FOREWORD ‘The need for @ composite glossary uf yous seal it the NOT industry as boon recagnized for some time. Many new disciplines (engineering, management, ec.) a10 gain- ing interest in our field and want to communicate in our terms. Theover increasing number of newly-trained person nel adds to the need for uniform terminology. This effort is cffored 2s a working document which we hope will be improved with your help. Its not intended in any sense to be the final word on this subject. If you have corrections or additions you feel aro desirable lor future editions, plosse send thorn to ua We do hope that this docurnent will serve your needs. whether training of communicating with others in and outeide our fiola ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the many years of association with the NDT industry, we have collected glossaries from many sources, Tis impossible to nama all those soutens, hut wa want to thank all those who. through the years. have tried to make the art of communications in our field more efficient. In addition we want 19 acknawladge the contributions of Louis B. Sader, NAR-Rocketdyne, Chairman of ASNT Education Council and Chairman of the Los Angeles ASNT Education Committee. We wish to thank Lou and Ins wonanitiee fur Sretr cuniutierts John K Aman NBT industey Manasrer Du Pont Pratosystems an Electrons Products DeptAbsorbed Dose—The amount of energy, imparted to matter by an ionizing particle per unit mass of irradiated material. at the place ‘of interest. It is sxprewed in Mace” Absorption—The process whereby the particles or ‘quanta (se Photon) in a beam of radiation are reduced in number or energy as. they pass through some ‘mediunn, The pattsies lose energy by inte actin fither the nucleus (core) or electrons (shell) of the ‘atoms of the medium, Absorption Coefficient—A traction expressing the ‘decrease sn tie intensity oF 2 beam of ragiation per Unit thickness {linear absorption coefficient), oF per atom {atomic absorption coefficient of the medium through which the radiation is passing) Acid. Embrittlement—A. form of Hydrogen Embritte ‘ment which may be induced in some metals by acid ‘Activation~The orocess by which neutrons bambard lable atoms to make thom radioactive ‘Added Filter—Filter added to the inherent filtration. ‘Age Hardening—A process of aging that increases hard tility. Age hardening usually allows rapid. cooling from solution heat treatment temperatures, Also known as precipitation hardening. Ageing—A change in properties of an alumina alloy that generally occuss siowly at atmospheric tempera: lures Also knowin as precipitation hardening. Agreement State—A_ state which has accepted requ: favory “authority over ‘y.proguet material trom the Usakc. ‘Air Channel—A groove or hole which carries the vent from a core to the outside of a mold Ain Driel— Refers to ait drying of a core or mold with ‘out application af heat. Air Gap—When a magnetic circuit contains a small gap ‘which the magnetic flux must eross, the space is re ferred fo. an af ait gap, Cracks prowtice amt i as cn the Surface of a part Air Hole—A hole in a casting caused by air oF gas trapped in the metal during solcifieation. Air Injection Machine—A tyne of sie casting maching Ih which air pressure acts directly on the surface of ‘molten metal in a closed pot (gooseneck) and forces the meta into adie, Alligatoring—The loncitucinal softting of fet sine in 2. plane paraiel to. the rolled surface. ‘Also called “fishmouthing.” Alpha Particle—A positively charged particle emitted hy eran. rtiogtie materials tis male up of ‘with the aucleus of a helium atom, Alpha “"Ray’—A stream of fast-moving helium nuclei This is a strongly jonizing radiation with very weak Alternating Current (A. C.)—Alternating current is current that reverses its direction of flow at regular intervals, Such current’ treuuently celenred tn as AC Aluminum Equivalent—The thickness af —luminum affording the same attenuation, under specified com ditions, asthe material in question, Ampore—This is the unit of electrical cverent. One amoere is the current which flows through @ cor ‘ductor having a resistance of one ohm, st a potential ff re ya Ampere Turns—This term refers to the product of the ‘oumber of turns in a il and the number of amperes of current flowing through iL. This isa measure of the magnetizing or demagnetizing strength of the col For example: 800 amperes ina 6 turn coil {900 x @ = 4000 ampere turns, Amplitude, Echo The total vertical or pulse height of the received signa, either hase-to peak or peak-to-peak, when indicated yA” scan type presentation, fAncnor=An appliance used 10 Mold cores in place sn molds. Angle of Incidence-The angle defined by the formal to the interface at the point of incidence, Angle of Reflection-The angle defined by the ditection of propagation of refracted wave and the normal tg Ure interface at the point of incidence, ‘Angle Sleeker—A molder’s tool used for smoothing the inside and outside corners of a mold. ‘Angle Testing—An ultrasonic testing method in which The angle of ineidence fs greater than gero, ‘Angle Transducer—A transducer used in angled testing in which the sound beam is set to some predetermined angle ta achioue a special effect. 8g cating un chase ‘Or surface waves in the tested piece. Angstrom=A unit of length used to express wave length. One angstrom eauals 10°" em, Anizotropy- The charscteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in different rections with respect to @ fixed reference system in the material, ‘Anneal—To subject a casting to a temperature of 600" To. 800"F. ana ten coo! it slow to increase due: tility and relieve stresses. Annealing—Any treatment of metal at high temperature: for the purpase of softening and removing residual stresses Anode (Target)—The positive terminal of an X-ray tube. It is @ high melting point element and receives tive termina. ‘Antinode—Point in 3 standing wave where some characteristics of the wave field has maxium amplitude ‘Arbor—A bar of mandrel on which a core is built, ‘Ave Surike—A burned area where the weld of adjacent surface is marred by the slight addition or loss of ‘metal, usually caused by inadvertent contact with the Welding electrode. Antifact=ln nondestructive inspection, an indication that may be interpreted erroneously as Discontinuity. telligence ‘signals’ fram a single object” located are displayed. As generally applied to pulse echo ultra: sonics, the horizontal and vertical sweeps are. pro: portional to time or ‘stance aid amplitule OF magnitude respectively. Thus the location and magni tude of acoustical interface are indicated a6 to depth below the transducer. ‘Atom—Ine smallest part of an element, It consists of @ fucleus composed (with the exception of hydrogen ‘of a number of protons and neutrons, included alo is Sn extranuclear portion composed of electrons eau in number 10 the nuclear protons. The hydrogen atom includes a nucleus of one proton and an lextranuciear portion of one electron Bositive charge of the nucleus in multiples of the electronic charge, In present theory, itis the numberff protons in the nucleus and equals the number of fleetrons outside the nucleus of the neutral atom. Atomic Weight ‘Atomic Mass. Unit YAMIUI—inc mass ot an atom The basis of a scale of atomic weights is the oxygen ‘atom, and the commonest isotope of this element has apiwariy, been aired an atomic. weight of of oxygen16, oF roughly the mass of the proton oF neutron. The atomic weight of an element, thorefore, is approximatoty equivalent to. the total number of protons and neutrans in Its mucous, [Attenuation (Radiographie)—Decrease in exposure rate ‘of radiation caused by passage through material Attenuation (Ultrasonie)=Tho lass of ulttasonicenergy ‘35. wave Is progaqated Through mesiumn ‘Autoradiography—Scc Radiography. A picture pro ‘duced upon 2 sensitive surfors, ©@, m photographic film, bythe rays from a radioactive substance con tuinéd within the specimen to he examined ‘Autotransformer—A. special ype of transformer in ‘which the output voliage can be easily varied. The autotransformer is thus employed th adjust the pri mary voltage applied tothe stop up transformer which Produces the high voltage applied to the Xray tube. Back Draft—A reverse taper an the pattern which ‘arevents is removal from the mold ‘Back ReflectionThe ultrasonic echo from the back ‘surface of the part Background—Tho background against which an in Mleation must io vowed. Wimay be the matiral surface of the part, or may be modified by developer fF the residual color of the penetrant not fully re moved by washing. Bockground Noise—Extraneous signals caused by ele: tronic noise within the ultrasonic system: Background Radiation—The radiation of man’s natural environment, consisting of that whieh comes fram oxmic rays and frum the naturally radioactive clement’ Of the earth, including that from within man’s hody. The term may also mean radiation extraneous 10 a experiment, Beckiny Buard—A secona poTtom board where molds fare opened Backing Ring—A metal ring placed inside pipe for butt Welding, to assure complete weld penetration and a simuoth internal surface, Bockscatter—Ratition scattered from the floor, walls, ‘cauipment, and other items in the area of a radiation Backscattering~ Ihe backward deflection of particles of Fadiation through angles greater than 90" to the original drzetion of motion, Baked Core—One which has heen heated or baked unit its thoroughly dry, ‘Baked Permeability—The property of a molded mass of sand heated al a temperature above 230°F, until dry and cooled to room temperanure te pvemit accuse nt asses Banded Structure—A segregated structure of nearly Daralel_bands. aligned inthe direction of working. Benkina Conceot™An idea or mode! vse tn avant ‘the explanation of radiation exposure permitted in 3 lifetime, Barium Clay—A molding clay blacking material con- taining’ barium. used tm liminata ne radce. the amount of scattered or secondary radiation reaching the fm, Barium Titanate Transducer—(Polyerystalline Barium Titanate BaTiO,). A ceramic material composed of many individual crystals tired togetner, an potarizea bby the application of a de fild for use as a transducer, Bark—The devarburized layer just beneath the scale That results from heatina Stee in an oxidizing atmos- phere Barn—A very small unit of area used in measuring the Crossseetions of atoms, nuclei, electrons, and other Dorticles Ons haem ieeupal ty 104 equate centimeter. The torm ie a measure of the probability that a given raclear reaction will occur. Barrier (Protective)—Barricr of attenuating materials Basin (Pouring Basin)—A cavity on top of the cope ‘into which metal is poured before it enters the sprue. Batch—An amount of core or mold sand or other ‘aleriat prepareg at one time. Bauxite-An ore containing aluminum and consisting principally of hydrated alumina Al; OHO. Baw Biolosical Active Waste, Bead—A haltround cavity ina mold, or a half round ‘rajection or molding on 2 casting Beam—A directed flow of energy into space or matter. weaaing a Lore—Fiscing an Irrequlany saved cane ‘on a bed of sand for deving. Bed.in-A method of ramming the deag mold without rolling over it Bentonite—A plastic, adhesive type of clay that swells wee sizes and_clay content that is needed to produce a ry ust‘Blind RiserAn internal riser that does not reach to the exterior af the mod. Blister—A defect in meta, on or near the surface, result: ing from the expansion af gag in a aihgirlace 2006 ery small bsters ate called “piaheads” or “peoper blisters" Bloom—A semifinished hot rolled product, rectang ilar ip-erose sgetion, pradueed on a bioomina mil For iron and steel, the width is not more than twice the thickness, and the eroseseetional_ area is usually not lest than 38 sa, in. Iron and steel blooms are Sometimes made bv Fording Blowhole—A hole in a casting or a weld caused by ges entrapped during solidification Body Burden—The amount of radioactive material Fereant in tha badly nf man animal Body Gore—Main Core, Bond—A cohesive material used to bind sand, Bond Clay-Any clay suitable for use as bonding ‘ater in maliding Sand ond Strength—The degree of cohesiveness that the bonding agent exhibits in holding sand grains together. Bone Sesker-A radioisotope that tends to lodke in the ‘eee he tc inteniced intn the body, Book Mold—A spit mold hinged ike book. ‘Boringe—Metal chips from machining operations. Bottom Board=The board or plate on which the Bottom Pour Mold—A mold grated at the bottom. Boundary Echo-A reflection of an ultrasonic wave ram an interface. owingDaviainn frm Hanes ‘Branch Gates—Gates leading into 2 casting ewity from singe nunner and sprue Brazing—Joining of metals and alloys by fusion of non- orenoe aye that have melting points above BOO F but lower than’ melting points of materials being ioined Bremsstrahlung-Electromagnetic radiation emitted by ‘haroed oartciez when they. afe slowed down by flectne fide in thelr passage through mattar. Literally, ‘raking radiation” in German, BridgingPremature solidification of metal across a ‘mold. section before the metal below of beyond solalities. Brinell Hardness—A measure of the hardiness of a ‘etal, 26 determined by pressing a hard stet ball nt the smooth surface under standard conditions. For aluminum, the steal ball 1D millimeters in darmeter ‘and total load is 600 kilograms. Results are calculated 4: the ratio of eppliod toad to total surface area of identification and ace refered to in terms of Briell Britle Crack Propagation—A very sudden proposition ‘of a crack with the abworption of no eneray except that stored elastically inthe body. Microscopic exam ist notievable to te unaided eye Britle Fracture-Frocture with litle or 90 plastic ‘deformation, Britleness The quality of s motor shot lsade_ to track propagation without approciable plastic defor B-Sean—A data presentation method generally applied Al View ‘of a erossseetional plane thraugh the test pices, The horizontal sweep is proportional to the test piece, with the verticel Sweep preportiona! to tistanee, showing the front and back surfaces and ‘iscontinuitios between Buckle—An Indentation in the casting, esuting from ‘expansion of the sand. Buildsup—An increase in radiation transmitted through ‘material because of forward seater. Bumper-A machine used for packing molding sand in flask by repeated jarring or jolting. umping-Ramming sand in a flask by opeated jarring ‘and jolting. Bunsen Roscoe Reciprocity Law——States that the end Test of photochemical reaction is dependent only fon the product of the radiation intensity (I) and the Surtion of the expowre (tl, and is independent of Solute valves of either quantity. Ins impies tat the resultant density ofa film would depend ony on the products of the radiation intensity resching the film and the exposure time. urntan Sand—A detect consisting of a minune of Sond and metal cohering to the surface of a casting Burr (Bur)—(1) A turnedover edge on work resulting from cutting, punching or grinding: (2) a rotary tool raving tec siiae te done hr Hes Button=(1) A globule of metal emsining in an assaying frueibie or cupe after fusion has been competed: {2} that part_of # weld which tears. out in tho Specimens. By-Product Mateial—In atomic eneray law, any radio Yetive material except source or fissionable material) blaine in the process af producing arising ene OF fisionable material. Includes fission products and many other radioisotopes produced in rlear reactors. Calcium Tungstate-A. fluorescent chemical compound which emits visi blue violet Tight when activated by tither Yc oF gamma radiation Calibration The standardization ofthe instrument, prior to test, to a known reference value ‘camberDeviation from edge staightness usually re ferring to the greatest deviation of side edge from a straight line. CanninaA dished distortion in a flat or nearly Mat Turtoce, “sometimes. referred. to. as “oll canning’ Ccase-in a fercous ally, the outer portion that has ‘been made hardor than the inser portion, or core, by Case Hardening care Hardening Hardening 2 ferrous alloy so thot the ‘outer portion, or case, s made substantially harder than the innar_portion, or eore, Typical processes Used for case hardening are earburing, evening, EErbontecing, naraing, nduenonnardsmig a ars raraening Ccasete-A lightproof container used for holding the Taclogaphie ms i poston ding the radiographic and/or filter screens. * Gast Stucture-The Internal physical stucture of @ Tasting ewidencnd by shape ad Brenton of erst ha segtion of mpurton cating 1)'An ont st or ear Tinidhed shane obtained by soluifeaton of» subsancs in a mold (2) pourns ‘moiten metal nto 8 molto produce an obict of de Sed shape Casting Srinkage—(1) “Li uid shrinkage” — the re iduction in volume of Higuid metal as it cools to the Tiquidus; (2) "Solidification shrinkage” ~ the reduc: tion in volume of metal from the beginning to ending Of solidification; (3) “solid shrinkage” the reduction {in volume of metal from the solidus to room tempera ture, (4) tows anrmnage tne sun oF ane Snags in parts (1), (2) and (3) Casting Stains Strains in a casting caused by casting ‘seesss that develop as the casting cool canting Stremws-sirnal set up ito cain) banaue of ‘geometry and easting shrinkzee. Cast. Weld. Ascembly-An assembly formed by welding ‘one casting to another. camoge Ray siren of wesrons elie Uy atic ‘structure (or by a cold structure under the influence of fan electric els of high Intensity) and projected in & somewhat confined beam ly means of an electric CCavity—The die impression that gies a casting Its ex ternal shape, Central Canductor—A conductor that is passed through the purpose of cresting a eieular or circumferential field inthe tube or ving, or around the hole Centrifugal Casting~A casting made in a mold (sand, ‘acers + parmanant mala) whieh rotator while the fetal "solidifies under”the pressure doveloped. by centrifugal force, CCesium-137—A radioactive isotope ofthe element cesium years Chain Resetion-A reaction that stimulates its own repetition, In a fission chain reaction, fission hucleus absorbs 9 neutron and fission, relesina more than one additional neutron. These in turn can be absorbed by other fssionable nucle, releasing more Peutrons. A fision chain reaction is sol sustoining When. the umber of eutions released in a gen time interval equals or excoeds the number of neutrons absorte Chalk Test—A method of locating cracks by applying Denetrating liquid to a part and then removing the @xcass trom the surtace, whieh 1s then costed wth ‘ahiting or chalk. After a short period of time the Denetrant seape out of the cracks into the whiting or halk, causing an appreciable difference in whiteness. ‘wise sharp corner: (2) 3 relieved angular eating edge ta tooth corner. Chaplet-A metal support used to had a core in place Charay—The name of an impact-testing machine which tests a specimen by striking it witha swinging hammer The specimen is placed against arwil supports that are CGhattor—in machining or grinding, (1) vibration of the tool, wheel or workpiece producing a wavy surface on the work; (2) th finish produced by such vibration, Phacke IPhark’ Marks) —Nimovnien, wary emall ore is ‘etal or other material caused in processing CChill=(1) A metal insert imbedded in the surface of a sand mold or core oF placed in a mold cavity to Increase the cooling rate ‘at that Doin. (2) wh ‘esurring on » gray iran casting, such ath the wooge test chill (To}—To coo! rapiaty Chipping(1) Removing seams and other surfece defects erty manveliy wih chisel or ign ov by 3 con tinuous machine, before further processing (9 sar iy. remaving excessive, though not detective, met Chlorination The process of pasing dry chlorine gas Mrabugr molten urna sey Botton apd Oxides and diss0ved Jes. CChuck=A small bar 261 between crossbars 9 hold sand inthe cope. Comuening LugA projec fuged Us wap Hi @ ya Tact as 2 positive means of driving or locating when the paris bing machined Circular Magnetsm-=hen on electric current is passed field i developed not only around the conductor but also withthe conductor. Cire Perdue Procest~Alza knw the lst vax process. Sleeianartt) The yop ur spas Uetwer ter satin Darts; (2) space provided between the elif of ¢ cutting {ool and the surface cu. Cleavage—The splitting (facture)_of a crystal on a Cleavage Fracture—A fracture, usally of 2 polyerys talline metal, in which most of the grains have failed by cleavoqo, resulting in bright reflecting fares. 1 Fracture Clipping Edge—That portion of 9 forsing where the Flash 's trimmed off CCootiient of Thermal Expansion The liest expansion ‘or contraction per unit length pec degree Fahrenheit Between specitita lower and upper Fahveneit tempers {ree Tt aluminum i inunued, ic valet ace Uialiedl by one milion for easier reading Coercive ForeeThe reverse magnetizing force nec ttsary to remove remnant of residual magneton sna Coil Breaks-Cresses or ridges cross 9 metal sheet Tranwerse to. the direction of ailing. occasionally ecurving when the metal hes been coiled hot and called cae Col ShotS A. “shot” of magnetizing current passed Through a sotenoxd or col surrounding ¢ part for the Se af Iorgtudinal magnetization i called a "coll uation” the passage, of, the. curent i Second. Coining-(1) A closeddie squeezing operation, usally ‘erformesd cold, in wich al surfaces ofthe work are onfinad or restrained, resulting ina welldefined pring of te die upon tne wore, 2) ‘amestrang ‘operation “used t0,‘shorpan of change an exist radius of profile, (3)Powd Met. The tinel pressing of & intered Compact 10 obtain. definite surfece con questing tna ta he eartised with eeoressing OF sizing). Cold Chamber Machine—A diecasting machine where ‘the meal chamber oF plunger are not heated Cold Cracks Appear a8 a straight line usvally continu ‘us throughout tts fengoh ars! generaiy exist singh. ‘These cracks start at the surace. Cold ShortA condition of brittleness existing in some metals at temperatures below the recrystalization Cold Shat=i1) A discontinuity. that appears on the ‘urface of cast metal ab a result-of two streams of Tiquidmeating and ling to unite, (2)'2 portion ofthe surface of a forging that is separated, in part, from the main body of metal by avide Cold Work Permanent strain produced by an external force in a metal below itsrecrystallization temperature. Cold Working—Detorming metal plastically ata tempera Tole lower than the "rcerystalliztion temperature Collimater-A device, usualy made of lead, used to Surround @ radiation source and so constructed as 10 both minimize the scattered radiation and to direct the primary of Useqt raciacion Into more ut Tess parallel begm onto a localized ares Collimating Nozzle—A transducer assembly attachment ‘designed to reduce the ultrasonic beam spread, Collimation-The process by which a divergent beam of ‘energy oF particles is converted into a parallel bear. Color-Contrast Dye—A dye which can be used in a rant ta impstt sufficient color intensity to aive {00d color contrast in indications against the back ‘round of the surface being tested, when viewed under white Fight, ‘dye-uvally noniuoresent— sufficiently intense to give ‘0d visibility 10 flaw indications under white light Columnar Structure—A coarse structure of parallel col Timms of gran, avin tte log ants pea persiculn to the casting surface Combination Die (Die Casting)—A die having two or ‘more diferent cavities for different castings. Combined Stressos~Any state of stress tat cannot ve Tepresented by a single component of stress; that is, fone that. is more complicated than simple tension, ‘compression or shear Compensator—A matching network to compensate Tor ‘ireuit impedance differences. Complete Fusion—Fusion which has occurred over the ntire base metal surfaces exposed for weldina Composite Plate—An clectrodeposit consisting of layers ‘of at least two different compositions. Compound—A chemical combination of elements ‘or vibration is in the same direction asthe propagated wave, Same as longitudinal wave. Compressive Strength—The maximum stress developed in purposes, the compressive yield strength is considered 5s the maximum compressive strength, particularly in the ease of wrought metals. Compton ettect= Ine glancing eoustar Of at ay vt Gamma. ray. with an electron resulting in a gain of energy forthe electron Compton Seattaring—A proces in which a photon trans fore 2 portion of fs anergy t0-an orbital electron in matter and lower energy photon is scattered at on Angle to the orginal photon path Conduetivity-This ithe inverse of resistance. and ‘eters to the ability of a conductor to carry current Constraint-Any resrition that aceurs to the tranverse contraction normally associated with a longitudinal the transverse direction : Contact TestingTesting with transducer assembly in ‘irect contact with material through a thin Tayer of Continuous Annealing Furnace—A furnace in which ‘castings are annealed, oF heat Wweated, by being passed through different heat zones kept at constant tempera- Continuous Casting—A casting technique in wich an ingot, billet, tube, oF other shape, is continuously solidified while i is being poured, so that its length ie not determined by mold dimencions Continuous Method (Mag Particlél—Current and bath ‘re applied together: thet is, the indieating particles fare on the part while the magnetizing current is being ppv. Contracted Sweep-A contraction of the horizontal sweep line or time axis on the viewing screen of the uityazonie instrument, A contraction of this seep permits viewing erect ox hock roiecton curt) Over a grate length of time Contrast (Radiographie)—The measure of difference in the film blackening resulting from various Xray in fenates tranemtted oy the object and Tecoreed 95 density differences In the image. Thus, difference in film blackening from one area to another is contrast. Contras: Ratio~The relative amount of light emited ‘or relecat as between an indication and ts base ground Contrast, Sabjeet—The ratio of radiation intensities pass ing tvigh slocert partinne ofa snecimen Contotled AreaA defined are in which the occups ional exposure of personnel to radiation of to radio derive material fs under the spervsin of an indi that 2 contolled area is one that requires control ot decess, occupancy, and working conditions for radi Bion protection purposes) “niform aistibution of temperature during cooling Cope-The upper oF topmost section of @ Mask, mold, or pattern. (Goren) A speciaty Tormed materia nseved ina ot To shape the interior of another part of a casting which cannot be shaped as easily by the pattern; 2) in a {errous alloy, the inner poction that is softer than the Cuter portion, oF a Core Blower=A machine for making founstry cores, using ‘compressa! air to blow and pack the sand into the core box. Core Box-A box in which a sand core i formed. Core Pin=A core, usally a circular section having some taper (drat) Cora Plate—A late on which 9 areen core is baked. Core Wash—A liquid with which cores are painted 10 Droduce smoother surfaces on the casting oring-A variable composition between the center and surface uf @ unit uf stucture (wich os dendrite, again, carbide particle) resulting from non-equilibrium growth which occurs over a range of temperature Corona—In spot welding, an area sometimes surround ing the nugget at the faving sfaces, contributing slightly to overall bond strength Cortosion—The deterioration of a metal by chemical or eletro-chemical reaction with its environment. Corrosion Embrittloment™The severe lose of ductility of 2 metal, resulting from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visually apparent OF fluctuating stresses Ina corrosive environment Characterized by shorter life than would beencountered25 2 result of either the repeated ar fluctuating stessas lone or the corrosive environment alone. Coulomb—A unit of electric charge in the “practical” system of units, It contains 3 x 10° electrostatic units [eee FSU nf charge Couplant-A substance used between the face of the Transducer and test surface to permit or improve transmission of ultrasonic energy across this boundary Coupon-A piece of metal fram which a fest speciman is to be prepared ~ often an extra piace, a= on a casting or feruing Crack-A discontinuity which has 2 relatively. large rosssection in one direction and a small or negligible cross-section when viewed in a direction perpendicular (Crack “Contaminant-Material which fills @ crack and ‘hich may prevent penetrants from entering Cracks (Transverse, Conga & Bose Meal Distiiuity Hest fern very narrow separation of metal Crater~(1) In machining, a depression in a cutting too! foee eroded by ehip contact; (2) Im ae welding, 9 ‘p00! beneath the electro, Creep—Timesdependent strain occurring under stress. The creep strain occurring at a diminishing rate is called primary creeg; that aecurring at a minimum and almost constant rate, secondary creep; that occurring ‘at an accelerating rate, tertary cree. Creep Strength-(1) The constant nominal stress that ‘ull use a specified quantity of creep ina given time {at constant temperature; (2} the constant nominal Stress that will cause 2 specified creap rate at constant temperature. Cravice Corrosion A type of concentration eal corto ‘lon; corrosion of a metal that is caused by the concentration of dissolved salts, metal ions, oxygen for other gases, and such, in crevices oF pockets remote fom "the principal tia’ stream, wth 2. resuttant building up of differential calls that ultimately cause deep pitting. Grop-A defective end portion of an ingot which is cut lft as trop. Cross Section-A measure of the probability shat a specific ruclear reaction will take plae. It is found by dividing the number of reactions of a specific type by the number of particles causing the reaction and is ex pressod in Barns (see Barn). The effective “area” of the nucleus for the reaction. Crown=(1) A contour on a sheet oF roll where the Thickness or diameter increases trom eage to center {2} the top section of a press structure where the ylinders and other working parts may be mounted Also called dome head ar top platen CGrush-A casting detect caused by a partiat destruction ‘of the mold before the metal was poured, Crushing-The pushing out of shape of a sand core or ‘end_mold when tv parts af the mold do not fit properly where they meet Crystal MosaicsTwo or more crystals mounted in the same plane in one holder and ecannecte so as to cause all crystals to vibrate as one unit. Crystals (X-Cutl—Section cut s0 that its thickness is parallel to the X axis of the crystal. A thickness: extensional mode of vibration occurs when excited Crystals (Y-Cut)-Section cut so that its thickness Is Parallel 10 the Y axis of the crystal. A thickness shear rade af wibratinn ncesire wd exeiter Crystals (2-Cut) Section cut so that its thickness is ‘parallel tothe Z axis of the cxystal, Piezoelectric effect i resveted to the X and Yaxis, therefore mode of @-Scan-A data presentation mathod generally applied ‘to pulse echo techniques yielding a two-dimensional plan view of the scanned surface of the part. Through ‘Object are indicated. In the C'scan no indication Is iven of the echo depth, Cumulative Dose (Radiation) ~The total dose(see Thres- hold Does) roeulting from repented oxpacura to radia: tion of the same region or of the whole body. Cup Fracture (Cup-and-Cone Fracture)—Fracture, fre ‘quently seen in tensile test pieces ofa ductite materal, central flat area of failure in tension, with an exterior extended rim of failure in shear. Cupota-A cylindrical vertical furnace for melting metal Contact with the hot fuel, usually metallurgical coke: Cupping-The fracture of severely worked rads or wire where one end hus the appearance of cup and the ‘der hat uf a eon, Curie—A unit of radioactivity. It was originally defined 138: the quantity of radon in radioactive equilibrium with 1 gm of radium. The curie is now broadly defined 2s the radioactivity of any material which is disintegra- ting at a rale of 2.7 x 10!” atomslsec, The dsintegra tion rate of radon is approximately 3.7 x 10! atoms! Cutie Pie-A colloquial tere applied to # portable instr ‘ment equipped with direct reading meter used to determine the level of radiation in an ates. Cutting Down—Removina roushness oF irregularities of ‘metal surface by abrasive action. CyanidingIntroducing carbon and nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding above Ac, in contact with alton cyanide of stable eamnanition The evaniied Biloy ts usually quench hardened. Cyclotron—A particle accelerator in which the atomic particles are whirled around in a spiral between the Endest shige mano! gaining spew with aac etn The cyclotron is normally used for nuclear research but the particles can be made to collide with a target to produce X-rays. Damping-Hindering or decreasing the tine of vibrations ‘oF ofailations in the motion of a body or in an elec trical system subjected to influences which are capable sttenuation Damping (Ultrasonies)—Decrease or decay of ultrasonic wave amplitude with respect to time. Damping Capacity The silly UI a meal wo absent vibration (eyclical stresses) by internal friction, con: verting the mechanical energy into heat. Dark Adaptation—The adjustment of the pupils of the feyes and internal eye changes, whan one passes trom a bright to-a darkenes space. This adjustment permits‘maximum seeing in the dim area. Also called “dark eaption.” DaubingThe act of filling eracks in cores, DAW-Dry Active Waste. DC (Direct Chill) Casting—A continuous method of ‘making ingots or billets tor sheet-or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of the ‘mold is @ platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the frozen shell of metal acting a8. retainer for the Liquid metal below the wall of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement ‘of water diceetly on the mold or on the walls of the Solid metal as itis lowered. The length of the ingot is limited by the depth to whieh the platform ean be lowered; therefore, itis often called semi-continuous casting, Dead-Man Switch—A switch so constructed that a eircuit ‘closing. contact can only be maintained by continuous pressure by the operator Deburring—Removing burrs, sharp edges or fins from ‘metal parts by fina, arinding or rolling the wark in a barrel ‘with abrasives suspended in a suitable liquid ‘medium, Sometimes calles burring Decalescence-A phenomenon, associated with the trans: formation af alpha ienn tn pamma iran nn ths hawting [superheating) of iron or steel, revealed by the darken, ing of the metal surface owing to the sudden decrease in temperature caused by the fast absorption of the latent heat of transformation, Decarburization—The loss of carbon fram the surface of 8 ferrous alloy as a result of heating in @ medium that reacts with the carbon at the surface, Decay (Magl—Ae vier! in connection with electricity, ‘decay is the falling off to zero of the current in an electrical circuit. Magnetic fields and electrical po tentials can also decay ina similar sense, Decay (Radioactive) —The spontaneous change of 9 ‘nucleus and emission of a particle or a photon. For 2 definite quantity of @ nuclide, the rate of decay is usually expressed in terms of hai. life, ants from surfaces, 3s by cleaning and washing with chemicals. : " Decontamination Factor—The ratio of the amount of Lndosired radioactive material initially prevent 0 UW ‘amount remaining after a suitable pracessing step has bbeen completed. A factor referring to the reduction of the gross measurable radioactivity esp Drawing —The forming of ueply recessed Pars by means of plastic flow of the material Deep Etching—Severe etching of a metallic surface for examination at & magnification of ten diameters o less to reveal yross features such $8 segregation, cracks, porosity or eran flow. Defect—A discontinuity the size, shape, orientation or location of which makes it detrimental to the useful service of me part in whieh it Occurs Defect Retlection—The incication of the return of eneray {rom flaws in the material Definition—Sharpness of outline ofthe imane on e radio ‘raph is called definition Degasifie—A substance that can be added to molten ‘metal to remove soluble gases which might otherwise be gccluded or entrapped! in the metal during soldi Dogassing-Removing gases from liquids or solids Delayed Sweep-A means of eliminating any specie port of the pattem on the viewing scree font the Initial pulse toward the back reflection by delaying the beginning of the sweep. Demagnetization—The process of removing existing mag etism trom a pat. Denerite—A crystal that has a treeike branching pattern, being most evident in cast metals slowly cooled through the solidiieation range, Densitometer—Instrument utilizing the photoelectric principle to determine the degree of darkening of ‘developed photographic film. Flim’ blackening or density is usually expressed in terms of the H & D curve (Murter & Driffield) which is defined a the logarithm of the reciprocal of the (7 Light Transmission) Density Gradient—The change in density of a radio: ‘graphic. film at a particular film density per unit Change ne loyir lan of ahve exposure recelved BY the film, The maximum density gradient of a film is usually called gamma, Deoxidizer—A substance thst can he added to molten etal to remove cither Tree or combined. oxygen, Deoxidizing-(1) The removal of oxygen from molten metals by use of suitable deoxidizers; (2) sometimes refers to. the removal of undesirable elements other than” oxygen by. the introduction of elements oF compound that readily react with them; (3) in metal finishing, the removal of oxide films from metal surfaces” by. chemical or electrochemical reaction. Depth of Fusion—The depth to which the base metal melted during welding Depth of Penetration-See Joint Penetration and Root Penetration Descaling—Removing the thick layer of oxides formed ‘on some metals at elevated temperatures Deseaming-Analogous to Chipping, the defects being Temoved by gas Cutting, Detail (Radiographic) — Detail is the degree of sharpness fof outline of the image. If the radiograph does not show a clear definition of the abject ora discontinuity in the object, itis of litle value although it may have sufficient contrast and density, Detector—A device which determines the presence of Deuterium—An isotope of hydrogen having mass equal 0 two AMU. Developer (Penetrant!—A finely divided material applied ‘over the surface of o port to hel Unig wut penetrant indications. Developer (Radiographie)—A chemical solution which reduces exposed silver halide crystals to metallic silver Developing Iime~ine time detween the application of the developer and the examination of the part for indications Dewaxing—Removing the expendable wox pattern from fan investment mold by heat or solvent, Draw Marks-See Scoring, Pickup, Die Lines, Die—Verious tools used! to impart shape to material primarily becayse of the shaoe of the toa its amples are: blanking dies, cutting dies, drawing des, forging dies, punching dies, and threading dies.i Casting-(1) A casting made ina de: (2 «cot Proce Where molten ruta foes ‘under nigh presi nt hw cavity of x metal mol, Die Forging~A forging hate shape is determined by impressions in beat prepared dis le “Cines"Lines or markings Om formed, drawn or tril metal parts caused by imperfections in the Srace of the de Die Sclsing Removing auace ves from bat, rod. wire ar tube y sawing trough soarpcoge de To tliminae minor surface dct Die Sinking-Forming oF machining a depres pattern ina de Difiraction~The bending of 2 wave front around an tale. Diffraction MottingA dtfusedifracton pattern on a crystaline mater Diffuse Refiection-ovgh surface oF asocat interface relletion of ultresonie aves fom iregulrites ofthe length. 2 Ditfusion—(1) Spreading of consivent in a gt Tiuid oS, tending to make the composition ofall rte uniform {8} ou spemanesur movant Gr moieuies to now site watin oat Digging~A sen erratic increase in eutting depth orn ‘hold of cumtng ool cass by unstable conditions Inthemachine sup Ua, the machine fo stallad or titer the tol or the workpiece ls destroyed. Dimensional StabityFefers to the ality ofan alloy {0 remain sinchaged in sre or shape ater ang Dinptinge{).Succhiny rlatvely aa, show centatton into sheet meta, (2) i sera, stetoning teil into‘ conieal Monge for the ust ofa counter Sone ve Dinect Conv (O. GAs thw name imple, ths rm relrs to an elaine Curent lowing continvally In one ‘lrection thracgh a conductor. Such curront is fe ‘ently refered toa 0.6 Ditctna Propet Fropeses whose magnitude vres pending ‘on the reston of the test axis To the Speci: sretion within. the metal. The aration Teas from prelrted orientation or irom Werng ot Directional Solttieation= The solidification of molten ‘etl in easing in such manner tht fed metal Sheaysovelble for thatportion that ust solving Disceribi.Image—Image,eapanie of beng reco9nz00 by sight without the id of magntiation, correcta ‘ion excepted Discontinity-Any interruption in the normal physical laps, seams, etusians oF porosity. A dicontiolty mayor may not affect the usclulnet of 2. pat Disintegration, Nuclear—A_ spontsneous nuclear trans formation Gabiogwicy) enaracteriee ‘by ihe CMs sion of energy andfor mass fram the nucleus Dislocation—A’ linear defect in the structure of 3 ‘xystal. Two basic types are recognized, but combing “edge dislocation” corresponds 10 the rom of mis ‘matched atoms along a straight edge formed by an tra, arial plane of atoms within the body ofthe ‘other parallel section ‘through the crystal. A "screw dislocation” corresponds to the highly distorted lattice adjacent to the axis of a spiral structure i a crystal, the spiral structure being characterized by a distor tion that has joined normally parallel planes together tg form a continuous helical ramp winding about the islocation as an axis with a pitch of one interplanar distance. Dispersion, Sound—Scattering of rays of an ultrasonic bear as 2 result of reflection from a highly itreaular Incident surface above that normally associated with @ Particular transsucer. Disruptive Strength~The failure stress under hydrostatic tension Distorted Field—The direction of a magnetic field in a symmetrical object. will be substantially uniform if produced by a uniformly applied magnetizing force, rip the cxwe of a har magnetized ina solenotd. But it the piece being magnetized Ts irregular tn shape, the field is distorted and does not follow @ straight path or have a uniform distribution. Divergence—Soreading of ultrasonic waves after leaving search unit ‘within which all the elementary. magnets (electron Spins! are held aligned in one direcsion by interatom forces; if isolated, a domain would be a saturated Dose—The amount of fonizingratiation energy absorbed er unit mast of irradiated material at a. specific location, such asa part of the human body. Measured Dose Rate—The radiation dose delivered per unit time and measured, for instance, in rems per hour. (See ‘lo Dose) DosimeterA device thet ineasures radiation dose, auch 353 film badge ot ionization chamber Double Crystal Method—The method of ultrasonic test ing, using two transducers with one acting as the sen Dowel—A short pin of metal, wood, ete, used 10 join ‘two pieces of material together, or used in permanent molds or dies to insure alinement of parts, ratt—The tapor given to 2 pattern 0 enable It to be ‘drawn trom the sand brag—The bottom section of a flask, mold, or patiern Drain Time-Penetrating time, when the part is not ‘kept immersed in thepanetrant but is set aide on & ack permitting excess penetrant to. drain avay. DrawabilityA measure of workability of a metal sub- ject to a drawing process. A term usually expressed to indicate a metas abitty to be deep drawn. Drawing{1) Forming recessed parts by forcing the Blast flow of metal in dies; (2) reducing the cross section of wire or tubing by pulling it through a die: {S)'a misnomer tor Tempering Drop~A detect in a casting due to @ partion ofthe sand ‘dropping from the cope or other overhanging section of the mold Urop "rorging—A torging mave with 2 drop nammer. Drop Out—The falling away of green sand from the ‘walls of @ mold cavity when the mold is closed, Dross—The scum that forms on the surface of molten fretais largely oncause OF Oxiaion But onesies because of the rising of impurities to the surface c