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Lab Report
Lab Report
27 November 2017
Group Members:
Introduction
Imagine you are now going to make a red velvet cake to celebrate in your little sister’s
birthday party. The first thing that you have to do is to follow the steps in the recipe; putting the exact
amount of ingredients needed into the bowl. The ingredients that you need might be 1 cup of
buttermilk, 2 eggs and 1 teaspoon of vanilla extract. The correct balance of ingredients is what makes
food taste good. This is the same when it comes to Chemistry. Chemical reaction resembles when
we’re cooking. It is a chemical change that occurs through the interaction of two or more substances
to form a new substance. The chemical structure of molecules also changes when undergoing
chemical reaction. This is because chemical bond are made or broken apart to create a new molecule
(Chemical Reactions, n.d.). Chemical structure indicates the arrangement of chemical bonds between
atoms in a molecule, as well as the type of bond that formed. For instance, a single line between
atoms points out a single bond. Two lines denotes double bond and three lines represent triple bond.
Moreover, the chemical structure can determine the molecular geometry of the molecule. If there is
six bonding partners in the molecule, it will result as Octahedral structure, achieving all 90º angles
between each atom. In order to perform the chemical reaction, we need to fundamentally comprehend
the chemical equation. Chemical equation is generally the simpler or short form representation of a
chemical reaction. The chemical equation acts like a recipe, telling us which substances are the
reactants, the ingredients, which substances are the products, as well as the how much of each
substance is needed. The left side of the equation is the reactant. The right side is where the product
is. The arrow in the center of the equation separates both side from each other. To exactly know how
much of each substance is involved in the chemical reaction, as well as the relationship among them,
which will be used later on to find the limiting reagent (What Information Does a Chemical Equation
Tell Us?, 2014). We have to balance the chemical reaction in order to satisfy the Law of Conservation
of Mass. The law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. However, it can change forms but
must be conserved. In chemistry, this basically means that in a chemical reaction, the mass of the
products equals the mass of the reactants (Helmenstine, 2017). It occurs when there is the equal
number of the different atoms of elements in the reactant side, comparing to the product side. For
instance, Me4N+I- + I2 → Me4N+I3-, this given equation is already balanced.
When conducting a chemical reaction, it is crucial to know the exact amount of reactants to
form a certain amount of product. Specific mole of reactants will produce specific mole of product.
This helps to maintain the amount of our limited resources. Furthermore, if there is an inadequate
amount of reactants, the process would cease precipitously. To avoid this, we have to primarily find
the limiting reagent. The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely used up in a reaction, and
thus determines when the reaction stops (Shah, 2017). One way this could be done is by calculating
the product that would be produced from each reactant, that is to say, the one producing less product
is the limiting reagent. After the limiting reagent is discerned, the theoretical yield which is the
amount of product that could be produced in a perfect, idealized situation could then be found. The
product in gram formed by the limiting reagent is the theoretical yield. The percent yield can be
obtained when we divide the actual yield; which is the actual amount of product produced in the
chemical reaction, by theoretical yield and multiply them by 100.
The objective of this lab is to observe the formation of crystal through the synthesis of
Tetramethylammonium triiodide (Me4N+I3-) and acknowledge the vitality of mass relationship; certain
amount of product would be produced only under certain circumstances. We also realize the
importance of determining the limiting reagent, excess reagent, calculating theoretical yield as well as
percentage yield in the real chemical reaction. The relationship between mole and mass of reactants,
products and how it affects the theoretical and actual yield.
Experiment
Material:
1. Tetramethylammonium Iodide (𝑁(𝑁𝑁3 )4 𝑁3)
2. Iodine (𝑁2)
3. 95% Ethanol (𝑁2 𝑁5 𝑁𝑁 )
4. Hexane ( 𝑁6 𝑁14 )
Laboratory apparatus:
1. Cylinder
2. 50 mL beaker
3. Lab spatula
4. Weighing paper
5. Stirring rod
6. Hot plate
7. Ice bath
8. Buchner funnel
9. Filter paper
10. Watch glass
11. Electronic Balance
12. Capped Vial
Procedure
1. Add 0.5 g of tetramethylammonium Iodide to a 50 mL beaker, and stir to break up clumps.
2. add 0.5 g of Iodine, and 12 mL of 95% Ethanol to that beaker.
3. In the fumehood, heat the beaker and stir until the substant completely dissolve
4. Heat at lower temperature
5. Remove the beaker from heat plate to room temperature for 10 minutes. The crystal should
form.
6. Place the beaker in the ice bath for 10 minutes to let the crystal grows more.
7. Pour the solution to the buchner funnel through the suction flask. The crystal is left at the
filter paper.
8. Wash the crystal twice with hexane to prevent contamination.
9. Dry the crystal overnight in the fumehood.
10. Collect the crystal
Results
The product of the experiment, tetramethylammonium triiodide (𝑁(𝑁𝑁3 )4 𝑁3 ), is shown
below:
Figure1. Product after filtration Figure2. Product left overnight
The crystals of tetramethylammonium triiodide are countless small rod-shaped flakes. The color is
pure dark purple without any green from contamination. The crystals are shiny when they are placed
under sunlight. The product has an actual yield of 0.92 grams.
Discussion
1. Calculate the number of mole of each compound
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
0.5
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁(𝑁𝑁3 )4 𝑁 = 201.051 𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁(𝑁𝑁3 )4 𝑁 = 0.002486 𝑁𝑁𝑁
0.6
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁2 = 253.808
𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑁2 = 0.002363 𝑁𝑁𝑁
0.5 g of tetramethyl iodine can produce 1.13 g of Tetramethyl Triodine, while 0.6 g of Iodine
consumed in the reaction can produce only 1.07 g. Therefore, Iodine is the limiting reagent in this
reaction.
Suggestion
Some reaction may occur slowly, so, it takes time to make the reaction complete. If the
solution of Tetramethylammonium Triiodide is left in the ice bath longer, the percent yield might be
improved, or the catalyst might be added to shorten the time the reaction need to be completed.
The need to beware when weighing the reactant, the substances are needed to measured
accurately, when the solution is heated, it has to be measured in the exact amount of time, and when
the solution is filtered, it has to be poured through the buchner funnel carefully, so that there is no
crystal pass through the filter paper.
References
Studios, A. R. (n.d.). Chemical Reactions. Retrieved from
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_intro.html
Help, F. H. (2014). What Information Does a Chemical Equation Tell Us? Retrieved from
https://schooltutoring.com/help/what-information-does-a-chemical-equation-tell-us/
Helmenstine, P. A. (n.d.). What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass? Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-conservation-of-mass-law-604412
Limiting Reagent. (2017). Limiting Reagents. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Inorganic_Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Limiting_Reagent
s
Karger, B. L. (2014). Exclusion and clathration. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/separation-and-purification/Exclusion-and-
clathration#ref619631
Difference between precipitation and crystallisation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/39047/difference-between-precipitation-and-
crystallisation
Work log
Abstract Introduction Experiment Result Discussion Conclusion Suggestion References Work log
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