RESERVOIR GEOLOGY PROGRAM OBJECTIVES . Upon completion of this section you should be abe to: ‘+ Ident, deste and sequence the maior events the formation of petoloum reserva « Iderty and deceive the mar'ypes of ras asocited ‘wth petroleum reservoirs «Ide snd dosretnaDasipyscal charactors ot ‘petroleum reser « [dontty and deserve the major components of produced tugs obtained om a petroleum resent seroe the natural reservar drive cond ‘hat ‘Ident, describe and sequer 'eShe thatmay occu tinge He Cy ot produc ina te ‘When you are ready to begin your study, open this section. SN eee ee eesiea eect ae aRESERVOIR GEOLOGY EARTH'S CRUSTAN INTRODUCTION ‘Any appreciation of Production Operations begins with basic understanding ofanumber of geoiogical concepts and provesees a he relat toaresercrrconaininganaccurni- fation or" poof offyerocarbons The study ofthe geologyata Feservetrprovises information about ts location, area, ys (ar and tid charactertio, ete that form the basis upon \mnich decisions can be made on now to recover as much Dettelours from a reservar over the longest period o time. “Tnestudy of geology canbe divided inotwobranches: phys Calandhistorealbothof whichcantribute signiieatiytoour Understanding ofthe nature of a reservar, te physical ‘characterises, and how and when it was formed. Physical ‘gelogy deals withthe nature and istotion ofthe materials {hat make up the earth, the processes by which these materials are formed, aitered and transported, and the ‘Charateretics and development oftholang formations that ‘Stour because of theee processes. Historical geclogy deals ‘withthe history ofthe earth including a record o fe on the ‘cart, as well as physical changes inthe earth sll. Two of {he important concepts formulated In geatogy are the Doctrine of Uniformitaranism and geologic time, which ‘serially tata that the same processes that operate the present also operatedin he past This permits geologists to ‘derstand and measure the shang nthe darth with 25° Dect ta time which ntrn can be applied to determining the Subsequent geological cations tat exist in ancaround's producing resent and/or ol and gas il. Petroleum geology is a complex and nihly sophisticated Science. Just as paoleum reservoirs andor ol and o8s filds are unique and highly complex geological tructures ttn no fwo being exactly alike. The soction is ited to ‘asc description ofa generalized reservoir nits primary Brysical characteristics Including: '¢ How petroleum originated and in what typeof rock. ‘3 Wnat caused the hyarocarbons to become trapped and ‘accumulate, '# Wat are the physical characteristics of a reservar its Misia ot ‘¢ Wnatare tne dontfable drive conditions that maybe pre- Sent andwhich are most significant. ‘6 Wnat makes a commercial resem.RESERVOIR GEOLOGY SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND. THE DEVELOPMENT OF. PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS: standing called raps These ‘ors that hydrocarbons aocumblated, creating ol an ges elds throughout the word PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS, FLUIDS AND NATURAL ENERGY fs stefan Ineach as wala tho quanto. cualy In adston, most reservoirs have some ype of al fennaturaly ort eat asst nprodueing he eseno, The oplting any reserve. NATURAL. DRIVE ¢ CONDITIONS ied mostra Isprovdedttom wo bes sources: ural av condo”: Ther aro paar ina cinataone ayaa ave and2 aden dv nested ereranheenen pty riled wal wil be natural flowing. A nara ow . . assistance mus! be usedto begin bro- {tucing trom thereseroir nstilotherinstances, such asin reservoirs containing heavy viecovs ude, enhancearecovery Imotnode must be wee frm the beginning COMMERCIAL RESERVOIRS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL AND GAS FIELD ‘The act that many reservoirs containing hydrocarbons have been leeated dogs nol necessaly mean that the individual i an to ate cycle’ has a bith, identilable stages of development and a death In thls aection, you wil develep an Understanding and appreciation of the significance of geological condtions as they relate fo subsequent production ‘operations. aRESERVOIR GEOLOGY THE pasgnaraesacomcotegn wor Recatemntinanie, BASE NRES eammiScrust SSG uAthcscestsinlsigttarsetey ease OF FOS Soghieeataereenmeetegiecame rosso sarics einitrmngoaeeumnn io Captattencsagonerteatecieaman tienen source {in of sadmente tom ager racer sna S)metar ‘0g seaayn aestensh se ransom ino en Wns rock ‘SEDIMENTARY ROCKS | —theseaimarary roca omepar one earth scruntathemonlinporantiypaat ocrtotepevoloumnaie {bocauso peteeum stormed in mmgrate tough ana becomes Wappes nik ‘SUBSURFACE IRREGULARITIES reed mayors he oh Toca pos ihe op 3) t 3 sont, Ten s : Sheree | NSS mane, SSS eetarsimmocainen ee. sein DISTRIBUTION GF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS ‘Sedimeriaryrockand matemerphie rock, whieb ware eved om soaerian/rock cove abauiTSpereent Shinoveckseaposecatlnecurvasurace Ta fhcxnessct sadmortaryrockvaestfom aro toarea Oriing hve evted more than 22.000 fet in he Misano awe ancountree nothing bat ‘tana on tne map below. Ahough eck of sesimontaryonin coves vast areas Cu oncenrsed slong he ower atte.SEDIMENTARY ROCKS BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK ‘TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK saan eck Fo ype print moana se poamionlhjlamntera we ease ‘SANDSTONE ‘CARBONATES. SHALE LIMESTONE DOLOMITE {ureerte One tnetonn wo | toramapresomestonatores | paws emp anmake [Srnec tom fey game caets | ohorapacamecccnece | lrasclan cp ck ‘SSehomes trons wears | sto eaor Mr S0e- ‘lowes ng amas end ans | marty wong Catoy nes, ‘inte rom encum earns, | gue cack Sung get as Rgcraerenmoneter OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION “=a ane a) ericeccs| Cary | Rapes SS Took s the most important typeof rock fo the petoleur isin ths rock tet most ofthe words istoun, 2, Sedimentary rock Is formed in hozostal ayers called ati which are subjected fo tremendous forces that create tratiiog arc a O———— : 3, Sedimentary rocks cassiied by the eign ofits thea types of pervious sedimentary rock hat ae important tothe pe- an ‘woleum industry are: 1) 2) and 3) ‘5. An important impervious sedimentary rock is which often 6, "Sof all petroleum is produced by formations and % by formations _RESERVOIR GEOLOGY A SEEPAGE RESERVOIR ‘Thefomationotpstcaum wihinsadinentar rock and ts subcoquet nara Togenage BerGas eek ete saace angeanng'sseereae praca man ‘rhea edacesinpetlun Hore mostpatseunlon ines iow of putcleum trough porous sedis roe {fre odkage, or trping was caused by evry geologist conations ihat creates tregulercs in na eubeurtade rata slasing nonporous ook {Gaproed sth: dhove rin root he pesieum fesovore Pvsourtace by verycon [uthuvetwoberiesnaper)anrcherapesnd?) Hupp tertton ts Gapay wi tray deez the 2 reguremerts ofa Wap svat si shapes of most THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RESERVOIR _Arecencisasbsurece agcumatonal patoloumthathas been tapped meow the surece. A reser develops overlong riod ier tcktorna tanead organic nateraisaretransormcsinichyafecaoone Teteliaccs ental upward hovghne walerfledroscporesntitne becometaposcbyanor Pormesbia cap rock FORMATION ‘SOURCE ROCK MIGRATION. TRAPPING eee | ‘rosie fnaton ts ttt. | eno Wenvonby, of nd ome we oI Joa tcamecion | Suawaniecccmgicns | melopaiencine Reema olngocrmen | bac forra avzena,RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS THAT CREATE PETROLEUM TRAPS. evolu traps re produced avarety of goloial conditions tha eae reqdariesinthe aubeurace eatawhich cause land Gastoberolaned nasreuslommotuon Seatngapetoeu econo Garr fimpendaus‘ackresratrsphahon Stalansiae fot he on reek Tce re srl Gone 9euren coro wc eo region ae, FOLDING PIERCEMENT | FAULTING | DEPOSITION | EROSION a PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS OF APETROLEUM TRAP | __GASIG PHYSICAL TYPES OF PETROLEUM TRAPS: an RELAY “ough etleun vans wala rey nize orgn oconoms Warchedans} upd ersnators = OY ANARCHED TRAP _[ AN UP-DIP TERMINATION, oe order ora pevoeur ato ‘Azorous, cc ae Syne foe patra poosty nd bor eat ‘wide varlety of aoned or |& wie warety of vole ‘The presence of hyarocar ome tase exer the au | mination shaped aps Ose Br hogy whan impor or dome as are cased Ceusrees taser rae oe ira vary 0 geological con. ove tne ch “Bearing ‘lisa’ including Fong tod | mses nanan open formation peremant SELF-CHECK compere THe FoLtowine sTaTeMENTS: 1. A__isa subsurace accumulation of petroleum that has baen {rapped below he surface 2. Terearetourbasi stagesinthne development ofapetroloum reservoir 1) —— ee or 9) 3) 4. The Three basis physical requirements of petroleum traps are: 1) a ee reser ok, 2) the presence of and Sa ee nove te ol bearing formation 5, The two basic shapes ofa petroleum rapare:t) shaped, and2jan mae terminationRESERVOIR GEOLOGY ‘AN UP-DIP TERMINATION. ‘AN ARCHED TRAP. ‘STRUCTURAL TRAPS ‘ANTICLINAL AND) 7 ‘SALT DOME OR PLUG TRAP DOME TRAP aoBASIC TYPES OF TRAPS STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS Siatoraticrcearfomedsarenutoattarces raring betwoonorwthin saad chav craigs cangootosot iy tom ove Sw apethe Thee area ees Seti ripe secant Sey cnc conn utr Sinn gaeaaca mone aera jety descr below. DISCONFORMITY TRAP ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY TRAP uncontomiy ith praelbedsonappoate tundergo further depecton wihout Puss cmormacete Ebiicccamtactcusaienies | seeranasusmonmmannneriad uraae assert | Renemiemmemerames See epnmcichsathndas | iaenioee emcees ecaeteautn SNe decree en BF ecrenccsemmmtamrere caine BB oem: SELF-CHECK compete tHe routowine auestions on STATEMENTS: — are caused by a variety of geological conalions at erate subauM regular 2. Stucturaltraps are formed by within the ear '5. There arelwo basic variations of avaigraphie aps 1) ‘raps and}, rapa,RESERVOIR GEOLOGY LOO NEAT ~ errno ee cng td at shdlor nse ia fas Seen tapped wa ssbouoce goobgalireway Site tatecnemteeerst maces ‘oyvaryin cation Soph sie naan may yay Reesty ees Unlch nov apricot uence on the resarran on Sono int = PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS _ serogenaousinconposiion a ‘yee! characericsc ne oso T ue Piehnens prc, gernaatity. wher faurton te ypeorrecemon ete Aa he dep no reser has a consiertie Ipat’n te peal carotene, The eee ici eran a ey ‘A SHALLOW RESERVOIR -Atypia shallow ext oserc would have boenen Boece ‘ADEEPER RESERVOIRPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESERVOIR PORE SYSTEM Ina normal reducing reservar the ozone ser ih iret contact wth tre roc mat ‘lores through tne remaningseaen the comected paca Thats the normaicon ‘Bice mein sandrtone and carbonate ee (erred Tha'aknoun ss bon eer et WATER SATURATION. Pers ACh BOK tay siccatinmatncers Bote Erste tree f Seicovseeee Relsvopermeabityietherateottow fone {uid (och vol ough be sare pening ‘nthe sresene o's second tld euch wat Spare fy ato ow Shi expaine wy a wal which ly ee ces iy at come pin produce ‘Pollo bedntoprocucawstorwtntnel as frase dae fe pra waar SEDIMENTARY ROCK RESERVOIRS The wo base pe ol cedimentay rook oservors arr 1) "Shettone and 2 corona resavare ‘SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS (tan gueteating sandstone resents Se Stal ccaas here mane sodmon Hones vane cordlaerabyandiesluoncos ‘bring the rang the ype and manner ‘emmanwion an he ara dao ‘hr merle Sancstones genera ‘5 hors, bt poor veal rrmeae Bivcateot ae res of wnration dng Sovcetion. Thy aio have water mound ‘aug ihepree ‘vary consraby, but ple wate tialoncléoteviadasccsohtrs CARBONATE RESERVOIRS. ore apace detuned 6 ah ‘Soden andthe sceandsy changes that Sear ates Foran goeray ewer in Samerawe iieret piotaammataee form at ons or trek. Asa cu any Epaveceennane tat acer ema uecamcie Piinenevene 1. Most reservoireare ‘and variation 2. Thetotah ‘be of considerable porta 8. Alreaerie rocks have vatiod ‘ease with which uid can flow through he Starck and eservor In composition ae a result of reservoir and its ning Wa reseror ise hich Is @ measure of the v0 basic types of sedimentary rock reservoirs areRESERVOIR GEOLOGY ewolean resents uauly conan (thc fuldorconbiatonocagemprooennaaaton hols presence suctre, quay wetter The peueleu oundwininany recone sconces faves uinbeofhyaocarbans whi aecasatedi0 rae rereer ae cde ot vas om hea wacau et ot contarang itor no Sanaved gas uncer ow reese 0 ‘Sttomels Wht trot commonly caledcondonsaecortarng go amounts ol used ga under hgh esa naan car et parion ibe ornstonw ccouseaty wnt Te base hus ther occurence ales concepts and dst iouion ae ‘Sesenbos nth acon RESERVOIR FLUIDS “Terearetirebasctuidsfoundinaresensiteeeh at whichvaries both congestion quality te. Thethe sare Newde ci, Binaural gos and wate CRUDE OIL, NATURAL GAS WATER, Tuanpaiincieusoratesseomang piongesurentenian | Hamagaterac es | Sin hecsmane Peeeae tS Letecheweeeerneedeciecs maene | Meenscnbataes | eiutnaiean ese ee ecotaaencenacacenG, | ‘eevoyMesnegcae | Thememamac pet Senge sour So ue Nave = gn su content and are | nd nts pen ard | reared win ec seal eee Scapermens | ier hear ae paasrnvease | namTaewc | wneoeaseo | ntestimettewrer | Grn tempat tere ease Suttenenens | fac "ea "oes eomapacezanem: | mospencte coir Seiclercicemeas | Rewntemensros ‘eatger ata ope IMRAN. | Sees uraty eaes | Reson conposnon see ‘THE OCCURRENCE OF FLUIDS IN A RESERVOIR _Aaaigorohgg occurence oli drocarbon he change omattern-espongefotempertureandaressureinareserisprinary Sfingeet fia compostion pressure and temperate Al altar dopendine upon fs molecular ature exten one fhe Sheses 7 soa asia te moisaverstctur ig wh itl alec actly 2) ae bad wh loose common foun ‘SBoicatewls tac natwnenhysrocroonsoscr sei hay compress vory ia Wen they octu'asagns ney ae NON Sire hat sane ol saree evacursreecgmarstemreowor ear nar ea onQicliybe cated ts sssolated r nor ocelsed as doocooa below ASSOCIATED RESERVOIRS NON-ASSOCIATED reser ane inwhichol ancnatral gs ae reduced om the sae ad tes aac eer vlaon wreak ‘SOLUTION TYPE ‘rigac can hive ands closed type charsciered by a dsolved drive. Each are ety dred DISSOLVED DAVE Acorsaeaearneorinoneich naa Ll In closed type rasa, oa usuaty {Baddved nthe oan ony somes out ‘ution wnan tm produceRESERVOIR FLUIDS FLUID DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION WITHIN A RESERVOIR eceieevegnnraydtrbtogvaray win te enc: The ai aura cass an atest dtermineine influences among eter hin how th wel be completa andthe sitexquet ae oi pradscton A ica aston Pan ‘in an assocatod fesewof le thastaied and dencres blow ] acto ofvey of the vrious fade: Typreal te the his ier omi ae ote 0 ott aun Bl ater ‘ude ol and ealtated au Seton theo socenaatio n mast ‘sevcstzanolwaterortacizaneolvayigincinnsswechis pry ed win ou and water en, anger the ental sone he termaton or otlon wate, IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATED TO RESERVOIR FLUIDS Tere aro number important concent that se elated o andor ifivenc he composition and behavior offomation is. They Irloss: pressure temperature gravy emulcicaion, bobbie point and vaca, Pressure | TEMPERATURE | SPECIFIC emutsit- | euBaLerowT | viscosrry GRAVITY ‘CATION Hats = [merece | Seaman [een | Ee Soierrice | ciancimas | Regards: | ireccegne | civic comes | boxed Snaacee Seecemoaau | Rotors | ac rerteee's | ae gs SrAiie ge: | Eiemater, | Ehemmrene | martrorass | somenvemre | smears Semlees | ESoRIes | SNE | aces 1. Petroleum reservoirs usualy contain three fuids: —__, rn salle iio wee basi ypes: ‘ruses, 2, Crude olis clase ruses 8. ATesowair can Wpically be Gassiied as — 4a rd are accumulates in a petroleum ‘eseror, a _“soparalion occurs as aresl of he ference vy fine various figs. inthe specs aes SaaS Sead are imporant concepts tat nfluence the compastion and behavior of frmation fadeRESERVOIR GEOLOGY Most petroleum reservoirs h some form of stored ‘servo the wel wil ay.orhasaninsue altechalques are ‘SOURCES OF NATURAL RESERVOIR ENERGY Natural everay comes from four basic sources of which a combination of Compaction and hyarostatie pressure are the most important. © COMPACTION results rom the welght ofthe overburden rock above and thom to separate by weight and more Ina downward direction. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE "fs the energy supplied by water under PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION OF RESERVOIR DRIVES RaTaogera onoray oresorair dro are gooraly asiedeto oe oftwobasiciypan water ven) WATER DRIVE DEPLETION DRIVES tn an open revert, there is direct contact with an ‘aquier: proving euiicient presauretocrvetneolland nthe reservoir by he expansion of water Into nor in svoirls | pressure, resultngitomtne expansion et any gases win Under hydrostatic pressure, usually has some Kind af | the servo permeable path othe surface, but many are found exter aly witha restrict path or laciang ane entre RESERVOIR DRIVE DETERMINATION itis extremely Important thal the specific types of serve energy (eve) that exit ina reservoir be determined atthe ‘ots! ime. Ths determination a made afer euicent data has been collected about the wel) hats produaing the ‘Specific eaervir The callacted data woul Include 1 Reseroir pressure and rate of decline asthe wel is producod, {The charactaratic of he produced fui he rate of production, andthe total cumulative production ot ol gas and water, aswell as 4 Tne GOR (gas-rtc) and the WOR (watorcil atio. Grea the existence andtype ca natural enetgy ative has been confimed, appropiate decisions can bemade bout how {he wall should be completeg, the Spe and timing of ate It equipment, as wall asthe amount of recoverableRESERVOIR ENERGY EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE PRESSURE PATTERN IN ‘NATURAL FLOWING WELL HAVING A COMBINATION DRIVE A naturally owing well produces because of aferences between preseure inthe reseworr ang the pressure al he suftace The difetenceis refered to jen Resevor lids tend to move rom areas o greater pres. Lower in tho servo to an area of lesser pressure (a the surtacoh The dt PRESSURE feroncosin pressure must be sufisentto 1 move he oilané gestowarsthevwal bore. and2} aise the Muld column up the weber overcoming the weight ofthe {clummealod the hycrostaic hea) tothe surfaca As long as the preseure {gradients mainainea the oll itn ts associated dissolved gas wil continue {0 ‘ow natura. The low path through the reservor wil take place through the zones of greatest permeably as hese zones offer the aea within tereeervir ‘feast resistance info the wolbore. As ols produced tom the zone, he pre ‘Sure wll Gecrease wit acortespanding decine n production nes the HIGHER Sure is Sustained by a natural water drive. Eventually, the natural energy 6 PRESSURE insuffelent totter push he olto tne wellbore, at which time avaity of energy Sources are used to maintain restore or provide energy tothe reser, 80 that ‘Sccumulated oll and gas can be recovered BASIC ENERGY SOURCES TO PRODUCE A RESERVOIR ‘maar ere or avony wensoerongy os rosurar oicanbemreasend tay are Npresaranastarance Naniealitarosveeceas {Dtennancd aco ath nin taal Sopa abe sats sues nel aca aan aces acnph vaccine ny Rees Fade dasa ne wows Voir Ths eneray may com from four basi souress ——I—E—=~-NE a of 2 Natural reserva energy 0° reserok dives aro generally classed into ‘one of wo basic types drive and 8 Itisextromely important zh he spedtic types of resewar energy fexstinaresenol'be at the tine. «4 Araturlly Rowing wal produces because of sitorencas babwesn ‘winin the resenoir andthe atthe surface §5 Techniques that navebeen developedto maintain estore oraven ntlly provide energy toa resent are: nieRESERVOIR GEOLOGY -Aproducton program mustbeestabishedtorthewollbased ‘nthe natural energy condition that extn oF near tNepro- 4 soltion gas driv, 4) gravy dve ana 8) a combination drive. These natural divas may be sufficient to have & ‘aturally flowing wel but the recover efcioney of a resor ‘oir wil vary depending onthe type of ive condition that 1S prosont BASIC TYPES OF DRIVE CONDITIONS WATER DRIVE GAS CAP DRIVE ‘3 | wollore hegasextspressureontnecttobringitotne GRAVITY DRIVE tres trom within the fomaton or rom nearby formation. Datla itmetnods ustbeusedunen thistypadt reser ‘oir eondiion existe Broper penetration low in the fe recover efficiencyNATURAL RESERVOIR DRIVE CONDITIONS COMBINATION DRIVE CONDITION MMLC YY PR ° ° Combination crive condition exists when mora than 3 GOS Acombination sive cond : tion drive reservoirs is generally better than in any ‘ingle dive reserva, RECOVERY EFFICIENCY ‘Therecovery efficiency oF he proportion ofl and gas recovered relative tothe tolaamountcontainedin a veseno, wilvary considerably depending an the type ol dre condition that exists inthe reservolr The recovery eicioncy of ‘ator ave, ga cap dive and solution gas deve are shown, WATER GAS CAP. SOLUTION DRIVE DRIVE GAS DRIVE Recovery efficiency about | Recovery efficiency about | Recovery efficiency about 25% to 50%| 25% to 50% | 15% to 25% SELF-CHECK compete He FoLLowinG QUESTIONS On STATEMENTS: ute found in a reservoirs calles @ ~ “coniton ena when a large aqut io ____conston exists when gas {tapped above an ol zone under an impanious formation. eA cerns ‘Sondtion exets when 1s when the foree of grav insta hal ga of, ‘condition exits when more than one source of wry vats im a formation.| RESERVOIR GEOLOGY water dive reserva is one In which the primary natural producing the ol and gas provided by the ores of wal Pressurebelow the ol accumulation nafomaton driving Eurace trough the wallore The water proseure may come om one oracombinalion of tree basi sourees.)anydrostatic oad, crea bythe diference nthe elevation of portions ofthe reser formation and the ail reson (sometimes refered 2) the ‘expansion of considerable quantities of wateboiow thei zone, which produces energy tomovet raiereleasaaty dail Ing the wellore, and 3 issolvedin the water ‘behind o* Banoaih the alz0n8. The water ave condtlon Ie the most ‘ficient saturalcive condition, with expected recovery rates varying ‘rom 25 0 50% of he orignal olin place BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A WATER DRIVE RESERVOIR ‘Awater drive reservoir (2 Oceu's In formations that have a fairy uniform porosity over @ largearea. ‘¢ Contains large quantiis of water (usually saltwater, whic s con fainedin the surrounding part ofthe same formation, below tho fancier gas accumulation zone within tho serve, '¢ Displeces ol! by water, from which the term "water dev served ‘6 May rout ina naturally owing high pressure wel throughout its ‘entire economic ile if propery produces. However, the degree of ‘tleciveness ofthe water dive of ing upon how active the eves I ‘move forward into the ol saturated zone atthe same rat that theo isprodiced ifthe drveisless active ue to poor comarca Tionbetween the land waterbecause olpemmesbilty.tnerecavery Percentage oot! oh place drops. 1¢ Musibe carefully produce, and attention must be given tt Der glacement ofthe welbore within the oll zone, 0 tha ‘eseachment does nt aceur This conton occurs when tha ror ‘dueng horizon" ie placed too nearthe allwater contact zone, Orin lan arse of varied perms tat resis nthe preferential mow ‘mentof water the wolbore known a ‘rate “breakthrough” WATER DRIVE RESERVOIRS Four geological subsurtace iregularties are often associated with water tive reser: 1) anticline and dome trsp8.2) {al dome traps, 3) aul traps and 4) angular unconformiy rape. Howover, almost all reservoirs nave water associated wath thom, [ANTICLINE & DOME: “SALTDOME ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY Structural antcine raps | Structural salt dome raze | Structural faut ape ‘Stratigraphic angular fresivaiieg subsurtace | are subsutace arches | create upp termination | unconformity traps create lrch-shaped regulates | above and up-dp termina: | shaped resents th Upsdip terminations fhatare commonly filed | tons, along the sige otan | commonty contain ‘Shaped traps that com lw venous acovmule: | Intrusion tat commonly | accumulation zones of | monly contain accumule- ions ofgas oi andior | contain accumulation | gas.olland/orsattwater. | ton zones of gas. il state zones of gas, oll and/or sndvor saltwater satiate 6WATER DRIVE RESERVOIRS LOCATION OF THE AQUIFIER Inve ve ern salle wich ean terse te eee muy ated wan act-hape encore owns te {intr sarareeta nano pewnerganene cues tombul canta eect reteeton oes oust ey EEE ee She ie caren atu cabcmcaan sua Scenes ise aseesate Aare oe EDGE WATER DRIVE RESERVOIR BOTTOMWATER DRIVE RESERVOIR ‘ctraghowonestenngony ‘fematon wintery DEPLETION OF A WATER DRIVE RESERVOIR Teper emo wmr ene rmeoramnraacans TYPICAL PERFORMANCE EARLY STAGE LATER STAGE [a ae mts yocaty ‘Seicernconn percrage icra chinges mea eee theme! Se) THpectreanou may ctevhavengesphaseroiinainacemtine SELF-CHECK cometete me roLtowine Questions on sTareMeNTs: 1. Awater drive reseroiristhe most ecient ____ eve cond ttorynaving expected ecoveryratoso "Too the orginal ol 2. Awelin water drven reservar often reults ina Atecaiiead paar opiiaee ee | 3. Four geological subsurface regularities that are often associated with waterive esonoire are 1) ‘ana 2) Bet ere tree andy 4. An equfers ypical located atthe andor of the accumulated ol zone in a water {Typical perfomance ofa water drven reservoir would consist ofa steady high arRESERVOIR GEOLOGY err is a peroleum resewvol where the primary natural the gas cap to form, sufciant natural as needs to be present within {25% to 50%) Intumallowa more gastocome utofthe solution within Neil eubse- ‘quently creating a larger gas cap. ‘Tne gas cap condtonisthe second most efficent natural ve con tion wihexpectedtevoveryrtesvarying trom 25t050w ofthe orginal olinplace BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A GAS CAP RESERVOIR gas cap reservoir ‘ Tetypealyfoundinaciosedreservoi, andisclesiiedas depletion ‘ypu, * Wi 2220 nperous xmaton ave a ct 388 a0 TE Z e oe ping quantities of foe ga that have migrated above the sturated bilaccumul 1 amore efficient ve than gas in solution as thefree ee ton causing ito fom tinuously asthe welllspro- iced due tote expandon Lf ‘esistotaresiongeasaly towns itedependngupontneszeot EE: * Ihogascap Meghestrthe szectthagancanrlavetothat ofthe pressure for onger peod ol tm. | GAS CAP DRIVE RESERVOIRS: “Three geological subeurace eroguarios that are often associated with gas cap drive reservokrs are 1 anticline ang dome taps, 2) salt dome rapa and 3) fault aps. ANTICLINE ‘SALT DOME FAULT EEE Strvcturalsalt dome and/or plug raps fare eubeurtace archos called dap | aterm fnlcines above and up-lo termina saturaon accumulation. wnore the higher zone oF th fis with foe gasGAS CAP DRIVE RESERVOIRS. DEPLETION PATTERN OF A GAS CAP RESERVOIR Ingas cap crve reservoirs, the ee pass located below thecap rock nan arch shaped reservoir low the cap rockinan Lupcip termination reser, or above the sturatee ol accumulation In etter case, he re as exes pressure rom above, causing the alto move flow toward an areas pressure within the reson (ypcaly the wellbore) The tp ‘al depletion patter ofa gas ap reser illustrated and doscried below, se wel ase performance EARLY STAGE PLUG-DOWN, LATER STAGE TYPICAL, PERFORMANCE Inthe erty stages depie- | As the gas cap expands, | nthe later tages deple- fon, the wel primanly pro: | maybe necessary to lower | tion a8 the ges tens: {ScesciAsthenatualgas | the produsng zone in tne | honzone reaches the tre Inthe cap expands, ol is | reservoir by means of's | whore the prowecins cone lced downward toward | werkver operation some. | cannot be toweres win | ode the wallore where tis | times called aplurdawm. | tneresoncis production | Sve ’ace Poaiced Sead decreases and 935 | ea, poston risen 0 Broduction oreasen Tha | Seateyaee ftsena feautainasamatechange | She inineGOR geccratio an ination thatthe natural | sibecntiatycomscterd tnery is being rapid lect. | Sma an he ma ‘Bitoni ye ere ney “ging 9 1A _____ is apetroleum resorvoie where the primary ‘alralenerayTorproducingite ol andgas'sproducedy the forcecthe of eeeceeery and the accumaton — § Three geological subsurface regulates that are often associated with 985 cap crvereservars are: s raps, —— wapeand tran 4. A908 cap reserve wilfypicaly have a fatty reservoir throughout ts proscing Ife stages of depletion the wo produces 6 inthe ‘and someRESERVOIR GEOLOGY solution gas tive resenirisa petroleum reservoir where the leat effciont ofthe natural ve conditon wth o ted recovery rates varying trom 15 t0 25% of the orginal tin pace BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOLUTION GAS DRIVE RESERVOIR ‘¢ Contains oa that almost aways ha varying amounts of ds- Solved ges that emerges and expends ashe prescurein the reservoir is educa. ‘¢ Has a two-phase low af below the gas satura ne reservoir pressure drops level (known as tho bubbie point Atworphase low means that he wells producing Bothgasandiquig hydrocarbons Itoccurs earesultot ‘988 comingoutofsoitio, forming bubbles wiihinineott ‘hase, which flow along and are produced with the oi Recovery ls more etfctve in high poreaty permeable reservoirs. Tight of low permaabia rock require more ‘Snergy #0 fore the ol toward the pore system. SOLUTION GAS DRIVE RESERVOIRS: 1c lraquantie thatare alten associated with solution gas ive reservoirs are: t)alenstrsp,2) ton tras Three geological sub apinehout and 3} as LENS TRAP ‘APINGH-OUT ‘SOLUTION TRAP, se Oe Statiraphiclenstrapsarelocalareas | A pinchout of lateral graded trap is | solution trap results rom changed Gtoreater porosiy which are cl adit. | created by lateral diferential doposr | permeability caused by the cular ferent porealtythanthe rock that sur- | ton When tha enwronmental depos | ton of water through fmestone. This oundsitinsomecases olistrapped | ton changes upp. may ilwith oi | creates caves called vgs, thal may ‘thin the porous area and dissolved gas. filth oitand desotved gas.SOLUTION GAS DRIVE RESERVOIRS DEPLETION PATTERN OF A SOLUTION GAS DRIVE Insolution ga drive eserves, the dssoWed gas ispereeduithin the accumulated ol throughout the entire reservoir. {As the als produced the pressure inthe vicinity ofthe wetbore begins tall creating a preseure gradient within the ‘eservar The pressure will contiaue to drop uni the ol resches saturation pressure (or the bubble poi as gat stars coming out of Solution When ths happens the gas within the reservoir bapins fo expand and dlapaces the ol EARLY STAGE LATER STAGE TYPICAL PERFORMANCE ‘A soliton ou ve eer NN cate ae sedate mat euro of cr > Soca pec ut way Sar Ts Se ad oor] Rava sce ad atveow teecutysageecteci| Inter sageactdope | Aa produce corsa « wasy ects wk oso entteceurtingasse | Wonresmronacucte | anbucoreearinscrsinatscenr etre Sie Mnioalaree ner | Mpcdison le sanch | tneunette COnvectnenasreretoncrse ut Witencretecs oar | Subrsene'cos tnren | ttpeurs ane Con mecareracmg prams Sacn‘ges Roane | ‘elmore cnsarce | ssbeuieuup ieee toroitesarn ae Sree Seances | Srayctetnlsagee’ | Satataedeees sc tastes We eet ine tmocnt chose | Sobaicn'e GOR seas | seuabeapss ay beets ea tern nse Susser | enter aacinae sesh | Veen chureses stings snes ve soarsebes Cenetuy comatee'is| aniese esareon | muchas Sosa suwengse evtne wspoce Sour tocnoe aes | seanee Stet S SELF-CHECK compere te routowine auesrions on STATEMENTS: rayforproducing the otandgas is provided bythe force of within the accu: fates ot. 2 Troe geological subsurface iregulares that are often associated wih solutlon gas ave reserors are) taps 2), en en aN apa and 3) aps, 2 Inthe final stages of depletion, the amount of gas produced ‘he amount of ow 4 Inthe fina stages of depletion, the GOR _andthon nie linn Sese with resenvolr pressure and productionRESERVOIR GEOLOGY ‘Agralty dive rasenoir isa petroleum reservoir whore the primary natural energy for producing the ol and gas ls pr ‘ucedby the force of gravity within the accumulated ol Ths ‘secre en the angi at the pin an vo eminaton me. The ol under pressure fam the ai accumulated fbovesuticrent to drive the oi toward the wellbore. The ‘ray dive condition can bean efficent natura ave the fngie of inclination considerable andthe point of wellbore penetration le located nea the accumulated oll Expactos Fecoveryratesvarytrom 8 to25%oF or ace. Alew Feserotrshavea compaction crv butmanywellsnaveons ‘or more drive conditions present These are relertod to aS Combination dive reservoirs. Where this occurs, depletion Dereentages usvaly Increase often cramaticaly, Rogad Sesorte ype ote condicothatarepresertinareer AGRAVITY DRIVE RESERVOIR Aggavity deve reservoir isnot a reservoir voi, bul may oecuT a8 a deve in deeper resorans later in their ception + Degencs primary on he foes of avy to enable tte «fs not ysualy associated with wate, ol may be ob- tained from very low poattions within the reserve 1¢ Recovery rates vary considerably with extremely active (rauty cvs under exceptional condons, recovery may ‘of high pressure gas nfo the upper structure, A.COMPACTION DRIVE RESERVOIR cmon div resi @ ‘Iscausedby the ecuction of pressure within theforcosot the reservar’ rock as the resonvok is produced, atowing Increased pressure trom the overburden rock above (0 {Uther compress the reservoir rock 4¢ Rosie n'a small contraction of he volume of find ofthe rsorvor eat A drop ot 1000 PSI i ‘decreases the volume of the ressrvor by 7%. ‘¢ The resulting compaction results in a considerable {olume of ol tobe forced out ofthe sand. In shallower ‘eserves may oven cause a sutface subsidenceGRAVITY AND COMBINATION DRIVE RESERVOIRS ‘A COMBINATION DRIVE RESERVOIR combination drivoresorvorisa petroleum reseroiewhere SEE A LLL, 2 355. Z. pon os o PRESSURE MAINTENANCE In adeition to the natura drives deseribed, an MISCIBLE DRIVE lle mE Ie \ | attempt to maintain the natural servo pressu ‘within tho formation. Typically, the natural energy ina reser may be lest in several ways 1) pro- ‘ducing a reser too rapid, 2) Improper plac ing a producing zone too close to a wateri or ‘gavel contact ine and 3 inthe normal course Producingtne reservoir Inmany casos, pressure loes canbe restored by usin Techniques; one example isthe use of water loos inginawatorrvereserah Eachwillbe described ingreater detail Unt, Section V"Secondary and Enhanced Recovery” SELF-GHECK comevete me rottowina sratemen: 1. lis important ina combination drive reservolrto determine 1) which fare aclve,2} tone and’) what athe best way to Sl anginal lin plsRESERVOIR GEOLOGY ‘Allpetoleum reservoirs are typically assocatodwith subsurface erogularios In stated sadmentary rocks, Thase iregularives form traps where NM” cowwercit ‘rocarbons accumulate However, the mere existonce of hyarocarbons wth porousresenorockdoesnotmesn hattneresenorrsinfactacommercal Fesevot, or proftaieto produce, A commercial resewowr must mee! spec Sets vequlremont: a prope ap, fesewol ocx wih good porosity ane er ~~ meant and must have a sufient accumulation ot hycocarbone under ‘Toquats preseare Many resewore are non commer! Because ot hess ‘ requemonts ACOMMERCIAL RESERVOIR ‘Acommerca servo must have: ‘¢ An impermeable or good trap «The reservoir ‘must have an impervious cap Tock of seal which prevents further migration of he oll and gas from ‘heir entrapment ‘¢ Acceptable porosity and permeability. The rs: ‘ro rock must bo of suielent porosity and per ‘ably so thet the trapped patrleum wil move {rfiow easy through the formation tothe diled \welberts) during production operations, ‘© Alarge accumulation- The resorvoirmusthave a Targe enough accumulation of recoverable tye rocarbane to justify the subsequent exploratory ‘ovelopment and recovery costs to make the poration srottaste, ‘¢ Adequate pressure «The formation should be under adequate pressure, so that once the ‘eserot is penetted the petroleum wil ow to the surface without the noed for arial if aoe. ‘ance, However, many reservoirs are of god com- ‘mercial value even though they do not low Returally as ther foundation Mus ae atficaly ited NON-COMMERCIAL RESERVOIRS ‘Many reservar that are located tum out to be of no commercial value. This occurs as a result of any numberof seme rock have poor permeability which fedvcesthe iow both inquantityand inate, feaulting in an unprottable recovery rate «¢ Pressure probleme. Some sen olrhave lite arn pressure, Some have abnormally high pressureortheylose their Drosture at an unpredictable rte «¢ Viscosty. Anumber ofreseroirshave high viscouscilslmestinthe formol thicktar. Some ofthesereservoi canbe produced using enhanced thermal racover procedures, «Impurities. Some reservoirs con ain fluids wit oo many gases or too much sullur, making them unprofitable o pro duce and teat, 5COMMERCIAL RESERVOIRS, THEIR VOLUME AND DRAINAGE ESTIMATING PRODUCTION FROM A RESERVOIR During intial development a reservoiris penetrated a various point, a anu ‘of wols aro crilog tested end logged. The colected data fe studied and ‘raphically correlated by the operating company’s production department feseroirenginoersin these departments are responeibioor determining tne best ‘way to produce as mucho! heollnplaceas secanomical profitable Among he many fesponsiios to estimate te taal volume othe reservow and predic te potential production. Anough this sa vary complisted process, aru of thumb hasbeen developed ior estimating the potential production, This rule states that for {every one acre foo of resenair(a ono acre oats a one acre area, one fot thick). 2000300 bares of petroleum shouldbe produced Obvious thsie ony rough {estimate andis subject to further study and evaluation of alltne variables and data {associated withthe reservoir. TYPE OF WELL AND DRAINAGE Droduce as much ofthe oll In place as is eco. omicaly proftable Among the many recommen Gatos that they make are whore tho Indivisual wells wil be situated and how they will Be Spaced Typically, 2 Asingleolwollcan be expactedtodrainmostot the recoverable ol rom under about 40 acres frmore of reservoir while 1 Asinate gas wallcan be expected io drain most ofthe recoverable gas from 160 t6 320 acres i ‘ofreservaie 40] Li. 320 ACRES ACRES SELF-CHECK covneremeroxowne sarewenrs: 1. Allpetroteum reservoirs wore croatod ae a result of in strated rock 2. Acommercial servo must ze and thickness of the reservoir is inadequate to hold suicont bons to proftably produce the well wil be of no 4. Kale of thumb has been developed for estimating the potential produc: ‘on; this ute sates that for every ‘20re foot of revere, eum shouldbe produced. esponsiie or determining Way to produce as much ofthe olin acd ass economizaly proftabie. 55A CROSS SECTION OF 0! aps. "ANTIGLINE AND DOME ‘ANTICLINE | DOME Eo a ‘SALT OR IGNEOUS PLUGS FAULT TRAPS ool [$F-}OIL AND GAS FIELD gs STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS Stratigraphic traps are formed by d= postion andjor erosion to an existing formation, folowed by adstonal depo- sion oF changed perteaoiny. Tey flso account for many ofthe ol nc ga fields around the wor There a7e S40 basic types, 1) depostonal and 2) am ‘ular unconformity, "ANGULAR, UNCONFORMITY TRAPS Most angular unconformity reservoirs, whether they are monocines oF ant ‘lines re offen acuociated with water ‘ve conditions, ERODED ANTICLINE ‘ve cont DISCONFORMITY TRAPS ost isconformly reservoirs, whether depositional or of changed permeability, re often associated witha solution gas ton. SAND LENS SHOESTRING TATERAL GRADING DEPOSITIONAL PINGHOUT CHANGED PERMEABILITYTHE LIFE CYCLE ( P ‘The fe cyeea producing fel occurs over {period of many yearsor decades. Themaler DRILLING ACTIVITY == rents and actos tat occur PRIMAR? develop tment ofa producing field are iustrate Se prow ‘Sequonced below and across the EXPLORATION ‘is dlslay Inaction, a number of —— fre cared on concurrent troughout the ‘ fyele, These acthties are identified and Baia s : ‘sequenced inthe central cplay. a 1. EXPLORATION & DISCOVERY 2. DRILLING & DEVELOPMENT ‘3. COMPLETION AND “4, PRODUGING, INITIATION OF PRODUCTION | MONITORING, PROCESSING & MAINTENANCE( PRODUCING FIELD secoNDARY PRODUCTION, ENHANGED ERY, ee ge yy aig CONCURRENT ACTIVITIES. LD. PROCESSING 7, SECONDARY & ENHANCED RECOVERY & DEPLETION & ABANDONMENT,INITIAL REVIEW. Fereesununthe arth haverequtein hofomationet hoo besle post rock Taya} aneounrock which ae formed te cook ‘Guandfercenngt pt scan roctrom utr the ears mane, 2xsimantay ook whscharefomed by he Gepoaon and co ‘usianofsecineriattom er rockeond3) metamerahinrook which eelormagwnenrocaread mexstencoarotransiomedito Pow hinaaol cok Sesmentn rckuhicineaceusandsions mesons solomteandcnae =mosiinsaranl othe patolumindus {ty becmaneptleum stormed fumarate hveugh and Uensay becomes rappedin DEVELOPMENT OF A RESERVOIR urcirabalowtesurtaoe becarsthe rar tow of petroleum nasboen locked now porousrock na anupeapieranaton Pe {eslobercianedinaporaurfomation estnaapetsloun oar Freglrtes they nes lang neeemen fauna, dopesion alors BAS.CTYPES OF TRAPS * Sitimnovortons crate avorityobariare or tran aldstncturatraps Structuraapsarethomestconmen ype of rap found Irandmoniay tok Ther are thee base pee of errs ape anisine and ome Wap, 2) s98 dome Waps na aut + Sttigapnic Traps Seana etre formed eeutol iterences or varatonabetweenorwithin stifedrockiayer Ther ‘ne Bf araigraphic pe") laconformty tape an) angular uneararmty aps mragucumnes “ sent SSS TT en nee cain Re hmperecr FSaeta een ern ere a es TEES tamer mnt prioemt tct eicosapentaenoic iis aes tt cea geeaenacree cetenecs Sescereniufeoremcer teem teeta oom Saree cmos pear tmamcomrenneneor Eeonorennies Serre cern avn er nee ect elope cen cerca ee iSilencr nore oraetsattaeaniscanaryae eae etc eset cenvanaanmetenas maescaeecateae tetra een cieatrcceninmentcemeta iaeatvaes ir teen {SIC TYPES OF DAVE CONDITIONS. {Shovwarvfrebase ys siecenoxcme conditions which inlet) wster drive 2)g98 captive, solutongas ive. drive eaieconanation di conaon Matters condones whena sige amount water under ress ifoundin he sn omaton asthe. Thareare fou ise gels’ suteuface reguarttstnat era commonly sseocates wate dive esorot toy oe tjasicine a some taps 2 st some tape) tuk aps ana 8} angler uncon Was + Gartaporwe ‘Guster apetripunesookwheretnepinan raya! every ore he (apie rere which oT ai Soiuion Gar Ore Seas ete cers a potsieumreseror whaetna primary nara energy fo: producing nec andgastsprovidedby the {cee he aos Secoled with he actumulted 9: The thee bane goon sisaurace frogs that are commonly voi ar!) neous, lonevpe aps an 3] uncon armty taps rotwobasicvaia gas prondodby the force ot starscommontyacsoeateawin pss sy ie Sere te eseros ptleun reson whee the nay straleneayforproducing thecilandgasieteforcotoravty COMMERCIAL RESERVOIRS oo ee ccumiason and aevate possi, THE LFE CYCLE OF A PRODUCING FELD Expiration and iscoery + ot stimulation 1 ing ang seelonant 2 ical iting| 1 Welzempiation 1 Scandia as embances recovery 1 Prodilng maintaining pccessng andiantenance_& Cepotion ans aeandonment| LE ee ena jofthe information inthis secon, revi sntwo-page display again carefully as.an in-depth review. Fae yer arta stint scammer Sot SeesINITIAL INFORMATION MASTERY SELF-CHECK (COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: ‘oman a the ot eee 2 Rervlr can tplcaly be cleseiied as or ‘ipociod recovery rates for a gravity ave reserva vary from origina ln 6 Mostreservoi are ‘25 lateral vert 7. Petoloum rovers usualy conta th 8, There exit sme Incompostionasaresutotvetc! tis ie 1) whieh re 1a. Cruseatisclasshedinotivestese voce a —caraiton existe when the fore of gravy cresessuticlant 15 Troe J sueurace ola equi tat sre common associated with gas cap drive reservoirs, These are; ____ and. ¥ 17, ottloum Taps a7e produces By a variety of gpoiogical condone including: gira ee 8 18, Stctural aps ar formed bythe movement of "hb basic geological subeurlace regulates that are commonly asocites winston gsacevereserare ar ns —————_ ig a petteum resorci where the primary yor producing the oland gasle provided tatorce lhe oceans 21. Tnathyaabasiephyical requirements ofpetroloumtrane rook 2 fracietcg traps ans 2) servi anergy oY eoehoW dives are ganeraly Clases into on OF THO bese pee dene and are 25, Teetidues tha havo boon developed To aii, estore, even intial prov 28, TheratursionerayorfomattonpressureToundinavesonoW scaled, 27. Kowal dive roserow the mast etfcant vo condition, having expected ocovery rates ot atthe erga ol in ince 28, There are. four ‘aslo sages In the evelopment ote petrolsum fesenoie 2 5IN-DEPTH INFORMATION MASTERY (COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS: 1. An example of a bulling force is. __or mountain building, fohore the cus i folded and pushod upward 2, Anexampie of eating down or destructive forces Socmentay focklo termed the endo Sediments rom other roo 4. Troreare three groups! sedimentary rocks csssfiedby the origin atheir Tormation Thy are: t) or tagmentod sediments 2) sediments and 3) sediments eee eS aso called mudstone, i an aust ‘sediment rook 6 IOS sediment occurs as increased amounis of oose particles ‘are freed closer together bythe weight of the accumation above 7, Me tOces SON ga continuous process once hydrocarbons have been ‘enerated and expetlod rom tne cource rock 8 Plercementisthe of ____rock and/or minerals from below, causing he Yok layers above to bend or break, 9, Fauhing is th an ‘frock strata as a result andlor a ot 10. Ananicine oF aoe trap non-porous ‘Satiled arch thal ols ao a bation or — 11, Aust dome or plug traps non-porous rap that is ereated by 1 inruson of sratiied rock ayeairom moten sal or rock 12, k —_—‘rap stormed when the faulted fomatons are ‘rsiopng toward the vertical os ar te vere raps are formed bythe Intrusion of molten ‘ck rom below that soles 2 cooks 14 enn Pea engl ncinalion of pervious rock strata that has been ‘radodandinen covered by rock 15, Ranctrou tap forms when the dbostion changes vera. 46. Soliton rape are caused bythe ol through limestone, esuling nthe erection of cavities caled 17, Ananconiormity fsa surfaos ofnon-depositioned rockthat separates layers rom ‘ones whereas =~ Fewwnere the olde layer is of igneous or sotied maton rock orn 18.8 ___ reservoir would have been crea typical bythe oicing of relatively hick moderately compactedreservirrock ha {ermed a mal accumulation under an anticlinor dome, 19 Thogrester the ange ~~ the reser, the ‘Greater the potential efor large accumulations of oll and gas. 20, Inmary carbonate esenors,-————slarge and is smal 21 ee crudes ave a high sulfur contont and ae generally highly 22 egos are loin sui and are considerably ess corrosive. 28. Shaleorthe phase oloocurencs othydrocaroore mareservolrisprimarly function of hele ‘and 24, Underiying the oibwater contact Zone isthe formation or — 25. The. = __. or saturtionpressure is the pressure below which gas bagins to come out of solutionSELF-CHECK 2, _pressure is the eneray supplied by water under pressure 27. Compaction resulte from the ot tne Tock above and changos a areeut of. 28, Asiongasthe—___ismaintained, tne oi wth is associsted dlssolved gas wil continue fo ow naturally 28, Nalurareserok pressure can be maitainodby the uss of such pressure maintenance procedures as 30. The stored natural energy or dapende on a1 Ts salaced by water rom whic he term water drive ie derive ‘32, Awate drive resorvor must be carefully aroduced and atenton given 0 the proper placement ofthe ‘within the a ane, bo that water does not occur 33. An see Give reservoirs found in anticinal ander ‘dome-shaped esorvars where the reserva Tormation relatively thins felation to accumulsted a within the reserve. 34, As the water contact one res within the reservoir. 35, ina gas cap reservok, natural gas exists in two phases: 1) na eiphase and 2). eee formation above tat acts as a £37. Rhigh produto rate located nea he ga/o Ine may cause SM which e called going to ges, nee ‘hve reservoirs the least ficient bit isthe type most atin encountered. 58, Raton gas drive reservoir alse known as an rive, ‘rive and erive reservar 40, Asolution gas drveresonoirexhausiaquichyin someroservotsandmar rogue eee eeeneet ati in te producing ite anna err, the ol under prossue, fom the oll accumulated above, Is sufficient 10 orve the ol toward the swelbore 2 Te alloservors as they are produced reser can, and often are, the most efile process s active to some degree ‘natural dive condition — 44 Natural prossure loss canbe restored by using ina water dre reservolr or a variation ot i gas cap reservoir. 45, Acommercial reservar must have @ proper (oF seal above, whieh prevents the movement of hydrocarbons to fhe surface 46, Aarne oll well can be expected dain most of he recoverable cfm ‘onder about ‘20708 or more of reser 47. Asinglegas wolcanbeexpectodtedanmastoftnerecoverablegasttom ‘o. ‘109 of reservoir 48. Anumiberofactviiestake place concurrently throughout theltacycie ot producing flag: these activities are fst major actin te te cycle ofa producing felis and 50, Buring the i {yeie of th well, it may roqure sdditional Improve production.4 ‘evmenerane sqrt inst crn ener were Se SS ee ernest ‘Susie vival eew of this ection othe rang progam. ‘Turn on Audio Tape 2, Side 1, and the microfiche reader (orelide projecton and continue where you left off. ‘When you have completed your sel-checks and the audio: ‘iaual review, pleate take the post-test for this section. ‘wen you have completed and scored the post-test, this, Units completed. [Now take the pretest for the next section.