R. W. HAYWOOD Thermodynamic Tables in SI (metric) Units (Systéme International d'Unités) WITH CONVERSION FACTORS TO Chae erm TTR ar mele) AND ENTHALPY-ENTROPY DIAGRAM FOR STEAM PRESSURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM FOR REFRIGERANT-12 THIRD EDITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSTHERMODYNAMIC TABLES IN SI (METRIC) UNITS (SYSTEME INTERNATIONAL D'UNITES) WITH CONVERSION FACTORS TO OTHER METRIC AND BRITISH UNITS R.W. HAYWOOD Emeritus Reader in Engineering Thermodynamics University of Cambridee THIRD EDITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSPUNLISHED BY TRE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THL UNIVERSITY OF CAMMRIDEE ‘The Pit Building, Trumpington Stret, Cambridge, United Kingdom. CaMKGDGE UXEVERSIIY PRESS ‘The Edinburgh Bulipg, Cambridge ca anv). UK 40 West 20th Street, Now York, NY 10911 4211, USA 477 Wallansstown Road. Port Melbourne, vi’ $209, Australia Ruiz de Alarean 13, 28014 Madrid, Spat Dock House, The Waterftont, Cape Town 8001, South Aiea Ittputiewwccambridge ong © Cambridge University Press 2968, 1 1990 ‘This book isin copyright. Subject to statutory esception and to the provisions of relevant collective icensiag agreeinents no reproduction of agy part may take place withowt ‘ne waittea pertission of Cambridge University Pues, First published 196 Second edition 1972 Reprinted 1974, 1076 inied with corrections tgs Sixth printing 98s Thied edition 1990 Nits printing 2005 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press Cambridge A catalogue recond for shiv book is available fom the Brivsh Eitwary Library of Congress Cataloguing by Publication dana Heywood, RoW. Richaad Wilson ‘Thermodyeanie tables in SI (nietrie) units fsysiéme international «f'unites with conversion faciors to other metre ad British Uunis/R. W. Haywood. 3nd ed. pom. Includes bibliographical references, Hy 0 521 28693 4 1 Thermodynamies "Tables. 1 Title Ge 3IZung 1990 s39-7oai2 dezo 8925278 cP sun © 524 38693 4 paperbackTHERMODYNAMIC TABLES IN SI (METRIC) UNITSCONTENTS Preface page vii Preface to the third edition ix General data 1 Table 1 Calosific values a 2. Perfect gases—Miscellaneous data 2 3 Semi-perfect gases Molar enthalpies at low pressures 3 THERMOCHEMICAL TABLES 4 Equilibrium constants 5 5 Standard enthalpy of reaction 6 STEAM TABLES 6 Triple point of water 7 7 Saturated water and steam—Temperatures (rom the triple pointto 100°C) 8 8 Saturated water and steam—Pressures (from the triple point to the eritical point) 0 9. Specific enthalpy of water and steam 6 10 Specific entropy of water and steam 7 11 Density of water and steam 8 12. Specific internal energy of water and steam. 19 REFRIGERANT TABLES 13. Refrigerant-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) 22 14 Methyl chloride 23 15 Ammonia 4 56 Carbon dioxide 25 AIR AT LOW TEMPERATURES 17 Saturated liquid and vapour 27 18. Specific enthalpy of liquid and vapour 8B 19 Specific entropy of liquid and vapour 29 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS FLUIDS 20. Saturated water and steam 32 21 Steam at atmospheric pressure 33 22 Air at atmospheric pressure 33 23. Carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure 34 24 Hydrogen at atmospheric pressure 4Appendix: A RQgnSom APPENDICES Definitions of basic SI units Definitions of some derived SI units SI prefixes Definitions of some non-SI metric units British units—Definitions and conversion factors ‘Temperature Conversion factors for temperature Principal sources of data bage 35 36 36 37 38 40 “ 42PREFACE ‘These Tables in ST (metric) units have been modelled on the author's earlier Tables in British units, but further individual tables have been introduced. The steam tables have been extended to higher pressures and have been computed from more recent formulae, ‘The table giving the properties of semi-perfect gases provides data for the calculation of enthalpies in the First Law analysis of combustion processes, while the tables of equilibrium constants and standard enthalpies of reaction cater for the effects of dissociation at higher temperatures. ‘The tables giving the properties of air at low temperatures enable problems involving liquefaction and refrigeration at cryogenic temperatures to be handled, while the tables of transport properties of various fluids provide data for the solution of problems in hheat transfer. ‘The most difficult decision in the construction of these new Tables arose in relation to the unit of pressure to be used. ‘The basic SI unit of pressure, the N/m, is too small a unit {ot practical convenience in most engineering applications, As a result, the general ten dency has been to favour the bar (10 N/m), which is about one atmosphere. However, to* is not one of the recognised multiples of the Systeme International, which prefers steps of 10%, and the use of multiples end submultiples of the bar would be even more objectionable, A still more serious objection to the use of the bar is that this perpetuates the need for a unit conversion factor in energy conversion calculations. Even though this factor is a multiple of to, its presence disturbs the simple coherence of the Systéme International, which results from the fact that 1N = 1 kg mst and x J = 1 Nm. Ina set of Tables designed primarily for use in Universities and Technical Colleges, it was consequently considered to be educa- tionally desirable that tabulation should be primarily in terms of the N/m*, and its recog nised multiples; at the same time the corresponding number of bars has heen indicated alongside each table at conveniently frequent intervals. In the saturation table for steam, it bas been found convenient to change from the use of kN/m? to the use of MNjm? at about atmospheric pressure. In all other tables the pressure is quoted in MN/m?. All pressures listed are absolute pressures. ‘To users of the Tables unfamiliar with ST units, attention is drawn to the fact that the Idlogram, not the gram, is the basic SI unit of mass, and it is in terms of this unit that the ST is a coherent system of units, since rN = rkgm/s?, It is not Practicable to express 10~ kilogram as a ‘millikilogram’, so that itis still described as ‘gram’. A similarly unsatisfactory situation exists in relation to the kmol and the mol. To counter this anomaly, a new name for the kilogram mass is clearly needed ; the author has suggested erg (unit symbol b), but international agreement on any change of name is not likely to be achieved in a short time. ‘The terminology of that branch of science concerned with temperature has long been in ‘a most unsatisfactory state, and two Appendices are devoted to this topic in order to make clear the usage adopted in the Tables, in which all temperatures listed are thermodynamic in definition. In these Appendices, no mention is made of scale eemperatures on the International Practical Scales of Temperature defined in 1948 and 1960, since a redefinition of these scales in terms of the kelvin unit of thermodynamic temperature is likely to be made in1968,* Ie seems that there may then be good hope of achieving a rational simplification of nomenclature and symbology which will greaily reduce the current confusions arising from the present multiplicity of symbols, ‘The usage adopted in the ‘Tables is believed so be close to that which will eventually result froma such simplification, ‘The stimulus for the production of these Tables was provided by the decision of the United Kingdom to commence the transition from British unite to metric units of che ‘Systime International. Initially, many users of the Tebles will be famitiar with Baise arts and with some commonty used non-SI metric units, but will be unfamiliar with SL tints; with the passage of time, this situation will be reversed, but for many years engineers nd scientists will need to consult earlier publications quoting data in British units and in tom SI metric units, ‘The Appendices giving definitions and conversion factors have been prepared with ths situation in mind, The inclusion of exact conversion factor is instructive In revealing the definitive relationships between the different systems of units, Rounded alles for slide-rele calculation have also been quoted, but digital computers are increasingly being used and, for exact calculations it is ilogical to feed into such computers a conversion factor that bas been rounded to the number of significant figures adequate only for slide- rule calenlation. It would, of course, also be illogical to use exact conversion factors when Foch accuracy was not warranted. Throughout these ‘Tables, exact numerical values are printed in bold type. “The author is especialy grateful to all those on whose work he has drawn in compiling the Tables, He is also indebted 40 his colleagues for helpful advice in planning the initial lay-ot of the Tables, to Dr J. H. Matthewman for programming the equations from which the property values for water substance and for Refrigerant-rz were computed and to Mr PK. Clarkson for computational assistance ia the preparation of varidts tables. Dr ‘Marthewman and the author have prepared an enthalpy-entropy diagram for steam and & pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant-12; these were drawn by distal plot from the Fyme equations ns those used in calculating the values for the respective tables and are available for use with the Tables. RW. HAYWOOD Cambridge + The Rational Treatment of Temperature and Temperature Seales, Vaywood, R. Ws Proc. I ede srgs, Wolume 182, Pet 3; eonteibuvion co the discussion by J "Termin and Je Boer Meat Eninge was tade in 1968. See The International Practica! Temperature Seale of 1968. HMSO, London, ra6g and Amended Flition of 1975, HMSO, London, 1976.) SECOND EDITION 1972 Tables 7. 9. 20, 11 and 12 have been extended. The treatment of the mole has been Drought int line with current international usage anu! a numiber of minor corrections and additions have been made Nor ON THE 1978 REPRINT “Atable of ST prefixes has been added. A more complete staterient relating to the standard ceathalpy of rextion has been given at the head of Table 5. The quoted value of the molar ‘pumber and the conversion factor for che UK gallon have been brought intoline with a more teent evaluation and specification respectively. A typographical error in the previously {quoted conversion factor for the US gallon has slsa been corrected. “These Tables and Diagrams are also now available in Spanish translation [Harwoon, RW. Tablas Termodindmica en Unidades SJ (métricas). Trans, by A. E, Estrada, Compania Editorial Continental, 8.A., Mexico (1977)]PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION 1990 In this third edition, the only major change is in the presentation of Equilibrium Constants in Table 4, in order to brihg this into line with more generally accepted current practice. ‘The change which most greatly affects the tabulated values is thar they are presented in terms of the natural logarithms of the equilibrium conscants, instead of logarithms to the base 10. A much smaller change in the tabulated values arises from the fact that partial pressures have been expressed in terms of the bar (1 bar—0.t MN/m*), instead of the standard atmosphere (1 atm 0.101325 MN/in*). A third change, which does not affect the numerical values, is thet, in the formula for IaX,, these partial pressures are expressed non- dimensionally in terms of a quantity given the symbol p* = pi/pq, where pi is the partial pressure of species # in bars, and py is the standard pressure of 1 bar thus p* is numerically equal to pf. This change in the standard pressure, from the previous value of r atm, isin line with the 1982 recommendation of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The expression of partial pressures non-dimensionally ensures dimensional consistency in the formula for Ink, since logarithms are dimensionless numbers. ‘The values of In (Khe Eted in Table 4 are everywhere numerically consistent with the values of logs, (Kay given in Table 4 of the second edition, and a simple formula is given by which values of the latter can readily be calculated from the tabulated values of the former. ‘On page 2, the quoted value of the molat (universal) gas constant R has been increased by 2 in the last figure, in Line with the latest internationally accepted value, That change is of no practical engincering significance In Appendix A, the previous formal definitions of the candela and the metre have been replaced by the new definitions promulgated respectively by the r6th CGPM, 1979, and the 17th CGPM, 1983. T have to thank my former colleague in the University Engineering Department at Cambridge, Dr J, D. Lewins, for his suggestions on the updating of these Tables, and for kindly providing me with copy of some material to which I no longer had access RW. HAYWOOD With respect ta the asterisked nore on page vii, the International Temperature Scale of 1999, TTS-99, has superseded the International Practical Temperature Scale of ¢968/75. Information fon the definition of TT'S-99 is available from the Division of Quantum Metrology, National Physical Laboratory, ‘Teddington, MiddlesexGENERAL DATA Precise date relating to temperature, definitions of units and unit conversion factors are given in the Appendices, ‘Temperature: At a temperature (thermodynamic) of T kelvins (namely TK), the cor- ‘responding truncated thermodynamic temperature called the Celsur temperature ist Celsius, ‘written symbolically as ¢ °C, where: t= T-27335. ‘The difference in temperature between t, Celsius (f, °C) and t, Celsius (f,°C) is thus (ht) kelvins, namely (f~4) K. Note: Thermodynamic temperatures expremed in kelvins are commonly described as absolute temperatures Pressure: bar = x08 Nim, ¥ atm ~ 1.01325 bar = o.r0r325 MN/in* = 760 tort ~ 760 mmHg to 1 part in 7 million. (Por the definition of the mmHg, sce Appendix D.) J: Unified atomic mass unit (4; of an atom of the nuclide “*C); 1,660 54x ro" ke. Standard temperature and pressure (s.t.p.): 0 °C and 1 bar (formerly r atm) Atomic weights: Hydrogen 1*, Helium 4, Carbon r2, Nitrogen 14, Oxygen 16, Sulphur 32, ‘Argon 40. ‘Mole: A mole (mol) is a unit of quantity of particles of specified kind; it 1s not a unit of mass. Its formal definition is given in Appendix A. Molar mass: ‘I'he molar mass is the mass in grams (kilograms) of a mole (kilomole) of the specified substance. Molar number (Avogadro constant); 6.022 x 10% particles/mol ( = 6.022 x 10% particles) mol), Electron charge: 1.60% 10" coulomb, Stefan-Boltzmann constant: 5.67 « 10-* Wim? K¢. Amore exact value is 1.908,TABLE 1. CALORIFIC VALUES In this Table, the calorific valu i the enthalpy decrease om combustion when the retetants and products are at ag °C. In the evaluation of the lower calorific value the steam is taken as being dry saturate. Calorie value Substance Phase Sih t0 CO "6 9190 2 £8 8 ol 2B co 8 1015 me 10109 Higher (gross) Lower (net) (0 to water) (HyO to sear) He 142 200 120.000 Chg (omethane) 35.900 secre athe Cothane) 51870 aye iH (propstene) 48940 43 Boo 3H: (propsne) 50360 360 ‘CaP (butane) 49 520 45738 Cala (o-oetane) 48.70 tbe 4790 4430 PERFECT GASES At normal atmospheric conditions, and over a limited range of temperature and pressure, the gases listed in Table 2 may be assumed to behave as perfect gases. That is, they may be assumed to have the equation of state pr = RT. and to have constant specific heat capacities. Molar (universal) gas constant : R= MR = 8.3145 kJ/kmol K, Molar volume of a perfect gas: xkmol of any perfect gas occupies a volume of approximately 22°4 m? at s.t.p, (0 °C and x bar) TABLE 2 Molar mate Gas constant Specific heat capacity Ges ighkmol —KYRgK ‘fk K alee o a 30 08; vor of 140 ahs 2295 103 on ne 8 297 hog on 148 » oat, on es ve * e208 os est & oe ae 430 1028 q ‘ 2 "9 oa 1b a 207 hoa ou nae as oa om 2ay at & eae 261 out a6 6 os 233 na ua 2° 0277 5 nar ur Ca. ngs 1 138 ns * Amore exact value is 2.036. 4 Rir contains 0.93 % of argon (A) and taces of other gases: these and the nitrogen together are called maiphere nitrogen. ‘Real piso are not perfact gues, and dhe rounded values for Ry amd gee listed above do not exactly satily the relationships berween these quantities that would obtaa for perfect gases, Air composition: Volumetric (and molar): 21.0% Oy, 79.0% atmospheric nitrogen. Gravimetric: 23.2% Oy 76.8% atmospheric nitrogen. 2SEMI-PERFECT GASES At low pressures, and over the temperature range quoted, the gases listed in this Table behave as semi-perfect gases. That is, while having the molar equation of state po = RT, their specific heat capacities are variable but are functions only of temperature. TABLE 3. MOLAR ENTHALPIES AT LOW PRESSURES Warning: This rable lists absolute temperatures ar OM 0 om CO HO Begs Molar enthalpy ‘Temperarure —— sms. 596 ha Boy Roy 937 990 870 Bye 244 996 she B37 B35 sys resp 1756 792 may abs aay 2039 zeke oor 2116 20413869 apd aga axtia3g2 ago te ays tad ates ares 2689 a790 263 3707 Sgt se00 eng ray 30384298 590x000 fro ty 544 ag 3371 827 yoo) Hoo yo rez 3699 has 37-5387 deg 200 ry 4044 09 gor E38 dose usy Ja} 00 rye 4390 4362 462 fuse got 400 age aay ee days Bs 1500 woo 092 50.89 53.94 48.00 gn07 1600 yoo 5447 Sata 56.53 ray $463 x00 whoo sho 5787 fos als hat hoo 30 brs Gas Bu09 Shoo Erb F900) 70m 504848} 6786 Stan 5.42 2000 aro 68.87 68.44 7b b.84 bob 2100 woo asa ah 3548 ORS age, 2200 aaa 6187570 Joan Jes 200 zo 79% ros ae 3535 ows 2400 ago 35s Bet pes FAGS Beg 3500 wooo 7.2¢ 55.68 gage Baad By 4o 3600 yoo ab 90.36 9.83 Shag gute 2100 aloo 9469 9405 S877 Boze ate ‘eo yoo Bigs ginyy conga opty se 3900 3000 aoa org 108.70 pay toed seco © A more exact value 2016, Jie: G) The molar enthalpies Usted are these inthe ideal ga state at zero pressure, but the values given |e also valid at and around atinoupheric premure {3) In this table, the arbienry datuta site for zero enthaly in that of the substance in the ideal gus EERE IM bremure and zero tbeolnte temperature, (Waraing: In Tables 6-rs, the srbtracy eaters ee EHO in tae of the atursed guid at the eile point at which state the inertal sneey tod cnteprane taken to be zero) (2) The values for atmospheric nitrogen, N;*, msy be taken toe the sume as those for Np,THERMOCHEMICAL DATA FOR EQUILIBRIUM REACTIONS TABLES 4 AND § RELATE TO THE REACTIONS LISTED BELOW STOICHIOMETRIC EQUATIONS By Ay where ¥ is the stoichiometric coefficient of the substance whose chemical symbol is Ay. () -2H+H, <0 (8) —H,-40,+1,0 =o (@) -2N4N, <0 (©) —H4-OH+H,0 =o G) ~20+0,=0 (7) -CO-40,+C0, = 0 (@) -2N0+N, 40, @) -CO-H,0+C0,+H, =0 (9) -25.-2H,+NH, =0 EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS, In (Ky)oae = Dvslapt where pf = Pi/by , = partial pressure of species Aj, in bars py = standard pressure = x bar. ‘Thus pf is numerically equal to pj, but ix dimensionless. In the second edition of these ‘Tables, pj was expressed in atmospheres, where 1 atm 1.01325 bar and 1 bar #0.1MN/m*. The numerical relationship between the value of Ky as defined above, namely (Ky)grs and the value of K, as previously defined, namely (Kplgns i8 thus tn (Ky rae = I Kae +E rin 1.03325 ‘The values of in(K,)ar in Table 4 are everywhere consistent with the values of logy(K pum given in ‘Table 4 of the second edition, the two being related by the following expression: logso(Kp)asm = 0-434205 In (KuaTABLE 4. EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS Warning: This tuble lists absolute temperatures, Reaction number nik ee 200 assay ss4a7a 285.471 tosga2 139972 165-789 139.692 19:79 t540) 200 2o8 tonath sorazo 180.075 fads gnaey voosad tones testy “Osia 298 400 119.450 270.329 135.715 54.311 67.921 77.284 T4869 7.348 1.778 goo fo too 600 75.207 175,386 85.583 33.203 a2.doy GBoos 4624s 3.348 3.098 Boo 53.126 127-753 0.319 24.445 J0.gn2 54.639 52036 L444 — 5.820 yo00 30.803 99.137 45.150 1B.706 23,162 26.033 25.528 0.366 7.497 x20 30.874 Sort 35.005 15.082 18.282 z0.21 17.7) —o.311 8.570 £400 24.365 06.529 27.742 12480 14.608 16.160 13.842 0.767 —9.371 1400 1600 10.632 shoss 2.285 10.546 L192 13.06 To.8s9 —r.091 —9.972 1600 sB00 15.865 48.051 18.030 9.038 has 10657 8.497 —1.329-10.439 B00 3 2000 12.835 4.45 14.622 7.824 S145 8.727 6.634 —rg10—10.810 2000 2200 10.352 gh.g91 18x74 G7OB 7.248 S119 —1.649~11.100 2200 2400 8.276 s20rt o.4u7 O10 5.619 5.831 3.859 —1-759—14 356 2400 boo 6.512 aHze4 7.521 5.314 4.647 4 718200 1.563 2600 woo 5.002 25.17 286 4.720 3811 4.753 1.803 1.738 2800 goo 3.885 22.550 4.357 b0s 3.086 2990 Lt 1.885 3000 3200 2.533 10.936 3.072 3.753 a4s0 2a 2012 3200 34001516 17800 93s 3.387 ODT 2.122 3400 3600 0,609 15.808 0026 3.007391 1.007 —o.702 —2.0y3—12217 3600 3800 0.207 14.108 9.019 2654 0.944 0.500 —1.176 —2.121—t2300 3800 4000 0.939 12.660 —0.796 2417 Og 0.044 —1.600 —a741—t2373 4000 4500-2486 y4ig —2514 1A28 —0.313 oe: -2491 —2478—12510 4500 000 3.723 6.807 —3.895 136% 0.997 1.690 3.498 —2.201—12.624 go00 S800 4.751 4.066 —5.024 80 —1361 2578 —3.771 —2.210—12.709, fone =5.s90 2805 5.993 0.677 ~2.033 —2.849 — 4.246 —2.213~12.760 i STANDARD FREE ENTHALPY OF REACTION Ata given temperature, the standard free enthalpy of reuction AGS (or standard Gibbs Junction change) may be calculated from the listed value of In(Kya, by the following equation AG =-Rink, 8.3145 Tn Kyi:STANDARD ENTHALPY OF REACTION Aut = nia? = SetlMGI, where Jf = (ISHS), + (2 (Fes is the stantard enthalpy of formation of specics 136 temperature 7 (und 4 x bar). snd (MEI) KESsUre Py TABLE 5, STANDARD ENTHALPY OF REACTION Warning: This wble lists absolute temperatures. Reaction sumber oe 3 4 5 6 7 8 ‘tee auiisg foo 4347 oun! —a0bg —1804 —MOg —adoa —aha4 BE abe —ossa —a984 —1806 2418-2813 —aBj9 — a foo ang —oybb —ap9$ —1807 —2qz8 —2Heg —2855 — 4064 Bo IIS) Ios Chote Lisey <2kes cata watss — a8 feo —42t cobnt 5039 ~Wo3 saws aes —a833 — 3082 fo00 | 44s 50 —Se54 Era 3866 —2826 34-74 zoo 446.7 9547 ~s0h7 ype -atr4 —a8i8 -3270 too 4aB7 956 — 307.8 =e =2879 —Hoo i098 shoo 4306 —osrs —s089 Ties ~2854 —2790 2539 Boo 15323 9889 —s008 Cisne "s86 2789 —277" zo 4538 0599 — 3186 ity a868 Cepro 2602 ovo, na00 4552 961.0 —s1t4 cages “wathg —2768 24-79 2200 yoo ea oan 5120 Tine —a80 2788 ayn 3400 Boo asy8 —obst —s128 Tiss} “algo —sm3 —a207 hoo Boo 4386 962-5150 signe nae —as7 2077 ‘hoo goo 459.6 —oh50 — 5134 Ties <9 <227 — 1949 3000 yao =stos ~ 9660 = 5138 =asy.g —2888 2707-1809 —sp.10 3200 joo mara ~9670 — 504 SEMA cistz Peoge ggste | cige gate 2 goye eigege Sige behest es Gere beoge © age hte Sve s Siro roots etute ogee, yor * deco Eset gle gue, gh a fece extst Gayle, | Eber gE reseq ¥0 MPh wasey 38 = x oe J 48 20g = pp4 00) (ava x) qw/NY00r OF an ANTOd TTdTUL AHL WoUN SaUNssaME WV4LS GNV YTLVM GULVEALYS '§ ITAVI goor0es Tooteo'e ‘e010 rs Pressure in KN 10we: Sebo sar i e SRERR RETHR SHEE BEsRR avang aro Froteoe Store ta SSEG2 FATRR BBS2R ResRR swans Pressure in kaa?¥ 905 mg 5 ay — ‘Bima rami Sammy anyon Se famlsa Se 2 sea x = pul re (eva of o4 x) qu/swot on ro Moxa ssunssaua WSLS ONV ULV GILVUNLYS “(m) § ATEVL Q997 S200 FHT HUE ‘Pressure in MN 2amg ot s0q or aT PARIRS Poaaday LaRTTS 9 Presure in MN/sa? et 8g i SSSS8R $ST89 84083 saree a lz o | aie urn aypeas a SIS (ava rez 04 of) aniod TOILIND aH OF gwiNWE Nous suunssaua WVALS ONV UALVA GELVEALVS (0) 8 ATE RATRE 34738 Peesaure in MNont Pa aagan gaga3 ganas aaz9 aan 4aq oft ongiowe topteo's oktree stere00 orkiaoe Eggtooe apiece2° Biot thot tit oth Ohi H5uh oft ach oe ost net Hoh gfor oft rho oft oat one Qx6E Fest gest gest oot 5 Ses cts ‘919 geet ore stat 8 9 GE oot olf Sol6 gout gott 29 off kest uett G65t 96st OSE Lost oF ooh GHEE Lobe Seto . ght oat oof sue age ease oehe t98 sup 0 for Core aot pute sr Ser fet ago tee so ooh ogee ogee oo sue se ost ose see set oot es ste trot lxot see ose 290 thor até oe se sue gus gebe bre a) oor FRE o88e oo su sex osx oft su sex se se oe oo se se 2. 2, dan wr dai re gree — wens) Ppt a Fron Sieg b Rajoqne aes => = - a5) — 9, dum srg weg coor ro 8 saad oon fh ot ° Goornjomineng a [ear 41 © a0q3 = pwn Te) WVSLS ONY WILVM JO AdTVHLNG O1d10gdS “6 ATAny obey EES 199'9 Org'D 106'9 L669 180" cog CHL ogg Suty reg Lo99 fopg Hen9 Les on weeps Hav olky g6F9 o90'9 te om ots et gor gepe 509 Lig ear HH86 for0n m ; to 4 > o ot ed oot s os su 3 Sos rvs su = 2 SHG Cog to Se oo os ugh og obty bas se a ” us co's tate Sey su on sara tory sve 2 or set forg toe gore SE set ook = oot fue sue te oe fee a woe ce sue ste oa os fe Se or oo a se « = fe Gite tite ght ose Fs f Leve-eore cone 1006 1208 1990 Ie 1000 108 oBwe eOe Gone GOPe SEE COPE OND OD HET ° Ba (2 Ba/foisiome oypeag Seam ET 85, 16g og 4 wg} OL wm} Roms 5 De dan URED eS ayaa autos o $9 % Ft Sa re S00 100 Leman ste 209 1 = a0, eaomoonay oy sem a0. SH, (ON) PD AON, RAAT 24 SUMP OL 2AIEE GoREND? eH, 272K" Sh 6/8 = qyrag x -ABs009 agraedg “yu 89 909° 30 wor mi2,2038 pa ponyeunaya 2 smb uous ue oad ghz sna n zany Io a ese say epee ghoto eet x = a) 20105 pad x (pd eet =) pt SER, = Cs) 0005 pe 8h 91+ ~ (1p) ppunod x sooo 4 6 65 €Sho = (q) punod x EH whhibe = (pi) pres x p80 ‘uoyenba 2yp 30 apis puey-yp] ax uo Buveadde yun ayy Spoexs ouyop oF eaxi8 uoKENbo oes, SLINA O18¥a 3NOS 40 SNOLLENTAZG S¥OLOVA NOISYHANOD GNY SNOILINIATO-SLINO HSTILINE ad XIQNAdd¥ soso wpiuey ven, 38SUA yan way ave ALT Moers op Sg usage np yo SUI ut pawyop 2:94 Santowsdnas Nuempouiey) Jo YUN Surrey 3194 1 SHONE Fe ator yxy uspagyo09 wie Tes toro gonv~ aye eH gatoxe _ fers mie, Asyapionpoos yeusaigs, eS 8159 909s ghoto = sue8H09 98) Adoni “dg ort pert mee ~ oe 1 gets = #5- ving ABawa oypads ws sa pug Sian m o's ba tron gers ~ (mq er =) mew : s sso & We ess tivo goin = rug Snug SLINO IVWATHL YOd SYOLOVA NOIS¥AANOD bro eS amenacn oss _ infers: pmenan payin GL & Sp gog bitte ero xgbotox 088 = (44) somodse104 x sosoa gtr we 89 Gog x LE 265 C8h-0xc photo = Baw ‘soon ayueukg, 662 = $9 9056 ghot'o = sO t oft 10159 9086 x S688 KEE = Set arte) _ yr 2 ‘ex ) 89 gage x ce eas ESF ssouys “oanssaag, suinjoa og pads cor (fa) cate = oir gn») UENO ob = 9 x60 ghSb = e(i0) word qq aumnoa,APPENDIX F TEMPERATURE. ‘Thermodynamic temperature In constructing thermadynamically consistent tables of thermodynamic properties, use has to be made of equations such as Tas = dh—vdp, in which the symbol T refers to the thermodynamic temperature defined by the equation Ty T,” Oy where Q; and Qj are respectively the quantities of heat received by and rejected from a cyclic heat power plant operating reversibly between two thermal-energy reservoits at temperatures T; and 7. “Zero thermodynamic temperature is that temperature to which, with T; at a fixed positive value, 7, tends a8 Q, tends to zero. It is unattainable in practice, but this absolute zero of temperature nevertheless constitutes a definite, fixed level of temperature, (The unattain- ability of this absolute zero of temperature might appear to result from the fact that, if Q, ‘were zero, the cyclic heat power plant would constitute a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, so that the Second Law would be contravened. ‘The point is more subile than this, however, and is discussed by A.B. Pippard in Chapter 5 of Elements of Classical Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press, 1937.) ‘The kelvin unit of thermodynamic temperature With zero thermodynamic temperature defined, itis only necessary to assign an arbitrary umber of units to some other temperature level in order exactly to define the unit of thermodynamic temperature, ‘The kelvin unit of thermodynamic temperature, defined in 1954 and redefined in 1967, ‘when it was given the ttle Refozn and the unit symbol K, is that cbtained by assigning to the temperature level at the triple point of water a value of 273.16 kelvins, namely 273.26 K. ‘The precise definition of this unit is given in Appendix A, (Note: Unfortunately, thermodynemic temperatures are frequently written as "°K inatesd of, 23 here, TK. Celsius temperature By virtue of long-established habit, it is convenient in practice to use a truncated thermo- dynamic temperature called the Celsius temperature, defined by the relation t= T-a73a5, ‘where ¢ Celsius (written symbolically as £ °C) isthe Celsius temperature at a thermodynamic temperature of T kelvins (namely TK), ‘The convenience of this practice arises from the fact that the Celsius temperature at the ‘ce point (the freezing point of air-saturated water at 1 atm) is then very neatly, though not exactly, 0 °C. (Note: A thermodynamic temperature expressed in kelvins is commonly described as the absolute temperature, in order to distinguish it from the Celsius temperature. That usage is followed in the ‘Warning note given on those tables in which temperatures are listed in kelvins. roAPPENDIX G CONVERSION FACTORS FOR TEMPERATURE In the British system of units, the unit of thermodynamic temperature, here given the name vankine and the unit symbol R, is defined in terms of the kelvin by the relation rR = (1/28) K, 0 that at a thermodynamic temperature of 7), kelvins (namely T, K) the thermodynamic temperature is 7, rankines (namely 7} R), where T= 18%. In the same way as it is convenient in practice to use a truncated thermodynamic temperature called the Celsius temperature, itis also convenient to use its counterpart in the British system of units, the Fahrenheit temperature, defined by the relation te = T,— 459.67, \wherey Fahrenheit (written symbolically as¢y °F) is the Fahrenheit temperature ata thermo- dynamic temperature of 7, rankines (namely 7, R). In this way, the Fahrenheit temperature at the ice point is very nearly, though not exactly, 32 °F. At a Celsius temperature of fo °C, the Fahrenheit temperature, ty °F, is given by the relation tp 18 iota, ‘of, more conveniently, (te +40) = 1.8 (tc-+40). Note: The nomenclature and symbology used in this Appendix in relation to British units have ot becn standardised. Thermodynamic (absolure) temperatures are frequently written es TK, instead of, as here, TR. ‘Temperature differences are expressed in Kelvins or ranikines, for which the uni respectively K and R, vo that the use of such aymbols for temperature difference ddegh, and degP is avoided. symbols are deg, degC,APPENDIX H PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF DATA Maxwell, T. B. Data Book on Hydrocarbons, Van Nostrand, New York, 1950. Keenan, J. H. and Kaye, J. Gas Tables, Wiley, New York, 1948 ‘Fanaf Thermochemical Tables. "Phe Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1965/1966. ‘The 1967 IFC Formulation for Industrial Use (A formulation of the thermodynamic properties of ordinary water substance). International Formulation Committee of the 6th ICPS, IFC Secretariat, Verein Deutscher Ingenseure, Diisseldorf, 1967. (Reproduced in 11967 Steam Tables, E.R.A.{Arnold, London, 1967.) Metlamness, R. C., Bisetnan, B. J. and Martin, J.J., The New Thermodynamic Properties of ‘Froon-12", Refrigerating Engineering, Vol. 63, No. 9, p. 3r, September 1955 (their equations having been put into simplified form by the author for computation of ‘Table 13 and for the plotting of the pressure-enthalpy diagram for Refrigerant-12). Properties of Commonly-uved Refrigerants. Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Machinery Association, Inc., Washington, D.C., 2946. Tenaogiusuveenne ceotiemen deyorucn yerepoda, Bynaciown, M. 1. a Aaryamit, B. Bo, ‘Aroanianar, Mocrua, 1965. (Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide, Vukalovich, M.P. and Aitunin, V. V,, Atomizdat, Moscow, 1965. Translation from the Russian edited by D. 8, Gaunt, Collet’s (Publishers) Ltd, London, 1968.) Thermodynamic Functions of Gases. Din, F., ed. Butterworths, London, 1962. The 1967 Steam Tables. Published for the Electrical Research Association by Ed. Arnold, London, 1967. (Used in preparing Tables 20 and 2:.) Hilsenrath, J. etal, Tables of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties (N.B.S. Circular 564), Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1960. Copaccrnuice no menaogiurnieorusr evoiemsas scion w seudxormet, Bapradrar, H. B., Tocynapcrnesioe Haqarenserno Oicanxo-Maremariwcexon Jlseparypsy, Mocisa, 1963. (Reference Book of Thermophysical Properties of Gases and Liguids. Vargaltik, N.B,, State Publishing House of Physical and Mathematical Literature, Moscow, 1963.) Conversion Factors and Tables. British Standard 350: Part 1: 1959 (and Amendments No. 1 and 2, 1963), British Standards Institution, London. SI The International System of Units, ed. R. J, Bell and David 'T. Goldman, National Physical Laborstary, HMSO, London, 1986. 2Thermodynamic Tables in SI (metric) Units Neuen ROU) Pen Eee Lee) net Mrmr ne ee Peat avr r Oe e tearm ee Pere ena ne ene eC cu ens ests Re nme crne a Seen Rumen MCU Teeee tas Perch cmt a Set Rone UNIVERSITY PRESS 32138695 i CAMBRIDGE ii! N78