CHAPTER 16 ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE MOTION IN VISCOELASTIC MEDIA 16.1 INTRODUCTION TO ViscoELASTIC MATERIALS We now consider wave motion in non-elastic medéa where the stress is no longer directly proportional to the strain, We will limit the discussion to small deformations and consider only one dimensional problems. The non-elastic behavior will be described as viscoelastic, Viscoelasticity theory attempts to describe material behavior where there is both elastic and viscous responses. Viscoelastic materials exhibit time dependent behavior such as creep and stress relaxation; and in addition, manifest some strain rate and frequency dependence during dynamic loading. For Linear viscoelasticity, which we will be using, the superposition of elastic and viscous responses may be done in two ways: 1. Mechanical Spring-Dashpot Models 2. Wereditary Integral Constitutive Relations Each method produces the stress-strain or constitutive relation . In this brief presentation, we shall only follow the first method. 16.2 MECHANICAL MopeLs The standard Linear elastic spring and Linearly viscous dashpot are represented as B Elastic = 4» WW Spring oy o, n Viscous —— Dashpot oy =H o%16-2 (16.1) Where 0,5 04s gs €q are the applied stress and strain response of the spring and dashpot, E is the spring (elastic) modulus and n is dashpot viscosity. By combining the previous two elements in various ways, many useful compound nodels which approximately describe real material behavior may be constructed. Consider the following two elementary examples: Maxwell Fluid Consider the combination of a spring and dashpot in series. This model ie usually referred to as a Hawell fluid. ‘The stress in each element must be the same, 1.e., (16.2) In addition the total strain ¢ is equal to the sum of the strains of each element, so (6.3) otpoen (16.4) which is the stress-strain response (constitutive relation) for the Maxwell fluid. Note the behavior of a Maxwell fluid:16-3 constant = © & t 3 g a 0 gE wbe constant => o&e s § Kelvin-Voigt Solid Next consider the case of a spring and dashpot connected in parallel. This model is normally called a Kelvin-Voigt solid. The strain in each element is now the same, 1.e., eet eyne + (16.5) The individual stresses now add, so we get GG eee (16.6) Equations (16.1), (16.5) and (16.6) then yield o=Hetne , (16.7) which is the response of the Kelvin-Voigt solid. For this model, 0 = 0) 7 % ~EBe L constant > c=" (L-e Relations (16.4) and (16.7) are differential relations among the stress and strain, and this is typical of viscoelastic behavior. More complicated models are built-up and analyzed in a similar manner.16-4 16-3 LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN ViscogLasTic Rops Consider now one-dimensional elementary longitudinal wave motion down a viscoelastic rod. Recall from Newton's Law we had, equation (3.3), i.e, 0, ae ae) This result is valid regardless of the constitutive model used. Using (16.4) with & as to eliminate the displacement in the above equation, we get 8 2, as (16.8) where, ¢, Consider a semi-infinite rod with the following initial and boundary conditions a(x,0) = 0 &(x,0) = 0 (16.9) 4(0,t) = VH(t) o@,t)=0 Taking the Laplace transform of (16,8) with respect to time gives . (16.10) where we have used the fact of zero initial conditions, (16.9), 9. The bounded solution of (16.10) satisfying (16.9) 4 is Stes) = Aex CEs 4+ Es), (16.11) 0 where A is an arbitrary constant.Now from the governing equation (3.3) and (16.9), we get (Os dx wv. (46.12) Combining (16.11) and (16.12) gives the constant A to be > (16.14) where Ip is the modified Bessel function of order zero. Note for the elastic case, n + © and the solution is 0) (x,t) = -Upegi(e - : (16.15) Introducing the notation 8 = = and 1 = S , equation (16.14) becomes 0 er yg AB. (16.16) ° A graphical plot of this result is shown in the following two figures. ortresereew i we ew * EH, Lee.and L, Kanter, Wave propagation in finite rods of viscoelastic mater V. 249 (1953). 5 J. Appl. Phys.s 16-5Kelvin-Voigt Solid Equations (3.3) and (16.7) yield Again consider the semi-infinite rod problem with 4(0,t) = VH(t) u(x,0) = 0 Gx,0) = 0 u(t) = 0 ‘Taking the Laplace transform of (16.17) gives a vu ax” qa ‘The bounded solution to (16,19) is ‘U(x,s) = A exp (16.17) (16.18) (16.19) (16.20) 16-616-7 Where again A is a constant. Applying the transformed boundary condition (16-18),, t.e., w(0,8) =>, 8 implies that Hence (16.20) becomes Was) = % exp & (16.21) s eg tie ‘The inverse transform of (16,21) gives the solution 1 32 uGest) = V5 Se Ty(veleE] gz exp Fe - 0 (16.22) +510 erteGiz - fi) - e8 erte GET DI hdedt where erfe( ) is the complementary error function defined by 2° erfe(z) = Bl, & and