Stool 129 ‘The rate of shrinkage depends chiefly on weather conditions. the concrete i left dy ost ofthe shrinkage will take place during the fist 2 or 3 months. When stored in ai at 50 percent humidity and 70°F, the fate of shrinkage is comparable with that of ereep. itweight concrete has been successfally used in pretressed-conereta construction, Ithas lower modulus of rupture than normal-weight concrete ancl slightly less favorable shrinkage and cseep charscteristis, However, withthe bettor aggregates these properties fre comparable with those of normal-weight concrete 2. Steet High-tensilo steel for prestessing usually takes one of three forms: wives, stranls, or bars, Wits fr pestressing generally eonloem to ASTM Specification A421 for Uncoated. Stess- Relieved Wite for Prestressed Concrete. They are made from rods produced by the operheath or electiie-furnace process, After being cold-drawn to siz, Xtites are mechanically straightened and strese-relieved by a continons low-temperatore [about 700) heat treatment to produce the presesbed mechanial properties, ‘The tensile stength and the minimam yield strength (measured by the 1.0 percent totalelongation method) are prescribed in Table I forthe various sizes of wires. Cur rently, the Sein, wire is the most commonly used. ‘TABLE Tensile and Viel Strongth for Pretreasing Wo Nominal ‘Areaaq Min tonite srenat, pst a j inmin, Remarks WA Type BA TymoWA Type BA 12 Gages ouzs65 250000 200.000 toss [012 gimt SBS Become) now vtotn i 020 kin Soin Sapono «Samad * —Tono00 192,000 = 4 > a3 Tam 005089 333000 138000 reap but nt of siskage rouaing material ly requited for prestressed than for rein strength of 4000 to 5000 psi i generally m prestressed concrete, while a strength lump 5000-psi concrete can be oblained | rand cement content under 7 sacks per nal vibration Is used. pover Ina pretenstoning plant, or fast hota curing, atansfer suength of $500 strength of over 3000 pst can be attained {without special curing "behavior and efficiency of prestressed end of 20 years ranges fom one t five Toad (averaging about three times), the estone aeregtes. Of the total amount of a the fist 2 woeks ater application of ny another one-fourth within 8 Year, and ‘Upon removal of the sustained stress, ‘ yered during the same length of ime that nd on moisture conditions, but not on es with many factory t may range fon rof the shrinkage stain resulting fom ost water, The amount of shrinkage i F employed in the mix. Larger size of piste and harder and denser ageesates positon of the cement also affects the shrinkage stain is assumed to be about employed in prestressed construction Type WA for wedgesypo anchors pe BA for blow anchorage. A typical stress-strain curve fora stress-relieved Yin, wire conforming to ASTM A491 i shown in Fig. 1, witha typical modulus of elasticity between 25,000,000 and 30,000,000 psi. The specified minimum elongation in 10 in. is 4 percent. Typical elongation at Vols strength by ‘fe slongotion methos esl stress tsi oo G0e 0030.04 Bos 0.06 Unit strain, nin Fig. 1 “Typical stisestinin curve fer pressing ste rupture (likely to e from 5 to 6 peveent. Strands for prestessing generally conform to ASTM Specification AIG for Uncoated Seven-Wire Stress Relieved Strand for Prestressed Concrete. While these specifications ‘wore intended for pretensioned, bonded construction, they aro applicable to postten soned construction, whether of the bonded or the bonded type. These stands have s124 Design of Prost iguarinteed minimum ultimate strength of 250,000 psi, with the properties Isted in Table 3. A higherstrength steel known as 270K grade, which is more commonly used, has a guaranteed minimum ultimate strength of 270,000 psi (Table 2). A typical stress-strain curve fora strese-relieved rin. seven-wire strand (ASTM AAI6 sade) is showin in Fig. I, which is also typical for stands ofall sizes, For approximate ‘TABLE? Saven:Wire Uncoated Siess-Releved Strends Weight Uniate Yield Nominal per 1000 Aor renal seth Samm i ee i i 250K grade % 0036 ‘000 | 7650 70K grade * 085 23000 te ous 51,000 {70K gad (ow relation) 0085 23000 oss 21300 Doform stand a 20 | ano00 * 330 8.000 230 & 0 ou S000 ¥ am ore 06 500 as ‘caleulations, a modulus of elasticity of 27,000,000 pst is often wed for ASTM AIG grade ‘and 28,000,600 px for 270K grad, ‘The specified minimum elongstion ofthe strand is 35 ‘percent in a gage longth of 24 in. a initial rupture, although typical values are usually in fhe mnge of 6 percent, When these strands are galvanized, they are about 15 percent weaker “Another type of seven-wire strand of 270K grade isthe “stabilized” strand, which is produced bya combined process of low-temperature heat treatment and high tension Because of this special process, the yield strength ofthe stand is raised and its relaxation is substantially reduced. This type is also called low-relaxation strand A“Dyforn” seven-wite strestrelieved strand, originated in Great Britain, differs from the regular seven-wine strand in that the outer wires ofthe Dyform strand ate deformed, being run through a die after the standing operation, It has the advantage of having a ‘eater stoel area than that of a regular stand with the same nominal diameter, thus resulting in a larger ultimate tensile strength Thiceswivestresselieved stands up to Win. in diameter and fourswire stess-relieved steand offi inn diameter ae also available, These strands have the same dainete,stel area, and vitimate-strength requirements asthe corresponding seven-wine stands, Highestrength alloy bars fo A722, These bars are usualy suaranteed ultimate strength Strain euve for these bam clasticity exists only tors 25,000,000 al 28,000,000 por ‘The yield strength of rethod orthe 0.2 percent tle a minimum yield strength of 85 values are offen higher, Ney Specified at 4 percent, with mn properties of highvtensle bay ‘3 Grouting For bonding te posttensioning), cement stout onston, Entry for the grout anchorage heads and cones, Injeted at one end of the me mombers, can be applied a portland Gement or higher preferred for bond and ston Himited space through whieh conduits, grouting under press that the pressure onthe walls mixing and injecting the srost ‘Where larger space between canons it oer Dressure ofa few psi may be su Freyssinet or Prescon cable, should be employed. Adi bleeding prossure generally ranges fiom enc that end is plugued snd te the grout. Its also good practi the excess water bolng removed must be properly gressed and ‘A minimum gros temperatn members at time of gouty sh ‘of rot reach a minimum c f tinder temperature and mists ‘member. Dusing mixing and Otherwise, difieuties may be ‘When tendons are unbonded, comsion. Plastic shielded wire torsion inhibitor, ere comme tlalmed to have a very low cocl METHODS AND SYSTEMS OF PRE 4 Tensioning Methods Meth srowps: (1) mechanical preste application of heat, (3) chemiea Mechanical stressing of the to sloning and pretensioning. In p against the hardened concrete ‘The eapueityof these jacks var Gilbert system in England emp Wire at time. The BB RV. and ables of elifferent sizes. The Le128 Design of Prestessed-Conerate Structural Members : EP, _ ny fem Bib Be 7 where n = Ey ‘The value of may not be known exactly. However, the value ofthe initial prestressF, before transfer is usually known; hence another solution can be obtained. Using the tuanslomed-section method, with Ay = Ay * nse : "T+ Aad, ea AEs Ace apat visas et) — Mas fre aber ‘3000 4500 7380 sia TABLE 6. Prestrossing Bars . mB 505 7 oar 1 Sor “Losses dusto coe, inkage of " Resear i fr mises ult Speail fr minim alte ‘TABLE7 VSL Posttensioning Ss ste No.of tues, Weight ust ames ‘nt 1s st 301 306 aa aa 3a aer as a8 #43 =» 4a a 4m