
otetattoomarks,jewelleryordress.Thesigni-ficanceoft
hedotina punched circle seen on
thelegandhipregionofcertainfemalefigurinesdatableto
theperiod2500-
2000n.c.fromTurkmaniaisnotunderstoodyet(42).
Theearliestknowncolonnaded temple
databletothe8thmillenniumB.C.wasdiscovered
atJericho,asiteintheJordanvalleyofPalestine.The
clay. artifactsunearthedfromthis
siteprovideaninterestingglimpseofalocal
evolutionfromthemesolithichuntingstagetotheneolithicf
armingstage.Inthevicinityofthetemplewerefoundtwocrn
the delyexecutedclayfemalefigurines,andalsomodelledanim
alssuchassheep,goat,cattle
the andpig.Thetemplewasevidentlydedicatedtosomeanimal
cult (43).A smallshrinewasalsoexposedat Jericho.
Inside it werefound three
unburntclayfigurinesofabeardedman,awomanandachild(
44).Perhapstherewa ssometrinityinthemythology of
ancientMesopotamia. Qal'at Jermointhenorthernpartof
which Mesopotamiaisanotherpotential site. It
in wasinoccupationaround 6500
B.C.Materialfindsfromthesiteshowthatthepeoplelivingi
nthistownhadenteredintothefoodproductionstage.Theyl
ived in multi-
roomedhousesandusedstonevesselsaswellaschertandob
sidiantools.Potterywas unknown, but
thepeoplemodelledhumanandanimalfigurines
inclay(45).AseatedfemalefigurefromJermoisaprototype
ofthemothergoddessandaccordingtoParrot,itwastheearl
iestmanifestationofcreativeart (46).
Somein terestingdevelopmen tstookplaceinnorthSyr
iainthe8th-
7thmillenniaB.c.AtasitecalledCayonu,thereisevidenceo
fthefirstuseofclaybricksandpottery.Thepeoplealsomade
clayfiguresverymuchonthemodeloftheupperpaleolithic
figurines. There is, however, no
signoftheface,breastsandthearms(47).At
anothersitenamedKarimShahir(8000?-
6500n.c.)nearJermo,unbakedgoatfigureswere found.
Thefemalefigureis,however,absentatthissite(48).
Theabovedescriptionofclayfigurinesfrom
certainancientsitesandareasoftheancientworld
showsadistinct and steady development of clay
art.
Indiahaspeculiarreligiousconceptsandspecialmetho
dsforthedisposalofthedead.Herethematerialfindsfrom
thearchaeological sites
havenotbeentoomany.Thereisnothingtocompareherewi
ththedazzlingfindsfromtheroyal tombsofEgyptandUr.
InIndia,terracottafigurineshavebeenfoundscatter
edonthesurfaceofmoundsindifferentareasandstratasi
noccupationlayers.Theirpurposewasalmostthesamea
sitwasinother countries. Some of them servedas
household
 Introduction
deities.Othersrelatedtosecularsubjects.Duringfestivals,
demandsforsuchfigurinesmusthavebeenveryhigh,such
asseeneventodayontheeveofGa1;efaChaturthi,NagaPaii
chami,DiwaliandDussehra.Terracottaplaqueswithholes
atthetopweresuspendedagainstthewalls.Somewere
keptonthemantel-
piecesornichesmadeonthewallsofthehouse.
Thereareanumber·ofreferencestoclayfigurinesinanc
ientIndianliterature.Itis
saidintheA§va/iiyanaGrhyaParisi,tathatforniigabali(snak
esacrifice),afineheadofsnakeinclayorwood be made
and worshipped for a year(3-
16).AccordingtotheMahabharata, Ni$adaEkalavyamad
eaclayfigureofhisguru,Drol).a-charya,andpractisedarch
ery in front of it(123-12) (49). The Hariram§a also
refers
totheclayfiguresofMadhuandKaitabha(50).Clayfigures
arealsomentionedinthe Brahma(51),Kalikii(52),
Linga(53) andNaradaPural')a(54).
ToyswerequitepopularinancientIndia.Thereisanint
erestingreferencetotoys
intheBhaddasiilaJataka.InthisJataka,princeBidudabhaq
uestionshismotherastowhyhedoesnotgetgiftslikehorses
,elephantsandtoyswhichother
princeswerereceivingfromtheirmaternalside(55).
The Kiilyapa Samhiti'i, a medical treatise
re-editedinthe3rdcenturyA.D.,givesa long list
oftoys(54).There is mention of toys also in
theDivyavadana, aworkwritten between the 3rd
and4thcenturies A.D.(55).Kalidasainhis
Sakuntalamspeaks of a painted terracotta
peacock (56).Biil)abhaHa
in the 7th centuryA.D.
mentionslepyakiira Kadambaka, who
preparedterracottacrocodiles,tortoises,coconuts,plantai
nsand
betel-nuttreesontheeveofthemarriageofRajyasri(57).
Pakistanisoneofthemostpotentialarchaeo-logicalre
gionsinAsia.Extensivesurveys,explora-tionsandexcav
ationsofthemoundslyinginthisarealedtotheadditionoft
he'HarappanCulture'phasetothehistoryofIndia.Therui
nedcitiesandcentresofpre-Harappan and Harappan
culturehave)ieldedinterestingterracottahuman
andanimalfigurines.
Themostdistinguishedgroupofterracottascomesfro
mKulli,ZhobandMehi,alllocatedinBaluchistan.TheK
ullifemalefigurineshaveappliqueroundelsforeyesonap
inchedface.Themouthhasnotbeenindicated.The
figureabruptly
3
endsatthewaistsuggestingthatitrested
onapedestalwhenworshipped.Thearmsofthefigurinesar
eusuallyloweredtothesidesandthehairdress-edinabunch.
Onefigureshowsher hands
lifted.Inotherexample,sheholds
twobabesinarms.Cattlefigurines,oftendecoratedwithcol
ouredverticallines,havealsobeen found in
largenumbersatthevarious Kullisites(58).
TheZhobfigurinehasahighhoodedhead,holJowholes
foreyes,anowJ-
beaknoseandaslit-cutmouth.Thenecklaceismadeofaseri
esofclaystripsoften coveringpartofthe breasts(59).
Insomeexamples,theheadofthefemaleis
coveredbywhatlookslikeashawl.Thegeneralappearance
oftheZhob figurines reflects the terrific
aspectwhichthegoddessrepresented.
TwooutstandingZhob-
typefemalefigurineswithlegshavebeendugoutatthesit
eofMehar-garhnearNowsherainPakistan.Oneofthem
hasdeepholesforeyes.She
wearsanappliedtorqueandholdssomeobjectinherhand
s(60).Thesecond figure hasalsodeepholesforeyes.
Shehaslarge-sizebreastsand legs.
Mohen-jo-Daro, Harappaand Chanhu-
Darohaveyieldedalargenumberofterracottafemalefigurin
esaswellasanimalsand birds. The female
figurinepredominates these sites. The Mohen-jo-
Darofemalefigurinesusuallyhave a fan-shaped
head-dress.Insomeexamples,a cup is found
attachedtoeithersideofherhead(61). The cups
probablycontainedincense. The eyes are shownby
tinyapplied clay pellets. The female has
prominentbreasts, athin waist and broadhips
whicharepotential characteristics of the Mother
Goddess.Thelegsofmostofthe figurinesare
straightandwithnoindicationoffeet. Shewearsshort
skimpyshirtsorashortskirtheldupbyasingleordoublebelt.
Shealsowearsagirdleandaheavy
necklace.Therearealsosomefemale busts which have
nojewellery. Some figurines have double horn-
likeprojections on their headdress.In one type
sheholdsachildin herarms. Malefiguresarerare
atMoben-jo-Daro. A nude male figure with
broadshouldersandloweredarmsstandserect. No
handpalms
andfeetareshowninthisexample.Acrudelymadeseated
figure has a drawn-out tongue (62).A large number
of terracotta clay animalshave
also been unearthed at Mohen-jo-
Daro.Figurinesofsuperiorworkmanshipmaybethepro-du
ctsofskilledcraftsmen. Thoseshowinginferior
 ayplaquehasbeenfound
4
modelJingmay be the workof potter's
children.AspiritedBrahmanibullfrom Mohen-jo-
Daroshowstheperfectionattained
bythecontemporaryartistsinclay-
modelling.Hollowfigurineswithswollenbodiesareaspec
ialfeatureofChanhu-Daro (63).
The terracotta figurines from Harappan sites
areallhand-
modelled.Theeyes,breasts,jewelleryandapparelareinvar
iablyinapplique
technique.ThemouldwasnotusedbytheHarappanartists.
TheperiodbetweenthefinalphaseoftheHarappan
culturearound 1700 or 1500D.C.andthe
adventoftheMauryasin the 3rd
centuryB.c.wasoncetermedasa'darkperiod'ofIndianhi
story.Amajorbreakthroughinthis
directionhas,however,beenachievedin recent times
bythediscoveryofHarappanandpost-
HarappanrelicsinHaryana,Punjab,Rajasthan,Gujarat
andMaharashtra.TheHarappancultureinamodifiedfor
mspreadtootherregionsafterthedesertionofmetropolit
ancitieslikeMohen-jo-
DaroandHarappa.ThemostoutstandingsitesareLothal
(2500B.C.to1600B.c.), Kalibangan (2300 n.c. to
1750B.C.),Surktotala(2300B.C.to1700B.c.)andAbar(18
00B.C.to1200B.c.).LothalinSaurashtrawasanimportant
townofmatureHarappancultureflourishingnear-
about2450D.C.Strangelyenough,figurinesoftheMothe
rGoddessandtheBrahmal).iBullwhichaboundatMohe
n-jo-
DaroareabsentatLothal(64).Asolitaryfemalefigurine
withpromi-nentbreastsbutdevoidofjewelleryfoundat
Lothaldoes not appear tobethe Mother
Goddess.Itisapparentthatthe Mother Goddess cult
wasnotfavouredatLothal.Thesite,however,yieldedbe
autifullymodelled
animalslikebulls,horses,bearsandsquirrels.
ThesiteofKalibanganinRajasthanhasreveal-edapr
e-
Harappanstratum.ItremainedinHarappanoccu pationf
rom2300B.c.
to1750B.C.AchargingterracottabullfromKalibanga ni
sofgreatartisticmerit(65).Acrudelymodelledhead-les
sfemalefigurinewasalsoexhumedfromtheexcavations
.Itmaybetheheadofanordinarywoman,astheMotherG
oddessis
unknownatKalibangan.Afewbullfigurineswithelonga
tedearswerealsoexhumedfromtheHarappanlevels.Th
eKalibanganpeoplealsoknewtheartofdrawingonwetpl
aque s.Abull-
headedfigurewithlargeincurv-edhornsengravedonacl
 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum
atKalibangan(66).Suchfiguresha
vebeennoticedatHissarinIranand
GumlainPakistan.
SurktotalainKutchdistrictofGujaratwasafortifie
dtownwithacitadel.MatureHarappanoccupationhere
isdatabletoaperiodbetween2300and1800 B.c.Alargep
aintedterracottabullwasfoundhere.Thereareholeson
thelegsoftheanimalwhichindicatethatitservedasatoy
-cart.Suchbullfigurineshavebeen noticedatNuzion
theIraq-Iranborder(67).
KayathanearUjjainhasanancient mound.Its
occupationperiodisfrom 2000 B.C. to 1800
B.C.Thesitehasyieldedalargenumberofbullfigureswith
outeyesandmouth.Theanimalhaslonghornsprojectedin
front or raised
upwards.Noattempthasbeenmadetoshowtheeyes
andthemouthoftheanimal.Somebullfigurinesaredecora
ted withcoloured strips.
Terracottafigurinesofstylizedbulls,horsesandele
phants have been unearthed also at Abar, asitein
thevicinityofUdaipurcity(68).Theoldtownflourishe
Introduction
grayclayshowingabullinthecentreandalsoacobraan
danantelope-alldoneinthepunched technique(73).
Somethingdefinitecanbesaidabouttheterracot
taoutputoftheMauryanperiod.Theexcavationsca
rriedoutatKumrahar
inPatna(74),PuranaQuilii,Delhi(75)andMathura(
76)providedvaluablecluesfordeterminingthedate
oftheterracottas.Theterracottafigurinesfoundinth
eperiodIstrata(600
B.C.to150B .c.)arecrudeandhand-
modelled.Thefaceofthefigureispinchedandtheey
esandthebreastsareindicatedbypunchedcirclets.
Themouth isshownbyadeephor.izontalcut. Some
advancement
interracottaartappearstohavebeenmadeduringth
eMauryanperiodatMathura.Thefaceofthe
figurinesofthisperiodismould-
madebutthejewellery,apparelanddecorativeacce
ssoriesimpressedwithvariousmotifsareallinthea
pplique
technique.Agoodnumberoffemalefigurinesassig
nabletotheMauryanperiodhavebeendug out at
Vaialialso(77). Thesehavediamond-
shapedpunchedeyes andweara
torque,anecklaceandagirdle,decoratedwithpunc
hedcircletsallshownin theappliquetechnique.
dfrom2000B.C.to500B.C.Navaga-toliontheNarmadai
sachalcolithicsite.AccordingtoSankalia,thefirstsettl
ementherebeganaround2000B.c.Thereareseenapplie
dmaleandfemalefigures,monkeysandlizardsonthebo
dyofsomestoragejarsexcavatedatNavadatoli(69).Th
efiguresarerathercrudebuttheirpresenceonthebodyof
jarsisanovelty.
Prakash,in Maharashtra, Chandoli
nearPoonaandGilundinRajasthanarethreeimportantc
halcolithicsiteswhichhave
yieldedterracottas.AtPrakashwasfoundapaintedterra
cottatoy-cart, a tort oise and a bull,the
bodyofwhichwasdecoratedwithblackstripes.FromCh
andolicomesatheriomorphicvesselshapedlikeabull(7
0).Anumberofterracottabullsandagroup
ofterracottagamesmenwithanimalheadshavebeenfou
ndatGilund(71).Inamgaon,asitenearPoona,wasinocc
upationbetween1600B.C.and700B.C.Ityieldedaheadle
ssunbakedfemalefigurestandingontheback
ofabull(72).Anotherheadlessfemalefigurewasfoundi
nsideasmallclaycasket.
StrayterracottashavebeenunearthedatRang-pur,Nev
asa,Eran,Belwadi,Nagar,Daimabad,Sangankallu,Sanur,
PikihaJ,Pochampad,Tekkala-kotaandotherminorsitesin
SouthIndia.FromtheneolithicsiteofTekkalakotacomesa
potterylid in
Mathurahasbeenanimportantcentreofterracottaindu
stry.ThevariousMotherGoddessfigurinesingrayclaypic
kedup from the sur-faceareassignedto the Mauryan
period bysomescholars.ModelledMother
Goddessfigurine swithmould-
madefaceaboundatMathurii.Theyusuallywearaheavy
headgeardecoratedwithappliedrosettes,necklaces,anda
girdle.Therearealsosomefigurineswithoutanyjeweller
y.TheyareinthetraditionofthePataliputratypes.SomeMa
thuraterracottafigurineshavediamond-shapedeyesand
amouthindicatedby a
horizontalcut.AlateMauryanperiodhead,however,sho
wsbetterworkmanship.Thefaceofthefigureisslightlytilt
ed.Fewmaleterracottafigurine5havebeensightedatMath
ura.
Grey-
colouredterracottahumanandanimalfigurinesandahorse-
riderequippedwitharmourwerefoundintheMauryanlevela
tPuranaQuilasiteinDelhi(78).
TheSungaperiodO87-75n.c.)isa
landmarkinthehistoryofIndianplasticart.Withthebreak-
upoftheMauryanempire,itscourtlyartlostground.A new
twist inart idiomsandreligious
 5

conceptsemergedwiththecomingoftheSungas.Inthe
changedset-
up,courtd irectionsfromtherulingpowerinthefieldofa
rtvani shed.Theartistswereactuallyontheroadtofreed
om.

TheSungaagesawarevivalofBrahmanismbutitwasp
robablylimitedtotherulingclass.Thegeneralpopulationf
ollowedasomewhatprimiti veorfolkreligionwhichhadw
ithinitsorbityakasandyakis,nagas
andotherdevattis,whosenameshavenowbeenlost.
SomeyakIscarvedontheBharhutrailpillarshavebeenlab
elledas'Sirimadevata','Chulakokadevata'and'Mahakoka
devata'.A numberofmould-
madeterracottafemalefigurinesoftheSungaperiodarego
rgeouslyadorned.Someofthemmayrepresentyakis.

Modellingwas givenupduringtheSungaage.
Itwasreplacedbythemouldtcchniqµewhichwasexten
sivelyusedforthedepictionofavarietyofsubjects.This
changeoftechniqu ewasprobablyduetotheheavydem
andfortcrracottasincontempo-rarysociety.
Stonewasahardandscarcematerial.Chisellingin
stonealso requiredpatience
andJabour.Stonewas,therefore,notacceptedasaconve
nient medium forobjectsofmassproduction.On
theotherhand,clayofferedmanyadvantages.Itwasche
apandavailableinplentyinmostregions.Duetoitsdext
erousquality,itcouldbeeasilypressedandsqueezed.Fl
at,rectangular,ovalorroundplaquesfromtheclaycoul
dbemadewithoutanydifficulty.Nofigurineeithercom
pletelymodelledorintherounddefinitelyassignabletot
heSungaperiodhassofarcometolight.Theartistsengag
edinpreparingmouldsmust havebeenwell-
versedinthetechniqu eof lay-
out,drawingandcomposition.Intheplaques,overcrow
ding
hasbeenavoided.Particularattentionhasalsobeengive
ntoshowtheintricatedetailsconnectedwiththe
scenesandfigures.Themould-
madeplaquesfromKausambT,Chandraketugarhand
Tiimlukexhibitstrikingeleganceandfinessecharacteri
sticofthejeweller'sart.Itispossibletheartistswerefro
mthesametraditionalstockofartistswhocarvedtheMa
uryanminiatureringstonesunear-thedatTaxila,Rupar
,Mathurii,KausambiandRajghat.Theartistsofancien
tJndiaworkedinmorethanonemedium.Thisisevidentf
romaninscription engraved on Sanchirailing
statingthattheivorycarversfromVidisahadworkedint
hemonument(79).
 6 Terracottas intheAllahabadMuseum
Somescholarshaveplacedterracottasinthecategoryo
ffolkart.Butreallyitisnotso.Thisartdemandedgreatskinas
wellas
technicalproficiency.Theartistsworkingintheterracotta
mediumwerenotmerevillagefolks.Onaccountoftheirspe
ciali-zedtechnicalknowledge,theymusthaveheldahighp
ositionamongstcontemporary artists.
Severalscenesonplaquesarereminiscentofsuperiorurban
culture.Theplaquescontainingscenesofdance,music,ero
ticism,bacchanaliaandmithunas,fairs,wrestling,picnic,c
hildlearningalphabetsor sleep-
ingon abed,historicalepisod es,menonchariots
drivenbystuds anddeerundoubtedlytestifyto
theactivitiesofagayandsophisticatedcitylife.
TheSµngaruleissupposedtohavecome
toanendnearabout75n.c.Whathappenedimmediatelythe
reafterwedonotknow.Accordingtothenumis-maticevid
ence,somelocalMitrakingsruledovercertainregionsbefo
re the advent of the Saka-Kuai:ias.
TheSaka-Kuai:iaperiod(Istcenturyn.c.tothe2nd
century A.D.)isanothersignificantchapterinthehistory
ofIndianplasticart.TheKuai:ia kingsadopted a liberal
attitudetowardscontem poraryreligionslikeBuddhism,J
ainismandtheBrahmani-calfaith.This
wiseactoftherulershelpedtheminstrengthening and
consolidating their power
onIndiansoil.TheirleaningstowardstheBrahmanicalreli
gion are evident from coin types containingfigures of
Siva
andKarttikeya,andalsofromthesacrificialJupaserected
at severalplaces. TheKuai:iakings were great patrons
of
Buddhism.AnappreciablenumberofBuddhaandBodhis
attvafigures,imagesofMahiasuramardini,
ckamukhaSiva liilgas, portrait statuesof
kingsand railpillars have been exhumed from the
extensiveruins of Mathura,which became a (84), the Gupta artistsdelighted
prominentcentreof sculpturalartduringtheKuaoaperiod.
ForeigntribesliketheSakasandtheKuaoasgraduallys
preadovertheGangeticplain.Themigration
andmovementofthesenationalswithstrangeethnicfeatur
esanddressattractedthesensitiveartistsworkinginthemed
iumofclay.Theyseemto have taken delight in
modellingportraitheadsoftheforeignerswithvariedhead-
gears,beardandmoustache.The modelling
insomeoftheKuai:iaheadsfromKausambIandMathura
is bold, forcefuland indicates
thevirilecharacteroftheintruderswhichhadsweptoverNo
rth India. Thebeautifullife-size terracotta
images of HaritI and Gajalak mi found
atKausambi display high
proficiencywhich theKuai:iaartisthadattained
in clay-modelling (80).Other interesting typesof the
Kuaoa periodincludefiguresofan unspecified Mother
Goddess,Mahiasuramardini, Balarama,Nagi,Kubera,
menwearingbuttonedcoats,peaked caps,helmets
andcheek pieces, horse-riders, comic figures,
yakasandvotivetanks.
Alargenumberofbig-sizemaleand
femaleheadsandfiguresofcrudeworkman ship,executedi
nroughclay,havebeenfoundatdifferentancientsites.Som
escholarshavevaguelyassignedthemtotheKuaQ.aperiod
.Butmanyofthesemaybeaslateasthe9thcenturyA.D.Stella
Kramrischhasrightlyusedtheword
'timeless'forthisgroupoffigures(81).
Afterthedisruption
oftheKuaoaempire,confusionprevailedinthecountryfors
ometime.TheGuptasappearedonthescene
duringthefourthcenturyA.D.Theyfreed the country
fromtheforeignyokeandextended theirterritorytofar-
flungareas.Theyalsolaidthefoundationofavast,stableem
pire,wherepeaceandprosperityreignedsupreme.Duringt
heGuptaperiod,usuallycalledthe'golden'or'classicalage'
of
Indianhistory ,aneworientationwasgiventotheexistingar
tidioms.
The Kuaoaelements, which were visibleinearly
Gupta art,gradually
disappeared.Thesculpturesofthe Guptaperiod
are marked by ararequiescentbeautyandelegance.
Thebodies ofthe figures are supple and anunusual
sweetnesspervades their faces. The lipsare full and
thefingerstender. Asisevidentfromthelargenumberof
terracotta heads from Rajghat(82),Bhita(83)and JhflsI
inshowingawidevarietyofstriking hair styJes.TheGupta
terracotta typesinclude
heads,standingmenandwomen,womenontheswing,Siva
-Parvati,motherwithchild,gai:iasand bricks with
animalandfloralmotifs.The life-sizestandingfigures
ofGangaandYamunafrom
AhichchhatrahousedintheNationalMuseum,NewDelhi,
exhibitamazingartisticmaturity (85).
EveryterracottaobjectintheGuptaagewasdoneinaperfect
anddisciplinedstyle.
Anumber of Guptaterracotta panels
whichonceadornedtheSivatempleatAhichchhatrahav
e
 lntroduction
beenfoundin the excavations at the site.Thesecontain
lively scenes, like the fight
betweenJayadrath aandYudhi$thira,Sivagai:iaseatingla(i
<;lusandgai:iasdisturbingthe sacrifice of
Dak$a(86).Theheavilydamagedbrick temple at
BhitargaoninKanpur district was one of the most
elegantstructuresof theGuptaage. Onthe exterior
wallsofthistemplewerefixedpanels containing
figuresofvariou sgods and goddesses,
animalsandfloralmotifs. A beautifully executed
panel
showingSe$asayIVi$t).ufromthistempleis
housed in theIndian Museum at Calcutta (87).A
brickstilpahavingseveralBuddhaimagesarounditsbase
waserected at a place called Devnimori in
GujaratStateinA.D. 375, when Gupta power was at
itszenith(88).
TheGuptapanelsfromM!rpurKhasinSindinPakistanalsos
howexquisitemodelling(89).Stray brick i;anels, once
forming architecturalcomponent s of temples,have also
cometolightatMathura,ChandausiandSahcthMaheth.
ThehistoryofIndiaafterthedownfalloftheGuptaempi
reissomt:whatconfused.What
weretheexacttrendsanddevelopmentsintheterracottaart
duringtheperiodisnotveryclear.Atemplebuiltaboutthe8
thcenturyA.D. at Paharpur,
nowinBangladesh,hadanumberofterracottapanelsfixed
arounditsbase.Thetempleisinruins.Fromthedebrisofthe
structure,however,were exhumed
7
about2000panelscontainingawidevarietyof
subjects.Therewerealso80panelsinsituonth
edamagedwalls(90).
RemainsofGuptabrickstructureshavealsobeensited
atMahasthan(91)andMainiimati(92),bothinBangladesh.
Severalmouldedandorna-mentalbricksandpanelscontain
ingvarioussceneshavebeendiscoveredatboththesesites.
Therewashecticactivityinthefieldofstonearchitecl
ureinthepost-
Guptaperiod,buttheterracottaartwasonthedecline.Ho
wever,invillagesclayfigurinescontinuedtobemadefor
worshiporvotiveofferingsforalongtimebuttheywerefa
rawayfromthestandardartidioms.Thesefigureshaven
oaestheticappeal.
Anumberofhighlyornatebricktempleswerebuiltbet
weenthe17thand19thcenturies
A.O.atdifferentplacesinWestBengal(93).Themostoutsta
ndingof theseincludethe
templesofVii:iupur,Kalva,Baranagar,Ilambazar,Gupti
para,northChandan,NagarBanghbaliandAtpur.TheJcge
ndoftheKrioaandscenesfromtheRiimiiym:zadominatethe
panelsofthesestructures.Theirworkmanshipisimpressiv
ebutthe figures
arestatic.However,theunderlyingartcontinuityinthesee
xamplesisofgreatsignificanceto thehistory
ofIndianplasticart.
 CHAPTERII
ArchaicFemale Types
AHICHCHHATRA(BareillyDistrict)
1. Femalefigure No.3515
Hand-modelled,crudestyle,13.5cm
Sheholdsachildinherright
arm.Eyesind icatedbygroovedholes.
2. Femalebust No.483
Hand-modelled,crudestyle,8x6cm
Thecylindricalbodyofthefemaleissplayedouttofo
rmabase.Shehasananimal-
likefaceandhereyesareindicatedbygroovedholes;ar
msstretchedouttothesides;appliedbrea sts.Partofana
ppliedtorquevisiblebehindtheneck.
Therightbreastandlowerpartofthearmsbroken.
BHlTA(AllahabadDistrict)
3. Femalebust No.4720
Hand-modelled ,crudestyle,6.5x7cm
Shehasraisedandperforatedeyesandaslitmouth;ea
rs
shownbyprojectingclaypellets.Herchintiltedupwar
dsandstump-
likearmsstretchedouttothesides.Breastsind icated.
Hairarrangedinahighloopandboundbyaribbon.Wea
rsatorquemadeofappliedper-foratedtinyringletswit
h a decorated pendantinthecentre.
Armsdamaged;brokenbelowthewaist.
4. Lumpofclay No.4575
Fig.1Hand-modelled,unbaked,Ht 11cm
Thelumphasaflatbase.Onthetop
partisapinchedoutnosewithahole;eyesandmouthap
pliedandthencutinthemiddlebyasharpinstrument.
Appliedslicedtorqueofwhichonlyapartsurvives.Thi
ckappliedandincisedlips.
JHOSl(AllahabadDistrict)
5. Thickplaque No. 5092 Fig.2
Hand-modelled, paintedwithredcolour,
3.5x3.11cm
Inthemiddle,standsafemale
accompaniedbyadwarffemaleattendant.Therightha
ndofthetallerfemaleisplacedonthebackofananimalc
rawlingonherrightleg.Theeyesandthebreastsoftheat
tendantfemaleareindicatedbyappliedringlets.
Upperpartoftheplaquemissing.
Thesubjectofthisterracottaplaqueremainsunident
ified.Jlutthereisnodoubtthatithassomeconnectionwi
ththemothergoddesscult.Thestyleisalsointeresting.
Thefiguresareexecutedinfolkidiom.
6. Standingfemale No.4971
Fig.3Hand-
modelled,8.5x5.5cm
Thewomanhasapinchedoutface.Hereyesappearli
kebulgedoutballsofclay.Noseridgeextendsrightupto
thehead ;adepressioninplaceofmouth.Groovedholes
for the navelandbreastnipples.Stump-like arms
stretchedouttothesides;legsparted;cup-
likedepres-sionswithincisedlinesprobablyindicatefi
ngersofthefeet.Wearsatorque,aJongnecklaceindicat
edbyinciseddots,andagirdlebyaline;inciedlinesonthe
armsprobablyindicatefoldsofascarf.
7. Standingfemale
No.5170Hand-
modelled,7x4.5cm
Herfaceistiltedabove.Theeyesare
shownbypunchedclaypelletsandthenoseridgeformed
bypinchingtheface.Mouthnotindi-cated ;pointedbrea
sts;stump-likearmsandlegs
 10 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

stretchedouttothesides.Torque and 12.Bird- No.5373 Fig.6

anecklaceindicatedbyinciseddots.ThingroovedJines headedfemalebustHand- painted with black
seenonthewaistandbrokenleftarm. modelled,grayclay,colour,
4.5x3.5cm
Thearmsandthelegsbroken. Thefemalehas abird-
8. Femalefigure likeface.Earsindicatedbyslantingslitcut;mouthnot
No.1553 shown.Doubleclaystripforatorqueontheneck.Ade
Hand-modelled, 10x7cm epcut
Herfaceistiltedupwards.Shehasdiamond-shape seenonthetopofthehead;appliedringletsforbreasts
deyesandslitmouthbelowapinchednose.Herarmsst .Smallstump-
retchedouttothesides.Thehairdrawnbackwards;an likearmsprojectedtotheside.Thinwaist.
appliedbraidvisibleatthebackofthehead.Wearsapp Bird-facedfemalefigurineshavebeenfoundin
lied,disc-shapedearringsplacedsidewaysandanapp severalancientsitesofRussia,BulgariaandMesopo
liedtorqueandgirdleimpressedwithpunchedcirclet tamia.SuchfigurinesunearthedatAnja(phaseJIand
s.Astampedfilletseenoneithersideoftheface. III)havebeenassignedtoaperiod6000-5450n.c.
Thearmsandthelegspartlybroken.
13.Femalebust No.3877
9. Femalebust No.5022 Fig.4 Hand-modelled,lightgray clay,7.5x6cm
Hand-modelled,lightgrayclay,6.5x5.5cm
Theeyesandthemouthindicatedbyincisedlines.Sh
Hereyesareindicatedbyadeepcut.Noseridgepro ehasroundappliedbreasts
minent;aslitmouth.Athickclaystripdecoratedwith withgroovednipples.Wearsatorqueindicatedbyincis
honeycombdesigns reresentstorque;tin'jiroovedtl edlines.
otsonthebreastandthechestregionprobably
Armsandpartbelowthewaistaremissing.Head
representanecklace.Aroundpelletbearinghoneyco
damaged.
mbdesignisalsoseenbelowthechin.Similardecorat
ionrepeatedintheclaystripsattachedoneithersideof 14. Femalebust No. 3343
herface. Fig.7Hand-
Thearmsandpartbelowwaistmissing..,..heleftside modelled,grayclay,paintedwithblackcolour,6x5cm
breastispeeledoff. Hernoseridge
10. Female figure isformedbypinchingtheface.Themouthisabsent
No.3808Hand- buteyesindicated
modelled,7x3cm byincisedlines.Appliedroundbreasts
withgroovednipples;punchedcircletsseenontheneck
Bottompartofthefiguresplayedouttoformabase.
andthebreast;anincisedhalo-
Shehasapinchedoutfacewithouteyes,aslitmouth,h
likerayedcrestonthehead.
eavybreastsandprojectedears.Hairarrangedbehind
thehead. Thearmsandpartbelowthebreastsmissing.
Armsmissing. 15. Femalebust No.3392
KAUSAMBl(AllahabadDistrict) Hand-modelled, unbaked, painted red, 8><5cm
Hereyesareindicatedbydeeply groovedlines. Slit
cut mouth and projected left ear;
11.Femalebust No.848 Fig.5 threeincisedlinesseenontheneck. There is a
Hand-modelled,5.5x4cm hoodorhorn-likeknobonthe left side of her
head.
Thewomanhasahightapering head and a
pinchedoutnose.Eyesandmouthnotindicated;right Leftsideofthebrea standtopof
handshort- theheaddamaged;thearmsandpartbelowthewaist
amerestump.Shehasundevelopedbreasts. missing.
Partbelowbreastsmissing;lefthandbroken. 16.Femaletorso No.3329
Thisbustmayrepresentoneoftheearliestarchaicfe Hand-modelled, painted red, 10x8cm
maletypes.Itisanabstractform oftheeternalMother She has raised and pointed breasts.
Goddess. HerrightlrncietsQI!the abdQmcn, the left one
ArchaicFemaleTypes
isplacedonthehip.Wearsanappliedtorque,armletsan
dbracelets;agirdleindicatedbyinciseddots.
The headandpartbelowthekneesbroken.
17.Femalebust No.3439
Fig.8Hand-
modelledandunbaked,8x6cm
Thewomanhasappliedeyes.Theeyeballiscutbyastr
aightlineinthemiddle.Astripof claymakesher
hairandtorque.Sheholdsafeaturelesschildinherleftar
m.
Lowerpartofthefigureandarmsmissing.
18.Femalebust
No.1772
Hand-modelled,6x5cm
Hernoseridgeisformedbypinching
theface.Eyesandthemouthnotshown.Shorthorn-
likeprojectionsonthehead;wearsanappliedtorquean
danecklace.Adepressionbehindthehead.
Thearmsandpartbelowthewaistmissing.
19. Bird-headedfemalefigure No.919
Fig.9Hand-modelled,12x 7cm
Shehasathinwaist,exaggeratedhips,abird-
likepinchedface,roundappliedeyes,stump-
likearmsandlegs.Shehasanappliedplaincollarand
a thickornamentalgirdle.
Legsofthefiguremissing.
20. Seatedfemale
No.3684Hand-
modelled,18x 16cm
Shehasprominentbreastsandagroovednavel.Wea
rsanappliedandincisedtorque.Holdsacupinherlefth
and;astar-
shapedfigurerepresentingachildclingstoherleftbrea
st.
Thehead,theleftarmandpartoftheright legbroken.
Thisfigurewas
shapedagainstacylinder,atechniquewidelyadopted
formodellinglarge-sizefiguresintheMiddleEast(94
).
Asimilarfigureholdingastar-shapedchildin
herleftarmandclosetotheleftbreastwasalsodiscover
edat Lauriyii NandangarhinBihar(95).
21.Standingfemalefigure No. Fig.10
1284Hand-modelled, 26x9cm
11
Thefemalehasalongface.Eyes,eyelidsandmouths
hownbyraisedridges.Thecrestontheheadisdecorated
withgroovedlines.Shehasanimal-
likeearsandsaggybreasts.Wearsear-tops.Torquesho
wnbyadoublerowof
appliedandgroovedclaypellets.·
Handsmissing.Lowerpartofthefiguredamaged.
22. Femalebust
No.3402Hand-modelled,
6x4cm
Shehasabird-
likepinchedface;shorthorn-likeknobsoneithersideof
thehead.Slitovaleyesandbreasts
closetooneanother.Doubleslantinglineontheneckan
dasinglelineonthewaistseen;depressionbehindthehe
ad.
Thearmsandthepartbelowthewaistmiss-ing.
23. Femalebust No.1243
Hand-modelled,grayclay, 6.5x6cm
Eyesindicatedbyincisedlinesandthemouthbyazig
zagslitcut.Shebaspointedbreasts.Adoublerowofpun
chedcircletsmakethetorque.Threeappliedclaystrips
behindherheadpro-bablyindicatecoiffure.
Herhands
aswellaspartbelowwaistaremissing.Therightbreast
d amaged.
24. Femalebust No.4760
Fig.11Hand-modelled, 7x6.3cm
She has punched diaroond-sbapedeyes;pro-jected
earsare decorated with grooved
dots;tinybreasts.Theleftarmstretchedout to
theside.Torqueindicatedbythreerowsofpunchedcirclet
s. Similardecorationvisibleonthetopofthehead.
Thenose,mouthandtheleftbreastdamaged.Ther
ightarmandpartbelowthewaistmissig.
25. Femalebust No.930
Hand-modelled, 7x5.6cm
She
hasabroadface.Eyes,eyebrowsandthemouthindicate
dbyincisedlines;earsabsent.Adoublerowofgroovedd
otsseenontheneck.
Thearmsandthepartbelowthewaistmiss-ing.
26. Seatedfemale
No.4062Hand·modelled,
5.8x3.8 cm
 12 TerracottasintheAllahabad .Museum

Shehasabroad,expressiveandsmilingface.Eyesandey Thespear·shapedh eaddresswasalsopopular.in

ebrowsshownbyincisedlines;grooved eyeballs.A ancient MesopotamiaaswellasatMohen-jo-
ribbon and DaroandHarappa(97).
anornamentontheforehead.Doublelineontheneckfortor 31.Femalebust No.912
que.Wearsanecklace decorated Hand-modelled, 6x5.3cm
withpunchedcirclets;groovednavelpoint;lefthandplace
dontheknee. Hernoseridgeisformedby
pinchingtheclay.Shehasathickandlongneck,stump-
Righthandandlegmissing. likearms and spear-shaped headdress.Her small
27. Femalebust No.921 Fig.12 breasts are
Hand-modelled, 7.5x7cm pushedtowardsthechin.Eyesandmouthnotindicat
ed.
Shehasapinchedface;raisedandpointedbreasts;mou Partbelowthewaistmissing.
thandtheeyesnotindicated.Hood-like projections on 32.Seatedfigure No. 1034 Fig.13
thehead;stump-like Hand-modelled, Ht7.5cm
armsstretchedtothesides. Shehasalongfacewithaprominentfore-head;dia
Legsbroken. mond-
shapedeyesandgroovedeyeballs.Herhairarrangedl
Thefiguremayrepresentaserpentgoddess. ikeacoiledrope.Wearsroundearrings,aflattorque,a
28. Femalebust No.369 rmletsandanklets.Hasappliedbreastsandagrooved
Hand-modelled, grayclay, 5.5x6cm navel.Holdsastar-
Shehasalongneckandatiltedpinchedface.Thear shapedchildinherloweredlefthand.
msstretchedtothesides;hood- Leftlegdamaged.
likepro-jectionsseenonthehead.
33. Femalebust No.4826
Armsbroken;partbelowwaistmissing. Hand-modell ed, 5x4.5cm
Mayrepresentaserpentgoddess. Hereyesareshownbygroovedcircletsandmouthby
aslitcut.Punchedcircletsalsoim-pressedonherbreasts
i9.Femalebust No. 1616
.Simpleincisedlines(probablytattoomarks)areseeno
Hand-modelled,Ht6cm
nhershould-ers,breastsandtheabdomenregion.Three
Herbreastsaredrawnclosetothechin.Thenoserid linesontheneckprobablyindicateatorque.Asemicircu
geprominentbuteyesandmouthnot lar ornamental mantleonherhead.
indicated.Shehasshortstumpylegs.Semi-circularh
Thearmsandpartbelowthewaistmissing.
ood-likeprojectionsseenonthehead.
34. Female figure No. 1283
Brokenbelowthewaist.Perhapsas Hand-modelled, 20.5x 10.5cm
erpentgoddess.
The lower-partof thewoman'sbodyiscylin-
ThistypewasfirstnoticedatCharsada,asiteinthePes .dricaland
hawarregionin Pakistan. issplayedouttoformabase.Chintiltedupwards.Shehas
Itseemsthenagaculthaditsrootseveninthepre- tiny applied breastsandeyeballs;awell-formed
Harappantimes.AnumberofNagafiguresfoundintheG mouth.
umlavalleyinPakistaninpre- Earspro-jectedtothesidesandnavelindicatedbyagroo
HarappanlevelshaveledDanitosuggestthat vedhole.Wearsanappliedtorquedecoratedwithgroov
therewasaserpentcultprevalentinthatregion(96). edlines.Pin-topholesseenonthehead.
30.Femalebust No.277
Hand-modelled 35. Seatedfem ale No.4529
Shehasa pinched face and her arms are Hand-modelled, 16.5x1cm
stretchedouttothesides.Thebreastsarepointedandpus Thelowerpartofthewoman'sbodyiscylin-dricalan
hedtowardstheneck.Wearsaspear-likeheaddress. dsplayedouttoforma base.
Shehasatiltedface,bigeyes with perforated eyeballs
 Ar chaicFemaleTypes 13

andaprominentnose.Theright the knees.Holds achildin

armisbenttowardstheknee.Afeaturelesschildclin herlap.Hercrudelegsarcsetapart.
gstoherleftbreast.Anappliedtorquedecoratedwith
41. Femalebust No.848
groovedlinesseenon theneck.
Hand·modeIIed, 5.5x4cm
Theleftarmismissing.
Shehasapinchedoutface.Herstump-
36.Standingfemale likerightarmstretchedouttotheside.Putsonahighco
No.1284Hand-modelled, nical headdress.
24.5x8.5cm
42. Femalebust No.1779
Thelowerpartofherbodyiscylindricalandsplayed Hand-m odelled, 4.5x3.5cm
outtoformabase.Eyes,eyehal!sandthemouthindicate
dbyraisedlines;animal-likecars projectedto Shehasapinchedoutface;smallheadwi thapromine
thesides.She has ntnoseridge.Herbreastsdrawnto-wardsthechin.Adep
heavydroopingbreasts;thenavelindicatedbyagroove ressionseenbehindthehead.
dhole.Hairarrangedinarolldecoratedwithgroovedlin Thenoseandthemouthdamaged.
es.Wearsbutton-likeear-topsandadouble-
LACHCHHAG IR(Allahabad])istrict)
stringedtorqueofappliedandincisedcirclets.
Boththehandsare lost .
43. Cultfigure No.4765 Fig.16
37.Femalefigure No.2585 Fig.14 H<tnd-modelled, 17.5x6.5cm
Hand-modelled, 14.5x10.5cm The lowerpartiscylindricalandhollow.In
Thewomanhas thetoppartthereis atriangle containing
atiltedface;eyesshownbyappliedclaystrips;slitcutm twoappliedandperforatedclaypellets.
outh.Aclaystripwithgrooveddotsaroundtheneckrepr Topleftsidebroken.
esentshertorque;claystripsmakeherarmletsandbrace
lets.Thelefthandisonthehip.Partbelowwaistlinespla MATHUR.A (MathuraDistrict)
yedouttoformacircularbase. Bottompartmissing.
44. Seatedwoman
RighthandJost. No.4370Hand-modelled,
38.Femalebust 15x9.5cm
No.l025Ha Thewomanis
nd-modelled, 7X5cm sittingonastoolwithbroadlyspreadoutlegsdrawnup
Shehaslarge,appliedandincisedeyes,a laterallyandbentatthekneeonwhichrestherhands.
slitmoutharidprominentbreasts.Wearsanappliedan Wearsarm-letsandatorque.Twocupsplacedonthel
ddecoratedtorque;aprojectionseenatthetopofthehea ap.Thestoolandthewoman'sbodywereseparate-lym
d. adeandjoinedlater.

Theheadismissing.
Thearmsandpartbelowthewaistmissing. 45. SeatedwomanH No.472 Fig.17
39.Femalebust No.180 and-modelled
Hand-modelled, 8x4cm The woman's body
Shehasapinchedface,aprominentnoseridge,flate hasbeenformedagainstacylinder. Shehasabroad,s
arsprojectedtothesidesandalongneck;raisedandpoi miling
ntedbreasts.Flathead-gear. face.Eye-browsandeyelidsshownbyincisedJines.P
erforatedeyeballs;hairzoneindicatedontheforehea
d.Aboveitthereisa round ornament
40.SeatedfemaleH which ma) represent chv4ama1i.Wears a
No.4532 Fig.15
necklace decorated with
and-modelled 22.5x14cm
punchedcirclets;groovednavel;leftha
ndplacedontheknee.
Thewoman has a wide openmouthand
Righthandandlegmissing.
groovedeyes.Extendedcarsholdroundear-rings.Acl
aystripdecoratedwithincisedlinesindicatesatorque. 46. LowerpartofaseatedwomanHan No.4371
Bothof her handsreston d-m odelled, 14X16cm
14 TerracottasintheAllahabad Museum

Sheholdstheheadofananimalorachildnearherlef subjectforadetailedstudy.Hecloselyexaminedthev
tknee.Herfingersindicatedbyincisedlines.Wearsa ariousfigurineshousedinthemuseums ofthe
stripedskirtandankletsdecoratedwithappliedandin erstwhileNorth
cisedcirclets. WestFrontierProvinceaswellasPunjab and arrived
atthe conclusionthat the figurines were
Brokenfromthekneesupwards.
executed
RAJGHAT(Vtirii1asiDistrict) duringaperiodrangingbetween100n.c.andA.
47. Femalebust O.

No.2264Hand- 100.Subsequentlyherevi sedhisviewsandsuggested

aperiodfrom200 B.C. to 100
modeJled,6.5x8cm
B.c.MortimerWheeler who excavatedCharsadain
Hernoseridgeisformedbypinchingtheface.Eyesan the year1958heldthatthetypeemergedduringthe
dnipplesindicak:dbypunchedcirclets;armsstretchedt 3rdcentury n.c. and disappeared
othesides.Wears sometimeinthelastphaseof200s.c.(99).
coiledearrings,anappliedtorqueandanecklacedecorat
Thetypehascertaincharacteristicsnotseenelsewh
edwithpunchedcirclets.Similardecora-tionseenonthe
ereandislocalisedto a
forehead.
particularzone.Thefigurineshavetwoorthreeapplie
PartbeJowwaistmissing. drosettesdecoratedwithincisedlinesonthe
MOHEN-JO-DARO(Pakistan)(2500-1700n.c.) head,appliedandincisedeyes,athickneckandoftena
vertical
48. Femalehead No. L/1363
sashbetweenthebreasts.Thelowerpartofthebodyiss
Fig.18Hand-modelled,3.5x5.5cm
tump-likeanddividedbyagroovedlineto
Thefigurehasroundappliedeyes.Earsshownbya renderthelegs.
ppliedclaystrips;hairalsoindicatedbyclaystrips.Pr
SARDHERl (Pakistan)
ojectionatthetop.Slitcutforthemouth.
51. Femalehead No.5304
Partbelowchindamaged.
Fig.20Hand-modelled, hard baked, painted
49. Fem alehead No.DK5965 Fig.19 red,4x5.3cm
Hand-modelled, 5.3x3.5cm
Hereyesandthemouthisappliedandincised.Sheha
Projectedspear-
sapinchedoutnoseandaheaddresscomposedofdecora
likeheaddress.Pin chednose,roundapplied
tedappliedroundclayrosettes.Slicedroundelsforthee
eyes;openmouth;stripofclayontheneckfortorque.
arrings.Notch-ed row in the neck area probably
Cupswereprobablyattachedtothesidesofthe head.
representsa torque.
Partbelowneckmissing. Brokenbelowthewaist.
50. Femalebust 52. Femaletorso No.5301
No.DK21812Hand-modelled,7x4 Hand-modelled, painted with red
cm colour,4x5.3cm
ThefemaJchasroundappliedpelletsforeyes;appl ShehasasmaJJleftarm.Lowerparttaperinganddivi
iedandpointedbreasts;perforationforthenavel. dedbyasingleincisedline.Wearsanappliednecklace.
Headdress,handsandpartbelowthighsmissing.
Theheadandtherightarmmissing.
SARDHERITYPES 53. Femaletorso No.5302
AnandaCoomaraswamywasthefirstscholartomen Hand-modelled, painted with red
tionthetypeinanarticle colour,8X6.2cm
publishedintheyear1927inthe
BulletinoftheMuseumofFineArts,Bostn.Hehadsugg Shehasshortstump-likearms.The
estedthatthetypebelongedtoaperiodsomewhereinthe lowerpartisbifurcatedbyasingleincisedlinetoindicate
secondmillenniumB.C.(98).Sevenyear slaterD.H.Go legs.Wearsanappliedcord-
liketorqueontheneck.Anecklacealsohangsbetweenth
rdon,a British armyofficer, took upthe
ebreasts.
Headandkneesbroken.
 CHAPTERIll

Mould-Made Female Types

JHOSl therightside. Wearsa torque, anklets, girdle

andasari.
54.Femalebust No.
4376Late1st centuryB.C. Thelowerpartbroken.
Mould-made,tracesofredpaintseen, 6X5cm KAUSAMB!
Shehasasmilingface.Haircombedinasemicircular 57. Standingfemale Fig.21
rollheldup No.51582ndcenturyB.C.
byfillets;partofthehaircoiledontheright.Shehas an Mould-made,25.5x10cm
orna-mental fillet ontheheadwhich,emergingfrom
 thecoilofthehair,hangs ontheright;wearsalsoanornamentaltorque,anecklaceandsmallroundearrings.
Weather-worn.
55. Femalebust No.4216Late1stcenturyB.C.Mould-made,7.5x6cm
Hairarrangedintwohighrollspartedinthemiddlebyaprojectiondecoratedwith tinycircletsandheldup
byfillets;twosymbolsinsertedontheleftsideroll;an ornamentalbandfromtheheaddr esshangsoneithersideofthehead;adouble-
beadedchainfrom eithersideformsanangleontheforehead.Wearsaroundearringintherightearandadisc-
shapedoneintheleft,atorqueandanecklace;partofthescarfseenontheright arm.
Brokenbelow thewaist.
56. Standingfemaleinhalfprofile No.4375
2ndcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,9x4.5 cm
Herleftlegissupportedonthetoe,therightbentlegcrossestheleft.Sheistouchingherearringwithherrighthand.Inthelefthandsheh
olds a well-creasedscarfwhichhangson
 The lady standsin frontal posture.Broad
shoulders;feet splayedto the sidesonafull-blownlotusflower.Wearsa close-
fittingsari,thelowerpartofwhichisslightlyliftedsoustoleavekneesbare.Another
ornamentalgarmentisvisiblebehindherlegs.Shewearsanelaborateheaddresscomposedoftwohighrolls bound byribbons decorated
with squaredesignsandpartedin the middle by aconicalprojection;fivesymbolsarepinnedontothe left side rolland five curved
long leaves,probablyearsofcorn,ontotheright;rowsof beadsbelowthehair ridgeendingin lotusterminals andatrapezoid line
ontheforehead;aroundearringdecoratedwithtinycircletswi thchainshangingfrom it in the rightear, the
leftearhasapendantlobe.Wearsathick torque,a double-beadedgirdle,a waistbandfrom whichhangtassels
andwhichholdsthesariinplace,puffedupflowerybraceletsandanklets.Holdsabudin herloweredrighthand.
Abeadedborderseenalongtherimoftheplaque. Asuspensionholeatthetop.
Brokenatthe ankles.
Adel icatelyi mpressedfemalefigurineinthesameposture but more elaboratelybejewelledanddressedfoundatTamlukisnow
intheAshmole&.nMu seum atOxford(JOO).
 16 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

58. Standingfemale Fig.22 Described in No.4698 above. The details

No.25402ndcenturyB.C. ofthefemaleattendant,standingonalotusflower,are
Mould-made, 13.5x4.5cm however more clear inthisspecimen. She
alsoholdsasmallstaffinher left hand.
Shehasaround and smiling face. Her leftknee
is projectedtotheleftandhandsclasped Heads
infront.Hairarrangedintwobig rolls bound ofboththefiguresarelost.Lowerpartoftheplaqueisb
roken.
bybeadedchains_;theleftrollisbiggerinsizethantherig 62. Female bust f:'ig.25
htone;ftvesymbolspinnedon topof therightroll; No.25351stcenturyB.C.
triple-beadedchainsalsoseen Mould-made,6x7cm
ontheforehead.Shewears atorque,anecklace,
Herhafrarrangedintworollspartedinthemiddle.Ab
roundearringsdecoratedwithrosettes,
raidemergingfromeachrollhangsoneithersideofthe
oneshownfrontallyandtheother sideway, puffedup
bead; abeadedchainseen
bracelets,ankletsandasariheldinplacebyabeadedgird
alongthehairridgeontheforehead.Wearsroundearrin
lewithchainsandtasselshangingfromitinfront.
gs,aplaintorquewitharoundpendant in the middle
Asuspensionholeonthetopoftheplaque. and a double-beaded
necklace.Twoloopsbangbetweenthebreasts .Lotus
59. Standingfemale
rosettesstrewnoverthefreespaceatthetop.
No.34362ndcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,paintedred,12x6.5cm Brokenbelowthewaist;facedamaged.
Herbentrighthandholdsthestemofabigornament 63. Female torso
alfan.Hairarrangedintwo No.29301stcenturyD.C.
rolls,eachoneboundbyornamentalfillets;anorna-m Mould-1nade,thickplaque,micamixedclay,
entmadeofdouble 12x6.3cm
ringsissetontheleftsid erollofthebead.Wearsrounde
Shewearsasari,atorque,atriple-beadednecklace,
arringsfromwichhangbeadedchains,atorque,aJ on
puffedupbracelets,agirdlewithhangingchainsandan
gnecklace,braceletsanda
klets. Her right
sari;bigrosettesseeninsertedinthemiddleandsideso
handrestsonthehip.Theleftgraspsfolds
fthehead-gear.
ofthesari.Lowerpartoftheleftleguncovered.Aborder
Feetmissing;weather-worn. oflotusrosettesseenalongtherim oftheplaque.
60. Standingfemale No.4698 Headmissing.
Fig.232ndcenturyn.c.
64. Female bust No.2537 Fig.26
Mould-made,paintedred, 7.5 x6cm
1 stcenturyB.C.
Herhairdressedinthreerolls.Ornamentalribbons Mould-made,painted red,6x 6.2cm
emergingfromthecentralrollhangoneithersideofhe
rhead;fivesymbolspinnedontherightroll.Shewears Herheaddress
athicktorque,ascarfacrossthechest,agirdle,puffedu iscomposedoftwohighrollspartedinthemiddlebyano
pbraceletsanda val-
waistbandfromwhichhangpearlchains.Thelefhand shapeddecoratedplaque.Ontheleftrollarepinnedfive
restsonthehip,therightone symbolsandontheright,four palm fronds
holdsapaddedstaff.Thehand ofanotherfigureholdin curvedatthetop.Thereisaround earring in her
gthestemofaflowerisseenonherright side. leftear.Therightearringisstretchedto the side.
Shewearsatorqueanda beaded
Partbelowthighsandtheleftsidemissing.
necklace.Bothofherhandsareloweredtotheside.Theb
61. Femalewithattendant No.5519 ackgroundisleftunfinished.
Fig.24lstcenturyB.C.
Mould-made,10x9.5cm Brokenbelowthewaist.
Theplaque contains a similar subjectas Thepalmtreewasassociatedwithmothergoddess
cultinMesopotamia.Itwasprofusely
 Mould-MadeFemaleTypes
depictedintheartofthatcountry(101).Palmtreeisal
soseenintheMauryanringstonesfoundatKausambi
andRajghat.
65.Femalebust No.527
Istcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,7x7cm
Sheputsonahighheaddressboundbybead-edchain
s;filletsimpressed
withlotusresetteshangoneithersideofherhead.Wears
disc-shapedearrings,atorqueandanecklace.
Brokenbelowthewaist;weather-worn.
66.Femalebust No.2517
Istcenturyn.c.
Mould-made, 5.5x4.5cm
Herhairarrangedintworollspartedinthe
middlebyaprojection;ornamentalfilletsemanating
fromtheheaddresshangoneithersideofherface.Bea
dedchainsseenbelowthehairlineontheforehead.
Brokenbelowthewaist.
67.Remalebust No. 3646 Fig.27
Istcenturyn.c.
Mould-made, 6x3.5cm
Shehasaplumpyface.Herarmshangalong-
sidethebody.Wearsahighheadgearformedinthreet
iersandboundbyornamentalribbons,atorque,armle
ts,anecklaceandearrings.Partof
hairvisibleontheforehead.
Brokenbelowthewaist.
68.Plaque Fig.28
No.5428
2ndcenturyB.c.
Mould-made, 11 x6cm
Thewomanonthelefthasaslightlytiltedhead.She
hasaroundfaceandwearsanela-borateheaddresssu
pported byornamentalfillets.Ontherightsidehead-
rollarepinnedfoursymbols,nowbadlydamaged.W
earsacircularearringinherleftearandanextendedon
eintherightone,besidesatorque,necklace,bracelets
, anklets and a sarisu pport ed by
athree-strandedgirdle.Toherright,standsashort-
staturedwoman attendant
holdingamirrororafaninherhands.
Bottompartoftheplaqueisdamaged.
The mirror was not only usedfortoilt.
Ithadsomereligioussanctity swel!:
17
Themirrorwascloselyassociatedwithmothergoddess
cultinMesopotamia(102).
69. Female bust No.2506
Fig.291stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,5.5x5cm
Herheadistiltedtotheleftandhairfashionedlikeaj
ata.Wearssuspendedearrings,atorqueandpuffedup
bracelets.Shetouchesherearringwith
herleftband.Freespaceinthebackgroundlitteredwit
hrosettes.
Asuspensionholeseenatthetop.Brokenbelo
wthewaist.
Womanholdingortouchingan earring with
herliftedhandhadaspecialmeaningduringtheSungap
eriod.AccordingtoMotiChandrasuchtypesrepresent
ed idealwoman-striratna(103).
70. Standingfemale
No.33891stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,tracesofredpaint,13.5X7cm
Hairsupported by two ornamental ribbons
havinglotusterminalsateachendofthefore-head;tw
obeadedchainsalso seenonthefore-head.Wears
circular earrings decorated with
tiny lotusrosettes and chains hanging from
them,atorque,aJongnecklace,armlets and a
sari.Partofthescarfontheleftshoulder.
Toppart broken; feet damaged; broken
intwopieces.
71. Standingfemale No.5290 Fig.30
1stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,10x4.3cm
Shehasan oval face.Putson a headdress
composedoftworollspartedinthemiddle.A
filletdecoratedwithsquaredesignsemergingfromt
heheaddresshangsoneithersideofherface.She
wearsatorque,abroadchainacrossthechest,puffedu
pbraceletsandafour-
string-edgirdle.Herlefthandisplacedonthegirdle,t
herightoneprobablyheldascarf.
Brokenbelowtheknees.
72. Standingfemale Fig.31
No.41611stcentury B.C.
Mould-made, 12.5x7.5cm
Shehasathinwaist,broadhipsandshortlegs.Thele
fthandgraspsstrandsofthegirdleand the right, a
circular fan decorated with
 18 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

rosettes.Hairarrangedina semicircular Therightsideoftheheaddressand

massboundbyfilletsandbeadedchains.Fivepalmfr partbelowthewaistmissing.
onds pinned on the headdress.Wears 76.Femalebust No.2529
atorque,round earrings, coiled armlets, Fig.331stcenturyB.c.
brace-lets,ankletsandathree- Mould-made,7x7.5cm
strandedgirdlewhichsupports
hersari.Biglotusrosettesfor Shehasaround,plumpyandsmilingface.Bothofh
decora-tionseeninthebackground. erarmsareloweredtothesides.Haircombedandcoil
edontheright;partoftheloosehairhangonherleftsho
Theleftside ofthe plaque and feet of ulderandarm.Wears a thick torque, a necklace
thefemaledamaged. hanging
73. Standingfemale No.197 Fig.32 betweenthebreastsandarmlets.Thereisadoublero
1stcenturyB.C.
woftinycircletsalongtherimoftheplaque;lotusrose
Mould-made,11.5x4cm
ttesstrewnoverthefreespace
Shehasasmallovalfaceandaslimbody;armslowe inthebackground.
redandrestonthehip.Putsonahighheaddresssurmo Brokenbelowthewaistline.
untedbyninepalmfrondsoutofwhichthecornerone
sarecurvedandhangoneithersideofthewoman'sfac 77. Female bust
e.Alsowearsatorque,suspendedcoiledearringsand No.25351stcenturyB.C.
asarisupportedbyadouble-strandedgirdle. Mould -made,7x7cm
Anornamentalpatakahangsinfrontin Herhandsareloweredtothesides.Hairpartedinthe
betweenherlegs.Rosettesstrewnin middleandboundbyaribbon;abraidhangsoneithersid
thefreespaceinthebackground. eofherface;wearsroundearrings,torquecontainingac
ircularpendantinthemiddleandanecklace,visibleonl
74. Standingfemale
ybetweenthebreastsandcoiledarmlets.Smallrosettes
No.52911stcenturyB.C.
arestrewnover the free
Mould-made,therimofthe plaque not smoo-thened,
spaceinthetopsemicircularpart oftheplaque.
10.2x4.5cm
Figurebrokenbelowthewaist.
Shehasaroundface.Hairarrangedintworollsbou
78. Female bust No.576
ndbyribbonsandpartedinthemiddle.Shewearsator
Fig.341stcenturyB.c.
que,anecklace,brace-lets,anelaborategirdleandan
Mould-made,7x7cm
klets;a
scarfliesonhershouldersandthebreasts.Thelowere Herhairarrangedandboundbyornamentalribbons.
dlefthandholdsabudandtherightoneplacedontheh Abiglotusflowerinthemiddleoftheheadisflankedbyf
ip. iveleaves(?)pinnedontheheadgear.Shewearsrounde
arrings,atorque,braceletsandasin gle-
Thebottompartoftheplaquemissing;kneesandleg stringednecklace.Holdsthehandleofasmalllotus-
softhefiguredamaged.
shapedfaninherliftedright hand.
75. Female bust
Figurebrokenbelowthewaist;faceweather-worn.
No.517LatelstcenturyB.C.
Mould-made,8x6cm 79. Female b ust No.4843
Herhairarrangedintworolls separated Fig.35lstcenturyB.c.
inthemiddlebyacircularornament Mould-made, 7x6.5cm
decoratedwithsmallrosettes;fivesymbolspinnedont Herhairarrangedina highrollsupportedbyfour
heleftroll;triple-beadedchainswithlotus- ornamental
shapedterminals andatra pezoidlineonthe ribbons;ontherightsideoftheheadtherearethreelotus
forehead;adouble- rosettes.Adouble-beadedchainwith
beadedchainemergingfromtherightshoulderhangsd lotusterminalsseenontheforehead.
ownbetweenthebreasts.Wearssuspendedearringsan Wearsaflattorquedecorated
datorquedecoratedwithlotusrosettes.
Mould-MadeFemaleTypes 19
with tiny rosettes, a necklace andflower- She wearsasarireachinguptoherankles,afour-
likeearringswithchains hanging from them. Partof strandedgirdle,necklaceandornamentalanklets.A
the scarf visible on the arm. Holds nornamentalfoldofgarmenthangsbetweenthelegs.
thehandleofaflower-shapedfaninherright hand. Herrighthandrestsonthehip.Thereisaborderoflotu
Left side of theheaddress and part srosettesaroundthefigure.
belowbreastsmissing. Partabovewaistlinemissing.
80. Female torso 84. Lowerpartofafemalefigure
No.3315Late1st centuryn.c. No.171stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, 9.5x5cm Mould-made, 7.5x7.7cm
ShewearsaJong,ornamentaltunicoraskirtsuppo Shewearsaflowing
rtedatthewaist byadouble sari.Feetpartlyuncover-ed.Theleftloweredhandho
waistbandandatorquedecorated with punched lds alotusbud.Smallrosettesseenalongthe rim of
circlets;similar decoration seen on the theplaque.
scarflyingon theshoulder.Thelaceofthetunic at
Upperpartofthefiguremissing.
the kneelevel is also decorated with punched
lotus 85. Female torso No.3449
rosettes.Therightarmbenttowardsthebreast;thelef Fig.381stcentury A.D.
trestingonthewaist. Mould-made, 10.5x6cm
Headandlowerpartmissing. Herrighthandliftedtowardsthe head,
theleftrestingonthehip.Wearsatorquecontain-ingov
81. Standingfemale No.5270
al.beadsfiankedbynandipuda -
Fig.36Mid1stcenturyA.D. shapedpendants,anecklace,bracelets,armletsandawe
Mould-made,thickplaque, 13.5x5cm ll-creasedsarisupportedbyagirdle.
Hairarrangedandboundbyfillets.Wearsacrease
Theheadandfeetmissing.
dsari,roundearrings,an
ornamentalsashacrossthechest,anelaborategin.He, 86. Female bust
braceletsandanklets.Herleftarmisbentandtouches No.51951stcenturyB.C.
theearring.Therightloweredhand Pressedoutfromashallowmould, 5.5x5 cm
holdsstrandsofherfallinggirdle.Herrightlegissligh Herhairdressedabove;wearsatorqueandarmlets.
tlybent.Creaseofsarimoreprominentontheleftside Handsfoldedinfront.
.
Brokenbelowthewaist.
Face and headdress of the figure
badlydamaged.
82.StandingfemaleI No.534 87. Femalehead
stcenturyB.c.Mo No.41551st centuryB.C.
uld-made, 9.SXS.5cm Mould-madefragment,paintedwith brown
Hair arranged in two rollsseparatedinthe colour, 4.2x5cm
middlebyabonnetandboundbyornamentalfillets.
Wearscircular,decoratedearringswithhangingcha Shehasaheaddresscomposedoftwo·rollsseparat
edinthemiddlebya
ins, afour-
strandedgirdle,atorque,anecklaceandalsoasashon lotusflower;therightroll,whichisformedintwosect
the ions,isslightlybiggerthan
chest.Herrightarmisloweredandrestsonthehip;the theleft.Afilletdecoratedwithsquaredesignsisvisibl
lefttouchestheearring.Lotusrosettesinrelieflittere eontherightsideofherhead.Thereisalsoadouble-
dinthefreespaceinthebackground. beadedchainandatrapezoidlineonherforehead.We
arsaroundearringwithhangingpearlchainsin
Lowerpartmissing;weather-worn.
herleftearandextendeddisc-
83.Lowerpartofafemalefigure shapedoneintherightear.Herrightbentarmtouchest
No.3450Fig.37IstcenturyB.c. heearring.Decorationseenalongtherim.
Mould-made,highrelief, 7.5X4.3cm Partbelowneckmissing.
Herleftkneeisbentandextendedtotheside.
 20 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

88. Tallstandingfemale Fig.39 Partbelowgirdlezonemissing.

No.53881stcenturyB.C. Asuspensionholeatthetopoftheplaque.
Mould-made, 13x 5cm 92.Standingfemale No.3509 Fig.41
Shewearsatorque,roundearrings,coiledarmlets, Late1stcenturyB.C.
thickankletsandasari supported byathree- Mould-made, 12.5x6cm
strandedgirdle.Inbetweenthelegshangsapatakawi Shehasaslimbody.Wearsasari,ajata·likeheadgear
thbeautifulstep-likefolds.Holds boundbyanornamentalfillet,disc·shapedearrings,ato
therightearringwithherbenthand;thelefthandrests rque, atriple-
onthehip. strandedgirdleandtubularbracelets.Thelifted
89. Female bust righthandholdssomeunidentifiableobject;thelefthan
No.24991stcenturyB.C. drestsonthegirdle.
Mould-made,grayclay, 4x5cm Lowerpart ofthefiguremissing.
Her facetiltedto theleft. 93. Femalefigure No.3450
Hairarrangedintworollsseparatedin IstcenturyB.c.
themiddlebyalotusflower. Ornamental fillets Mould-made, 4.5x7.5cm
emerging fromthetopoftheheadhangoneitherside
Theheeloftheleftfootofthewomanisliftedfromt
ofherface;triple-beadedchainsliealong the heground.Theleftkneeisalsobent.WearsasarI,afo
hairridgeontheforehead.Wears ur-
atorque,armletsandacircularearringintherightear. strandedgirdleandpuffedupanklets.Aborderofros
Theleft earornamentisstretchedtotheside. A ettesseenalongtherim.
scarfliesacrossthechest. Lotus
rosettesstrewninthefreespaceinthe background. Upperpartmissing.
94. Female bust
Partbelowthewaistcut slantingly.
No.3259LateIstcenturyR.C
90. Female torso .
No.34061stcenturyB.C. Mould-made, 9.5x9cm
Mould-made , 10.5 x7cm The headdressofthefemale iscomposed of
.tworollspartedinthemiddlebyaprojection.Braidshan
Shewearsasari,anelaborategirdle
goneithersideofherface.Wearsaroundearringintheri
andpuffedupanklets.Afoldofclothhangsbetweenherl
ghtear;theleftoneis stretchedtotheside.
egsinfront.Theleftarmisplacedonthegirdle;therighto
neisliftedtowards the head.Adwarffemaleattendant Toppartdamaged;brokenbelowthe waist.
stands 95. Femalefigure
onherleft.Shewearsanornamentalheaddress,a No.3308Late1stcenturyB.c .
torqueandanklets.Holdsan Mould-made, thick plaqµe, overburnt on
unid entifiableobjectinherloweredrightandalotus- theleftside, 7.5x6.5cm
shapedfaninherlefthandrespectively.
Herlegsareerect.Wearspuffedupbracelets,agirdle
Headbroken. Highlyweather-worn. andascarf,thelattervisibleonlyintheabdomenpart.Th
eloweredright hand
91. Female bust No.5392 holdsfoldofascarfwithhangingtassels.Thelefthandr
Fig.401stcenturyB.C. estsonthehip.
Mould-made, 7.4x4.7cm
Partabovethewaistandtherightfootmiss-ing.
Shehasalongface.Wearsroundearorna-ments
placed sideway s, a torque, bracelets,
armlets,alongbeadednecklaceandagirdle.Hairarr 96. Standingfemale No.3407 Fig.42
angedinoverlappingfolds.Thereisalotus flower at 1stcenturyn.c.
the top ofherhead. Theleft Mould-made, 8.5x5cm
handislifted and probably held a petal; Hairarrangedin two rolls. Wears a
therightloweredarmrestsonthehip. shortskirtuptotheknees,roundand coiled earrings
 Mould-Made Female Types
inherrightandleftearsrespectively,atorque,anecklac
e,coiledbracelets, beaded
girdleandawaistbandfromwhichhangbeaded
100.Mouldforafemalefigure
chains.Therighthandisbentandtouches
theearringandtheleftrestsonthegirdle.
Feetturnedtotherightside.
97. Female bust No.198
Istcent uryn.c.
Mould-made, 6x4.5cm
Shewearsahighheaddresssupportedbyornamen
talfillets,earornamentwithhangingpearlchainsand
atorque.Aparasolwithribsonitsinnersideseenover
herhead.Afemaleattendantalsostandstoherleft.Ro
settesstrewninthefreespaceinthebackground.
Therightsideand part
belowthewaistofthefigureismissing.Weather-worn.
98.Femalehead No.4855
'Istcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,micamixedclay, 5.3x8cm
Thesametype as No. 198 above,
butdetailsinthisspecimenaremoreclear.Hairofthewo
manarrangedintworollsheldupbyafillet;anornament
alribbonfromtherightrollhangsonthesideoftheface;p
arasolwithinnerribsseenoverherhead.Afemaleatten
dantalsostandsoneithersideofher.
Partbelowtheneckofthemainfiguremissing.Thi
stypeisalsoknownfrom LauriyaNandangarh.
99.Stand ingfemaleholdingfish No.5244
Fig.431stcenturyA.O.
Mould-made, rimunscraped, 9.5x5.7cm
Shehasaprominentheaddress.Adecoratedfilletem
ergingfromeachoneofthehead-
rollshangsoneithersideofherhead.Shewearsroundea
rrings,bracelets,aheavygirdle andaclose-
fittingsariheldupbyawaistband.Herloweredrightar
misbentandrestsontheabdo-men.Thesuspendedlefta
rmholdsthestringattachedtoapairoffish.Onherrightsi
de,therestandsadwarffemaleattendant,herheadslight
lylifted.
Thisparticularfigureisunique.Unliketheusualk
nowntypesfromMathuraandRajasthanthe
goddessinthis specimenholds thetwinfish
21
inherlefthand. Sheisalsoaccompaniedby
anattendant.
No.4680
1stcenturyA.D. Fig.44(a&b)
Mould, 7.5x2.8cm
Itspositiveshowsafemalestandingerect.Herhairisa
rrangedintworollsandpartedinthemiddlebyabonnet.
Abraidemergingfromeachoneofthehead-
rollshangsoneithersideofherhead. Shewears disc-
shapedearornamentinherleftearandprobablycoiledri
ngsintherightone,alongdouble-
beadednecklace,triple-stringedgirdle,bracelets,anda
close-
fittingsariheldupbyawaistbandtuggedinaknotonthel
eftside.Sheholdsinherleftloweredhandastringattache
dtoapairoffish.Therighthandholdsabunch offruits.
This plaque is alsounique. Besidesholding
thefishinherleft hand, the goddess holds
abunchoffruits also in her right hand. These
featuresareabsentinotherknowntypes.
PlaquesdepictingfemalewithfishmadeatMathura
havegonetoseveralmuseumsinIndiaandabroad.Besi
destheBostonMuseum,thetypeisavailableinthecolle
ctionoftheCleve-landMuseumintheU.S.A.,Musee
Ouimet,Paris, NationalMuseum ,New
Delhi,StateMuseum,Lucknow,GovernmentMuseu
m,MathuraandMuseumandPictureGallery,Baroda.
ThisparticulartypeshowingMother
Goddesswithfishis
notexclusivelylocalisedtotheMathuraregion.Itisk
nownatRairhandNohinRajasthan,Ahichchhatra,
KausambIandTamlukinWestBengal.Eachoneoft
hespeci-mensfromtheseregionshaslocalvariations
.
Intheyear1939V.S.AgrawalapublishedaMathu
rastonesculpturedepictingafemaledeity.Herrighth
andisinabhayamudraandtheleftholdsaparasol.Th
ereisalso avaseplacedoneithersideofher
feet.Onthelowertipofthehandleoftheparasolaresee
nthreefish(104).
ThepresenceofthefishandthevaseledAgrawalatos
uggestthatgoddessVasudhiirawasrepresented
inthesculpture.
Thereisnoinformationavailableontheearly.iconogr
aphyofVasudhiira.Accordingto a late

work,Sadhanmii/ii,therighthandofthegoddessshould
beinthevaradamudrii and theleft
holdcornandavase.Six-armedfiguresofVasudhiirti
inbronzewerepopularinNepalduringthemedie-val
period(J05).
PratapadityaPalmentionsan11thcenturyMss.whichr
eferstoKafichipuramas the place of the origin
ofgoddessVasu-dharii(I06).
I may mention here that on the
patternofMathurastonefigureidentifiedbyAgrawala
as Vas11dharii,severalmould-
madefemalefiguri-nesoftheSungaperiodholdingpar
asolinonehandhavecometolightatKau sambithough
thereisnodepictionofthefishwiththem.
Aseatedterracottafemalefigurineholdingajarinbet
weenherlegs,excavatedatAhichch-hatrahasbeenide
ntifiedbyV.S.AgrawalaasVasudharii(107).Asimilarf
igurine
discoveredatNohinRajasthanhasalsobeennamedasVa
sudhiiriibyR.C.Agrawala(108).Theopinionofbothth
esescholarsisuntenablebecausethefigurinesdescribe
dbythemdonotconformtotheactual iconographical
formulas prescribedfortheimagesofVasudhiirii.
Mothergoddessfigurinesholdingfishdis-appear
altogetherafterthe2nd century
A.D.Butfishcontinuedtobeassociatedinoneformorth
eotherwithcertaindeitiesuptothe13thcenturyA.D.A
four-
armedstonefigureofHaritiintheDaccaMu seumhol
dsafishinherupperrighthand(109).Howfishcamet
obeassociatedwithHariti
isnotknown.AViiriihffigurefromRajasthanalsohol
dsafishinherhand(110).Astonefemalefigurefrom
Sarnathrestsherfeetontwovases.DayaramSahniid
entifiedthisfigurewithVasudharii(111).Animageof
Vasudhiiriiseatedinparyanka posturedatabletothe1
0thcenturyA.D.hasbeenunear-thedatRatnagirI.Her
righthandisinvarada-mudriiandthe leftholds
bunchofcorns(112).Thisisoneoftheearliestknown
imagesofVasudhiiriiconformingtotheiconographi
ccanons.Inthecontextofsuchfigurinesitwillbewor
thwhiletoconsideringeneraltheroleoffishinIndian
artandarchaeology.Theearliestrepresentationoft
winfishisnoticeableonapunch-
markedcoindiscoveredatChandravalliinSouthIndi
a(l13).
1'erracottasintheAllahabadMuseum
Aclaysealingdatabletothe 5th-6thcentury
A.D.fromKausambi,preservedintheAllahabadMuse
um,showsafemalegoddessstandingonapedestal.She
holdstwinfishinherloweredlefthandandaflowerinth
erightone.Thelegendbelowthefigureisdamagedbutt
hewordsresthi isclear (I14).
TwinfishpendantsofgoldhavebeenfoundatTaxila(
115)andKaiichipuraminMadrasState.Fishpendants
insem i-preciousstonesarecommonatKausari:lbi
(116).TwinfishalsooccursonaJain ayagpattaof
Mathura (lJ7),achattrafromSamiith(l18)and on
atinystoneballfromKuruketra(119).Twinfishusedas
apendantisalsoseenonanecklacepicturedonapanelof
Safichigateway(120).
Fishsurmountingastandardisnoticeableonacoinf
romTaxila(121)andKausambi(122).Themotifalso
occurs on a sealingfrom Raj-ghat 023).
Oneoftheearliestdepictionofthefemalegoddess
associatedwithfishoccurson
acopperobjectdatabletothe2ndcenturyn.c.andhaili
ngfromKau sambi.Ontheobverseisseenastand-ingf
emalegoddessandontherever seastandardtoppedbya
fish.The latterisguardedbytwobowmen(124).
FishwasassociatedwithMotherGoddesscultin
Mesopotamia.Fishandpomegranatearesymbolsof
Ashi,anIraniandeity(125).ThelowerpartofaBoeti
andeity
showsafishalongwithwaves(126).TheGoddess
AtargatisofKhirbetTannurworeaheaddressofdol
phins(twoftshesfacingeachother)(127).Afish-ho
odedfigurealsooccursonanAssyrianseal(\28).
Like the Middle
EastfishalsoappearstohavebeenconnectedwithMoth
erGoddess cultinIndia.Howeverthere isno
justification
inspeculatingthataJJtheterracottafemalefigurinesa
ssociatedwithfishorjarsrepresentVasudhiirii.
ThereisgreatforceintheopinionofMotiChandrath
atthetypeidentifiedbyscholarsasVasudhiiraisasimp
levari ationoftheIranianGoddessAnahitawhosesy
mbolwasfish(129).
 CHAPTERIV

Mould-Made Fema le
Types(Continued)

101. .Female bust No.2514 her left lifted hand of which only a
Fig.45Early1stcenturyA.D. leafsurvives.Asuspensionholeatthetop.
Mould-made, thick plaque, 6.5X6cm
Rightsideandtoppartdamaged.Brokenbelowthe
Herhairpartedinthe middle and
waist.
arrangedintworollsboundbyornamentalribbons.Abe
adedchainseen along the hair ridge. Shehas a ring- 104. Standingfemale
like earring in her left ear anda triangle-shaped No.3504Late1stcenturyA.D.
one in her right. Also Mould-made,highrelief,paintedred, 1Ix6 cm
wearsabeadedtorque,achaincontainingatriratna-
shapedpendantandanecklace.Holdsthehandleofalot Wearsahelmet-
us-shaped fan. likeheadgear;alongscarfhangsdownfromthecentre
of her waist-band.The·lefthandrestsonthehip;
Brokenbelowthewaist.
therightholdinghandle ofa
102. Female bust No.5178 Fig. lotusfan.Theheadofananimalisalsoseennearthefee
46Early 1stcenturyA.D. tofthewoman.
Mould-made,micamixedclay,highrelief,
9x8cm Lowerpart mi5sing.

Hairarrangedinajafaboundbythreeornamental 105. Standingfemale

ribbons, the two lowermosthavinglotusterminals. No.4643Early1stcenturyA.D.
Wears earrings, athick torque, armlets and Mould-made, 13.2X5cm
bracelets. Therightliftedhandtouchesthe
Shehasahighjafa-
earringandtheleftloweredtotheside.Partofafansee
likeheaddressarrangedintwotiers andbound by
nonherrightside.
ornamentalfillets,atorquewithamoonpendantinth
Brokenbelowthewaist. emiddle,armlets,tubularbangles,atriple-
103. Female bust No.5300 strandedgirdle,andasari.Afoldofclothhangsbetwe
Fig.47Late1stcenturyA.D. enherlegs.
Mould-made, 10.5X7cm Righthandandpartbelowherknees mi ssing.
Shehasalongandheavyface.Haircombedandbou Itmaybeobservedherethatmostoftheterracotta
ndbyathickornamental female figurines of the Sungaperiod have an
ribbon.Wearsatorqueandanecklacehavinga leaf- ornamental or
shapedpendanthanginginbetween plainfoldusuallycalledpafakahanginginbetweenthe
thebreasts.Probably held branch of a tree in irlegsinfrontonthepatternofIlharhutandSaiichi.
 24 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

106. Standingfemale No.5218 110. Female bust

Fig.481stcenturyB.C. No.34981stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 8.5x4.5cm
Mould·made plaque,painted with red colour,
12.Sx6cm Herheaddress
Herheadisslightlytilted.Hairarrangedinj a{apat composedoftwobigro1Issupportedbyribbons.Wea
ternboundbyornamentalfilJets.Wearsatorquewith rsaroundearringwithhanging
acentralpendantflankedbytriratna-sbaped chainsintherightandastretchedoneintheleftear,afl
pendants,armlets, bangles,afour- attorquecontainingnandipiida-
strandedgirdleandasari.Holdsan shapedpendant,awaistbandandagirdleofbeadedch
objectintheliftedrighthand;thelefthandrestsonthe ains.
waist.Theleftlegisslightlyextendedtothe Lowerpartmissing;weather-worn.
side.Asuspension hole atthetop.
111. Female bust
Feetmissing. No.5221stcenturyA.D.
107. Standingfemale Mouldstampedonathickplaque, 6x5cm
No.3509Late1stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, 12X6cm Herhairdressiscomposedoftwohighrollsboundb
yfilletsandbeadedchains;adoublefilletemergingfr
Thetallwomanhasaroundface.Hairarrangedinah
omthemiddleoftheheadhangsoneithersideofthefac
ighja{iiandsupportedbyornamentalfillets.Wearss
e;alineontheforehead.Wearsdecoratedroundearri
uspendedearorna-ments,armlets,bracelets and
ngsandaflattorquehavingcriss-
agirdle. Holdsabowel(?)inherrightJifted
crossdecoration.Partofthenecklacevisibleonlybet
hand;theJefthandisloweredtotheside.
weenthebreasts.Theeyesarewithoutpupils.Asu sp
Waistregioninjured.Lowerp en sion holeseenatthetop.
artmi ssing.
Partbelowthewaistbroken;therightearisinjured.
108.Standingfemale No.640 112.Femalebust No.4620 Fig.50
IstcenturyA.D. 1stcentury A.D.
Shallowmould-used, 12.5x4 cm Mould-made

Arms lowered tothe Thewomanhasalongsmilingface.Eyesopen;long

sides.Wearsearrings,athick noseandshortforehead.
torque,braceletsandasarisupportedbyatriple- Thecap-likethickheadgearisdecoratedwithbeadedc
strandedgirdle.The folds of thesari hains. Shehasswingingbreasts.
hangbetweenherlegs.Adoublefilletoragarlandhang
Partbelowwaistlineandhandsmissing.
ingdownfromthenecktouchesthe girdle.
Thefigureprobablystandsonacrocodile. 113.Femalefigure No.3365
1stcenturyB.C.
Leftsideoftheplaquebroken.Themouldhasbeenim Mould-made,backgroundunfinished,
pressedcarelessly. 10.5x6cm
109.Femalehead No.1847
Hairarrangedinahighrollbound
Fig.49lstcenturyA.D.
byribbons.Shewearsroundearrings,atorque,bracel
Mould-made,highrelief, 3X4cm etsandasarisupportedbyagirdle;ornamentalstep-
Hairdressedinwavytresse saboveandsup-portedby likefoldsofclothseeninbetweenherlegs.Herleft
an ornamentalfillet.The armrestsonthehip.Therightarmisbentandtouchest
leftarmisstretchedandthenliftedtowardsthehead.Bu heearring.
lgedouteyes. Feetmissin$; wea,ther-worn.
Partbelowneckmissing;noseinjured.
 Mould-MadeFemaleTypes(Contd.) 25

114.Femalefigure Fig.51 Thetwo KausambI terracotta plaques

No.541 des-cribedabovearealsodatabletothe1stcentury
Early 1stcenturyu.c. n.c.and further strengthen the suggestion of
Mould-made, 15.5x6.5cm
Both ofherarms are lowered to the sides.The Auboyer about thedateoftheLomas icave
left armholdsa lotusbud.Wearsaclose- facade.
fittingsarileavingpartbelowkneesbare,bud-shapedh 116.Standingfemale .Fig.53
angingearrings, a torque, No.5301
braceletsandawaistband.Armscoveredwithrings.As stcent uryA.D.
emicircularornamentalhalocontaining animal Mould-made, 10 ><4.5cm
figuresseenaboveherhead.Aribbonimpressedwith Hairdressedinacoilontherightsideofthe
lotusrosettesemergingfromthe head.Wearsearrings,atorque,bracelets,armletsand
lowerpartofthehalohangsoneithersideofherhead. agirdle.Sheholdsthehandleofaspoutedjarinherlow
Abdomenprominentlyshown. eredrighthandandanunidentifiable object
Feetmissing;weather-worn. intheleft.Thereappears
tobeahalfmoonmarkonherforehead.
115.Fragmentaryplaque Fig.52
No.5520 The figurine probably represents a
1stcenturyD.C. templeattendant.Similarattendantfiguresare
Mould-made, 7.5x5.5cm notice-
 ThefragmentshowsthesamesubjectasinNo.5
41describedabovebut
thedetailsoftheupperportioninthisexamplearem
oredistinct.Abovetheheadofthefemalethereisas
emi-circulararchwithaborderedpanelshowingel
ephantsandotherunidentifiedanimalscon-vergin
gatacentralpoint.Inbetweentheelephantsthereap
pearsto
beatreeinrailingverymuchsimilartotheoneseeno
nearlycastcoins.Onthetopborderof the panel
arepinnedsomeobjectsofwhichonlyatreeisdistin
guishable.Onthetopof
herheadgeartherearepunchedcirclets.
Thesetwoterracottaspecimensareofgreatim
portance.Thearchabovetheheadofthefemalere
callstomindthedecorationonthe
semicircularstoneraftercarvedabovetheentran
ceoftheLomasB.icave,16miles
northofGaya(130).Thefriezehereshowsaproc
es-sionofelephants,walkingfromeithersidean
dconvergingtowardsthecentre.Inbetweenthe
elephantstherearebarrel-
shapedobjectswhichaccordingtosomescholars
arechaityas orstupas.
TheLomasicave was undoubtedly cutduring
Asoka'stimebutthedecorationonthesemicircular
facadeoftheentranceisof
alaterdate.Almostsimilardecoration is
noticeableonanivorypiecefromBegramandJean
nineAuboyerstatesthattheLomas$icave
friezewascarvedduringthelaterpartofthefirstcen
turyB.C.(131),
ableat
Bharhut(132),AmaravatI(133),Nagar-junakol)<;ia
(134), Mathurii (135) and Gan-
dhara(136).
117. Standingfemale
No.28811stcenturyA.D.
Mouldimpresseddeeply to obtain high
relief,paintedred,16x7 cm
Both ofherarmsareloweredand rest
onthewaist;therightkneebent.Hairdressedbacksid
e.Shewearsatorque,earringsandasarIsupportedby
a
waistband.Anornamentalfoldofclothtuckedinfro
ntinthewaistbandhangsbetweenthelegs.Rowof
rosettes seeninthefreespaceinthebackground.
Leftarmandfeetofthefiguredamaged.
118. Standingfemale No.25l3
Fig.541stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,highrelief, 13x5.5cm
Standinginthetribhaizgaposture;bothofherarinsre
stonthehip.Haircoveredbythreefillets;wearsatorque
,necklace, bracelets,anklets andashortsarIheld
upbyagirdle.Rightlegflexedtotheside.
Nosedamaged.Feetmissing.
AsimilarfigurineexcavatedbyMarshallatBhitaisi
ntheIndianMuseum,Calcutta(137).Another
example from an unknown Indiansiteispreserved
in the British Museum,London(138).

26
119. Female bust No.2521
1stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 9X7cm
Hairhiddenunderanornamentalveil;arms
probablyloweredtothesides.Shewearsatorqueofbi
gbeadsandasuspendedearringintherightear.
Partofbotharmsandbodybelowwaistlinemissing.
120. Femalebust No.5265
EarlyIstcenturyA.D.
MouJd-ruade, high relief, traces of redpaint,
7x7cm
Shehasahighheaddresssupportedbyribbons.We
arsroundbutton-typeearrings,adouble-
beadedtorqueandcoiledarmletsofwhichoneisvisib
leontherightarm.Arowofsmallrosettesseenalongt
herim.
Part below the waist missing.
121. Female bust
No.521EarlylstcenturyA.
D.
Mould-made, highrelief, 7x6.5cm
Shehasja {a-Iikeheaddressboundbyribbons;
filletsimpressedwithlotusrosetteshangoneitherside
ofherface. Shewearsathicktorqueand earrings.
Brokenbelowthebreastline; weather-worn.
122. Female torso
No.616
Fig.551stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,paintedred,10x6cm
Shewearsahightaperingheadgear,torque,armlets,
afour-
stringedbeadedgirdleandawaistbandfromwhichhan
gsadoubleloop.Rightliftedhandprobablyheldabird;t
heleftonegraspsmidpartofalong object verymuch
resemblingagroundingpole(ukhala).
Lowerpart ofthefiguremissing.
123. Female bust No. 3231
56Late1st century A.D.
Mould-made, 7x6.3cm
Shehasacrudeface and plain hair;wearswheel-
shapedearrings.Holdsa childinherleftarm;ascorpion
seencrawlingonherrightarm.
Plaquedamagedatseveralplaces;brokenbelowt
hewaist.
Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum
124. Standingfemale No.5343 Fig.57
IstcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,paintedwithredcolour,
5.lx2.7cm
Shehasanovalface,bigeyesandgroovedeyeballs.
Wearsatorque,wheel-
shapedearrings,bracelets,agirdle,acord-
likewaistbandandasari.Aveilandahalo-
likecrestonthehead;partofanornamentalheadgearvis
ibleontheleftside.Holdsachildinherleft arm.
Rightarmplacedonthechild'sknee.Thearmofthechil
disbenttowardsthebreastof his
mother.Ascorpioncrawlsonherrightarm.
Thesetwospecimensareunique.Thescorpionhasb
eenrarelydepictedinIndiansculpture.Afewscorpion-
shapedstonependantshavebeenfoundatKausambi(1
39).Ontheneckofagai:zafigurefromPannainMadhya
Pradeshthereisatorquewitha scorpion-
shapedpendant(140).Ascorpionis
alsoseencrawlinginsidethenave]ofgoddessKiilicarv
edonastonesteJehousedintheAllahabadMuseum(14
1).
Thescorpionplayedanimportantroleintheritualsp
erformedontheeveoftheMesopota-
miannewyearfestivalcalledAkitu(142).FromTell
Halaf comes a seal havinga scorpion-
.headed human figure (143). One aspect
oftheGoddessIshtarisalsosymbolisedbyscorpions(1
44).Inanexamplefrom
Palmyra,thehealingdeitycalledShadrafaholdsascor
pioninherrighthand.Anotherscorpion
crawlsonherrightarm(145).OnarelieffromHatra(Ba
ghdad),theSyrianSemiticGoddessAtargatishasbeen
depictedwithapairofscorpions(146).Onthecrownof
ametalfigureofaqueen,fromEgypt,beJievedtohaveb
eenexecutedduringtheXXVIdynastyperiodthere
issetascorpionfigurewhichwasanemblemofGoddes
sSelkis.Scorpionalongwithotheranimals.isalsonoti
ceableonanumberofsealsfromKisch
andMesopotamia.
AlltheexamplesfromtheMiddleEastcitedabove
Fig.
belongtoearlyperiods.Thediscoveryofaterracotta
femalefigureassociatedwithascorpiondatabletoth
e2ndcenturyA.D.atKausiimbiishoweversignifica
nt.Itindicatesthetraditionandcontinuityofacultass
ociatedwithscorpions,knowntoIndiaandtheMiddl
eEasterncountriesinancienttimes.
 Mould-Made Female Types(Contd.) 27
125. Standingfemale 129. Female bust No.1441
No.4839Late1stcent uryA.D. 1st centuryA.D.
Mould-made, thick plaque, 9.5x5.5 cm Mould-made, 9x6cm
Herhairarrangedinthreerolls,onebeinginthemid Herhairispartedinthemiddle;wearsear-ringsand
dle.Shewearsatorque,aroundear-ringinthelefteara atorque,apendantofwhich
ndastretchedoneintheright,anecklaceswingingto hangsonthebreasts.Ascarfalso liesonhershoulder.
wardstheleftsideofherbody,braceletsandagirdle. Onthereversemaybeseenadoublebraid.Partbelowt
Herrightarmisbentandtouchestherightearring.The
hewaistmissing.
leftarmisloweredandrestsonthewaist.
130. Female bust No. 5264
Partbelowkneesbroken.
Fig.60Late1stcenturyA.D.
126.Femalebust No.662 Mould-made, 10x7cm
IstcenturyA.D.
Shehasanovalface.Thepalmofherliftedrightarmis
Takenoutfromashallowmould, 5.7x3,5cm
shownfrontally.Hairarrangedinahighmasswithaproj
Herarmsareloweredandplacedonthehips.Hairar ectionatthe top andbound
rangedintiersoneithersideofthehead;wearsaround byornamentalfillets.Shewearsearrings,athree-
earringintherightandasuspendedoneintheleftear,a stringedtorquewithabiglotuspendantinthemiddle,ar
triple-strandedgirdle andawaistbandwith loops mletsandcoiledbracelets.Thehandofthefemaleappea
hangingfrom rstobeinabhayamudrii.
itinfront.
Brokenbelow thewaist.
131. Femalefigure No.1444 Fig.61
Partbelowthewaist missing. IstcenturyA.D.
127. Female bust No.3264 Fig.58 Mould-made, 12x7.5cm
2ndcenturyA .D. Shewearsafour-stringed torque witha
Mould-made, 6x5cm biglotuspendantin the middle, coiled bracelets,
Shehasball- plainarmlets,andwell-creasedsari.Abeaded
likebreasts.Thelefthandis clenchedinafistinfrontand chainfromthewaistlinehangsoverherrightleg.
therightoneloweredtotheside;wearsaclose- Aloosewaistbandknottedinfront.
fitting,stripedandsleevedjacketopeninfrontandalsod Headandfeetmissing;breastsdamaged.
eco-ratedwheel-
132. Female bust
shapedearringssurmountedbyniigamudriisymbolsan
No.3252Late1stcenturyA.D.
dafloweryboss.
Mould-madeface, 10x6cm
Partbelowthighregionmissing. Amantle envelops her head and the body.
128. Femaletorsoofthetypeabove
1stcenturyA.D. Fig.59 Herloweredright arm probably restson the
No.5267Moul hip.Theleftarmislowered and clenched
d-made, thick, 7.5x5.5cm ontheabdomen. Shewearsadouble-stringeddeco-
Herlefthand is clenched ina fist infront. ratedtorqueandround earrings.
Therightloweredhandisinthe varadamudrii. Wearsat
orque,puffedupbracelets,asleevedjacketandasari'hel Partbelowthe waistmissing;topofthe
dupbyawaistband.Partbelowkneesinfrontis left headdamaged.
uncovered. Part 133. Female bust
ofagarmentresemblingashawlseenbehindthefigure. No.60Mid 1stcenturyA.D.
Agirdlevisibleonlyontherightsideofthehip. Mould-made,highrelief, 8.5x5.5cm
Thisistheearliest known figure in Herloweredarmsrestonthewaist.Filletsfromthe
varada-mudriiinthemediumofclay.
headdresshangoneithersideofherface.Wearsatorq
Headmissing. ue,earringsandanecklace,
Partbelowwaistmissing.
28 Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum

134. Female bust No.887 Fig.62 138.Standingfemale No.2426

2ndcenturyA.D. 3rd-2ndcenturyB.C.
Hand-modelled,7.5x5.5cm Mould-madeface,grayclay, 15.5x7.5cm
Probablyapregnantwoman. Herright Thewoman'seyesareshownbylongcon-
handisplacedonherswollenabdomeninwhichmayals vergingJines.Shehasaslenderwaistandbroadhips.W
obeseenthenavel. earsatorquedecoratedwithincisedlines,agirdle,anda
Partbelowthewaistand Jongnecklacewithabanglependantflankedbytassels.
thelefthandmissing;weather-worn. Armsandlegsmissing.

MATHURA 139. Female bust No. 2423

3rd-2ndcenturyn.c.
135. Female bust Mould·madeface,grayclay,15.5X9.3cm
No.51812ndcenturyB.C.
Mould-made face, gray clay, traces of black Shehasanovalface.Hairarrangedintworolls
paintvisible, 1l.5x9cm parted in the middle by
afloweryboss;afilletdecoratedwithdoubleroundpell
Shehasanovalface. Hairarranged etsemergingfromthebosshangsoneithersideofherfac
intwohighrollspartedinthemiddlebyastripedbuckle; e.Abeadedchainalongthehairridge.Wearsdisc-
astripofclaycontaininground,appliedclaypelletseme shapedearrings,andanecklacehangingbetweenherbr
rgesfromthetopofthehead-rollandhangsoneitherside easts.
ofthehead.Thedisc-
shapedearringswornbythefemaleareplacedsideways Thearmsandthepartbelowthe
. waistmissing;thefaceandbreastsdamaged.

Handsbroken;partbelowthewaistmissing;face 140. Female bust No.2427

weather-worn. Fig.632ndcenturyB.C.
Mould-madeface,grayclay,14X8cm
136. Femalefigure
No.24802ndcenturyn.c. Herhairarrangedintwohighrollspartedinthemiddl
Mould-made face,gray clay,traces of ebyaroundplaque decorated withtop dots. A fillet
blackpaintvisible, Ht9.10cm decorated with wheelandnagamudrasymbols
hangson eithersideofherface. Behind her
Herchinistiltedupwards.Shehasaslenderwaistand
headthereisabraid
broadhips.Herarms arestretchedtothesides.Stump-
indicatedbyalongstripofclay.Cuthair andadouble-
likelegs.Wearsappliedear-rings,atorque,agirdleand
a necklace. beadedchainseenalongthe hairridge.
Wearsatorqueandanecklace.
Thehandsandtherightfootbroken; theleft Hands,earsandrightcheekd amaged.Figurebrok
legmissing. enbelowwaistline.
137. Standingfemale No.2478 141.Femalehead
1stcenturyB.C. No.2370
Mould-made,grayclay,18x7cm 2ndcenturyn.c.
Mould-madeface,6.2x4.5cm
Shehaslargeeyes,athinwaistandbroadhips.Taperi
nglegsaresetapart.Thearmswerepro-bablystretchedt Thewoman
othesides.Wearsabeadedchainontheforehead,agirdl hasaroundfaceandapromi-nentnose;eyebrowsindic
e,coiledearringsandaJongnecklacehangingbetween atedbyarowoftinypunchedcirclets.Hairarrangedint
thebreasts. wohighrollsdecoratedwithcircletscontainingdots.A
filletwithsimilardecoration coversthehairridge.
Thearmsandtherightlegarebroken. Wearscoiledearrings.
Thereverse Onlytheheadpreserved;leftsidehead-roll
sideshowsthreehairbraidsinappliquetechnique. isdamaged.
Mould-Made Female Types(Contd.)
142. Femalehead No.2445
Fig.642ndcenturyD.c.
Mould-madeface,grayclay,2X2.2cm
Thefemalehasprominentandbulgedout
rollsonherhead.Thesearedecorated
withrowsofdotsincircle.Wearsroundearplaques,o
neshownfrontaJlyandtheothersideway.Haironthef
oreheadpartedinthemiddleanddressedsideways;w
ears anappliedtorque.
Bodyofthefiguremissing.
143. Femalehead
No.47042ndcenturyB.C.
Mould-madeface, 8.5X8.5cm
Shehaslongeyes.Bairarrangedintworollssepara
tedinthemiddlebyabigroundpeJlet.Eachoneofther
ollshasawheelmotif.
Onlytheheadispreserved.
144. Female bust No.2445
Fig.652ndcenturyB.c.
Mould-made face,grayclay,Ht12cm
Shehasprominentbreastsandpunchednipples.B
othofherarmsstretchedtothesides.Pearlstringsont
heforehead.Appliedfilletsseenonbothsidesofherf
ace.Wearsanappliedtorquehavingadecoratedpend
antinthecentre.Punchedcirclets
spreadoverthechestregion.
Righthandbroken;partbelowthewaistmissing.
145. Female bust
No.47052ndcenturyB.c.
Mould-madeface,grayclay,Ht8.5cm
Shehassmallbreasts.Hairpartedinthemiddlean
darrangedonthesides;wearsahighroundishheaddr
essdecoratedwith knobbedcirclets,disc-
shapedearringsanda torque.Hermouthisopen.
Lowerpartmissing.
146. Female bust
No.23992ndcenturyB.c.
Mould-madeface,grayclay,Ht9cm
Shehasapinchednoseanddiamond-
shapedeyes.Hereyebrowsareindicated
bygroovedpindots.Armsstretchedtothesides.Two
appliedclayplaquesbearingincisedlinesseenonthehe
ad;appliedtorqueontheneck.
29
Bothhandsbrokenandpartbelowwaistmissing.
147. Female bust
No.2417LateIstcentury
B.c.
Mould-made,highrelief,7x8cm
Thewoman'sarmsprobablyrestedonthehips;her
hairdressedtotheright.Shewears
aturban·likeheadgear,single-
beadedtorque,anecklaceandarmlets.
Theface,theleftarmandtheheaddressisinjured.
Lowerpartmissing.
148. Female bust
No.24641stcenturyB.c.
Mould-made,grayclay,6x5.5cm
Herhairarrangedinasemicircular
masssecuredbyribbons;stripedri bbons
withcircularpendantsinthemiddJe;lotusterminalsse
enontheforehead;wearsearrings,atorquecomposedo
fgemsandanecklace.Touchestheright
earringwithherhand.
Thefaceandbreastsdamaged.
149. Femalehead No.
24141st centuryB.c.
Mould-made,thickplaque,7X7.5 cm
Herhairarrangedintwohighrollssecuredbythefi
llets;roundplaquesattachedtothe
rollsseenoneithersideofherhead;wearsaheavyrou
ndearringintheleftear;adoublepearlchainseenalo
ngthehairridgeontheforehead.
Partbelowtheneck,earrings,the11eadrollofright
side,thenoseandthelipspartlydamaged.
150. Standingfemale No.2430
Fig.663rd-2ndcenturyB.c.
Hand-modelled, painted with glossy
blackcolour,14x6.5cm
Thewomanstandserectwithstump-
likelegssetapart.E:,iesindicatedbytwoincisedcon-v
ergingJines;groovedeyelids.Eyebrowsareshownby
notchedlines.Afewincisedlinesontheforeheadforhai
r.Incisedplainanddottedlinesontheneckprobablyind
icateatorque;anotchedlineforachainonherchest.We
arsappliedearringsandagirdle.
Thewomanhasafearfullook.
 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

151. Standingfemale No.202 Fig. 67 themiddleandheldupbyribbon sandbeadedchains;ri

1stcenturyB.C. bbonsimpressedwith
M ould-made, plaque, paintedwith red rosetteshangoneithersideofherhead.Shewearsatorq
thickcolour,17x6.5c ue,tripledisc-sh aped earringsandanecklace.
m
Shestandserectinfront.Herhairdressedintworolls, Thefaceisdamaged.
eachcoveredwithtinyrosettesandpartedinthemiddle
byaflower;ontherightrollare pinned eight RAJGHAT
curvedpalmfrondsandontheleftfivesymbols;adoubl
e-beadedchainonherforehead.Wears a triangular 155. Fe male bust
earringwithhangingpearlchainsinherrightear.Thelef No.22111stcenturyn.c.
tearholdsadisc-shapedearring. Mould-made,thinplaque, 6.5x4cm
Alsowearsatorquecomposedoflarge-
Herleftbenthandisplacedonthehead.Hairarrang
sizebeads,alongnecklaceand a four-stranded
edintwo tiers.Wearsroundearri ngsandatorque.
girdle.Both ofherarmsareloweredandrestonthehip.
Brokenin themiddle;feetdamaged. Plaquebrokenonallsides.
AbustofafigurelikethisisintheMathuraMuseum 156. Femalehead
(147) andanother in the Musee No.2149Early1stcenturyA.
D.
Guimet,Paris(148). Mould-made, thickplaque, 4x5.7cm
152. Standingfemale No.2409 Fig.68
1stcenturyA.D. Herhairarranged in triple plainrolls,the
Mould-made,highrelief, roughtexture, middleonebeingmoroprominent.Shehasanornam
14.5x6cm entmadeofthreeclayroundelsoneithersideof
herhead.Wearsdisc-
Shehasaroundface.Thehair arrangement
shapedearringintheleftear.Therightone
iscurious. Thereisasemicircularhaloof rays
holdsafloweryear-top.
aroundherhead.Wearsroundearrings,atorque,an k
lets,awaistband,an Partbelowneckmissing.R
elaborategirdleandashortsarIbulgingtothesides.B
othofherloweredarmsrestonthehip. OHTAYA(Barei/lyJJistrict)
Topleftpartoftheplaquebroken. 157;Femalebust
153. Female bust No.4290
No.2438Early1stcenturyn.c 1stcenturyn.c.
.Mould-made, 6.3x5cm Mould-made,highrelief, 7X6.5cm
Hairarrangedinasemicircularhighroll;afilletwith Shehasaroundfaceandaprominentnose.Hairarr
alotusflowerinthecentreisseenonherforehead.Wears angedintwosmallrollsfromwhichhangribbonsdec
ad isc- oratedwithrosettes.Abeadedchainwithlotustermi
shapedearringintherightear,whichsheistouchingwit nalsontheforehead.Wearsdecoratedcircularearri
hherhand,atorqueand anecklace.Shehaspointed ngsfromwhichhangbeadedchains,atorque,beaded
brea sts. necklaceandascarf,partofwhichisseenontheleftar
154.Female bust No. m.Anornamen talfilletcoverspartoftheheaddresso
24701stcenturyn.c. ntheleftside.
Mould-made,highrelief, 6x6cm Partbelowwaist andhandsmissing.
Her hair arrangedin twobigrolls partedin
 CHAPTERV

Misce l laneousMould-
MadeTypes

SRl-LAKSMIANDGAJA-LAK$Ml Lotusrosettesscatteredinthefreespaceintheback
ground.
Sri-Lakmiisoneofthemostpopular
deitiesinHinduPantheon. Herearliest Theleftlowercorneroftheplaqueisbroken.
representationisseenatBharhut,Sail.chiandonearlyc 159.Sri-Lak mIonaplaque
ointypesfromMathura,Pai'ichala,Ujjayini,Kausam No.3214I
bi,aswellasonthecoinsissuedbytheInda-Greek stcenturyB.c.
kings.Coomaraswamy placed Mould-made, 7x6cm
imagesof Lak mi in three categories:
InthecentrestandsLak mi. Both of herarms
(a)Padmahastii(holdingalotus
lowered
flowerinherrighthand),(b)Padmavcisini(surrounded
andrestonthehips.Shewearsanelaborateheaddress,a
bylotuscreepersandflowers)and(c)Padmiist hitii(sitt
stretchedearring
ingonalotusflower)(149).Healsoassignsadistinctpla
in therightandaroundoneintheleftear,atorque,heavy
cetoGaja-
bracel etsandagirdle. On
Lakmf.AllthesetypeshavebeendepictedinIndianartd
theleftsidestandsafemaleattendantwearingahightur
uringthecourseofcenturies.Terracottafigurines
banandholdingaflywhiskinherrighthand.
ofSri-
LakmihavebeendiscoveredatMathurii,Kausambi,B Theplaqueisbrokenonallsides.
hiii,Basarh,LauriyaNandangarh,Harinarayanpur, 160.Sri-Lakmi No.5243 Fig.70
Mahinagar,TamlukandChandraketugarh.Lakmiwas lstcenturyn.c.
certainlyafavouritedeityatKausambIwherenumero Mould-made, 10.5x7cm
usplaquesdatabletothe2nd-
JnthecentrestandsLakm1ona
1stcenturyB.c.havebeenfound.
full-blownlotusfloweremergingfromatankencircled
K AUSAMBI byarailing.Wearsanelaboratehead-gear from
whichafillethangsoneithersideof
herface,atorque,braceletsand a sari. Herleft arm
158.Sri-Lak mionaplaque, Fig.69
rests
No.25192ndcenturyB.C.
onthehip.Therightliftedarmisholdingacreeper.Thet
Mould-made,13x7cm
ankisfilledwithcreepersandfull-blownlotusflowers.
Sri-Lakmi isstandingonafull-blownlotus Bottomrightsideoftheplaquebroken.
flowerissuingfromatankfilledwithflowers,shrubs,cr
eepersandencircledbyarailing. 161. .Femalestanding
Sheholdsacreeperinherliftedrighthand;thelefthandr No.2559Mid2ndcenturyB.C.
estsonthehip; wears an Mould-made, 8x4 cm
elaborateheaddress,asariheldupbyagirdle,atorque,b Shewearspuffedupankletsandasariheld
raceletsandan klets. upbyafour-stranded girdle.An ornamental fold
 32 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

ofclothhangsinbetweenherlegs.Herlefthandrestsont holdingafull-blownlotusflowerandthewomana bud

hehip. in her hand (152).YakaPadmapa!Ji
162. Miniaturecircularplaque No.5205 holdingabunch of:flowers
Mid IstcenturyB.C. inhisliftedrighthandisalsoseeninaMathurasculptu
re(153).
Mould-made, Diam.4cm
KAUSAMBI
InthecentreGaja- 166. Malebust No.3442 Fig.72
LakmIstandsonafull-blownlotusflower.Oneither 1stcenturyB.C.
ofhersid<.>sisalotusstalkonthetopofwhichstandsa Mould-made, 6.5x6.3 cm
nele-phantsprinklingwaterontheheadofthegoddes
s.Herrighthandislifted,the leftrestingonthehip. Hishaircoiledinthecentreandsupportedbyaflowery
wreath.Wearssuspended,coiledear-ringsandatorque
163. SrI-Lak$mI No.3368
composedoftinyrosettes.Abunchofflowersheldbyhi
Jstcenturyn.c.
mseenonhisrightshoulder(154).
Mould-made, J0x5.5cm
Sheisstandingonalotusflower;herlefthandonthehi Partbelowchestmissing.
p.Shewearsbracelets,beadedankletsandaborderedtig 167. Maletorso No.2931
ht- Fig.731stcenturyB.C.
fittingsarIheldupatthewaistbyanornamentalfilletfro Mould-made,painted red, 11x6.5cm
mwhichhangdownfour pointedtassels. TorsoofthetypeNo.3442describedabove.Hewears
Plaquedamagedonallthesides.
atorquecomposedof tinyrosettes,
SANKISSA (Farrukhabad District) armletsandadhotiwornintwo wraps andheld
164. BustofGaja-Lak$mI No.4396 Fig.71 upbyawaistband.Frontpartbelowthekneesleftunc
lstcenturyA.D. overed.Heholdsinhislefthandendsofascarfheldaro
Mould-made,thickplaque, 7x6.5cm undhis
neckandshoulders.Holdsabunchofthreeflowersin
Th egoddessholdsthestemofalotusflowerinboth
hisliftedrighthand.
ofherhands.Anelephant standingonthe
floweroneithersidesprinkleswateronherhead. Headmissing;feetdamaged.
Partbelowwaistmissing. SANKISSA
165.Sri'.·Lak$mI 168. Malebust No. 4690
No.4393lstcenturyA.o. Fig.741stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, 9.5x6cm Mould-made, 8x7.5cm
Herhairisarrangedina His slantingheadgear resemblesa
globularcoreontheleftsideofthehead.Therightlifte capwithasemicirculartop.Wearssuspended
dhandholdsalotusflower;theleftrestsonthehip. earringsandatorque.Heholdsabunchof flowers
InthisspecimenSriLak$mihasbeenrepre-sented inhisrighthand.Ascarfliesonhisshoulderandleftarm.
asPadmahasta,araretypeinIndianiconography.Th Partbelowthewaistmissing.
eearliestrepresentationofGaja-Lak$miisseenat
Bharhut(150). WINGEDFIGURES

MANHOLDINGFLOWERS
This
subjectisdifficulttoidentify.Themanmayrepresent
ayak$a,anattendant,oradvarapiila.Inthebottomfie
ldoftheSaftchIgatewaypillars,standdviirapiilasho
ldingflowersin
theirliftedhand(151).Onapane]ofthesamemonum
entisdepictedacouple,the man
Oneofthemostinterestingsubjectspicturedonthete
rracottaplaquesdatableto2nd-
1stcenturyB.C.isawingedhumanfigure.Inthemedium
ofstone,asignificanttype,halfhumanandhalfbird,isse
enatBharhut(155),SanchI(156),AmaravatT(157)an
dBodhGaya(158).Inthese
examplestheforepartisahumanbust.Awingisattache
doneithersideoftheshoulders
 Miscellaneous Mould-Made Types 33

andbelowthewingsthereisalong tedontheleftsidewithoneofitsornamentalloopshangi
tailofabirdusuallypatternedlikeapeacock'stail. ngdown.Partofascarforashawlvisiblebehindhislegs.
DuringexcavationsatthesiteofBasarh(ancientVai A
sa!I) in Bihar, Spooner discovereda terracotta wingpointedatitstopemergesfrombothofhisshoulder
plaque containing a s.Inthebackgroundarelitteredlotusrosettes.Therightl
wingedfigure(159).Thefigure,whichaccordingtoso egofthefigurebentatthekneeissignificant.Theposture
mescholarsrepresentsafemale,standsonalotuspedest maybeindicativeofmovementandairynatureofthefig
al.Oneithersidethereisalotusblossomandabud.Botha ure.
rmsofthefigureareloweredandrestonthehip.Thejewel Bottompartoftheplaqueisbroken.Facedam
leryonthefigureincludesroundearrings,armletswith aged.
pearlstrings, bracelets, necklace with
hangingtassels,girdleandanklets.Atthebackofeachon 170. Wingedmalefigure No.2545
eoftheshouldersthereisadecoratedwing.Thisterracott Fig.761stcenturyB.C.
aplaquefromVaisaliwasbrieflydescribedby Spooner Mould-made, 13.5x9.3cm
in the His
annualreportoftheArchaeologicalSurveyofIndiafort rightloweredhandholdsalotuscreeper.Thehair is
heyear1913-14buthefailedtoidentifyitcorrectly. dressed in a highmasswithtwoknobs at the top.
Hehowevermadeapassing remark- Afillet with
'thewingsareremarkableandsuggestMesopotamiani decoratedsquaredesigns
nfluenceintheirschematictreatment'(160).Coomara- holds the hair along thehair
swamyalsoheldthatthewingsofthefiguresuggestWest line.Anotherfilletsupportsthetwoprojectionsat
ern Asiatic contact (161).Athird thetopoftheheadgear.Atrapezoidicallinealso seen
scholar,Zimmer,said,'InMesopotamianart,wingeddi on the forehead.Wearsroundear-rings, a
vinitiesorgeniiweretherule. thicktorque,necklace,bracelets,
ThisIndianfigurebetraysconnectionwiththattra-ditio arm-letswithloosepearlstringsandadhotiheld
n'(162).HowfarIndianterracottaswereinfluencedby upatthe waistby a rope-like waistband knottedon
Mesopotamiais a the right side.An ornamental tassel
debatablesubject.Butthereisevidencethat the alsohangsfromtheknot.
wingedhumanfigureswereknowninMesopotamiaase Adecoratedwingcurvedinwardsatthetopemergesf
arlyasthe3rdmillennium B.C. (163). romherightsideshoulder.Inthebackground
Aboutadozenterracottawingedfiguresfromvari arelitteredrosettes.
oussitesofIndiahavecometolightduringthelastfift Lefthandofthefigureandbodypartbelowthighs
yyears.ThelargestnumberisfromKausambi.Other missing.
examplesarefromLauriyaNandangarh (164),
Chandraketugarh, 171. Fragmentary plaque No.5398
Tam-luk(165),Balirajgarh(166)andMusanagar(U Fig.772ndcenturyB.c.
.P.)(167).Therearealsotwowingedfiguresinthecol Mould-made, 7x4cm
lectionoftheNationalMuseum,NewDelhibuttheir Wingedmalefacingfrontandridingonapeacock.He
provenanceisnotknown.Alltheknowntypesbelon holdsafruitin his right bent
gtothe2nd-1stcenturyn.c. hand.Hishairisheldupbyafilletdecoratedwithcircular
KAUSAMBI plaques.Wearsasemicircularwingattached to his
right shoulder. The peacockhasanornamental
tail.Arowof rosettes runs
along the border of theplaque.
Rosettesalsolitteredinthefreespaceintheback ground.
169.Thickplaque No.571 Fig.75
1stcentury B.C. Thelefthalfoftheplaqueismissing.
Mould-made, 6.7x4.6cm 172. Malebust No.5394 Fig.78
Wingedmalestanding.Thehairdressedandcoiledo 1stcenturyB.C.
ntheleftside.Wearsbiglotus-shapedearrings, Mould-made, 12.5x8.5cm
torque, necklace, bracelets, ankletsand a His hair dressed in three tiers. He
dhotiheldupby thickwaistbandknot- wearsroundearrings, a thick torque, necklace
and
 34
armlets. Acurvedanddecoratedpetal-
shapedwingisattachedtoeachoneofhisshoulders.The
headofapeacock,whichthemanheld,is
visiblenearhisabdomen.
Partbelowwaistmissing.
173.Fragmentofa plaque Fig.79
No.4060
1stcentury n.c.
Mould-made, 3x2.5cm
The plaquepreservesonlytherightside part
ofaseatedmalefigure. He puts
onarmletsandbraceletsinhisrighthand.Holdsapea-co
ckinhislap.Thetailofthebird1sbeauti-fully
decorated.
174.Malebust No.4825 Fig.80
Jstcentury B.C.
Mould-made,8.5x10.8cm
Hewearsathickornamentaltorque,anecklacewitht
wonandipada-
shapedpendants,bracelets,armletsmade ofpetal-
shapedaccessoriesandcoiledrings.Hegraspsthe
neck ofa
peacockinbothofhishands.Hehadalsowingsbutthepo
rtionoftheplaquecontainingthemisbroken.
Headlost.Part belowwaistbroken.
Severalfragmentaryplaques,depictingawingedma
leholdinglotuscreepersinhislower- ed hands,have
been discovered atKausambi.
Thefeetofthemalefiguresprobablyrestedonlotuspe
destalsasinthecaseofLakmIfigures.Itispossibleme
nwithwingshadsome connec-
tionwithgoddessLakmr.
Thefragmentaryplaquedepictingawingedmalerid
ingonthebackofapeacockisararespecimen.Peacockh
eldanimportantplaceinIndianartfromveryearlytimes.
IthasbeendepictedatBharhut,Safichiandelsewhere.P
eacockisthevehicleofSkandaKartikeya.Jnstonesculp
turethisdeityis
generallyseenseatedonthebackofapeacock.Theearlie
stknowndatedimageofKartikeyabelongstoA.D.89but
thegoddoesnothaveanywings(168).
Pataii.jali,whoissupposedtohaveflourishedinthe2
ndcenturyB.C.,makes
specificmentionofSkanda(169).NoKartikeyaimage
softhisperiodareyetknown.Whetherthewingedmalea
ssociated with the peacock on terracotta
Terracottas in the Allahabad Museum
plaquesrepresentsSkandaKartikeya"ofthepre-Chr
istianeraorisadeityofcurrentfolkmy-thology,isaqu
estiontowhichnosatisfactoryanswerisavailableint
hepresentstateofourknowledge(170).
MlTHUNATYPES
AHICHCHHATRA
175.Mithuna couple No.4692 Fig.81
1 stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made, 13x7.5cm
Themalestandingontherightwearsahighheaddre
sswith
aglobularcoreontheleftside,atorque,earrings,brace
letsandadhotisupportedbyawaistbandknotted
onthe
leftside.Hislefthandisthrownabouttheneckofthefe
male,standingontheleft.
Theheaddressofthefemale
iscomposedoftworollspartedinthemiddlebyabigflow
erdottedwithtinyrosettes.TheleftrolJhasastreamingb
anddecoratedwithrosettesandalternated
byaprongedsymbolonwhicharepinnedthreesymbols,
anarrowhead,abannerandagoad.Shewearsashortclos
e-
fittingsarisupportedbyawaistband,alongnecklace,ato
rque, puffed up bracelets and disc-shaped
. earrmgs.
Bottomrightsideinjured;rightportionoftheplaqu
eoverburnt.
176.Mithuna couple
No.25441stcentury A.D.
Mould-made, 12x7.5cm
Thefemalehasatiltedface.Wearsahighheadgear,
earrings,anecklaceandasari.Herright hand rests
on the double-strandedgirdle.
Onherleftsidestandsherpartner.Hewearsaturba
nwitha
fluffedballinfront,atorque,ascarfacrossthechestan
dadhoti.Hisrighthandisthrownabouttheneckofthef
emale.Thelefthandisalsobenttowardstheabdo-me
n.
Asuspensionholeseenatthetopoftheplaque.
Lowerpartoftheplaquebroken;weather-worn.
 MiscellaneousMould-Made Types 35
177. Mithunacouple Thefeetofbothrestonanornamentalfoot-rest.Ro
No.45951stcenturyA.D. settesofvarioussizesarelitteredinthefreespaceinth
Mould-made, 6.5x7cm ebackground.
Thewomanstandsontheleft;herrighthandrestso PlaquesofthistypefoundatKausambIhavefound
nthehipandtheleftflungabouttheneckofherconsort their way to several museums inIndia(171).
.
Therighthandofthemaleisalsoflungaboutherneck;
180. Amorouscouple Fig.83
hisbentlefthandrestsontheabdo-men. No.51961stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made,Ht13.5cm
Thereisasuspensionholeatthetop.Lower Themanstandingontherightandthewomanonth
partbroken;weather-worn. elefttoucheachother'sch ininanunusualmanner.
JHUST Each flingsonearmaroundtheneck
178. Mithuna ofanother.
No.4606
couple200- Theleft hand of the woman holds a scarf
100D.C.
 Mould-made,7.5x7.5cm
Thecoupleis
standingsidebyside,themaleontheright.Heholdsaluteinhisrighthand,theleftthrownabouttheneckofhispartner.
Wearsaturbanwithahighglobularballpro-jectinginfront,adhotiandascarf on theshoulders.
Thefemalehasahighheaddresscomposed
ofthreerolls;ribbonsdecoratedwithfloraldesignshangontheleftsideofherhead;anarrowandotherindistinctsymbolsa
repinnedontheheadroll.Wearsdisc-shapedearrings,atorqueandanecklace.
ThisplaqueisalmostaprototypeofAhich-chhatramithunaplaque.
K AUSAMBI
179. Mithunacouple No.5012 Fig.82 1stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,10.5x8cm
Thecouple,inembrace,isseatedonacushionedsofahavinglathe-
t urnedlegsandarms.Thewomanonthelapofherconsortwearsahighheadgeartiltedtotherightandsupportedbybeaded
chains.Shewears
ashortsarIheldupbyagirdle,atorque,braceletsandankletsandgraspswithherlefthandtheear-ringoftheleftear.Sheem
bracesherconsortbypassingherrighthandacrossbisshoulders.
Thehairofthemalepartnerisdressedinacoilontheleft;hewearsashortdhoti,suspendedearringsandalongtriple-
beaded necklace.Hisrighthandis placed on thebeadedgirdleofthewoman.
 hangingfrom the neck of theman; hisright
handisplacedonhergirdle.Thewomanwearscircularearrings,adouble-
stringednecklace,armlets,ankletsandasarI.Theheadgearofthemanissupportedby three
fillets.Hewearsroundearrings and a torque.
Lotu srosettesscatteredinthefreespaceinthebackground.
Damagedatthetop.
AsimilarplaquediscoveredatSankissaisintheStateMuseum,Lucknow(172).
181. Amorouscouple No.3303 Fig.84 1stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,5.5x3cm

Thewomanisseatedinthelapofherconsort.Shewearsdisc-
shapedearrings,atorque,aneck-laceandagirdle.Themanwearsroundearringsandnecklaceandholdstheleftbreast
ofthewomanin hisright handpalm.
Theplaqueisdamagedonallthesides.
182. Couple No.538 Fig.851stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made, 10x7cm
Thewomanstandsontherightandthemanleft.Shewearsa highjata-!ikeheaddressheldupbyornamental
bands,atorque,earringsandaheavygirdlewhichsupportedhersari.Herrighthandrestsonthehip;theleftonewhichislow
eredtothesideheldsomeobjectwhichcan-notbeidentified.Hermalepartner
standsontheleft.Hewearsathicktorqueandadhotiheldupbyathickwaistband.Therighthandof
 36 Terracottas intheAllahabadMuseum

themanisplacedonthegirdleofthe disc-shapedearrings,a
woman.Intheleftheholdsananimalprobablyalionc necklaceandasariheldupbyagirdle;herrighthandre
ub.Athree- stsonthe
prongedobjectisseenabovethematthetop. hip.Thehairoftheman,standingontheleft,isdresse
Faceofthemanchoppedoff.Rightsideandlowerpart dinahanginglooponthe
oftheplaquebroken. rightside.Hewearsadhotiheldupbyawaistband,nec
klaceandearrings.Hetouchesthechinofthewo-man
183. Couple No.3465
withhisrighthand.
Fig.861stcent ury B.c.
Mould-made,Ht8.7cm Bottompartoftheplaquemissing.
Thefemalestandsontheright.Shewearsatorque,a 186. Amorouscouple
nelaborategirdle,asarifromwhichafoldhangsinfro No.24661stcenturyA.D.
nt.Therighthandofherpartnerrestsonhergirdle. Mould-made,Ht5cm

Ananimal,probablyalioncub,isheldinthebentlefta Themalestandsontheleft,thefemaleontheright.Th
rmofthewomannearherabdomen. ehairofthemaleiscoiled.Hewearsdisc-
shapedearrings,atorqueandadhoti.Theheadgearofthe
Inbetweenthe femaleiscomposedofseveralfolds.Shewearsatorque,
figuresthereisastandardwithapointedtopfixedona braceletsandasariheldupbya
barrel- beadedchain.Herheadistiltedandrestsonthepalmofth
shapedpedestal.Itiswrappedbyaribbontheendsofw emale.
hichflowintheair.
Aborderoftrianglesseenatthebottomoftheplaqu
Bottomoftheplaqueandtoppartcontainingheado e.
fthefiguresismissing.
187. Couple
Thesubjectdepictedontheplaqueremainselusive.T No.9341stcentury
helionis the vehicle ofParvati. A.D.
Iftheanimalheldbythewomanisidentifiedasalion,the Mould-made, 13x12cm
nthecouplemayrepresentSivaandParvati. The
Itmaybeobservedherethatterracottafigurinesof femaleisstandingontheright;wearsahighlyorname
GoddessCybeleholdinglioncubintheirhands,data ntalheaddress,atorque,brace-letsandagirdle.Herri
bletotheearly5thcentury ghthandrestsonthehip;theleftoneislifted.Theman
B.C.,havebeendiscoveredinRhodesIslandinthesea ontherightwearsathicknecklaceandarmlets.
ofGreece(173). Theheadofthemanislost.
184. Couple No.2516
Lowerpartoftheplaqueismissing.
Fig.871stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,thickandpaintedwithredcolour, 188. Couple No.5
10.2x5cmT Istcenturys.c.
he man standstotherightandthewoman Mould-made,5.6x5cm
totheleft.Onehand ofthe man isthrown about Theman,ontheright,holdsthehandofthewomansta
theneckofthewoman.Wearsaturbanwithaglobularco ndingontheleft.
reinfrontandadhoti.Thewomanholdsaluteinherlefth Shewearsatorque,girdleandasari.Themanalsowears
and. atorqueandabracelet.
Bottompart oftheplaquebroken;figuresdamaged. Topandlowerpartoftheplaquemissing.
185. Amorouscouple No. 189. Couple
3513Early1stcentury B.C. No.50741stcenturyA.
Mould-made,9x5.8cm O.
Thehairofthewoman,standingontheright,iscom Plaqueimpressedbyashallowmould,8.5x5cm
bedinabraidattheback. Wears round
Thewoman,ontheleft,wearsanecklace,roundearri
ngs,braceletsandanklets.Herhairdressedandbound
byribbons.Bothofhersuspendedhandsrestonthehip.
Themanstandsontheright.Hishairdressedand bound
MiscellaneousMould-MadeTypes 37
byaribbonwitharoundornamentinthecentre.Hewe Thepresenceofthecockandthehenintheplaquerem
arsarmlets,braceletsandashortdhotI. ainsunexplained.InGreece,however,birdslikethepea
-hen had some sanctity about
190. Coupleonbedsted No.4059 them.On a
A.D.850-1100 terracottaplaqueassignabletothe4thcenturyB.c.fr
omGreecethere isdepicted
Mould-made, 10.4x6.5cm acouple.The man holdsagrainplantinone
handandafloweringplantintheother.Theladyholdsi
Thecouplelyingin nherhandsabowlandapea-henrespectively(175).
embraceonabedstedrestingonfourlegs.Themaniso
nthe RAJ GHAT
rightandthewomanontheleft.Bothofthemwearshor 192.Amorouscouple
tdhoti.Themanholdstherightbreastofthewomanwit No.2904
hhisrighthand. 5th-6thcenturyA.D.
Onehandofthewomanisextendedtowardsthewaist Hand-modelled,5.5x5.8cm
ofherconsort.
Themale,ontheright,gentlytouchesthebreastsof
Takenoutfromashallowmould;topleftsideinjure thewomanstanding
d. onhisleft.Thehairofthemaleisarrangedintrefoilpat
Similartypes calledSatiPaftasbyV.S.Agrawala ternwithlockshangingonbothsides ofthehead.
have been found at Ahich- chhatra (174). Hairof thefemale dressed and covered by a
191. Amorouscouple Fig.88 veil.Shewearsearrings.L
No.25381stcenturyA.D owerpartmissing.
Mould-made, 11x11cm
WOMANLOOKINGlNTOMIRROR
Inthe background and covering the entire
plaqueisshownacarpet edcouchwithshort lathe- Themirrorwasanessentialitemoftoiletinancienttimes
turnedlegs.On .Accordingtothe
thecouchthereisawomanlying,perhapscross- Jiitakas,mirrorsweremadeofgold,shiningtoperfection(
legged,withherpartner.Herrighthandisplacedonth 176).Kalidasaalso mentions mirrors made
ehip. ofcopper,brassandgold(177).Insomesculpturesfrom
Sheputsonadiaphanoussari.Alsowearsagirdleofla Amaravati, Nagarjunako1)c;la,
rge-sizedbeads.Herconsortalsoputsonawell- MathuraandBhubaneshwar women are often
creasedandcrinkledshortdhoti. seenadmiringtheirbeautybylookingintothemirrorsheldi
ntheirhands.Themirrorsweremadeindifferent shapes
Intheforegroundontheleftstandsadwarffemaleat
tendantwithhershortlegsbentattheknee.Sheholds (178).
acircularornamentalfaninherlefthand.The woman KAUSAMBI
attendant
wearsaturban,earrings,torque,bracelets,ankletsan
d
asariheldupbyagirdle. 193.Standingfemale No.5239 Fig.89
1stcent uryB.C .
In the foreground on the Mould-made, 13.5x6cm
rightisalsoseenacockanda hen. '
Ontheextremeleftcornerat
thebottomisplacedajar. Hc:!rhairarrangedintworollsandparted in
themiddle;twoornamentalbandsemergingfromthe
A borderoflotus
middleoftheheadhang oneither
rosettesrunsalongthebottomrim.
sideofherface.Shewearsearrings,abeadednecklace
Thetopas ,puffedupbracelets,ankletsandasarisupportedbya
wellassideportionsoftheplaquearemissing. girdle.Herheadisbentinordertoseeherfaceinacircul
AterracottafragmentfromKausambi(No. armirror
3)depictingsimilarscenebutinreducedsize heldupbyafemaledwarfattendantstandingonthelef
isalsointheAllahabadMuseum.Inthisspeci-menth tside.Theloosehairoftheattendanthangonherback.
elefthandofthemanisplacedonthegirdleofthewom Bottomrightsidebroken;weather-worn.
an.
 TerracottasintheAllahabad Museum

194. Standingwoman (same asabove but Asimilarfigurine, more sophisticated

withclearerdetails) No.2505 thantheKau sambI example,has been found
1stcenturyB.C. atMathurii(I79).On her headdress are
Mould-made, 10x6cm pinnedfivesymbolswhich indicate that the female
Partofthefigurebelowthekneesislost;themirrord isnot an ordinary fan-bearer but
amaged. representsa.goddess.

195. Fragment fromplaquedescribedabove 199.Femaletorso No.2596

1stcentury B.c. No.3086 Fig.90 1stcent uryB.C.
Mould-made, 6X4.7cm Mould-made,7.5x3.5cm
Thedwarffemaleattendantwithtiltedheadholdst Shewearsatorque,bracelets,anklets and
hehandleofamirrorinherhand.The asari.Partofasecondflowinggarmentvisiblebehindth
reflectionofthemissing elegs.Holds a small wheel-
woman'sfaceonthemirrorhasbeenindicatedbyinci shapedfaninherrighthandnearherabdomen(180).
sedlines.Itreflectstherealisticsenseoftheartist. Headandbottomleftsideofthefigurinemissing.
RAJGHAT BACCHANALIAN SUBJECTS

196. Femalebust No. 2110 DrinkingscenesareratherrareinIndiansculptureth

Fig.915thcentury A.D. oughtherewaslavish use of
Facemould-made, 5x4cm wineinalmostal1theperiods of Indian history (181).
Such scenesare noticeablein
Thefaceofthewomanisslightlyturnedtotherightin thereliefsatSiiiichI(182),Niigarjunakof)<;la(183),A
ordertoseeherfaceinthemirrorheldinherlefthand.She min(184),Gandhara(185)andMathura(186).InGand
iscombingherhair.Wearsbraceletsandatorque. hiirareliefsmembersofboththesexesareseenparticip
Bodyhand-modelled. atingindrinkingparties.
ButintheMathurastonesculptureandterracottamediu
Partbelowwaistmissing.
mitisinvariablythewomanwhoisfoundswoonedunde
FLYWHISK- rintoxication.Variousinterpreta-tionshavebeenoffer
edondrinkingscenes(187).Acarvedsteatiteplaquedat
HOLDERSKAUSAMBl abletothe
3rdcenturyB.c.discoveredatRajgirinBihardepictsad
197. Femalehead No.3397 Fig.92
ancingmothergoddess holding
1stcenturyB.C.
awinecup(188).Itshowsthatwinewasalsousedinritua
Mould-made,6X5.5cm
lsconnectedwithMotherGoddesscult.
Her hairarrangedintriplerolls.Shewearspuffed
up bracelets, a torque and round AHICHCHHATRA
earrings. Herrighthandgraspsthelathe- 200.Circularplaque Fig.94-a
turnedhandleofaflywbiskswungoverherhead. No.4335
1stcentury A.D. .
FAN·HOLDERS
Mould-made,Diam.11cm
Inthemiddlestandsastoutmanwearing an
198. Womanholdingfan No.3213 embroidereddhoti,atorqueandascarf
Fig.931stcenturyB.C. acrosshischest.Heissupportingaswoonedwomanwit
Mould-made, 9x6.5cm hbothofhishands.Inthebackgroundisarope-
Thewomanwearsatorque,anecklace,brace-lets,ag wovencotonwhichthemanintendstomakeherlie.Afe
irdleandasiiriwithsweepingfoldsleavingthelowerpar male attendant on the rightis
tofthelegsbare.Herleftloweredhandrestsonthegirdle holdinganunidentifi edobject.Anotherattendant,
,therightoneholdinghandleofaroundpalm-leaffan. ontheleft,holdsajar.
Headandfeetofthefiguremissing. Raisedand incisedborderrunsalong therim.
Thereversehasabeautifuldecorationofinter-
 MiscellaneousMould-Made Types 39

lacedcreeperscontaininglotusflowers in tilted,isseatedontheleftandholdsawinejar(suriighaf
theirmeshes(Fig.94-b). a)inherrightu praisedhand.Thelefthandisplacedonth
Damagedonallthesides;weather-worn. ewaistofherconsortseat-edon theleft.
Thewomanwearsatorque,necklace,bracelets,anklets
KANPUR DISTRICT andashortsariheldupatthewaistby a jewelled
201.Manandwoman No.2541 girdle.Theman
Fig.951stcenturyA.D. has ahigh headdress arrangedin a globular
Mould-made, 16x7cm coreontheleftandheldupbybeadedchains.Healsow
Theman,standinginprofile,liftsaswoonedwomanb earsbraceletsandashortdhotisup-portedbyawaistb
ythearms.Hewearsadhotiheld upbyawaistband and.Holdsawinecup(sunipatra)inbisliftedrightha
andhishairisarrangedinwavytressesoneithersideofth ndanda fluteintheleft.
ehead.
Asuspensionholeseenatthetop.
Thewoman,naked,is
inahalfuprightposture.Herleftkneeisbentand rests
on the
ground;rightfootisonthegroundandthekneeisbent. 204. Couple No .5329 Fig.98
Thehairofthewomanisarrangedoneithersideofher IstcenturyA.D.
head. Doublemouldused,15 x6.5cm
Behindthe man is shown Thefaceofthewoman'sconsortistilted
arisinggrapevinecreeperusuallyassociatedwithbacc totheright;hishairiscoiledinabigknotbehindthehead.
hanalianscenes. Endsofalongscarfhang
Theplaqueisbrokenintotwoparts. fromhisshouldersattheback.He supports the
rightarmofthewomanrevellerwhoisdrunkandwhose
KAUSAMBl
balanceisprecariouslymaintained
202.Bacchanalianscene No .5286 byhim.Hislefthandisplacedonhergirdle.
Fig.96Mid2ndcentury
B.C. Thewoman'shairisdressed in a
Mould-made,paintedred, 7.5x6cm knobbedcrest;abr aidalsohangson the left side. She
Inthecentrestandsatallandslender- wearsatorque,earrings,astranded girdleandsari.
bodiedwoman.Herleftlegisbentatthekneewithfoot aHer leftbent hand is placed on herpartner'sneckfor
support.The right one is
restingonaflower.Sheholdsa wine
loweredtotheside.
jarinherleftliftedhandnearherhead.Therighthand
whichisthrownabouttheneckofherpartnerhangsin Bottompartmissing;weather-worn.
front.Hairofthewomancoiled;wearsroundearrings
Thisspecimenisreminiscentofthebacchana-liansc
,atorque,anklets,braceletsandatriple-
enes depicted on K ua1:i.a slabs
strandedgirdlefromwhichlongbeadedchainshangd
foundatNaroli,Palikherain
owntothekneelevel.
MathuraDistrictandTusarao,Beharin
Theleftbenthandofthemanis
PartapgarhDistrict.
thrownaboutthewaistofthewomanandlendssupport
MANWLTHDEER
toherhandholdingthejar. Their tilted
205. Ovalplaque Fig.99
headstoucheachother.
No.25101stcenturyB.C.
Oneitherside of the main figurethere
Mould-made,8:5x9cm
aretwofemaleattendants,oneholdingaleaf-shaped
fan,theotheralargemirrorandabag(?). Ontherightisa man walkingtowards the
Top and bottom part of the plaque leftalongwithadeer.Themanwearsahighheadgear,ea
isdamaged. rrings,atorqueandbracelets.Ascarfhangson his
203. Coupleenjoyingdrink No.2504 arms and a cloth
Fig.97IstcenturyA.D. behindhislegs.Oneforelegofthedeerisliftedwhichind
Mould-mad e,5.5x5cm icatesmovement.Thebackgroundisdecoratedwithro
wsofdots.
A man and a woman each seatedon
acushionedwickerstool. The woman, her face Weather-worn.
 TerracottasintheA/JahabadMuseum
40

206. Upperpartofaplaque No.3247 rightonerestsonthebackofthebull.Theman'supper

Fig.100Jstcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,10x8.5cm
SameasCat.No.2510abovebutmoredistinct.Them
anwearsaheadgearwithatopprojectionsupportedbya
fillet,roundearrings,anecklaceofsquarebeads,scarf
onshoulders,andadhotiheldupbyagirdle.Hisleftarmi
sbentandholdspartofthescarf.Therightlower·edarm
probably held
theropewoundaroundtheneckofthedeer,ofwhichonl
yhornsarevisible.The free spacein
thebackgroundislitteredwithdots.
Lowerpartoftheplaquecracked.
EROTICSUBJECTS
Theidentificationofthesetwoplaquesiselusive.Dee
risthevehicleofgodVayu.Ttispossiblethatsomegodli
keVayuwasinthemindoftheartistwhilepreparingthis
plaque.
Lowerpartmissing.
MANWITHARAMORGOAT
207. Lowerpartofaplaque No.3709
Fig.1011stcenturyD.C.
Mould-made,10x6.5cm
Thefragmentpreservesonlylegsofamalefigure.
Onthe1cftofhislegsstandsananimal,agoatoraram
heldbyarope.
Themanwasprobablyholdingtherope111hishand.
TheramisthevehicleofAgni.Itmaybethattheartistlivi
nginthepre-
Christianerahadconceivedofadeitywhosevehiclewa
sram.
Aplaqueshowingacompletemalefigureholding
aropewhichisrelatedtospecimenNo.3709hasteenf
oundatMathura(189).
Terracottaplaquesshowingamanwithramhavebee
nnoticedatTaxiJa(190),Rajghat(191),Chandraketug
arh (192)andKondhapur(193).
partisshownfrontallybutthelegsareturnedtowards
theright.Ontheneckofthebullthereisagarlandofha
ngingbellsandflowers.
Headof themanandthebullismissing.
AfragmentfromasimilarplaqueisalsointheAllaha
bad Museum.
Abetterpreservedplaqueofthistypeisinthecollecti
onofthe BharatKalaBhawan,Varanasi.
Thesubjectdepictedontheplaqueremainsunidenti
fied.BullisthevehicleofSiva.Themanmountingthean
imalmaythereforebetherepresenfationofthisdeity.
Eroticsubjectsarerare in Indian
terracottaart.ImportantsiteslikeMathura,Ahichchhat
ra,BhitaandKumrahiirhavenotyieldedanyspecimend
epictingsexualunion,thoughthissubjecthasbeenexte
nsivelyusedin
themedievalsculptureofIndia.Somescholarsbelievet
hatsexualsubjectsowetheirorigintotheKaulaKapalik
acultwhichhad a
strongbaseatKhajuraho ,Bhuvaneshwar,.Koi:i.arkan
dMadera during the 10th-IIth
centuryA.O.(194).Butwhatinspiredtheartiststodepict
suchsubjects in the terracotta artof the
lstcenturyB.c.orIstcenturyA.O.wedonotknow.Ttisare
cognizedfactthatthearsamatoriswasfairlyadvancedin
ancientIndia.BabhravyaofAhichchhatrawasaleadin
gau thorityonthesexualscience(195).TheKamasutra
ofVatsya-yana,whichtheconsensusofscholarlyopini
onplacesinthe3rdor4thcenturyA.O.,istheclassictreati
se on the science of
sex.AsadmittedbyVatsyayanatherewasanearliertrad
itionforthestudyofthissubjectinIndiabeforethewritin
gofKamasutra(196).Theplaquesbearingsexualscen
esweredefinitelymadeonthebasisofcertaintreatises,n
owlost.
Itmaybementionedherethat severalterra-

MANMOUNTING ABULL
208. Fragmentofaplaque No.4414 Fig.102
cottaplaquesdepictingscenes of
lstcenturyn.c.
sexualunionhavebeendiscoveredinIraq(197).
Mould-made,8x7.5 cm
Thisshowsthatsuchsubjectswereknownin
theMiddle
The fragmentshowsabullwithalongtailin Eastas earlyas 400 n.c.According
relieffacingright. Onitsbackisseated toscholarsthesesubjectswereconnectedwithmother
aman.Hisleftarmisliftedtowardsthe shoulder;the goddesscult.
 MiscellaneousMould-MadeTypes 41
KAUSAMBI Brokenonallsides.
209. Plaque No.5288 Theplaquefrom
Fig.1031stcentury A.D. whichthisfragmentsurvivesdepictedaneroticscene
Mould-made,2x1.4cm .AterracottaplaquefromChandraketugarhcontain
Amanandawomaninsexualunion.Thelegsofthew sasceneofsexualunionandalsoajarandbasketvery
omanarelifted.Shewearsbeadedanklets.Theman'sha muchsimilartothatdepictedonplaqueNo.4663desc
iriscoiled.Thesariofthe ribedabove(200).
woman hangson a rope tied withtwopegsabove. 214. Fragment No.5288 Fig.108
Rosettesstrewnin the freebackground; a IstcenturyA.D.
hole at the top.The workmanshipof the Mould-made,6.1x3cm
plaqueisexquisite. Ontheleftis seateda womanon a wicker
stool.Oneofherlegsisperhapslifted.Herparamours
Plaquebrokenfromthreesides.
tandingontherightisinsexualunion.Hisheadisbent
210. Fragmentaryplaque No.3254 andheiskissingthewoman.
Fig.1041stcenturyA.D.
Plaquebrokenfromallthesides.
Mould-made,4.5x6cm
Amaleandfemaleinsexual Chandraketugarh,Tamluk
andBerachampaallthesesitesin West Bengal
union.Thebodyofbothmissing.
haveyielded a
211. Mouldforaneroticsubject1st No.6 goodnumberofplaquesdepictingmenandwomenin
centuryA.D. Fig.105(a&b) sexualunioninunusualpostures.Tradition says
Bakedhard,7x7cm that Tamluk wasone of the
fifty-twopif hasth<inasoftheSaktas,hallowed
Afemaleplacingherhips ona stoolwith
byreceivingalimbofthebodyofSati,wifeofSiva(20
onelegloweredandtheotherliftedinordertoexposehe
1).Itmay bethattheplaquesdepictingdifferentasana
rpudendumforsexualunionwithamanstandingonher
sweremadeatTiimlukfortheuseoftheSiiktas.
right side.
Asimilarsceneisalso noticeableon Aterracottafragmentshowingsexualunionwasre
aterra-cottaplaquefromChandraketugarh(198). portedtohavebeenfoundatTaxiliibutisnottraceabl
enow.
AnotherexampleofunknownprovenanceisintheV
ictoriaandAlbert Museum,London(199). WRESTLING BOUTS
212. Fragmentaryplaque No.473 Fig.106
IstcenturyB.C. Wrestling was an important pastime
Mould-made,6.5x5cm inancientIndia.Itis mentionedintheJiitakas,
theMahabharataandthe
Thecompleteplaquecontainedasceneofsexualuni
on.Onlythelegsandhandofadelicate- Kiimasutra.Wrestlingscenes are seenon the
bodiedwomansurvive. sculpturedreliefsof.Bharhut (Z02),
Nagarjunakonda (203)andGandhiira
Thefullspaceinthebackgroundisstrewnwithtiny (204). Wrestling scenesare
rosettes.Athickborderrunsalongthe rim. alsonoticeable on terracotta
Brokenfrom allthesides. plaquesfound atKhokrakot (205),
Rajghat(206),Basilrh (207)
andTamluk(208).

215. Circularplaque No.5213

213.Fragmentaryplaque Fig.107 1st centuryA.D.
No.4663 Mould-m ade,Diam. 5cm
lstcenturyB.C. The plaque shows two men engaged m
Mould-made,4.5x2.7cm
Thelegofawoman,a basketand a wrestling.
smaJIwatervessel(paribhnjaniyaghata)aloneirnrvi Damagedfromallthesides.
ve,
42 Terracottasin theAllahabadMuseum

MISCELLANEOUS andtwomen,oneofthemwavinga
flywhisk.Jnfrontofthechariotwhichismovingtoward
KAUAMBI
stheleftsidetherearetwomenstandingwithfoldedhan
216. Roundplaque No.5399 Fig.109 dsinobeisancetotheroyal ordivine
2ndcentury13.C. figurewhichwasonthechariot.Theback-groundislitt
Mould-made, Diam.20.5cm ered withdots.
Ontheplaqueisdepictedachariot Thisisauniquesubject,theidentityofwhichisrath
drawnbyapairofstags.Unfortunatelytheportionco erelusive.
ntainingtheprincipalfigurejschoppedoff.On Chariotsdrawnbystag'arerareinIndianart.
theextremetoprightsidethereisachattra Theonlyexceptionisaplaquein
theMathuraMuseum(209).
 CHAPTERVI

MiscellaneousMould-MadeTypes
(Cont inued)

FIGURESASSOCIATED WITH BIRDS (217),Safi.chi(218)andAmaravati(219).Thisbird

Thereisevidencetoshowthatbirdswerenotaloneus hasfiguredinthemediumofclayaswell.Alarge and
edforplaying.Someofthemwerecertainlyassociated exquisite terracotta
withdeitiesastheirvehicles.Thedovewasassociatedw peacockheaddescribedelsewherewasdiscovereda
ithfertilitygoddessinthemythologyofMesopotamia( tBhita(220).Adancingpeacockisalsoseenonthefro
ntwallofaSungatoycartfromChandraketugarh(22
210).
1).
Atleastsomeofthewomenholdingbirdsdepicted
onterracottaplaquesrepresentgoddesses.Thisisevi J HDsl
dentfromarareSungafemalefigurinefoundatasitec 217. Standingfemale
alledAtigaiKhcrainShahjahanpurDistrictofUttar No.47951stcenturyA.D.
PradeshandhousedintheNationalMuseum,NewD Mould-made,9.5x5cm
elhi.The Shehasanelaborateheaddresscontainingaround
femalewearsanelaborateheaddressononesideofw floweratitstop.Abeadedchainemerg-ingfromtheh
hicharepinnedfiveauspicioussymbolsusuallyconn eadrollhangs
ectedwiththemothergoddesstypes.Inherleftlower oneithersideofherface.Shewearsearrings,torque,b
edhandthereisastickonwhichisperched racelets,necklace,girdleandaflowingsari.Herlefth
abird.Nearbyisafloweringtreeenclosedbyarailing andrests onthewaist,therightgrasping
(211). headofabird.

Playingwithparrots.,Sukak rl(lii,wasafavour-ite KAUSAMBI

pastimeinancientIndia.Itisincludedinthesixty-
fourartsdescr ibedintheKiimasutra.
Thebirdswererearedingardensandalsodomestica
t-ed.They actedasmessengersand
evenattimesusedforkillingthesnakes.Megasthene
shasspecificallywrittenonthe
importanceofparrotinIndianlife(212).InseveralM
athurasculptures,yakisareseensportingwithparrot
s(213).Terracottafemalefigurineshold-ingparrots
havebeennoticedatMathura(214),Ahichchbatra(2
15)andChandraketugarhinWestBengal(216).
ThepeacockhasbeenafavouritebirdinIndiana
rtfromearlytimes.ItoccursatBharhut
2.18.Standingfemale No.2493
Fig.1101stcentury ll.C.
Mould-made, 13.5x5.5cm
Thewoman'srightlegslightlyliftedattheknee.We
arsanecklace,atorquecomposedoftriple-
beadedchains,earrings,bracelets,plainanklets,athr
ee-
beadedgirdlesupportingthesariandanornamentalf
oldhangingfromitbetweenthelegs.Intherightuprai
sedhandsheholdsaparrotneartheshoulder;thelefth
andisplacedonthethigh.
Thefaceofthewomanaswellasotherfeaturesarere
miniscent ofBharhuttypes.
Rightsideoftheplaquedamaged.
 44 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

219.Standingfemale No.200 223. Standingfemale Fig.112

1stcenturyB.C. No.661
Mould-made,15 x7cm 1stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, thick,9x7cm
Shewearsaturban- Shewearsasariwith striatedpatterns
likeheaddress,suspendedearrings,atorque:astrand butthekneepartisuncovered.Holdsabunchofmangof
ednecklace,arm lets, ruitsintherighthandanda parrotintheleft.
puffedupbraceletsandasarIheldupbyabeadedgirdl Partabovethewaistandbelowkneesmissing.
e.Ornamentalfoldsofascarfhangfromthegirdlebet
weenthelegs.Therighthandisonthehip,theleftholdi OnarailpillarfromMathuraalsoawomanholdsabu
ngaparrotnearthewaist. nchofmangoesinherleftloweredhand.Aparrotisseate
donherrightshoulder(223).
Thelumpofclayonwhichthemouldwasimpressed 224.Femalebust No.2995
wasnotscrapedonthesides. 1stcenturyB.c.
220. Fragmentaryminiaturevase No.5223 Mould-made,5.5x4cm
1stcenturyA.D. Fig. 111 Haircombedtothesidesandcoveredwithaveil.Sh
Mould-made,9x7cm ewearsroundearringsfromwhichhangbeadedchai
Thisvase,brokenvertically,containsonitsoutersur ns,atorque,agirdleandanecklace.Aparrotseatedon
faceamalefigure in relief.He herrightarmtouchesherlipswithitsbeak(224).
holdsaparrotinhisbentlefthandneartheabdomen,and RAJGHAT
abunchoffruitsintheright. Wearsathick
225. Femalefigure No.2250
torqueandarmlets.
Early1stcenturyA.D.
A similarjar with adwarf manholding aparrot Mould-made,10 x6.3cm
inhisrighthand showninreliefonits Shehasprominent breasts.Wearsa
body is reportedtohavecome torque,asarIandaskirtheldupbya waistband. The
fromMathuraandishousedintheIndianMuseum right handrestsonthe hip, lhe left holds aparrot.
Calcutta(222). '
226. Femalebust
221. Femaletorso No.21351stcentury B.C.
No.3121stcenturyA.D. Mould-made,8x6.8cm
Mould-made,6x4.5cm Thewoman'shairshownbyappliedclaystripshangi
Shewearsatorque,necklace,waistband,girdlean ngoneithersideofthehead.Shewearsearringsandado
dasari;tasselsfromthewaistbandhanginfront.Sheh ubletorque,the
oldsaparrotinherlefthand.Thereisprobablyafruiti loweronehavingtwochainswithapendantinthecentr
nherliftedrighthand. e.Herlefthandwhichisturnedto
therightholdsabird;herchintiltedupwards.
Lowerpartofthefiguremissing.
Partbelowthewaistmissing;topleft sideofthehead
222. Femalebust No.3373 broken.
1stcentury A.D. SANKISSA
Mould-
made,thickandroughtexture,6x3.5cmHairarrange
dinaprojectingcoilon the left
side.Wearsatorque,a round earring in theleftanda 227. Standingfemale Fig.113
d isc-shapedoneintherightear.Holdsa parrot in her No.4686lstcenturyA.D.
bent hand near the right Mould-made,12 x5cm
shoulder.Her left hand is bent towardsthe
Thewoman'srighthandisonthegirdle.Twoproje
abdomen.
ctingrollsofhairpartedinthemiddleareboundbyorn
Onlythebustofthefemalepreserved. amentalfillets;anornamental
MiscellaneousMould-MadeTypes(Contd.)
bandemergingfromthesidesofthecentralpr
ojectionhangsontheshoulders.Arowofbea
dsseenonherforehead,Wearsabigearplaqu
eintherightandastretchedoneintheleftear,a
torque,abeadednecklace,braceletsandasar
Isupportedbyagirdle.Sheboldsaparrotinhe
rleftloweredhand.Abunchofgrapefruitsals
ohangsontheleftside.
DANCERS
KAUSAMBI
228. Femalebust No. 526
1stcenturyB.c.
Mould-made,7.5x7cm
Herfaceistilted;wearsadecoratedturban,di
sc-shapedearrings, atorqueandbracelets.
Lefthandswungovertheheadandrestsonth
eheadgear.
Partbelowthewaistmissing;damagedatsev
eralplaces;weather-worn.
229. Femalebust No.5141
Fig.1141stcentury13.C.
Mould-made,5x3.5cm
Thewomanhasaroundsmilingface.Herh
airarrangedina
coilandsupportedbyafillet.Wearsearrings,
atorqueandbracelets.Herrighthandisswun
goverherhead.
Lowerpartofthebodymissing.
230. Femalefigure No.4767
Fig.1151stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made,6x5cm
Herhairarrangedinthreehighrolls.Deco-ra
tedribbonsemergingfromthecentralrollhang
oneithersideofherface.Wearsroundearrings,
atorque,anecklaceandpuffedupbracelets.He
rbodyisslightlytwistedatthewaist,suggestin
gmovement.Bothofherhandsareclaspedover
thehead.Acircular
rosette,probablypartofafanheldbyanattenda
nt,is visibleontheleftside.
Thefemaleisinadanceposture.Brok
enbelowthewaistline.
231. Thickplaque
No.24031stcentury
A.D.
Mould-made,6x4cm
Theplaqueshowsontheobverseastanding
headlesswoman withher right arm lifted
45
towardsthehead; the left hand restson thehip.
Onthereverse,ontherightamanseatedonawickerstool
playsonavi:t;1a.Tohisleftstandsawomanindancepostu
re(225).
232. Toppartofaplaqueshowingacouplefacetofaceind anc
e No.5429 Fig.116lstcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,6x4.2cm
Ontherightstandsawomanwithherfacetiltedtotheleft;s
hewearsasleevedjacket,anearringandatorque.Herconsort
stands,withfaceinprofile,ontheleft.Handsofbotharelifted
andclaspedoverthehead. Both
havecurlyhairandappeartobe
engagedinadanceperformance.
Asuspensionholeatthetop.Lowerhalfoft
heplaquemissing.
Thesleevedjacketonthebodyofthelady
isverymuchsimilartothat
wornbyaGandharanyakrdiscoveredatMathura. ·
233. Fragmentaryplaque No.3269
Fig.1171stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,5x6cm
SametypeasincatalogueNo.5429.
Ontheleftistheheadlessbodyofawomanwearingasarihe
ldupbyawaistband,theknottedloopsofwhichhanginfront.
Themale,ontheright,wearsalongsleeved gown,
openinfront.Hisheadisinprofile.Hiscurlyhairontheheada
reboundbyaribbon.Bothofhishandsareswungoverthehea
d in danceposture.
Plaquebrokenatthebottomandalsoontherightside.
234. Femalefigure No.531
Fig.1181stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,10x6cm
Hairarrangedinacoilandwrappedbyornamentalfillet
s;boththearmsliftedonthesides.Herleftlegisslightlyflex
ed.Lotusrosetteslitteredinthefreespaceintheback-grou
nd.Pudendumseenunderatransparentgarment.
Lowerleftpartoftheplaquebroken;weather·worn.
 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum
46
239. Femalehead No.735
235.Femalehead Fig.120JstcenturyA.D.
No.4241 Mould-madeface,Ht5.5cm
1stcenturyn.c. Shehas
Mould-made,6x3.5cm alongrecedingforehead,droopingeyes,shortchinand
HairsupportedbyadoublefiHet extendedears.Shehasahatonherhead.
separatedbyacircularknotinthemiddle.Wearsearri Atenonforneck.Bodym
ngs,atorqueandbracelets.Herrightarmisbenttowa issing.
rds herleft.
Onlytheheadpreserved;theleft side of the
plaqueisdamaged.
240. Femalehead Fig.J21
236.Malebust No. No.3703J
5180Early1stcenturyA.D. stcenturyA.O.
Mould-made,5x3.4cm
Mould-madeface,Ht5.7cm
Shehasan ovalface,droopingeyelids and
Themaninhalfprofilefacingleftha sabroadsmiling
attached
face.Hehasahighheadres ssupportedbyafillet.Wears
clayplaquesoneithersideofthehead.Wearsahatplace
anecklaceandbracelets.
d slantingly.
Hisleft
handisliftedandrestsonthecoiledballoftheheadgea Partbelowneckmissing.
r. Therighthandislowered. PATALIPUTRA TYPE
Partbelowwaistmissing. ThePiitaliputratypehaditsongminthePatnaregion
MATHURA .ItsexampleshavebeenfoundatTaxila,Ahichcbhatra,
237. Dancingcouple No.2472 Mathura,Kausiimbi,Sarnath, Rajghat,
Fig.1191stcenturyn.c. Vaisa!I,ChandraketugarhandNepal.Inthistype,mou
ldhasbeeninvariablyusedfortheface.Thejewellery,h
Mould-made,thickandpaintedwithredcolour,
J3.5x7.5cmT eadgearandapparelwhichisapplique does
nothaveanydecoration.Thetypecanbeassignedtoape
hemanstanding on the left wears a high riodbetweenthe1stand
headdress,a torque anda well-creased and the2ndcenturyB.C.Thefaces,particularlyofwomenan
crinkledshortdhotiheldupbyawaistbandknottedo dchildren,aresoftandexpressive.
nhisleftside.Hisrightarmisflungabouttheneckofth
ewomanandtheleftrestsonhergirdle.Theheaddres AlargenumberofterracottasfromPataliputraappea
softhewomanisarrangedintwohighrollssupported rtohavebeentransportedtoKausiimbi.
bybeadedchains.Shewears,inaddition,atriplechai AHICHCHHATRA
nbelowthehairridgeontheforehead,roundearrings, 241. Femalefigure No.5055
atorque,achainswingingonthechest,atriple- Fig.1222ndcenturyB.C.
strandedgirdleandadiaphanoussariheldupbyawais Mould-made,paintedwithblackcolour,
tband.Bothofherhandsareraisedandclaspedoverth 7.5x5.7cm
e head.Her
faceisslightlytilted.Herleftlegcrossesherrightleg. Thefema lewearsacJose·fittingsaridecorated
Thecoupleisapparentlyindance posture. withthinstriatedlinesandbulgingaroundtheloinsandt
hethighs.
Leftsideoftheplaquedamaged.
Partabovethewaistmissing;feetdamaged.Them
MISCELLANEOUS
238. Femalehead odeofwearingthesariisnovel.
No.931stcenturyA.O. 242. Standingfemale No.637
Mould-madeface,Ht5.5cm Fig.1232ndcenturyB.c.
Sheha sanovalface,droopingeyesandalongneck Mould-made,grayclay,tracesofblackpaint,
.Atransparentmantleliesoverherhead.Acircularpl 10.5x5.5cm
aqueisattachedtotherightside ofthehead. Shehasaconicalprojectionatthetopofherheadan
Bodymissing. dabeadedchainalongthehairridge;wearslargedisc-
shapedearrings, afiattorqu
 MiscellaneousMould-MadeTypes(Contd.) 47
withahorseshoe- rollspartedinthemiddlebyanappliedcircularcrest.Ap
likependant,heavybraceletsandasar1wrapped artoftheveilorfilletontheforeheadhangsonthe
aroundthefaceand sidesof thehead.Sliewearsatorque,disc-
thebody.Herleftarmisplacedontheleftbreast;thepal shapedearringsplacedsideways,heavybracelets
mofherrightloweredhandheldsomeobject. andalong skirtorasiirIhefd
Lowerpartofthefigurebroken. upbyawaistband.Therightarmislowered;theleft
restsonthehip.
Asimilarterracotta figurine from
Mathura,withslightvariation,ishou sedin the Feetpartlybroken.
Museum
andPictureGalleryat Baroda 247. Femalebust Fig.126
(226).Anotherexampleisinthe No .53532ndcenturyB.C.
PatnaMuseum(227). Mould-madeface,Ht6.5cm
243. Femalefigure No. 5045
2ndcenturyD.C. Thefemalehasatiltedheadwithsmilingface.Wea
Mould-made,9x7.5cm rsdoubleappliedthickplaquesforearringsandastri
Shebasprominentbreasts.Wearsatorque,bracel pofclayforthetorque.Shehasathickslantingheadge
ets,astripedsariandathree- arresemblingasolahatonherhead.
strandedgirdle.Partofhersaribulgesouttotheleftsid Handsandpartbelowthebreastmissing.
e;theleftarmrestsonthehip.
248. .Femalebust No.4838
Theright side is damaged.Head and legs Fig.1272ndcenturyB.c.
fromthekneesdownwardbrokenaway. Mould-madeface,2.2x2cm
KAUSAMBI Thewomanhasaroundfaceanddroopingeyelids.A
244. Femalebust No.3262 clayplaquesurmountedbyaroundcushionforherearor
Fig.1242ndcenturyn.c. namentanda
Mould-made,5x4 cm torqueslicedinthemiddleontheneck.Hairlineseenalo
ngthehighforehead;a
Shehas acrestatthetopofherhead;wearsdisc-
braidhangsoneithersideofherhead.
shapedroundearrings,surmountedbyatinyapplied
ornament Handsandpartbelowwaistmissing.
andatorque.Herheadandthebodyareenvelopedina 249. Standingfemale
mantle. No.32582ndcenturyn.c.
Partfromthebreastsdownward missing. Mould-madeface,13X5.7cm
Thepracticeofcoveringtheentirebodywithaman Herheaddressisarrangedin two
tlewascharacteristicoftheterracottafigu-rinesfoun appliedhighrollsdecoratedwith
dinSelcucia(228)andGreece(229). honeycombdesignsandpartedinthemiddlebyanorna
mentorcrest. Shewearsapplique disc-
245. ·Femaletorso No.542 shapedearrings,atorque,anecklace,braceletsdecorat
2ndcenturyB.C. edwithhoneycombdesignsandasaribulgingtotheside
Mould-made,9.5x8.5cm s.Therightarmislowered;theleftbenttowards
Herrightlegisprobablybentandtherighthipsligh theabdomen.
tlyextendedtotheside.Shewearsatorquemadeofsq Feetandbottomrightsidebroken,facerubbedoff.
uarepieces,flatbraceletsandasaribulgingunusuall
yonthesides;incisedlinesrenderfoldsofthesarI. Asimilarterracottafigurinewasexhumedfromthes
Holdspartofanuppergarmentinthelefthandnearthe iteofBulandibaghatPatna (230).
waist.Therightsuspendedhandrestsonthehip. 250. Femalefigure
Headandlowerpartmissing. No.44162ndcenturyB.C.
246. Standingfemale Mould-madeface,6.5x6cm
No.3510
Fig.1252ndcenturyD.C. Her hair arranged on thesides, abeaded
Facemould-made,13.3x4.5cm
Herheaddressiscomposedoftwo plain high
 48 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

chainontheforehead.Wearsatorqueof triple- theforeheadandtheface;aribbonwithtiny

beadedstrands.Thebreastsaredrawncloseto roundterminalsalsoseenontheforehead.Shewearsbig
oneanother. disc-shapedearringsandadouble-beaded torque.
Partbelowthewaistandhandsmissing. Handsandpartbelowthewaistmissing.
251. Femalebust 255. Femalebust
No.32112ndcenturyn.c. No.3210Mid2ndcenturyB.
C.
Mould-madeface,8.5x7cm
Mould-made face,7.5x5.5cm
Shehasasmallfaceandhighneck;thechintiltedabo
Shehasanoval,smilingfaceandheavybreasts.Th
ve;heavybreasts.Hairpartedinthemiddleanddressedt
eheadtiltedtotheright.Aroundappliedfilletattheba
othesides.Wearsappliedearringsmadeoffourdiscspl ckofthehead;hairsupportedbyadou bleribbononth
acedsideways,atorquewithapendant eforehead.Astripofclayhangsdownfromtheapplie
andawaistband. dplaquesoneithersideofthehead.Wearsdisc-shape
Armsandpartbelowthewaistmissing. dearringsandappliedchainontheneck.
252. Femalebust Lowerpartmissing;earplaquesdamaged.
No.48382nd- 256. Femalehead
1stcenturyB.c. No.33942nd-IstcenturyB.C .
Mould-madeface,Ht_3cm Mould-madeface,Ht4.6cm
Shehasheavybreasts.Hairpartedinthemiddlean Theheadgearofthefigurineisshownbyaslanting
darrangedtothesides.Shewearsdisc- appliedclayplaqueattached ontheleftsideof
shapedearrings,surmountedbyanorna-mentinthef thehead;hangingappliedclaystripsontherightear.
ormofanappliedpelletandatorque.
Partbelowneck missing.Lefteardamaged.
Thearmsandpartbelowthewaistmissing.
257. Head
253. Femalebust No .7292nd-
No.53452ndcenturyB.C. 1stcenturyB.C.
Mould-madeface,10.2x9cm Mould-made face,Ht4.2cm
Thefemalehasmassivehips.Headdresscom-pos
Highheadgearshownbyasemicircularstripof clay.
edofthreeplaques,one atthetop
Hair arranged
andoneoneithersideoftheface.Shewearsadisc-sha
oneithersideforminganangleinthecentreoftheforehe
pedearringintherightear,theleftoneisprojectedtot
ad.
heside.Alsoputsonatorqueandpuffedupbracelets.
Herlefthandisbenttowardstheabdomen. 258. Head
Therighthandisalsobentandheldsomeobject. No.9061st-
2ndcenturyA.O.
Topoftheheaddamaged. Mould-madeface,Ht7cm
254. Femalebust
Pierced
No.51982nd-
eyeballs;abroadforehead.Hairdrawnaboveanden
1stcenturyB.C.
dintwoloopsheldinplacebyaribbon .
Mould-madeface,tracesofbuffpaintvisible,
13x7.5cm Mouthdamaged.
Thewomanhasaroundfaceandsmallbreastswit 259. Male head
hnipples.Headdresscomposedoftwobigappliedro No .35772nd-
llsprojectingonthesidesandpartedinthemiddlebya 1stcenturyB.C.
flowerycrest;aclaystripprobablymeantforthehair Mould-made face,Ht7.5cm
emergesfromthemiddleof the head and runs
Anappliedperforatedrolloneithersid eofthe
along head;earsshownbyprojectedclayplaques.Aholeat
thetopofthehead.
Onlytheheadispreserved.
 MiscellaneousMould-MadeTypes(Contd.) 49

260. Headofaboy theneck.

No.52072nd-1stcenturyn.c.
Mould-madeface,4.5x4cm
Theboyhasaroundface.Hairarrangedatthetopo
ftheheadandheld up by
aribbonallaround.Heha saprominentforehead·and
smilingface.
BUXARTYPE
ThesmalltownofBuxarislocatedon
thebankofriverGangesinShahabaddistrictofBihar.I
nitsvicinitythereisahigh
moundthemajorportionofwhichhasbeenerodedbyth
eriver.TraditionsaysthatmanyauthorsoftheVedasre
sidedhereandthatitsancient
namewasVedagarbha(231).Cunninghamwhovisited
thesiteduringtheyear 1871-72 did not come
acrossanyantiquityofnoteinthemoundofBuxar(2 263. Femalebust2nd
32).Intheyear1934BanerjeeSastrilaidafewtrialtre
nchesonthemound.He dug
outalargenumberof terracotta figurines and
assignedthemtovariousdates(233).Inthelightofth
erecentlydugoutarchaeologicaldataPathak'sdatin
gneedsrevision.
Theexcavationsatthesiteof
KumraharinPatnaduringtheyears1951-
55resulted inthediscoveryofa
largenumberofterracottasintypicalBuxarstyle.On
thebasisofstratigraphy,thesehavebeenassignedto
a periodbetween150B.C.and100A.D.(234).The
siteof
Buxarwasfurtherexcavatedduringtheworkingsea
KAUSAMBI
sonofJ963-64and1965-66(235).
TheBuxarterracottashavedistinctfeaturesnotsee 264. Femalehead1st
nelsewhere.Thefaceisinvariablymould-madeandth
ebodymodelled.Theroundfaceis
flatandhasasubduedsmile. Theheaddressand
jewelleryisappliqueandelaborate.Thesearealsoimpr
essedwithdifferentmotifssuchasstar,dotsandaleaf.
Theartistpaidscantattentioninmodellingthebodyoft
hefigurines.Stripesofcreamandbuffcolourarenotice
ableonthebodyandheadofcertainfigures.
261.Femalebust No.5443
Fig.1282ndcentury D.C.
Mould-madeface,13x8cm
Shehasaroundface.Droopingeyelids;prominentn
ose,shortlipsandcurvedstripsforearrings;decorativ
eappliedplaques on either
sideofthe face.H vrbreastsgra.w!l9Jqe to
Mould-made,Ht6.7cm
Wearsanappliedtorquestampedwithleafmotif.Putso
nahighappliedheadgeardivided
intosectionsanddecoratedwithpun chedstarsand
dots.
Handsandpartbelowhipsmissing.
262. Fem alehead No.5471
Fig.1292ndcenturyB.C.
Mould-made face,6.8xS .5cm
She hasa
smilingface.Droopingeyelids.Beadedstrandsalon
gthehairline.Putson
ahighappliedheadgear,thefolds indicated
byincisedlines;afilletwithafl.oralornamenthangsin
frontof
theheadgearwhichisalsosupportedbyadecoratedfil
let.Ahole anda star-
shapedornamentontherightsideofherface.
Partbelowneckmissing.
No.5472 Fig.130
centuryn.c.
Mould-madeface, 7.Sx4.5cm
Shehas aroundsmilingface.Raisedeyebrows
anddroopingeyelids;bead edchainsontherightsid
eofthehead.Putsonaslantingheadgeardecoratedwi
thdotandstarsymbols.Thebottompartoftheheadge
arhasalsoaborderedpanelcontainingstarsymbols.
Wearsa big
earringintheleftear.
Athickstripofclayimpressedwithovalsymbolsfortor
queisontheneck.
Partbelowtheneckandrightearmissing.Facew
eather-worn.
No.3163
centuryB.C.Ht7.
5cm
Hereyes,eyebrow sand eyelids indicated by
incisedlines.Aprominentnoseanda
slitcutforthemouth.Noheaddress.Wearswheel-sh
apedstudsintheears.Perforatedholesoneithersideo
fthehead.
Partbelowneckmissing.Thenose
andpartoftheleftcheekdamaged.
Acompletefigureofthistypeholdinga
childinherarmisinthePatnaMuseum(236).
265. Femalehead
No.21122nd-
1stcenturyn.c.
Shehasapensivefaceand drooping eyelids
 50 TerracottasintheAllahabad Museum

Adouble- rightside;threebeadedchains seenalong

beadedchainfromeithersideoftheheadformsanangle thehairridgeonforehead.
ontheforehead;wearsround
270. Femalehead
appliedearrings.Threeholespierced
No.35762nd-
atthetopoftheheadwereprobably
1stcenturyn.c.
meantforholdingincensesticksorflowers.
Mould-madeface, 10x7cm
Partbelowneckmissing;nosedamaged. Hairandeyesindicatedbyincisedlines.Shehasawe
ll-
266. Female bust No.
formednose,abroadforeheadandasmilingface.Fourp
49612nd-1st centuryD.C.
iercedholesseenonthetopof thehead;part
Mould-madeface, Ht5.5cm
oftheleftearandearringseen.
Shehasdrooping Therightearmissing.
eyelidsandanovalface.Appliquehairshownbyincised
linesandarrang-edinacoiloneithersideofthe face. 271. Femalehead
Shewearsearringsdecoratedwith pin-top dots;below No .6062nd-
the earrings thereare appliedclaystrips. 1stcenturyB.C.
Mould-madeface,paintedred, 5x4cm
Partbelowwaistmissing;topoftheheaddamaged.
Shehas
267. Femalehead apensivefaceanddroopingeyelids.Haircovered
No.5542nd- byappliedornamentalfilletswithafrillatthetop;
1stcenturyB.c. twoappliedoverlappingstripsof
Mould-madeface,painted red, 7.5x5.5cm clayrepresentingribbonsareseenoneithersideofher
face;wearsa circularearringintheright ear.
Shehasdroopingeyelidsandovalface;pro-minen
tbreastsdrawnclosetooneanother.Beadedchainson Partbelowneckmissing.
theforehead.Shehasappliedearringsdecoratedwith 272. Femalehead
tinyrosettesandathicktorque.Abigsuspensionhole No.35782nd-1stcentury
seen on theleft n.c.
sideofthehead. Mould-madeface,Ht5cm
Therightearand toppartoftheheaddamaged. Herperforatedearsprojectlaterally;shehasabroadf
oreheadanddrooping eyes.Aholeatthetopofthehead
26'3.Femalehead No. 2562
forinsertingflowerorincensestick.
2nd-1stcenturyB.C.
Mould-madeface, 6x 5cm 273. Femalebust
She No.25462nd-
hasapensiveface,droopingeyelidsandprominentc 1stcenturyD.C.Painted red,
heeks.Hair 7x4cm
arrangedinaprojectingballboundbyanornamentalf Hereyesandeyebrowsareindicatedbyincis-edlines
illetontherightside.Hairontheleftsideindicatedbyl
.Shehasanunusuallylongneck.Adouble-
owgroovedJines .
beadedchainontheforehead;wearscup-likeearstuds;t
Earsandthenosedamaged. hreepiercedholesatthetopoftheheadforincensesticks
or flowers.
269. Femalehead
Handsandpartbelowwaistmissing.
No.7152nd-
1stcenturyD.C. 274. Femalehead
Mould-madeface,Ht 5cm No.3764Mid2ndcenturyB.C.
Shehas aroundpensiveface. Mould-made face, 8x5cm
Partoftheappliedheaddressvisible;araisedandappl ie SametypeasNo.2546above,butdetailsnotclear.Ar
dfilletdecoratedwithpunchedcircletsemergingfrom oundappliedplaqueabovethehead.Behindtheheadthe
the left side of the head hangs toher reisashortappliedzigzaglumpofclayindicatinghair.
Wearsdisc-shapedearplaque surmrnntedbyaround
ornament.
 MiscellaneousMot1ld-MadeTypes(Contd.) 51

MATHURA WestBengal (237) and

275. Femalebust LauriyaNandangarh,Bihar(238).
No.24731stcenturyu.c.
Facemould-made, RAJGHAT
7x5cm
277. Femalehead
Thereisnocleavagebetweenherbreasts;droopinge No.23212nd-
yelids;appliedroundplaquesatthetopandsidesoftheh IstcenturyB.c.
ead;plainhair.Tworib-bonsmakingarightanglevisibl Mould-madeface, 6x5.5cm
eonherfore-head.She wearsdisc-
shapedroundearplaquesplacedsidewaysandanapplie Shehasahighforehead,droopingeyes,awell-
dtorque. formednoseandasmilingface.Threepiercedholessee
nonthehead.
LACHCHHAGIR Onlytheheadpreserved;earsdamaged.
278. Femalehead No.2320
276.Womanstanding No.433 Fig. 131
2nd-1stcenturyB.c.
Istcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,paintedred, Ht 4cm
Mould-made, 13x7.5cm
Herarmsareloweredtothesides.Thehairdressed Shehasapensivefaceanddroopingeyelids.Haira
andpartedinthemiddlebyafloralornament.Shewe rrangedintwo
arsasariwhichbulgesinthelowerpartofherbody.W smallrollsdecoratedwithhoneycombdesign;fiatea
earsroundearrings,alongnecklace,braceletsandab rringsalsohavesimilardecoration.Adouble-
eltwithtworoundornaments,oneplacedabovethe beadedchain seen ontheforehead.
other. Onlytheheadispreserved.
Thewoman'sfeetlost. AsimilarheadhasbeennoticedatSonepur,Bihar(2
Thistypeisalsoknown atChandraketugarh, 39).

•
•
 CHAPTERVII

TheYaksaTypes

yAKSAORGROTESQUETYPES BUXAR
TheevolutionofYaka 280. SeatedYaka Fig.133
cultisveryinterest-ing(240).Itsorigincanbetracedt No.54331st-2ndcenturyA.D.
opreBuddhisttimes.Thelabelled Yakaand Yak1 Hand-modelled, Ht15cm
figuresonBharhutrailpillarsaswellasseveral
detachedstatuesfoundinvariouspartsofIndiaindicate ThesquattingithyphallicYakahasaswollen
thewide popularity of belly
onwhichbothofhisarmsrest.Hehasatiltedface.Eye
Yakacult.StoneYaksafigureswithboldandheavyfea
brows,eyesandmouthindicatedbyincised
-tureshavebeenfoundatParkham,Noh,GwaliorandP
lines.Ahood-likeprojection
11- seenatthetopofhead.Wearsdecoratedroundplaque
tna.DwarfYakaswithshortlegsanddistortedfeatures sforearornament.
areseenatBharhut,SanchIand Pitalkhora.
Theentirefigureispaintedwithdarkbrowncolour.
TheMa/Jamayuri Yellowcolourstripesalsoseenonthehands.
givesalistofYakasassignedtovariouscitiesofancient
India. AheadlessYaka,intheformofananthropo-morphic
jarhasalsobeendiscoveredfromthePuraniiQuiliisite
Theterracotta figureswhicharedescribedunder atDelhi(248).
thisheadhaveunusualfeatures.Intheabsenceoftheirc
Anthropomorphicjarswereverypopularinancient
orrectidentificationtheyarebeingsimplynamedasYa Greece(249).
kas.BesidesKau-siimbi,suchterracottatypeshave
been KAUSAMBI
noticedatMathura(241),BhJta(242),Tamluk(243),C
281. Standing Yaka No.439
handraketugarh(244)andJ unagarh(245).
Fig.1341stcenturyB.C.
AHICHCHHATRA Mould-made, Ht14.7cm
279.DwarfYaka No.4677 Fig.132
2ndcenturyA.D. He hasa big, wrinkled face,grindingteeth
Hand-modelled ,· Ht5cm andabulgedoutbelly.Hairdressedaboveand
heldupbyawreath.Wearsadhotiandbrace-lets.Gra
Hislooseanddroopingabdomentouchestheground spsinbothhandslegsofafigure(nowmissing)seate
.Thelegsandhandsaredrawnback-side.Hehasabroad donhisshoulders.
andplumpface. Toppart of the head
Executed on the model of the damaged;partbelowwaistmissing.
crouchedYakasdepictedontherail pillars of Yaka holding someone on
Bhar-hut(246)andBodhGaya(247). shoulderswasapopularsubjectduringtheSungaperio
Bottompartslightlydamaged. d.
Two such examples with slightvariations
 54 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum

havebeenfoundatChandraketugarh(250).Inearly hasadroopin gandbulgedoutbelly;wrinkledfacesligh

Greco- tlytiltedabove.Hairarrangedinacoilontheleftsideofth
Romanartalsowecomeacrossexampleswhereama ehead;wideopenmouthsuggestingshockorhorror.Hi
nisseenholdingthelegsofanotherpersonseatedonh sbeardistrimmedintwotiers.Holdssomeobject(nowd
isshoulders(251). amaged)inbothofhishandsinfront.
282. SquattingYak$a ThisisoneofthemostexpressiveYakafiguresinInd
No.17941stcenturyB.C. ianterracottaart.
Mould-made, 10x5cm Thetype,withsomevariations,isalsoknownfromTax
ilii(257)andJunagarh(258).StylisticallytheKausam
Heisseated with hips and knees bTYak$ahassomeaffinitywithSatyrfiguresdis-cove
raised.Hisighthandrestsontheknee,thelefthold-inga redinthetombsoftheRhodesIslandinGreekseas(259)
bird.Puts .
onaheaddresssu pportedbyornamentalribbonswitht
AninterestingfiguresomewhatresemblingIndian
woproject edloopsatthetop.Partofhairhangoneithers
ideoftheface.TheYak$awearsearrings,atriple- Yakasanddatable to the 5th century
stringednecklacewithatriratna- n.c.wasdiscoveredatNippurinMesopotamia.Hehas
sbapedpendant,anklet sandasleevedcoatopeninfront agapingmouthandhishandsareplacedonhisbelly(26
0).
(252).
ThistypeisalsoknownatBhita(253),Chan-draketu 287. SquattingYaka No.3362
garh(254)andwithsomevariationsatHarinaray anpur IstcenturyA.D.
inWestBengal(255). Mould-madeface, 8x5cm
283. Yak$afigureseatedonalowstool TheithyphallicYakahasawrinkl edfaceandshortl
No.32462ndcentury A.O. egs.Hewearsplainanklet s;
Mould-madeface, Ht10cm blowsadoublefluteheldinbothofhis hands.
Fourleaf- Abdomen damaged ;feetpartbroken.
likeloopsinsertedonhishighheadgear;wearsrounde
arrings;hischinrestsontheu pliftedrighthandpalmin Amalefigureplayingdoubleflutewasalsofoundin
dicatingthattheYak$awasengrossedinsomeserioust Sicily(261).SuchexampleswerealsodiscoveredinSe
hought.Holdsabirdinhislefthand(256). leucia(262).
Weather-worn. 288. StandingYak aonaplaque
284. StandingYak$a No.543Fig.137lstcenturyB.C.
No.10141stcenturyA.D. Mould-made, 3.5x3cm
Mould-made, 9x6cm Hewearsatorqueandaflowingstripedskirtheldu
Hehasaprominentbelly.Wearsbraceletsandadh patthewaist.Probably blows a double
otiheldupbyawaistband,apartofthelatterhangingd
ownbetweenthelegs.
Theheadandthefeetmissing.
wind pipe or double fluteheld inbothofhis
285. SquattingYak$a Fig.135
hands.
No.36081stcentury B.C.
Mould-made, 7.5x5cm Theheadislost.
ThisdwarfYakaisithyphallic.Heissquat-tingwi Severalexamplesdatabletothe6th-
thhiskneesfoldedinfront.Hasanunusuallylargehe 5thcenturyB.c.showingmenplayingdoublefluteshav
ad,wrinkledface,bignoseandgrindingteeth;hairpa ebeendiscoveredatBabylon,NippurandWarka(263)a
rtedinthemiddleandgroomedtothesides;wearsplai ndalsoinGreece(264).
nbraceletsandanklets.Holdsabirdinbothofhishan
ds. Doublepipesorflutesseemtobequitepopu-larinan
cientIndia.Menblowingwindpipesarealsonoticeabl
286. SquattingYak $a No. 2564 einsomeGandharareliefs(265).Onthetoppanelofthe
Fig.1361stcenturyB.C. northerngatewayoftheSaiichIstupaamanwearingap
Mould-made,paintedred, 10.5x6.5cm eakedcapisseenblowing a double wind pipe
This itbyphallic Yak$aisseatedon hips.He (266).Men
 TheYak.yaTypes 55

blowingdoublewindpipesinterracottamediumare 293.SameasNo.5344above
alsoavailableatMathura(267)andBhita(268). butbetterpreserved1stcenturyB.C.
No.5390
Fig.142Mould-made,
8.5x5.5cm
No.3454 The plaqueshows a dwarf stumpyYaka
289. Yakasittingonhishaunches1st
facingfrontandrunningtowardstheleft.
centuryB.C. Fig.138
Hehasawrinkledface,withwidenostrilsandopenmout
Mould-made, 7x5cm
h.Hehasanimal-likeears.Abeadedchain
Theithyphallicmanhasaroundsmilingfaceandasn liesonhisforehead.Wearsa penissheath
ugnose.Hisshortlegsarebentinwardsandthesolesbrou heldupbyawai stband;holdsagoadinhislefthand.
ghtclosetoeachother.Hewearsahighheaddresssuppo Rightsideandbottompart broken.
rtedbyawreath,atorquewithastripedovalpendant,earr Theidentityofthesubjectdepictedontheseplaquesis
ings,braceletsandasleevedcoatopeninfront.Hetouch elusive.AterracottaplaquefromMathuraalsoshowsa
esthependantwith his right hand. The maleholdinganelephantgoadinhisrighthand(269).
leftbenthand isplacedontheabdomen. 294. Squatting YakaMid No.3541
Thebottomleftsideofthefigureisdamaged. IstcenturyA.D.
290. Yaka No.5431 Fig.139 Mould-made, 9x5cm
1stcenturyn.c. Wearsahighheaddresswitha fan-
Mould -made, 12.5x8cm likefrillinfront,earrings,a
TheithyphallicYakaisseatedonhips.He flattorque,braceletsandadhoti,apartofwhichhangs
hasaheavy,longfaceandacoiledheadgear.Wearsasl inbeautifulfolds.Hisrighthandisplacedonhis ball-
eevedcoatopeninfront,atorquehavingtaurine- likeabdo-men.Anobject(probablyadrum)isunderh
shapedpendants,ankletsandagirdle. isrightarm-pit.
Feetmissing;weather-worn.
Partofabdomeninjured;lefthandbroken.
MATHURA
291.Yakaseatedonapedestal No.5319
295.SquattingYakacarryingaman
1stcenturyA.D. Fig.140 onhisbackLate1stcentury A.D.
Mould-made, No.2436
8.2x7.5cm Fig.143Mould-
SameasNo.5431above. made,thick,IL5x7cm
TheYakais ithyphallic. TheYakahasasmiling,wrinkledface,roundgoggle
Hislegsbentandfeetdrawnclosetooneanotherinfront. eyes,aprominent
Wearsatorquehavingtaurine-shapedpendants, bellyandshortlegs.Hei sholdingthelegsofamanseate
ank-letsandapaddedsleevedcoatopeninfront.Holdsa donhisshoulders.
birdinthelefthand,therightoneholdin gafruit. Hairofthemandressedandboundbyaribbonwithag
Headmissing. eminfront;wearssuspendedearrings,atorqueandpuf
fedupbracelets.Holdsafluteinhisrighthand.Thelefto
neprobablyholdsalute.
292.Plaque No. Fig.141 Bottompartof thefiguredamaged.
53441stcenturyn.c. Afragmentfromasimilar plaquepreserving
Mould-made, 2.8x2.2cm . onlythefigureofYakaisinthe
collectionoftheMathuraMuseum(270).

Depictsa stumpydwarf Yak!?arunningto-

wardstheright.Hehasawrinkledfaceandgrindingteeth;wears round earrings and
apenissheathheldupbyawaistband.Holds afaninhisliftedrighthand.Theleftloweredhandholdsagoad.
Part below waistbroken;damagedfroma11thesides;weather-worn.
contaj11jng
fruitsandvegetablesplacedonhisleftshoul
der.Wavesafanheldinhislefthandtokeepa
waytheflies;adoublerowoftinycircletssee
nalongtherim.
Weather-worn.
Thefaninthisexampleisreminiscentoftheonepictu
redonanivorypiecediscoveredatBegraminAfgha
nistan(271).Asimilarterra-cottaattendantfigureis
intheMathuraMuseumbut the fan heldby him
isof differentshape(272).
CHAPTER VIII

Miscellaneous Types

mdifferentplaquesacquired
KAUSAMBl
bytheAllahabadMuseumfromtimetotim
eandusedasabasisforaconjectural
297.Mancarryingawomaninhisarms rirstQr<1-tiQn, a

2ndcenturyB.C. No. 5108

Fig.145Mould-made,18.5x8cm
Theplaque showsa short-
leggedstumpydemonholdingawomaninarmsand
walkingtotheleft.The demonhas a wrinkled
face,goggleeyes and wide open
mouth.Hishairdressedandheldupontheforehead
byawreathcomposedoftinyrosettes.Hewearsinhi
srightearacoiledearringwithhangingstrandsjoini
nga lotusrosette.Alsoputsona four-
strandednecklace,ornamentalbraceletsand
armlets. Asmallbell hangsfrom the
braceletofhislefthand.Hisshortdhon isheld up
bya thickwaistband, one end of which has a
flowerytassel.
Thewomanafterextractingherrightlegfromthegri
pofthedemonreststhesameonhisrightarm.Shewe
arsasariheldupatthewaistbyabeadedgirdleandan
klets.Sheisstrivinghardtofreeherself.Inthisproce
sshergirdlehasbrokenanditsbeadshavefallendow
n.Theknotofhernecklaceatthebackhasalsoloosen
-ed.Itswingsacrossherchest.Bothofherbarehand
sareliftedaboveinalarm.Near the
feetofthedemonontheground
arestrewnfiveornamentsofwhichapairofbracelet
s,finger-ringsandafloweryearornamentcanbeide
nti-fied.
Thissubjectisveryinterestingbecauseithadbeenp
reviouslyknownfromfourterracottafragmentsfro
drawingofwhichappearedinprint ina
mono-graphintheyear1950(273).
Accordingto the Riimtiya1Ja,when
Raval).awascarryingawaySitaafter abducting
her,shethrewornamentson theground
oneaftertheothersoastoguideRamain
tracingher. Intheplaquedescribed above too,
the ladyhasthrownsomeofherornaments on
theground.SenGuptaisottheviewthattheplaquec
ontainsthesceneoftheabductionofSitii(274)butth
isidentificationisdoubtful. Theonly
pointwhichlendssomeweighttohisviewisthepres
enceofornamentson theground.

TherearehoweverseveralabductionscenesinIndi
ansculpture.Thetopcompartmentsofthetwopilast
ersflankingadoorwayofViharacaveNo.3atPandu
lel).anearNasikcontainasceneinwhichamanislift
ingawomaninhisarms(275).Aslightlydifferentve
rsionofthesamesubjectisnoticeableonabasreliefa
tRani-
ka-NurcaveinOrissa.Hereamaniscarryingoffinhi
sarmsanAmazonianfemaleholdingashieldinherh
and,thoughshehasthrownawayherswordonthegr
ound(276).Anothersceneisonacopingstonefrom
Amaravati,whereamanis
seencarryingawayawomanin hisarms(277).

Thelowerpartofanearlycolossalstoneimageorigi
nallyhousedintheVictoriaGardens,Bombay,and
nowdisplayedintheNationalMuseum,NewDelhi
,showsadwarfattendantYakacarryingafemaleon
hisshoulders(278).Theseexamplesnodoubtdiffer
fromtheKausambIpiecedescribedabove,butthes
ubjectisalmostthesame.Theepisodeseemstohave
beendrawnfroma popularstoryto which Thestoriesrelatingtohisfeatsofvalouraswellasrom
the anceswererememberedintheviHagesaroundAvant
piecefromKausambimayalsoberelated. Ievenathousandyearsafterhisdeath.Udayanaalsofi
guresasaheroinfourwell-
Ramayal)asubjectsinIndiansculptureareu
knownSanskritdramas,theSvapna-Vasavadattaan
nknowninthepre-
dPrat1jiiayaugaizdharaym:zabyBhasa,andthe
Christianera.Cunninghamidentifies
PriyadadikaandRatniivatibyHara.Afewepisodesf
somescenesrelatedtotheRiimiiym:zaatBha
romhislife seem
rhutbuthisviewshavenotbeenaccept-ed.R
tohavebeendepictedatAmaravati(281)andUdayag
amayal)asubjectsappearforthefirsttimeinI
iricaves(282).
ndiansculptureinthe4th
centuryA.D.andtheycontinuerightuptothe Udayana'selopementwithVasavadatta,daughterof
18thcenturyA.D.Astrikingsceneoftheabd theAvantirulerMahasena,isoneofthemostdramati
uctionofSita is cepisodesofancientIndianhistory.Thestoryisknow
onapaneloftheKailafanathatempleatEllor nfromseverallite-rarysources.
a.
AccordingtotheplotofthePratijniiyau-
The gandhariiya1.1a,king MahasenaofAvantienter-
demonoftheplaqueofKausambIhasawrink
ledface,afeaturealsonoticeableonaYakafr
omPitalkhora(279).Thebellattachedtothe
braceletofthedemonmayindicatehisconne
ctionwithYakacult(280).
298. Roundplaque F tainedill-
No.5008 i willagainstUdayanawhowasagiftedandhighly
g ambitiousruler.Mahasenawasapprehensiveofa
2ndcenturyB.C.
. ttacksfromUdayana buthad
Mould-made, 8x8cm 1
4
6
Inthecentreacow-elephantwalks to Theplaqueisweather-worn.
theright,oneofherforelegslifted;threeperso
Plaquesfromthesamemouldcanalsobeseenintheco
ns,amongwhomisawoman,areseatedonthe
ilectionoftheBharatKalaBhawan,Varai:ias1,andt
backoftheanimal.Thewomanholdsagoadi
he NationalMuseum,NewDelhi.
nherhandanddrivestheelephantahead.Shet
ouches Anastutepoliticianandagreatpatronofart,Vatsaraj
herleftearringwithherliftedlefthand. aUdayanawasoneofthemostdistin-guished and
colourfulpersonalitiesofhistime.
Onherrightisseatedamanholding
aluteinhisrighthand.Jntherearisathirdpers
onwhoselegsareprobablytiedbyaropetothe
elephant'sbody;healsoholdsthe ropein his
lefthandinordertopreventslipping;his
headisbentandheisseenshoweringcoinsfro
malongpurseheldbyhiminhisrighthand.
Behindtheelephant,ontheground,aretwom
en,oneliftinghishead,theotherstoopingtopi
ckupthecoinsfallingfromabove.
Aborderofsmallrosettesrunsalongtherimo
ftheplaque;afewrosettesarealsoscatteredin
thefreespaceinthebackground.Asuspen-si
on110Ieatthetop.
nocouragetocomeindirectconfrontationwi
ththeVatsaking.Mahasenathereforeplanne
dafraudulentplottocurbthegrowingpower
ofhisopponent.
Udayanahadagreatfancyforelephanthunt.
Duringoneofhisperiodicalhuntingexpedi-t
ions,heaccidentallysteppedinto the
territoryoftheAvantikingdomwhereaccor
dingtoapreplannedscheme,Mahasena'sme
nwerepresent. Theycaptured
Udayanaandtookhimto
Avanti.Mahasenasubsequentlygiftedthefa
vouriteJuteofUdayanacalled 'gltosiivati'
tohisdaughter Vasavadatta.
ByarusedevisedbytheVatsaminister,Yaug
aildharayal)a,Mahasena'sfavouriteshe-ele
phantBhadravatiwasservedliquorandfreed
torunabout.Theintoxicatedelephantranfuri
ouslyandcreatedhavocinthecitybutnoneco
ulddaretocaptureher.Due
tohisspecializ-edknowledgeofthelifeandt
hewaysoftheelephants,Udayanawasultim
ately requestedtocontroltheanimal. He
acceded tothe
requestofthepeopleandcapturedtheelepha
ntwithoutanydifficulty.Udayanawasfreedt
hereafter.Whileincaptivity, Udayana
developed
lovewithVasavadatta.Gettingsuitableopp
ortunity,bothofthemonedayfledfromthepa
lace. Mahasenadeployedhisarmytopursue
theloversbutthesoldierswerekeptengaged.
byYaugandharayal)atillthekingenteredthe
Vatsa
MiscellaneousTypes
territory.OnarrivalatKausambl,UdayanaandVasav
adattawere formallymarried.
Thisinterestingepisodewasfreshinthememoryofthe
artistsofKausambItillthe2nd-lstcenturyB.C.In
theplaque all the three,
Udayana,VasavadattaandthejesterVasantaka,ridin
gontheshe-
elephantBhadravatlareshownrunningaway.Toputo
ffthepursuingsoldiersVasantakarainscoinsfromab
agheldinhisrighthand.Intherearparttwomenareactu
al- ly seenpickingupthecoins.
299. Thickplaque No.5393
Fig.147
IstcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, roughtexture,7x6.5cm
Theplaqueshowsacrouchingelephantinthemiddle.
Amanstandingbehindtheanimalstretches
hisrighthandtogivesupporttoawomanstandinginth
erear,forridingtheanimal.Headsoftwootherfigures
arealsovisiblebehindthe
elephant.Thescenemayberelatedtotheabductionof
Vasavadatta.
Damagedandweather-worn.
ltmayalsobe
mentionedherethatasceneatUdayagirishowsVasav
adattaseatedinsorrowfulmood(283).
300. Plaque No.25112ndcenturyn.c.
Mould-made,7.5x6cm
Inthemiddlearichlycaparisonedelephantmovestow
ardstheleft;onitsbackisseatedacouple.Themanhold
safiywhiskandalsoagoadwhichshehasplacedonthe
headoftheelephant.
Theplaqueisbrokenonallsides.
301. Round plaquesimilarto No.2511 above
butthereliefin
thisplaqueismoreprominent
1stcenturyB.c.
No.5299Summarymouldwork, 6.5x6 cm
Allthefiguresrubbedoff.
302.Fragmentaryplaque1s No.
tcenturyB.C. 441
4 arden(290).
Mould-made,7.5x7.5cm
Awomanwearingearrings,braceletsandatorqueiso
nthebackofawell-caparisonedelephant.
59
Intwoterracotta plaques, one
fromMathura(284)andtheotherfromChandra
-
ketugarh(285),alsoacoupleisseenseatedonth
ebackofanelephant.Peopleinancienttimesenj
oyedelephant-ride.
303. Plaque No.4319
Fig.1481stcenturyn.c.
Mould-made, 10.5x8.5cm
Inthemiddle,a
royalcoupleisseatedonawickerstool.Theright
legofthemanislower-edandtheleftplacedonas
mallfoot-
rest;thewoman'sleftlegisbentandplacedonher
rightthigh. Themanplays onalute. Ontheleft
isadancingwomanwavingherlefthandaboveh
er head.Ontheextremerightand left
thereisafloweringtree.Asuspensionholeis
seenatthetop oftheplaque.
Leftbottomsideoftheplaquecracked;rightbott
omcorner alsobroken.
Thefloweringtreeontheplaqueremainsuniden
tifiedbutasimilarunnamedtreeisnoticeableat
Sail.chi(286).
Thissubjecthasalsobeennoticedonafragment
aryterracottaplaquefromMathurapreservedin
thePatnaMuseum(287).
ThescenemayrepresentthepopularVasantot-s
avafestival.Itmayalsobeago,thiscene(288).T
he subjectis also reminiscentof a
reliefattheBhajacavewhereakingoracitizenof
highsocialstatus,seatedonawickerstool,watc
hesadanceperformance.Thedancepartyinclu
desamusicianplayingonalute.
Gyanisaysthatthe subjectrelatesto
aneventfromthelifeofkingMandhatamention
ed
intheDivyavadana.Accordingtothestorywhe
nMandhiita reachedthe top of mount
Sumeruhesawahugeparijatatree
underwhoseshadethegodsenjoyedmusicforf
ourmonthsinanyear(289).
ButaccordingtoSivaramamurti, the
plaqueshowsprince Narvahandatta,son
ofkingUdayana,dancingwithhiswifeinhispalaceg
Theplaqueisbrokenonallsides; the
headofthefemaleandlegsoftheelephantmissin
g.
304. Fragmentary plaque No. 196
Fig.1491stcenturyB.c.
Mould-made, 7x8.5cm
Ontherightsidethereisseentheforepart ofa
modelled elephant facing towardsleftand
60 TerracotlasintheAl/ahabar/Museum

placedonasmallcart;amanstandingonthelef Fragmentscontainingthis
tholdsaropewrappedaroundthetrunkofthea subjectarealsointhecollectionofIndianMuseum,
nimal.Arichlyattired Calcutta(291)andtheBritishMuseum,London(2
womanstandinginfrontoftheelephantholds 92).
inherhandabasketcontainingflowers.Alego
Itappearsthatonspecialoccasionsmodelledfigur
ftheriderhangsagainstthebodyoftheanimal.
esofelephantsweretakenoutinproces-sionsatKa
Lotus rosettes scattered in the free usambi.Thesensitivepotterartistmusthavebeena
back-ground. ttractedbysucha
showandsodepictedthesameintheterracottaplaq
Bottomandtwosidesofthe plaque broken.
ues.Thepresent-dayrathayiitriiatJagannath
Thebodyoftheriderislost. Puriand Dussehra processions in the
erstwhileMysoreStatearereminiscentofancient
festivals
305. Plaq No.5346 whichwerecelebratedondifferentoccasions.
ue Fig.150
Thebasketof flowers held by the woman
Jstcentu
ryB.c.
nelaborateheadgear, big earrings, a
Mould-made, 7.5x8cm
torque,asarianda
Ontheplaqueisdepictedamodelledelephant decoratedpafaka.Themanholdingtheropetiedarou
facingleftandplaced onawheeled ndthetrunk
cart.Onthebackoftheanimalthereisanorna ofthemodelledelephantwearsabeadedtorqueanda
mentalcoverwithwhicharealsoattached dhoti.Hispostureindicatesthathewasexertingl1im
hangingbells.Awomanisseenseatedonaho -sclfinpulling
wdhiihavinglathe- themodelledanimalplacedonthecart.
turnedlegsplacedonthebackoftheelephant.
Rightsideandbottompartof theplaqueismissing
Onlyonelegoftherider
isvisi-ble.Herheadisbadlyrubbedbuttraces
ofaparasoloverherheadarediscernible.On
theleftsidestandsawomanholdingabasket.
306. Leftsidepartoftheplaquedescribedabo
ve
1stcentury n.c. No. 4245
Fig.151Mould-made,paintedred,
7x6.5cm
Ontheextremerightsidestandsawomanwit
hherleftlegbent.Sheholdsaflywhiskinoneo
fherhands.Anotherfigurestandsbyherside.
Thelegofanelephantandawheelarealsosee
nintheextremeleftcorner.
Topandleftsideoftheplaquebroken.
307. Rightsideofaplaquesimilartotheabove
Jstcenturyll.C. No.5000
Fig.152
Mould-made, 8X4.5cm

Theladyholdingabasketinherhandswearsa
attendant is very much similar to the
one
picturedonaBharhutrelief{293).
Modelledtoycartisalsonoticeableon
astonerelieffromAmaravatiandNagiirjuna
-kor:ic;la.InasculpturefromAmaravatiamo
delledhorseis placedon
awheeledcart.Asecondexamplefromthesa
meplaceshowsamodelledelephantplacedo
nacart.Inboththespecimensthewheeledcart
ispulledbyachildwiththehelpofarope(294).
Ona
Nagarjunakoi:i\lareliefthereisseenahorses
tandingonawheeledcart(295).Almostasimi
larsubjectisdepictedonaGandharasculptur
eformerlyinpossessionofaBritishofficerw
orkingatPeshawarduring1923-24(296).
ASungaplaquefromSughinHaryanashows
achildplayingwithtoys,oneofwhichreprese
ntsananimalkept onacart(297).
308. Roundplaque No.5075
Fig.1531stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, painted red, lOXllcm
Fourbullsyokedtoachariotareseentrottingt
owardstheright.Atriangular frame of
threelathe-turnedpolesisseeninfront ofthe
seat.Amanstandinginfrontholdsaropetiedt
otheshaftplacedontheneckcftheanimals.
ln thelefthandheholds the handle of an
umbrellahavingribsonits inner side.The
chariothasspokedwheelsandboat-
shapeddecoratedwalls.
Therimoftheplaqueisdamagedonthreeside
s;thebullfiguresarealsodamaged.

309.Plaq No.4 Fi
Istcentur
ue 697 g.
yB.c. 15
7.5x9
Afurious 4
Mould- winged lioncmpouncing uponan
made,
MiscellaneousTypes
elephantfromtheaboveontheright.Theforelegso
ftheelephantarebentandlifted;heisexcretingdun
gduetofear.Amanstandingontheleftholdsaswor
dinhisrighthandevidentlyforattackingthelion.H
ealsograspstheneckofanotherlionontheleftwith
hislefthand.Hewearssuspendedearrings,armlet
sandatorquewithhangingtassels.
Leftsideoftheplaquebroken.
Inahalfmedalliononapillarfrom Bharhutis also
seen a running elephant excretingdung(298).
310.FragmentofaplaquesimilartoCat.No.4697a
bove No.5328 Fig.1551stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, 9.5x7cm
Thedetailsinthisspecimenaremoreclear.Onthel
eftistheheadofanelephantwitharaisedtrunk and
lifted forelegs. Behind
theanimal'sheadisamanholdingaswordinhisrig
hthand;hisleftextendedhandgraspstheneckofac
hargingwingedlionstandingonitshindlegs.
Themanwearsearrings,armlets,atorquewithhan
gingtasselsanda
sleevelessgownwithanornamentallaceatitslowe
r ends
heldupbyadecoratedwaistband.Hislegs
aresetapart indicating movement.
Beadedborderseenatthe bottom and
leftsideoftheplaque.
Righthalfoftheplaquemissing.
311.Plaque Fi
No.54191stcentury g.
B.c. 15
6
Mould-made, 11x7.5cm
Thiscompleteplaquegivesthecorrectideaofthes
cenedepictedonthetwofragmentaryplaquesdes
cribedabove.
Muchweather-worn.
Scenesdepictinguseofswordsduringconflictare
ratherrareinIndian sculpture.Ina
friezeoftheRaniGumphacaveatUdayagiria
manisseenclefendinghimselfwithasword(299).
Inanotherfieldinthesamefriezeawomanisabout
61
cylindricalsealingsfromPersepoJis,aherohol
ds atbayawingedlion
oneitherside(302).ThesubjectontheKausamb
iplaquealsorecallsto
mindthestoryofGilgamesh,aherowhoseepicis
preservedinelevenclaytabletsfoundatNippuri
nMesopotamia(303).These
tabletsaredatabletothefirsthalfofthe2ndmille
n-niumB.C.Thewingedlionsarealsonoticeabl
eatBharhut(304),
Sanchi(305)andAmara-vatI(306).
312. Potteryfragment
No.32171stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 8.5x5cm
Inthefieldafuriouslionisseenattackinganelep
hant.Thelionplacesonelegonthe
elephantstandingonhishindlegsontherightsid
e.Aropeiscoiledabouttheneckofthe elephant.
Thefragmentisbadlydamaged.
OnapanelofaSiinchigatewayalsoalionisseena
ttackinganelephant(307).
IntheearlyartoftheMiddleEastthereareseveral
scenesinwhichalionisseenattackinganimals.
ArelieffromBabylonshowsalionattacking a
stag(308). ln
aninterestingpairofcastgoldbeltbucklesfrom
Siberiaforming part of thecollectionof
PetertheGreat,alionisattackingahorse(309).A
Htheseexamplesbelongtoaperiodrangingfro
mthe5thto
the3rdcenturyJJ.C.InIndiathissubjectcontinu
edto
bedepictedinasomewhatdifferentformrightup
tothe1stcenturyB.C.
313. Ovalplaque Fig.
No.4851 157
1stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made,
5.7x4.6cm
tostrikeamanwithasword(300).
AsealfromMohen-jo-
Daroshowsaheroholdingtheneckofatigerstand
ingonhishindlegs on either of bis sides
(301).In several
 Mould-made, 7x5.5cm
Twoelephantswith ridersinterlocked in a
Twopersonsseatedonacart;thewallofthecartisr
fight;bothanimalsliftoneoftheirforelegs.Rights
ope-woven;oneovalspokedwheelpreserved.
ideoftheplaquebroken.
Upperpartoftheplaquebroken.
314. Fragmentofaplaque
No.42911stcentury n.c.
 62
315. Fragmentary plaque
No.32641stcenturyB.C.
Mould-made, painted red, 9x9.3cm
Theplaqueshowsinrelieftheheadofacow-el
ephantinthemidstofintertwiningcreepers;t
hetrunkofanotherelephantalsovisibleonthe
leftside(310).
Plaquebrokenonallsides.
Theplaqueprobablydepictsaforestsceneloc
atedinthevicinityofKausiimbiwherehordes
ofelephantsprobablyroamed.Thesubjectisr
eminiscentofasceneonaBharhutfragmenth
ousedintheFreerGalleryatWashington(311
).Agroupofelephantsmovingina forest
isalsoseenonaSungaplaquefromChandrake
tu·garh(312).
316.Rectangular plaque No.1359
Fig. 158
1stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 6.5x5.3cm
Anelephanthavingagarlandonitsneckisstri
kingatthetrunkofatree.Histailislifted.Theb
allsofexcreteddungvisiblenearitshindlegs.
Asuspensionholeatthetop.
Thereversesideshowsirregularcuttings.
317. Rectangular plaque
No.33171stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 6.3x6.2cm
Anelephantstandingbesideapolebendsitshe
adfortouchingthehindlegswith itstrunk.
Thetailof the animal is curved towards
thehip.
Thefeetoftheanimalseemtobechained.Asu
spensionholeatthetopoftheplaque.
The elephantdepicted on the plaques des-
cribedaboveprobablyrepresentsNalagiri,a
we1l-knownelephantofBuddha'stimement
ionedinthe CullavaggaoftheVinaya-
Pifaka. Accordingtothestory,Devadatta,
the Buddha's
evilcousin,madeseveralattemptstohavethe
Masterkilled,butallprovedabortive.Disgus
tedwithhissuccessivefailures,Devadatta
changed
histactics.Healluredthepalacecustodianslo
TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum
enteredthecity,themad
elephantwasfreed.Herushedtothecitytrampl
ingeachandeveryonewhocameinhisway.But
whentheelephantwentneartheBuddha,helost
allhisfuryandquietlybowedbeforethemasteri
nreverence.TheBuddhablessedhimandNala
giriretracedhis steps in humility and
wentbacktohisresidence.
Cat.No.1359probablyshowsNa/agiriup-roo
tingatree,andCat.No.3317showstheanimalb
owingbeforetheBuddha.
TheNalagiriepisode
hasalsobeendepictedona
relieffromAmara.vat!.
HeretheelephantisseenkneeJingatthefeetoft
he Buddha(313).
318. Standingmale No.5327
Fig.1591stcenturyB.C.
Facemould-made,12.5x6cm
Themanstandserectinfrontalposture.Hehasa
smilingface.Hairarrangedtothesideswitharo
undishprojectionatthetop.Afilletaroundtheh
airlineontheforehead.Wears probably
apaddedcoatopeninfront,atorque,necklacea
ndbracelets.Theleftarmholdsthewaistbanda
ndtherightloweredto
theside.Asindicatedbythewaistbandtheman
mustbewearingadiaphanousdhoti.Theman's
genitalshavebeenexposedprominently.
MOTHERANDCHILDAHICHCHHATR
A
319. Motheran No.4897
dchild
A.D.100-300
okingafterelephantsbyofferingthemtempting
rewards iftheyreleased
themadelephantNalagiriforkillingtheBuddha
whenhevisitedthecityforalms.They agreed
and the plan was carriedout with
meticulous care.No soonerBuddha
 Mould-made,16.5x11cm
Themotherisholdingachildinherarm;thech
ildiscompletelywrappedupin
hermantle.Theschematicdraperyisreminis
centofGandhara.
Lowerpartmissing;facesofbothrubbed.
320. Motherandchild No.5131
Fig.160
5th-6thcenturyA.D.
Hand-modelled, 14.5x13cm
Themotherissitting,achildclingingtoherlef
t.Herrightbandholdsarattleandtheleftsome
unidentifiedobject;anornamentalbodiceco
versherbreasts.Shewearsdecoratedbrace-l
ets,plainarmlets,asari,partof which
hangsinfront,andagirdleshownbyapplieda
nddecoratedcirclets.Agroovednavel.
 MiscellaneousTypes 63

Head and feet m1ssmg;lefthand damaged. right

armloweredtotheside.Thechildplacesonehan
Thechild'sheadis alsoJost.
donhismother'sbreast.
JHOSI
Thewoman'spart below knees
321. Motherandchild No.4285th- missing;lowerpartweather-worn.
6thcenturyA.D.
Therimoftheplaqueleftunscraped.
Hand-modelled,9.5x4.5cm
325. Motherandchild No.5815th-
Themotherholdsachildinherleftarm;arattleinherri 6thcenturyA.D.
ghtband.Shewearsasariandagirdle.
Hand-modelled,11x5cm
Themother'sbeadandpartbelowherkneesmissing;t
Thestandingmotherwearsalongskirt
hechild'sfaceisrubbed.
heldupbyawaistband.Sheholds a ball in
KAUSAMB! herrightloweredhand;theleftarmsupportsachil
322. Motherandchild No.20 d.Thechildtouchesthebreastofhismother.

1stcenturyA.D. Themother'sheadismissing.

Mouldused inthefrontandtheback, 326. Mother and child No.37805th-

6thcentury A.D.
13x7.5cm
Hand-
Themotherissittingonastool.Shehasaheavyandsm
modelled,paintedwithbuffcolour,6x7cm
ilingface.Aveilcoversherhead.Herhairdressedabo
veandendinadoublebraidhangingontheback. Themotherholdsachildinher
Wearsround earringsandatorquewithsuspended leftarm;onehandofthechildisonherbreast.
beaded chains; traces Lowerpartbroken.
ofafour-strandedgirdleseenatthebackofthe 327. Motherandchild Fig.1
No.5249 61
figure.
5th-6thcenturyA.D.
Sheholdsachildinherleftarm.
Hand-modelled,9x6.5cm
Partofthemother'sbodybelowthewaistlinemissin Mid1stcenturyA.D.
g;weather-worn.
Mould-made,IOx5.5cm
Arareterracottafigurineshowingawomanseatedo
Themotherstanding.Wearsaturban-
nastoolishousedintheBostonMuseum.
likeheadgear.Holdsthechildinherleft arm; the
Sheholdsachildinher lap.
Thereisapurseinherrighthand.Herhair
dressedaboveandendinadouble braid behind
thehead(314).
323. Mother andchild
No.20636thcenturyA.D.
Facemoulded, 12x6cm
Themotherstandswithherrightlegslightlybent.
Herleftfoot restsonthe
toe;rightarmislowered;theleftholdsachild.One
handofthechildisplacedonthebreastofhismother.
Amattress-likedecoration
onthereverse.Weather-
wornanddamagedonallsides.
324. .Motherandchild No.5240
 Themotherissucklingthechildheldinherleftarm.S
hewearsroundearrings.Amantlecoversherhead.
Lowerpartmissing.
328. Motherandchild No.1771
Fig.1621stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 11x7cm
Themother,holdingachildinherlap,issittingona'w
ickerstool,herlegssetapart.Shewearsatorquemad
eoflongpendants,afour-strandedgirdleseenonlyo
nthebackandasariintypicalGandharaschematicst
yle.Threehairbraidsbangonherback.
Herheadandfeetmissing.
ThefigureprobablyrepresentsHariti.
AuniquebutnearparallelofthistypefromMathurai
sintheIndianMuseum,Calcutta.Inthisspecimen
thewomanisseatedonachairsupportedbycrouchin
g dwarf atlantes.
Adoublebraidisseenonherback.Shewearsstrappe
dwoodensandalsreminiscent ofGandhara types
(315).
 64 TerracottasintheAllahabadMuseum
WOMANDEVOTEE
JHOst wasnonebut'AditiUttanapada'(3(8).San
kaliaadvancedanothertheory.Hecitesanu
329. Standingfemale
mberofsimilarfigurinesfromtheMiddleE
No.54031stcentur
astandsuggeststhatthetype
yA.D.
F mayhavecometoIndiaduetohercommerc
Facemould-made, i ialcontactswithRomeduring1stcenturyB
12x6cm g .C.orIstcenturyA.D. (319).
.
1
6
3
Thewomanstandsinerectposition.Bothofh Theidentificationoftheseimagesisstillelusiv
erarmsareloweredandrest e.
onthegirdle;wearssuspendedearrings,ator MarshallontheanalogyofthenudeMotherGo
que,necklace,armlets,braceletsandagirdle ddess,carvedontheinnersideofaMauryanrin
supportinghersari.Shehassaggybreasts.He gstonefromTaxila,suggestedthatthewomani
rfaceisslightlytilted.Themouthisopenande nchild-
yelidslowered. birthpositionrepresentedfertilitygoddess(31
7).AfterseveraldecadesStellaKramrischtoo
Thewoman,perhapsadevotee,is
kupaseriousstudyofthesefigurines. She
perhapschantingprayer.
opined that thenudegoddess
Adoublebraidseenbehindherhead.Feetmis
sing.
THENUDEGODDESS
Anumberofstonefemaleimagesseatedwith
drawnuplegssetapartandexposingthesexor
ganconspicuouslyandgenerally datable
totheearlycenturiesof the Christian
erahavebeenfoundinseveralpartsofIndia.T
hetypehascertainpeculiarcharacteristics.T
helegsofthefemaleareoutstretchedanddra
wnup,indicatingchild-birth. Her
armsareupraisedandinplaceofheadthereise
itheralotusoracushion.Stoneimagesofthis
goddesshavebeenfoundatTer,Sangamesva
ram,Yelleswaram,Vadgaon,Ko1bapur,Si
dankote,Nevasa,Mahurjhari,
Aihole,Sanchiand Bhita.
Abigstoneimageofthisgoddessisstillinwor
shipatNagarjunakOQQaandAlampurinAn
dhra Pradesh.
Jnthemediumofterracottasuchfigurinesha
vebeenfoundatBhita(316),JhusiandKausa
mbi.Oneftgureofunknownprovenanceisal
sopreservedin theDhubelaMuseum
atDhubelainMadhyaPradesh.Allthesespec
i-mensareassignabletoaperiodbetweenthe
1stand3rdcenturyA.D.
 Theearliestknownspecimenshowingahead
lessnudefemalewithdrawnuplegsandinchi
ld-birthpositionisinwhite
marble.ItwasfoundinasacrificialpitatAnjai
nsouth-eastern Yugoslavia and is
datable to 6000
B.C.(320).Severalnudefemalefigurineswi
thlegswidelypartedand inchild-
birthpositiondatableto6000-
5000B.C.havebeenfoundatCata!Huyuk
(321),Sarvasinnorthern
YugoslaviaandBorsadinnorth-
easternHungary(322).Butinthese
examplestheheadisgenerallypresent.
Noneofthefigurinesmentionedaboveshow
sthechildcomingoutofthewombofthewom
an.Theonlyexception is
aterracottagroupfromCypruswhereawoma
nisseenactual1ydeliveringachild(323).fna
metalobjectfromLuristanalsoachildisseen
comingoutofthewombofawoman(324).

ThecentralthemeofthesubjectisMotherGo
ddess whichhasbeendepicted
invariousmediumsandshapes
fromthe7thmillenniumB.C.downtothe3rd
century n.c. in
oldEuropeandtheMiddleEast.
Thiswasduetotheprevailingbeliefsoffecun
dityand fertility.
JHOSI
330. NudeGoddess No.4617
Fig.1642nd century A.D.
Hand-modelled,painted red,12x13.5cm
TheGoddesshasaroundcushion-
likeheaddecoratedwithtriangulardesigns.
Herleftarmstretchedtotheside;therightarm
is lifted.Herlegsarefoldedandthenspread
outtodisplaythepudendum.Shewearsanap
pliedrope·likegirdle,atorquewithagrooved
roundpendant,anecklaceandarmlets;tinyg
roovesseenonherbreasts;thereisaslitmarkf
orthenavel.
Pubicareamarked byaslitcut.
Herarmsandlegsarepartlybroken.
 MiscellaneousTypes
KAUSAMBI
331. NudeGoddess
No.52142ndcenturyA.D.
Hand-modelled, 8.8x8.5cm
Thegoddessisseatedinthechild-
birthposition. Her legs are spread out
anddrawnup.Adouble-
beadedgirdleisonthewaist;shehasagroove
dnavel.Thereisamarked roundnessinher
features.
Thearms,theleftlegandtherightfootmissing
;theheadandthebreastsdamaged.
332. NudeGoddess
No.48652ndcenturyA.D.
Hand-modelled, 8.4cm
Thelegsofthegoddessinthisfragmentarespr
eadoutandthekneesdrawnup.Arowofgroov
eddotsinsideaborderindicatesagirdle.Depr
essionseenintheabdomen region.
Thisfragmentpreservesher pubic
regionandalsopartofher abdomen
andknees..
333. NudeGoddess No.
38492ndcenturyA.D.
Hand-modelled,9x10.5cm
Thestump-
likearmsofthegoddessarestretchedtothesid
es;theheadreplacedbyarolldecoratedwithtr
iangles.Adouble-
groovedlinevisibleontheneck.Shewearsan
ecklacebearingpunchedcirclets;tracesofan
armletontherightarm.
Onlythebustispreserved.
334. NudeGoddess
No.38942ndcenturyA.D.
Hand-modelled,11x7cm
Inplaceofhead,thereisalumpofclayresembl
ingabasket.Itsoutersurfaceisdecoratedbyin
cisedoverlappingpetals.Thereareincisedli
nesontheneckaswell.Partofbreasts
covered by a five-stranded torque.
g.
Nipplesindicatedbypunchedcircl
ets.
Partbelowbreastsandhandsmissin
65
Theheadandtheleftsideofthefiguremissing.
336. NudeGoddess
No.39042ndcenturyA.D.
Hand-modelled,paintedred,3x3cm
Thelegsofthenudegoddessaredrawnup,herhe
adisreplacedbyaroundobjectbearinggrooved
pin-tops.Shehasprominent breasts.
Lowerpartofthe bodydamaged.
NAIGAMEA
Thisinterestingtypehasawidecirculation.Itha
sbeennoticedatTaxilii, Charsada,
Mathuri:i,Hastinapur,Atrafijikherii,Ahichch
hatri:i,Kanauj,Bhita, Rajghat,
Patna, Vaisali, Chandra-ketugarh
and Bangarh. Both sexes have
beenrepresentedinthistype.
ThemaletypehasbeenidentifiedwithNaigam
efaorNaigameya,one ofthe fearfulfollowers
ofGodKiirtikeya.
Hewasfearedandworshipped in order to
avoid evil.Subsequently Naigamefa
became thepresiding deityofchild-
birth(325).
AtAhichchhatratheNaigame§atypewasfoun
dinthelevelsassignedtoaperiodrangingbetwe
enA.D.450and500(326).ExcavationatKumri
iharsiteinPatna,however,revealedthatthetyp
ewasknownasearlyas1stcenturyA.D.andcon
tinuedtillthemiddleofthe5thcentury
A.D.TheKumraharexcavationsalsoestablish
edthattypeshaving·hornsweremade
betweenthe1standthe3rdcenturyA.D.Inthee
xcava-tionsconductednorth-
eastofKumrahiirsiteduringthe year1955-
56Naigame§afigureswerelocatedinthestrata
ofperiodII,150D.C.to500A.D.(327).
Sincethereisnocoherentdatingofthe typein
various excavations, I adhere to
thedatingofAhichchhatri:iNaigamefatypesb
e-causeofitsneareraffinitytoKausi:imbI.
AHICHCHHATRA
337. Standingfemale
A.D.450-650
No.4184
335. NudeGoddess No.50342ndcenturyA.D. Hand-modelled, 16x7cm
Hand-modelled,16x12cm Shehasbroadand
extendedears,ahookednose,aslitmouth,prom
Thelegsofthegoddessarespreadouttothesidesand
inentbreasts,aslenderwaistandbroadhips;leg
thendrawnup.Partofanelaborategirdleseen.
sstretchedtothesides.Noindicationof feet.
Handsandpartoftheleftleg missing.
DWARFATTENDANTAHICHCHHATR
A
296. Dwarfattendant No.4674
Fig.1441stcenturyA.D.
Mould-made, 9x4cm
Theshort-leggedandpot-
belliedattendantlendssupportwithhisright hand to
a basket