

‫א‬‫א‬

EF

١٦٢
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

??EF‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K J–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ JK
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
International ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ESIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬System Of Units"
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KESIF‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    EF‫א‬‫א‬
    
 

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
  L m L L Length  ‫א‬ ١
  M Kg M m Mass  ‫א‬ ٢
  T Sec. T T Time  ‫א‬ ٣
            W‫א‬‫ א‬W 
  L2
  2
m A=L.L A Area  ‫א‬ ١
  L3 m3 V=A.L V Volume  ‫א‬ ٢
  M/L3 Kg/m3  ρ = m / V ρ Density  ‫א‬ ٣
  L/T m/sec  ψ = L / T ψ Velocity  ‫א‬ ٤
  L/T2 m/sec2 a= ψ/T a Acceleration  ‫א‬ ٥
  (M.L)/T2 N F=m.a F Force  ‫א‬ ٦
  (M.L)/T2 N W=m.g W Weight  ‫א‬ ٧
  M/(T2.L2) N/m3   γ = ρ . g γ Specific Weight  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٨
  M/(T2.L) N/m2 P = F / A = .h P Pressure  ‫א‬ ٩

 
(M.L2)/T2 J E=F.L E Energy (Work ) E‫א‬F‫ א‬١٠
(M.L2)/T3 W IP = E / T IP Power  ‫א‬ ١١
 
L3/T m3/sec Q=V/T=v.A Q Flow Rate  ‫א‬ ١٢
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
m
   60 mile 
sec hr
 W‫א‬
1ft = 0.3048m ,1mile = 5280ft ,1hr =3600sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
m
0.3084 × =1
ft
ft
5280 × =1
mile
sec
3600 × =1
hr
 
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
ft ⎞⎛ 1 hr ⎞ (60)(0.3048)(5280 ) ⎛ m ⎞
  ⎛⎜ 60 mile ⎞⎟ = ⎛⎜ 60 mile ⎞⎟⎛⎜⎜ 0.3048 m ⎞⎟⎟⎛⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ ⎟= ⎜
⎛ m ⎞
⎟ = 26.8⎜ ⎟
⎝ hr ⎠ ⎝ hr ⎠⎝ ft ⎠⎝ miles ⎠⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ 3600 ⎝ sec ⎠ ⎝ sec ⎠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬SI ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1m = 10 km = 10 Mm = 10 Gm = 10 cm = 10 mm = 10 µm
−3 −6 −9 2 3 6

1in = 2.5cm = 25mm

1 ft = 12in
•
1h = 60 min = 3600 sec
1m 3 = 1000 L
m
g = 9.8
sec 2
 
 W‫א‬
4in 2.5cm 10mm ⎤ ⎛ 4 × 2.5 ×10 ⎞
• 4 in = ……………... mm → ⎡⎢ × × =⎜ ⎟mm = 100mm ⇒ 4in = 100mm
⎣ 1 1in 1cm ⎥⎦ ⎝ 1×1×1 ⎠
⎡10m 100cm 1in ⎤ ⎛ 10 × 100 ×1 ⎞
• 10 m = ……….…… in →⎢ × × =⎜ ⎟in = 400in ⇒ 10m = 400in
⎣ 1 1m 2.5cm ⎥⎦ ⎝ 1× 1× 2.5 ⎠
• 10 mm = ……….…… µm
⎡10mm 1m 1µm ⎤ ⎛ 10 × 1× 1 ⎞ 10
→⎢ × 3 × −6 ⎥ = ⎜ −6 ⎟
µm = −3 µm = 10 +1+3 = 10 + 4 µm ⇒ 10mm = 10000 µm
⎣ 1 10 mm 10 m ⎦ ⎝ 1× 10 × 10 ⎠
3
10
• 1000 µm = ……….…… mm
⎡1000µm 10 −6 m 10 3 mm ⎤ ⎛ 1000 ×10 −6 ×10 3 ⎞
→⎢ × × ⎥ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟mm = 10 +3−6+3 = 10 0 mm = 1mm ⇒ 1000µm = 1mm
⎣ 1 1µm 1m ⎦ ⎝ 1× 1× 1 ⎠
 W‫א‬
• 10 in/sec = ……………... mm/min
⎡10in 2.5cm 10mm 60 sec ⎤ ⎛ 10 × 2.5 ×10 × 60 ⎞ mm mm in mm
→⎢ × × × ⎥ =⎜ ⎟ = 15000 ⇒ 10 = 15000
⎣1sec 1in 1cm 1min ⎦ ⎝ 1× 1× 1× 1 ⎠ min min sec min
• 120 km/h = ……………... m/sec
⎡120km 10 3 m 1h 1 min ⎤ ⎛ 120 × 10 3 × 1× 1 ⎞ m m km m
→⎢ × × × ⎥ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 33.3 ⇒ 120 = 33.3
⎣ 1h 1km 60 min 60 sec ⎦ ⎝ 1× 1× 60 × 60 ⎠ sec sec h sec

 W‫א‬
• 10 m/sec = ……………... in/min
2 2

⎡ 10m 100cm 1in 60 2 sec 2 ⎤ ⎛ 10 × 100 × 1× 60 2 ⎞ in in m in

→⎢ × × × 2 ⎥
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1440000 ⇒ 10 2 = 144 × 10 4
⎣1sec 2
1m 2. 5cm 12
min ⎦ ⎝ 1 × 1 × 2.5 × 12
⎠ min 2
min 2
sec min 2

 W‫א‬
• 45L = ……………... mm3
⎡ 45L 1m 3 1000 3 mm 3 ⎤ ⎛ 45 × 1 × 1000 3 ⎞ ⎛ 45 × 10 9 ⎞
→⎢ × 3 × ⎥ = ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ mm 3
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟mm 3 = 45 × 10 6 mm 3 ⇒ 45L = 45 × 10 6 mm 3
1m 3 ⎦ ⎝ 1 × 10 × 1 ⎠
3 3
⎣ 1 10 L ⎝ 10 ⎠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
EL F  (1m) ‫א‬‫א‬ •
EMF  (1kg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
E TF  (1sec)‫א‬‫א‬ •
 (1k)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Em3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K(m/sec)‫א‬‫א‬ W‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(N)Newton ‫א‬W‫• א‬
K(m/sec2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
‫א‬
K(N/m2)L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K(kg/m3)L‫א‬
Km3/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
K(J) ‫א‬(N.m)K‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K(Watt,W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫• א‬
K‫• א‬
K‫• א‬
-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 KESI‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬1 Kpa E1 Kg F
 W 
 ‫א‬ × ‫א‬Z‫א‬
a . m = F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬Z‫א‬
g . m = F

m kg.m
  1KPa = 1Kg × 9.8 = 9 .81
sec 2 sec 2
 KF‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESI‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1m/s2‫א‬ 1 Kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬
 
m Kg .m
1N = 1Kg × 1 = 1
  s2 s2

  1KP = 9.81N 
  1KPa ≈ 10 N = 1daN ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
PZ‫א‬
 
FZ‫א‬
P=F
A  AZ‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
KP/cm2‫א‬،‫א‬
1KP/cm2 = 1atmE‫א‬F

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1bar = 10 N/cm2 = 1 daN/cm2

1 bar = 1.02 Kpa/cm2

1KPa/cm2 = 0.98 bar

‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬،ESI ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،m2
 
1Pa = 1 N/m2
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1 bar = 100000 Pa
 
 W‫א‬EFpsi‫א‬
 
 1 bar = 14.5 psi
 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١ ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬bar‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   
10-1 d deci  10 de deca
10-2 c  centi 102 h 
 hecto
10-3 m  milli 103 k kilo
10-6 u  106 M 
micro mega
-9 9
10 n  nano  10 G giga

10-12 p pico 1012 T  tera‫א‬

 

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

1
 F = ma
gc
‫א‬‫א‬gc‫א‬a‫א‬m ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬si‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1 m
  1Newton = × 1kg × 1 2
gc sec
kgm
gc = 1 W
Newton × sec 2
W‫א‬‫א‬
1 ft
1Ib f = × 1Ibm × g
gc sec 2
 
ft.Ibm
‫א‬  32.174 ‫א‬‫א‬(gc)‫א‬‫א‬
Ib f sec 2
K‫א‬si‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Btu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wsi‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1 Btu =1054.35 J(or N.m)
 
 W(SI System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

kg‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KN
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ •
J‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬،W‫א‬N.m‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 Kw‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،400 kj‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
KJ
Power , P = 2 × 400
hr
 
⎛ KJ ⎞⎛ 1000 J ⎞⎛ hr ⎞ J
P = ⎜ 800 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 222.2 = 222.2W
⎝ hr ⎠⎝ KJ ⎠⎝ 3600 sec ⎠ sec
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E1 = 4000 J
 E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m
 
 KBtu KJ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
⎛ KJ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞⎛ 3600 sec ⎞⎛ kj ⎞ ⎛ KJ ⎞
∑ E = (4000 J )⎜⎝ 1000 J ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝10 sec hr ⎟⎠⎜⎝ ⎟⎟ + (20 KN .m )⎜
J
⎟⎜⎜ ⎟
hr ⎠⎝ 1000 j ⎠ ⎝ KN .m ⎠

  ∑ E = 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 KJ

⎛ 1Btu ⎞
∑ E = (60KJ )⎜⎝ 1.055KJ ⎟⎠ = 56.87 Btu

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
Density: ρ ‫א‬L١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
kg
 ρ = m Z‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
V m3

 20CO ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000 kg/m4c‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F1.2kg/m‫א‬،
 
Specific Weight : γ ‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 γ = W N
Z‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
V m3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  γ = ρ × g = mg Z‫א‬‫א‬ × ‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
V

 Specific Volume Wv‫א‬‫א‬L٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
 
V 1 m3
 v = = Z‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
m ρ kg

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

SpecificGravityWSG‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 (4C0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρf
  SG = Z‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
ρw
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 
   p × ν = m × R × T ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
p
  ρ= W‫א‬
RT
 
 W
  p = N m 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
  R( R = 287 J kg K ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T(K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ = kg m 3 ‫א‬
 WE١ J٢F
 K6.3m‫א‬،4m‫א‬2cm‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،9772kg‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
kg
 ρ = m
V m3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  m = 9772kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V = π d 2 × h
4
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zh،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Zd
 
  V = π × 2 2 × 3.6 = 11.31m 3
4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
m 9772 kg
ρ= = = 864 3
V 11.31 m

 
 E٢ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،6750 kg‫א‬،1000kg/m‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
H‫א‬W‫א‬L ‫א‬
 
‫א‬FW‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F2W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 WV‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
  V = l × w × h = 2w × w × w = 2w
3

 
m
 ρ =
V
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
6750
  1000 =
2w 3
 
6750
 w = = 3.375
3

2000
 
 
  w = 3.375 = 1.5m
3

 
 ∴ l = 2 × w = 2 × 1.5 = 3.0m
 
 ∴ h = w = 1.5m
 
 E٣ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1.6k‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 (0.001m3)1000cm3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
m 1 .6 kg
 ρf = = = 800 3
V 2 × 0.001 m
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ρf 800
  SG f = = = 0.8
ρw 1000
 WViscosity‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E١٢F
 
‫א‬ EE١٢FF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬y‫א‬‫א‬U
 KF‫א‬

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬Shear StressF‫א‬
 W‫א‬  τ w 
 
F
  τ w = ‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬
A
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
du
   τ wα 
dY
 W
 
 τ w = µ du Z‫א‬
dy

  ‫א‬‫א‬ µ 

،‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
τw ⎛ N . sec ⎞
  µ = ⎜ ⎟ Z‫א‬‫א‬
⎛⎜ du ⎞⎟ ⎝ m 2 ⎠
⎝ dy ⎠
 
N . sec
µ= = Pa.Sec E‫א‬FEKFEKF‫א‬‫א‬
m2
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cinematic Viscosity

  γ = µ ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ Z‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ 2
⎞
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
 
m2
  K ‫א‬
sec
- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 KE٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢F‫א‬E‫א‬٣٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E J٣ J٢F
 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E J٣ J٢F
 
- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٤ J٢F
1
‫א‬1 du = 100  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
dY sec
 K10-3 pa.sec‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
du
τ = µ×
dy
 
∴τ = 10 −3 × 100 = 0.1Pa

- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.2m³ ‫א‬0.15m³‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.12m3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.15kg/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
15002750‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬997
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1001/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 .0.001 pa.sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬0.85‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 2.87×10¯³ N sec/ m²
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
40C0‫א‬5.00×10¯4 N sec/ m²
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 ρ = m = 1
V v
 W‫א‬‫א‬
1
 v = V =
m ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  m = ρ ×V
 W‫א‬‫א‬
mg= 2750×0.12 =330 kg
 
W‫א‬
 ms= 1500×0.15 = 225 kg
 
 W‫א‬
mw = 997×0.2 = 199.4 kg
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ma= 1.15×0.53 = 0.61 kg
 
 
 Wm total‫א‬‫א‬

 m total = 755 kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
mtotal 755
  ρtotal = = = 755 kg 3
Vtotal 1 m
 
- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vtotal 1 3
  vtotal = = = 0.001325 m
kg
mtotal 755
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JE‫א‬
du
  τ = µ ×
dy
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ du ‫א‬ µ ‫א‬τ 
dy
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
τ = 0.001×100 = 0.1 Pa
 
  γ = µ ⎜⎜ m ⎟⎟ Z‫א‬‫א‬  JE
⎛ 2
⎞
ρ ⎝ sec ⎠
 
Kg
  ρ = 0.85 × 1000 = 850
m3
 
µ 2.87 × 10−3 −6 ⎛ m ⎞
2
 γ = = = 3.3 × 10 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
ρ 850 ⎝ sec ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E J٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬40C0‫א‬‫א‬5.00×10¯4 N sec/ m²
‫א‬ Benzene

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ o
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 pressure‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
F⎛ N ⎞
P= ⎜ ⎟
A ⎝ m2 ⎠
 
⎛ N ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ = Pascal (Pa )
⎝m ⎠
 
 W
  P = ( pa) ‫א‬‫א‬
  F = (N )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A = (m 2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
( )
  1 pa = 1 N m 2 
  
  1bar = 100000 N ( m ) = 100kpa
2

 E١_٣F
K١٣1kN5mmEpistonF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

π
  A = d 2 
4
F
P=
A
1000
∴P =
π
  4
× 50 2 × 10 − 6

KN
P = 509
m2
P = 509 KPa = 5.09bar

 
 ١_٣١_٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
EbF‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٣FEdF‫א‬‫א‬EcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 WPressure Head‫א‬EF
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬٣٣

E ρ FE٣ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EmF ‫א‬EFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EgF‫א‬
 
 P = ρ × g×h
  ∆p = ρ × g × (∆h )
h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٢٣F
،‫א‬450cm250cm 300cm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000Kg/m2 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٢٣F‫א‬E٤٣F
  F = m× g
F = (ρ × V ) × g
F = ρ × (A × h)× g
kg m
F = 1000 3
× 0.25m × 0.30m × 0.45m × 9.81 2
m sec
  F = 331N
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
331
 p = F =
N
= 4400 2 
A 0.30 × 0.25 m

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = ρ × g×h
kg m
P = 1000 3
× 9.81 2 × 0.45m
m sec

N KN
P = 4400 2
= 4.4 2 = 4.40 Kpa
m m

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٣٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬200m300mB  A
  1023 kg3 ‫א‬
m


 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A ‫א‬
  PA = ρ × g × h A
  PA = 1023 × 9.81 × 300
  PA = 3.011 × 10 6 Pa
  B‫א‬‫א‬
  PB = ρ × g × hB
  PB = 1023 × 9.81 × 200
  PB = 2.007 × 10 6 Pa
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  PA − PB = 3.011 × 10 6 − 2.007 × 10 6 = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆p = PA − PB = ρ × g × ∆h
PA-PB = 1023 × 9.81 × (300 − 200) = 1.004 × 10 6 Pa
 WE٤٣F
 W(101.325kN/m2F‫א‬‫א‬
K1000kg/m3 •
K13.6‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،E13.6F‫א‬‫א‬،E1000kg/m3F ‫א‬،E101.325kn/m2F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE9.81m/sec2F‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
P=ρ×g×h
 
101.325 × 100000 N
hH 2o =
P
= m2
ρH o × g
2 1000 kg
m 3 × 9.81 m
sec 2
∴ hH 2 o = 10.33m 
 
 K10.33 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ρ Hg = ρ Hg × 13.6

ρ Hg = 1000 × 13.6 kg
m3

W‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   
 
101.325 × 100000 N
hHg = m2

⎝ m3 ⎠
(
⎛⎜13.6 × 1000 kg ⎞⎟ 9.81 m
sec 2
)
 
hHg = 0.76 m

10.33 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.76 m‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬101.3 kN/m2 1.013 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EStandardF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 E٥٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.61m 3.66m‫א‬‫א‬
 ،٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1000kg/m3‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K101.3kN/m2W‫א‬‫א‬ , 917kg/m3W‫א‬
- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٥٣F‫א‬E٥٣F
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬E٥ ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P1
P2 = P0 + P2g h2
P2= (101.3 X 1000 N/m2) + (917 kg/m3) . (9.8 m/sec2).(3.05m)
= 128737 N/m2.
 W‫א‬‫א‬P1‫א‬‫א‬
P1 = P2+ P1gh1
P1 = 128737N/m +(1000 kg/m3).(9.81 m/sec2).(0.61m)
2

=134721.1 N/m2
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
P1(gauge) = P1 - P0(atm)
= 134721.1-101.3 × 1000
= 33421.1N/m2
3.34 kN/m2‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 EPressure MeasurementF‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 EThe BarometerF‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬E٦٣F
 
‫א‬E٦ ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ρ ‫א‬‫א‬ h‫א‬
 W 
 P = ρ × g× h

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.013 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
1.013 × 100000 = 1000 × 9.81 × h
 
1.013 × 100000
  = 10.326m h=
1000 × 9.81
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10.326m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬13.6‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1.013 × 100000 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

1.013 × 100000
= 0.76m = 760 mm = 0.76 m ∴h =
13600 × 9.81
 
 KE760 mm HgF‫א‬760mm‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  :EThe Manometers )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E٧ ٣F ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬U
 
 KE٧٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KC‫א‬B
 Kh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬
 
 PB = PC = P0 + ρHg g h
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧٣F
 

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 Differential Manometer ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEhF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٨٣F‫א‬K
 KC‫א‬D‫א‬
 Z‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P2‫א‬D‫א‬
 KEZ + hF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P1‫א‬C‫א‬
 
 P1+(h+Z)ρAg =P2+ρBgh+ρAgZ

P1+ P2= ρBhg +ρAgZ - ρAgZ - ρAgh


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨٣F
 P1 – P2 = (ρB - ρA)gh
 
A‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬A‫א‬
 
 P1-P 2= ρB × g × h

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 Inclined ManometerW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬XX Sinθ h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٩٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ‫א‬
 
 P1- P2 = ρg X Sinθ

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩٣F
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ρ‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬ ‫א‬P‫א‬
 Kg‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P = h . ρ .g

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٣F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٠٣F
P1 = P2 = P 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EA1 = A2 = A3F‫א‬
 KEF1 = F2 = F3F
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
،E١١ ٣FAF 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬P 
 K‫א‬
 
 
F
 P =
A

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١١٣F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
،K  ‫א‬‫א‬  K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ‫א‬10 m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K bar
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١٢٣F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١٢٣F

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ١٢ ٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬E١٢٣F
 
 W،P A1  ‫א‬‫א‬F1‫א‬
F1
  P =
A1
F2‫א‬KA2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
F2 = P. A2
  F1 = F2
A1 A2
 W
F2 A2
=
F1 A1

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K
 ،A1 ‫א‬F1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،EA2‫א‬FF2‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
 W
    ‫א‬‫א‬
 
S1 A2
  =
S2 A1
 
 W، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W1 = F1 × S1
W2 = F2 × S2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٣F
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ ٣F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KF1‫א‬‫א‬،A1‫א‬P1 
 W‫א‬‫א‬KA2‫א‬P2‫א‬‫א‬
 
F1 = F2 = F
  P1 . A1 = F1W
P2 . A2 = F2
  P1 . A1 = P2 . A2 W
 W 
P1 A2
 P = A
2 1

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٣F‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤ ٣F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K o

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
 KE١٥٣F‫א‬‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٣F
 
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F •
KE‫א‬‫א‬F •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   K E‫א‬ ‫א‬  F ‫א‬‫א‬  E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٣F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦٣F
 

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E١٧٣F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧٣F
 
D‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kd‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K b,a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KP1‫א‬F1  d‫א‬‫א‬،Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a
F
  1 = Q ×
b
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q
 WF1 ‫א‬‫א‬P1‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

F F 4× F
  P1 = A = ⎛ π 2 ⎞ = π × d 2
1 1 1

1
⎜ d ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
 
 P1 = P2 = P

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
π × D2 4 × F1 × π × D 2 a D2
F2 = P1 A2 = P1 = =Q
4 4×π × d2 b d2
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
a D2
  F2 = ξ × Q × b d 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ξ 
 
 
  0.85 ≥ ξ ≥ 0.80

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨٣F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٣F
 
- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١٣F

- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣٣F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤٣F

- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥٣F

- ٥٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬, 7.5cm‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬6000N
 7.5 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 ‫؟‬1 Mpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1206 kg/m³ 
 K95 kpa E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬150 kpa‫א‬ EF
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K999kg/m³ ‫א‬.101.325 kpa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K10³kg/m³750 kg/m³ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬2m‫א‬3m‫א‬‫א‬
 K1bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 N‫א‬F ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 P = F
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬
π π
A = π × r2 = × (0.075) = 0.004418m 2
2
D2 =
4 4
 
6000
∴P = = 135808 Pa ≈ 1358 KPa
0.004418

- ٥٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 EF
 
 
 
 
7.5 m
  Oil

 
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = Ptop + POil = Ptop + ( ρ × g × h)Oil
 
P = 1000000 + (1206 × 9.81 × 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 KPa
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p 
 
 EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P\ bs = Pg + Patm = 150 + 95 = 245KPa
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P = ρ×g×h
  101.325 = 999 × 9.81 × h
101.325 × 103
∴h = = 10.34m
999 × 9.81
 
 E13600 kg/m³‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

p = ρ×g×h
 
101.325 × 103 = 13600 × 9.81 × h

 h = 0.76 m = 76 cm
 K٧٦١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pgage = POil + PW
  Pgage = (2 × 750) + (3 × 1000) = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pt = Pgage + Patm
Pgage = 4500 Pa = 4.5kPa
 
Patm = 1bar = 100000 Pa = 100kPa
∴ Pt = 4.5 + 100 = 104.5kPa
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬FF1‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(0.33m)(100 N) – (0.03m) F1 = 0

0.33m × 100 N
F1 = = 1100 N
0.03m

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

F2 A2
=
F1 A1

P1 = P2 = P = F1/A1 =F2/A2

F1= P1A1= 1100 N

P1 = 1100/A1

1100 1100 N
  P1 = A = π 2 = 6.22 × 10 m 2
6

1 d
4
 
 P1= P2

F2 = P1 A2

N π
× × (0.05m ) = 12.22kN
2
F2 = 6.22 × 10 6 2
m 4

- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ o
 J‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ o
 JE
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Types of Fluid Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬EParticlesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤FE Laminar FlowF‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤FETurbulent FlowF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F   ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

WFluids in Motion‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،Steady Uniform Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬EConvergentF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٤F
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ ٤F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KESteady Non-Uniform FlowF‫א‬‫א‬
 


  
 E٢٤F   E‫א‬٢٤F
 
 Rate of Flow‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ ٤F‫א‬
 KQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F
 

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q
.
A= ×ν
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z Q ،‫א‬ZA،‫א‬Zν
.

 m3/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
  m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ × ‫א‬Z‫∴ א‬
 
 ∴ m = V × ρ
 
⋅
 Q = ρ ×
.
m

 
 
 ‫א‬. 0.6 m/sec 15mm‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q A = ν
.
×

.
 π = Q (0.015)2X0.6 = 106.02X10-6 m3/sec
4
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ ⋅
 Q = ρ × m
 
⋅
  = 1000 × (106.02×10-6) = 0.106 kg/sec m

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

Continuity EquationE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
⋅
m = ρ1 × A1 × ν1 = ρ2 × A2 ×ν2
 
Continuity EquationE‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLaw of Conservation of Mass‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ρ1 = ρ2 = ρ
 W
 A1 × ν1 = A2 × ν2
 
⋅ ⋅
∴Q = Q
1 2
 W
 EConverging PipeF 
E٤ ٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،0.15m‫א‬0.46m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0.3m3‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٤٤F
 
- ٦٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
.
  Q A 1 = × ν1
 KE٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅

ν1Z
Q

A1
 
 WA1‫א‬‫א‬
 (0.462) = 166.19×10-3 m2 π = d12 π A1 =
4 4
0.3
∴ν1 = = 1.8 m/sec
1.66019 × 10 −3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
0.3
 ν2Z Q
17m/sec ≅ = 16.98
A2 π
4 (
0.15 2 )=
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A1× ν1 = A2 × ν2

A ×ν π
× d12 ×ν 1
 ∴ν2 = 1 1 = 4
A2 π
4
× d 22
 
 
× 0.462 × 1.8
π

∴ν2 = π
4
= 16.93 m
× 0.15 2 sec
4

 
 

- ٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
kg
5cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬998 /m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬3.75cm ‫א‬7.5cm
 W‫א‬،E٥٤F‫א‬0.15 m3/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 

 
 ‫א‬E٥٤F
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
= ρ×Α1×ν1 m1
 
⋅ ⋅
m1 = ρ × Q
 
⋅

⎝ ⎠
(
 ∴ m1 = ⎛⎜ 998 kg m3 ⎞⎟ 0.015 m
3

sec
)
 
⋅
 ∴ m1 = 14.970 kg sec
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
.
⋅ ⋅
  m1 = 2 × m3
 
⋅ ⋅
 ∴ m 3 = × m 1 1
2

 
⋅
  m3 = 12 × 14.97 = 7.485 kg sec
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KA1‫א‬
  A =1 × d12 = π4 × (0.05) 2 = 0.001963m 2
π
4
 
⋅
Q1 = A1 ×ν 1

 ν 1 = Q1
A1

3
0.015 m
V1 = sec = 7.6 m
0.001963m 2 sec
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A3‫א‬
 
π 2 π
A3 = ×d3 = × (0.0375) 2 = 0.001104m 2
4 4
  ⋅
m 3
Q 3 0.0075 sec
ν3 = = = 6.76 m
sec
A3 0.001104m 2
 

- ٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 : Energy of a Liquid in Motion‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬، 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
"the capacity to do ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 .work"
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Potential EnergyW‫א‬
 
Datum Z m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦٤F‫א‬Line
 
⎛ m ⎞
 Potential Energy = ‫א‬ m × g × Z ⎜ kg × 2
× m⎟ =
⎝ sec ⎠
 
‫א‬،?J?‫א‬‫א‬ ''Joule'' ?‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬m ‫א‬E٦٤F
⎛ J ⎞
  g × z⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Potential Energy per Unit Mass =
⎝ kg ⎠
 
 Pressure Energy W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ P) × (A ‫א‬
 W،Q‫א‬
⋅
  Q = A ×ν
⋅

KE F V = Q ‫א‬P) × (A‫א‬

 
A
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ework)‫א‬
Work = Force × Distance

 Work = p×A×ν
 
⋅
Q
work = p × A ×
A
 
⋅
work = p × Q

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

⋅
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m ‫א‬‫א‬
. .
 m = ρ ×Q
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
p×Q p⎛J ⎞
work done per unit mass = = ⎜ ⎟
ρ ×Q
⋅
ρ ⎝ kg ⎠

 
  J kg ،‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎛ p⎞
  ⎜⎜ ρ ⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
⎝ ⎠
 
p
=
 Pressure Energy= ‫א‬ ρ

 
 Kinetic EnergyW‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،ν m‫א‬‫א‬
 KE½ ×m×ν2 FE‫א‬F
 W
 
Kinetic Energy = ½× m × ν2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2⎛ J ⎞
  Kinetic Energy Per Unit MassZ ×ν ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1
2
⎝ kg ⎠
 
- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

،
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬
 ‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p
  g×z+ + 12 ×ν 2 Total Energy Per Kg =
ρ
 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEheight or headF‫א‬
 KEPotential HeadF‫א‬ o
 KEPressure HeadF‫א‬ o
 KEVelocity HeadF‫א‬ o
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
p ν2
  Total head Per kg = z + +
ρ × g 2g
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
N m3 sec 2 m 2 sec 2
  Total head Per kg = m + × × + ×
m 2 kg m sec 2 m
 W
 
Total Head Per kg = m + m + m = m

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  Bernoulli Equation 

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?W‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬E‫א‬
 W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
p1 ν 12 p2 ν 22
  + gZ1 = + + gZ 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 E٧٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KCBA‫א‬Kh‫א‬‫א‬v
 KC ‫א‬‫א‬ZB ‫א‬‫א‬ZA ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
pA ν A2 pB ν B2 pc ν c2
  + + gZ A = + + gZ B = + + gZ c
ρ 2 ρ 2 ρ 2

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ B‫א‬ ‫א‬A 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬C ‫א‬
  p A + ν A + gZ A Z pB + ν B + gZ B
2 2

ρ 2 ρ 2
 
BA‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
pA ν A2 pB ν B2
  + + gZ A = + + gZ B + energy loss between A and B
ρ 2 ρ 2
 
 W
1.52 m/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K9.14 m/sec‫א‬‫א‬
K2.339kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K15.2m‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬K993 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬998 kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

P1 ν 12 P2 ν 22
+ gZ1 = + gZ 2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2

  2.339 × 1000 + 1.52

2
P2 9.14 2
+ 9.81 × 0 = + + 9.81 × 15.2
998 2 983 2

P2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 = + 41.77 + 149.112
983
  P2 = 983(2.344 + 1.155 − 41.77 − 149.112) = −184.2 KPa
 K‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
htZ hνHhs
 
‫א‬K‫א‬ hν  ‫א‬‫א‬hs
 ‫א‬‫א‬ht
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
ν2
hν =
2g
 
ν = 2 gh
W
 Em/secF‫א‬ν
 EmF‫א‬hν

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 21.6m22m‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
hν= ht - hs

hν = 22-21.6 = 0.4 m
 
 ∴ν = 2 ghν = 2 × 9.81 × 0.4 = 2.8 m
sec
 

‫א‬‫א‬
13600kg/m3‫א‬1.2kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K20mm
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Pν = ρ ghHg

= 13600 × 9.81 × 0.02 = 2668.32 N/m2

 W

Pν ν2
=
ρ air 2
Pν
ν 2 = 2×
ρ air
266.32
ν = 2× = 66.7 m
sec
1 .2
 

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 Pitot Tube
E٨٤F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬
  P1 + ν 1 ν 22
2
P2
+ gZ 1 = + + gZ 2
ρ 2 ρ 2
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
P1 ν 12 P2
+ =
ρ 2 ρ

ν 12 P 2 − P1
=
  2 ρ

P2 − P1
ν2 = 2×
ρ
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬P2  ‫א‬‫א‬P1
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E٨٤F
 
 WVenturi-Meter‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٩ ٤F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٩٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

P1 ν 12 P2 ν 22
  + + gZ 1 = + + gZ 2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P1 ν 12 P2
∴ + = + gz2
ρ1 2 ρ2
 
ν 22 − ν 12 P1 − P2
=
2 ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A2
 ν 1 = ×ν 2
A1
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2( P1 − P2)
 ν 2 =
⎛ A22 ⎞
ρ − ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ A12 ⎠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬‫א‬A2 A١
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K25Co‫א‬
E
‫א‬‫א‬2.5cmE٢F‫א‬7.5cmE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬42.1cm
 ‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

2 × ∆Ρ 2 g × ∆h
ν2 = =
A22 A2
ρ (1 − 2 ) (1 − 22 )
A1 A1

2 × 9.81 × 0.421
 ∴ν 2 = 2
⎛ 0.025 2 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟
⎝ 0.075 ⎠

8.08
ν2 = = 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
0.988
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
m3
0.0014
⋅ π m3
  Q = A2 × v2 = 4 × (0.025) × 2.86 = 0.0014 sec =
2 sec = 1.4 lit = 84 lit
m3 sec min
0.001
lit
 
 WOrifice MeterE‫א‬F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٠ ٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
2(P1 − P2 )
 ν 2 =
⎛ A22 ⎞
ρ × ⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ A1 ⎠

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬E١٠٤F
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.3m/secE١٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 0.06 m‫א‬0.3 m
 K Cv= 0.82‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2 × ∆Ρ
ν 2 = Cν 2
⎛ A ⎞
ρ × ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠

  W‫א‬‫א‬ ν ‫א‬

 
 ν 2 = ν 1 × A1
A2
 
 ν2 = 7.5 m/sec ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
A22
ν × ρ × (1 − 2 )
2
2
A1
  ∆P = = 73048.9 Pa ≈ 73KPa
2 × Cν2

 
- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬30 C0 ‫א‬1.5bar‫א‬‫א‬EF
،250mmB ‫א‬، 400mm × 300mm A ‫א‬
‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA0.2bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K18m/secA‫א‬‫א‬R=287 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅
 K‫א‬ Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
ρ1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v2

 W‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

A1 × v1 = A2 × v2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
EBF‫א‬EAF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬ A‫א‬
P1
ρ1
RT1
 
1.5 × 105 Kg
ρ1 = = 1.725 3
287 × (30 + 273) m
 WE٢F‫א‬B‫א‬
P2
ρ2
RT2
 
(1.5 − 0.2) × 105 = 1.495 Kg
ρ2 =
287 × (30 + 273) m3
 E٢FEBF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ1 × A1 × v1 = ρ 2 × A2 × v2

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،v2‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
ρ1 × A1 × v1 1.725 × (0.4 × 0.3) × 18 m
  v2 = = = 39.87
ρ 2 × A2 1.495 × (0.25)
2
sec
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P1 + v1 + Z1 g = P2
+
v2
+ Z2 g
ρ 2 ρ 2
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2
  v2 = Z1 g − Z 2 g = g (Z1 − Z 2 )
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬،4m(Z1-Z2)
 
v2 = (2 × g × (Z1 − Z 2 ))
  m
v2 = 2 × 9.8 × 4 = 8.86
sec
⋅
 W Q ‫א‬‫א‬

⋅
Q = A2 × v2
π π
( ) m3
⋅
Q = × d × v2 = (0.1) × 8.86 = 0.0695
2 2
2
4 4 sec
⋅ m
∴ Q = 0.0695 3
sec

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Surface Roughness ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،Energy Head Loss‫א‬‫א‬ Pressure Drop‫א‬
 K Friction Head ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
 
(1) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2)
 
l ν2
  P1 − P2 = f × × ×ρ
di 2
 W
‫א‬di ‫א‬l،‫א‬ ρ ،‫א‬v،‫א‬f 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 KN/m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WH‫א‬‫א‬
 
P1 − P2 l ν2
 Hf = = f× × 
ρ×g di 2 g
 
 Km‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ⎛⎜⎜ Re = ρ × V × d ⎞⎟⎟  •
⎝ µ ⎠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(Relative Roughness) ‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F ε
D
(f) ‫א‬ •

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F
 (Material) ‫א‬ ε
 
D(mm)
 Riveted Steel‫א‬ 0.9-9
 Concrete ‫א‬ 0.3-3
 Cast Iron 0.26
 Galvanized Iron 0.15
 Asphalted Cast Iron 0.12
Commercial Steel  0.046
 Drawn Tubing 0.0015
 Glass  EF Smooth

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WRe 
 Re‫א‬‫א‬
 
V × dH V × dH × ρ
  Re = =
ν µ
 W
 KEFZRe
 KEm/secF‫א‬ZV
 KEkg/m3F‫א‬Z ρ
 KEm2/secF‫א‬‫א‬Zν
 EN.sec/m2FE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z µ
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EmF‫א‬‫א‬Z dH
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A
  dH = 4 ×
U
 W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZA
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZU
 
 W
 K1m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
A
dH = 4 ×
U

dH = 4 ×
(1 × 1)m 2 =
4 ×1 4
= = 1m
  (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)m 4 4
∴ d H = 1m

 W
- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W Re < 2100 •

‫א‬W 4000 ≤ Re ≥ 2100 •
 ‫א‬W Re > 4000 •
 

 E٢ ٥F‫א‬K 2300‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬E٢٥F  ‫א‬E‫א‬٢٥F
  Moody Diagram 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٤٤F‫א‬‫א‬
Friction ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Reynolds NumberFactor
 W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Re ≤ 2×10³
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
64
 f = 
Re
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬   0.001   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Re ≥  4×10³      ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،Smooth Pipe
0.316
 f = 
Re 0.25

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KRough Pipe Zone‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
 Ed‫א‬EεF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Transitional Zone‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٤٥F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
6mm15m‫א‬‫א‬
 K848 kg/m³ 2 m/sec‫א‬µ=0.014pa.sec
 W‫א‬
 
  Re = ρ × ν × D = 848 × 2 × 0.006 = 727
µ 0.014
 K2100
 W‫א‬‫א‬
64 64
 f = = = 0.088
Re 727
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
l v2  
P1 − P2 = f × × ×ρ
d 2  
15 22
P1 − P2 = ∆P = 0.088 × × × 848 = 373 .12 KPa
0.006 2

 
 ‫א‬E٣٥F‫א‬
 

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
Moody Diagram E٤٥F
 

- ٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
Q=20 l/min‫א‬‫א‬10mE∆pF‫א‬‫א‬
 µ= 50 ×10¯³ pa .sec 1030kg/m³‫א‬3.81cm
 
 W‫א‬
0.02 m 3
  Q = 20 l min = 0.02 m
3 3
= = 3.333 × 10 − 4 m
min 60 sec sec
 W
Q =A×V

Q 3.333 × 10−4
∴V = = = 0.292 m
A π × (0.0381)2 sec
  4
m
V = 0.292
sec
 W‫א‬
 
ρ × V × D 1030 × 0.292 × 0.0381
Re = = = 229.2
  µ 50 × 10 − 3
Q Re ≤ 2100
 
 Laminar Flow‫א‬
l V2
∆P = f ρ
D 2
64
 f = W‫א‬‫א‬
Re
64
f = = 0.279
229.2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ∆P = 0.269 × 10
×
(0.292) × 1030 = 3215.5Pa = 3.2 Kpa
2

0.0381 2
 
 
- ٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 80˚c ‫א‬‫א‬  3 L/sec ‫א‬‫א‬
 40m52.5mm
 971.64 Kg/m380˚c‫א‬ 
 0.358 × 10-3Pa. sec‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
 
Q = 3 L/sec = 0.003 m³/sec
 
 ‫א‬
 
0.003
 V = Q = = 1.386 m
sec
π
A
(0.0525) 2

4
Re
  Re = ρ × v × D = 971.64 × 1.386 ×−03 .0525 = 197500 ≈ 200000
µ 0.358 × 10
 
K‫א‬‫א‬،40000
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ε = 0.000046 m‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ε =
0.000046
= 0.000876
D 0.0525
 W0.000876‫א‬‫א‬Re = 197500‫א‬
  f = 0.0208

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
L V2
∴ ∆P = f × × ×ρ
D 2
 
40 (1.36 )
2
∆P = 0.0208 × × 971.6 = 14.8 KPa
0.0525 2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬Correction Factor‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٥FE‫א‬٥٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
450 pa/m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .0.881.386 m/sec80CE٥٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 40m‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
.·. ∆p for 40m = 374 ×40 = 15 kpa
 
 

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
  20 C 0 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٥٥F
 

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٥F
 
 Pressure Drop in Fittings‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
EKKKK،T
 ،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥F
           
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       
‫ א‬‫א‬   T   ‫א‬
(mm) (mm)  EF
90 ˚  45˚       
15 15.80 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.2 5 0.2
20 20.93 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.2 6 0.25
25 26.46 0.9 0.6 1.5 0.3 8 0.28
35 34.04  1.2 0.7 1.8 0.4 11 0.42
40 40.90 1.5 0.9 2.1 0.5 14 0.51
50 52.51 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 17 0.65
60 62.65 2.4 1.5 3.7 0.8 20 0.79
 75 77.92 3.0 1.8 4.6 0.9 24 0.90
100 102.3 4.3 2.4 6.4 1.2 38 1.27
125 128.2 5.2 3.0 7.6 1.5 43 1.70
150 154.1 6.1 3.7 9.1 1.8 50 2.00
 
 W
 ‫א‬75mm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،30m‫א‬‫א‬90˚
10-Pa/sec  K998.21 kg/m3‫א‬K6 L/sec ‫א‬
 K‫א‬K3 × 1.008
 W‫א‬
  3.0m=(90˚)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9 × 3= 27 m‫א‬
 = 0.90 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

= 2.7 m
= 30 m‫א‬‫א‬
L = 30 + 27 + 2.7‫א‬‫א‬
 Lt = 59.7 m
 
Q 0.006 m
 V = =
π
= 1.258 W‫א‬
A (0.07792)2 sec
4
 
  Re = ρ × v × D = 998.2 × 1.258 × 0−.307792 = 97071 W
µ 1.008 × 10
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ε =
0.00046
= 0.0006 W ‫א‬‫א‬
D 0.07792
 
f = 0.0208E‫א‬F‫א‬
 
L V2
∆P = f ×ρ
D 2
 = 0.0208 × 59.7 × (1.258) × 998.21 W‫א‬
2

0.07792 2

Q ∆P = 12587 Pa = 12.587 KPa

 

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WPumps and Pumping Requirements‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( pressure head ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬( power )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( flow rate )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ( efficiency )‫א‬
 K

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦٥F‫א‬
 
 WE٦٥F‫א‬‫א‬–E٢F‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
2
P2 V22
+ Z 2 g + (∆Pfrict. )
P1 V1
  + + Z1 g + W = +
ρ 2 ρ 2
 KJ‫א‬W W

- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،2.1 pa.sec 1100 kg/m³  
‫א‬‫א‬
 K(W)‫א‬‫א‬K50 kg/sec52.51mm‫א‬
‫א‬T‫א‬
 90˚‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K30 KPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٧٥F
 
 W
2
V22
  P1 + V1 + Z 2 g + (∆Pfrict . )
P2
+ Z1 g + W = +
ρ 2 ρ 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬،‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V22
  W = + Z 2 g − Z1g + (∆Pfrict . )
2
 ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 
  Re = ρ × v × D = 1100 × v × 0.0508
µ 2.11

- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
50
 v = Q = = 0.35
m
⎛π 2⎞ sec
1100 × 60 × ⎜ (0.0521) ⎟
A
⎝4 ⎠
 
ρ × v × D 1100 × 0.35 × 0.0508
Re = = = 9.6
µ 2.11
  9.6 > 2100 ‫א‬

 
 Wf‫א‬
64 64
 f = = = 6.67
Re 9.6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
L V2
  ∆P = f ×ρ
D 2

L = 1+1+3+2+15+3+1+3+6×2.1+1×0.6 +2× 0.65

  L = 29+12.6+0.6+1.3 = 43.5 m
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∆ptot = 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kpa
 
 W‫א‬EF
N
402.1 × 1000
  ∆Ptot = m 2 = 365.55 J
ρ Kg
1100 3 Kg
m
 

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WPressure Drop in Air Duct Flow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
L V2
  ∆P = f ×ρ
D 2
  ∆P = K ⎛⎜ 1 ρV 2 ⎞⎟ 
⎝2 ⎠
 
  K = ⎛⎜ f × L ⎞⎟   W
⎝ D⎠
Resistance Coeff. Or Press. Loss Coefficient‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Dampers)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ L ⎞
K =⎜f × e⎟
⎝ D⎠
 
K×D
∴ Le =
f
 W
 Le = Equivalent Length(m)‫א‬‫א‬
 K Z‫א‬‫א‬
 fZ‫א‬‫א‬
 DZ (m)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P = ∆P × Q
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬
Friction Loss‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

L V2
  ∆P = f ×ρ
D 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Dynamic Press. Losses‫א‬
 
  ∆P = K ρV
2

2
 
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫ א‬ J١
KEF‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
 KKKKKK‫ א‬ J٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
80C0‫א‬10 l/sec‫א‬‫א‬EF
80C0 ‫א‬‫א‬K40m25.5mm
  4.46 × 10−3 Pa.sec 80C0‫א‬‫א‬801 kg/m
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬42m‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K60mm
 K‫א‬45˚‫א‬90˚‫א‬
‫א‬،480 l/min
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.02‫א‬‫א‬
 E1000kg/m³ ‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF
 W‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
L V2
  ∆P = f ×ρ
D 2
 
 EF
⋅

  V = Q = π 10 × 0.001 = 4.62 m
A × (0.0525)
2 sec
4
 W
ρ × V × D 801 × 4.62 × 0.0525
  Re = = = 43561 > 4000
µ 4.46 × 10− 3
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F 0.046mm‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
ε 0.000046
= = 0.000876
D 0.0525
 
 f‫א‬‫א‬
f = 0.025
 W‫א‬‫א‬
L V2
  ∆P = f ×ρ
D 2
 
40 (4.62) × 801 = 162827.3Pa = 162.8kPa
2

  ∆P = 0.025 × ×
0.0525 2
 

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
L = 42+ 8 × 2.4 + 4 × 1.5 + 6×0.79 =71.94m  
 
 E1L = 0.001 m3FW‫א‬‫א‬
 
⋅
Q = A ×V
 V = Q = 480 × 0.001 m
= 2.6
⎛π 2⎞ sec
60 × ⎜ × (0.06265) ⎟
A
⎝4 ⎠
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
L V2
  ∆P = f × × × ρ
D 2
 
71.94 2.62
∆P = 0.02 × × × 1000 = 77333Pa = 77.333Pa
0.06265 2

- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬ J‫א‬ JW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
- ١٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 KE  ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ،‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ J‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 J ‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬ J
  J‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫؟‬،W
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J١
KEF  J٢
K‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
KEHWCFF‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 250 – 275  80 % 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬20 % ‫א‬
 

 
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  •

K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
 ١٠0.7
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
K  •
  •
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WEF‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
WEHWCFF‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪٩٠K‫א‬
 E٤٨{٩٤{٤F ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٦F‫א‬

HWCF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ ٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 CentistokesW170 F‫א‬ESAE 50F‫א‬‫א‬
 KSaybolt Universal Seconds
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،170 F‫א‬ESAE 50F‫א‬E٢٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 250 saybolt universal seconds ‫א‬‫א‬48.0centistokesW

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬100 F  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 7.5 centistokes W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،100 F ‫א‬7.5 centistokes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ ٦F‫א‬
 KEKEROSENEF
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦F
Emm2/secF‫א‬‫א‬ C0 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٣٠٠–١٠  ٨٠ J١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦٠–١٦  ٧٠–١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬V2
 ١٦٠–١٦  ٧٠ J١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬V4
 ٦٣
 ١٦٠–٢٥  ٧٠ J١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬V4
٦٣
 ٣٨٠–٢{٨  ٨٠ J٣٠  S
 ٥٠٠–٢{٨  ٨٠ J٣٠ WE‫א‬

 ٨٠٠ J١٠  ٨٠ J٣٠ DBD‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٦F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٦F
 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E٦ ٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٦F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢١‫א‬٪٧٨
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬??
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F??‫א‬،??
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KP ‫• א‬
KT‫א‬‫א‬ •
ν ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
P V = (const.) T

PV
= const.
T
 W
 Zconst.،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZT، ‫א‬Z V،‫א‬‫א‬Z P
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫• א‬
 W
 14.7Ibf/in2Z101KN/m2Z‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF‫א‬
N
1Pa = 1
m2
N
  1KPa = 10 m 2
3

N
1MPa = 10 6
m2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
N N Ibf
1bar = 10 5 2 = 0.1MPa = 100 KPa = 10 3 Pa = 1.01325 × 10 5 2 = 76(cm) Hg = 14.7 2
m m in
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W
ER0 = F0 + 460FE٤٦٠H١Z ‫א‬١F‫א‬E K0 = 1C0 + 273 FE٢٧٣H١Z١F
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 273 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P V = m R T  
Pv=RT V
, ν=
m
PV =MRT V
, V=
n
PV = R T , R = MR
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T ‫א‬ R ‫א‬ m ‫א‬V ‫א‬‫א‬ P 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
( 8314 J/Kg mol K0 Z R )‫א‬‫א‬ R ‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬ M
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ET1 = T2F‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  PV= const.
T
PV PV
  1 1= 2 2, T1 = T2
T1 T2

  P1 V1 = P2 V2

 W
‫א‬‫א‬ 20 gal( 75.7 L )، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، 20 Ibf/in2 (137.9 kPa)‫א‬
 KE١٧F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
P1V1
  P2 = V2
(137.9 KN / m 2 + 101KN / m 2 ) × (75.71 × 10 −3 m 3 / L)
  P2 = = 478 KPa (abs )(377 gauge )
(37.851 × 10 −3 m 3 / L)

 P2 = 478 kPa

 478 kPa137.9 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
WEP1 = P2F‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  PV
= const.
T
PV PV
  1 1= 2 2, P1 = P2
T1 T2

V V
  T = T → V1T2 = V2T1
1 2

1 2

 W
  ‫א‬1500 in3 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬93.3C0 26.67C0‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٧F

 
 ‫א‬E٢٧F
- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
V1 V2
  = → V1T2 = V2T1
T1 T2
 
T2V1
  V2 =
T1
 
V2 = ⎢
[
⎡ (93.3C ο + 273)(1500in 3 × 16.39cm 3 / in 3 ) ]⎤ = 30051cm 3
= 1833.3in 3
⎣ (
26.67C ο + 273 ) ⎥
⎦

 
1833.3 in31500 in3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

EV1 = V2F‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
  PV
= const.
T
PV PV
  1 1= 2 2, V1 = V2
T1 T2

P P
  T = T → P1T2 = P2 T1
1 2

1 2

 
 W
،E٣ ٧FE2000Ibf/in2F
 ‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬EPgaugeF‫א‬‫א‬،250F0 80F0

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬E٣٧F

 W‫א‬
 
P1 P2
  = → P1T2 = P2T1
T1 T2
PT
  P2 = 1 2
T1
⎡⎛ Ibf Ibf ⎞ ο
(
⎢ ⎜ 2000 2 + 14.7 2 ⎟ × 250 F + 460 )⎤⎥
⎝ in in ⎠
P2 = ⎢ ⎥ = 2649 Ibf / in 2
⎢ (
80 F ο + 460 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 P2 = 2649 Ibf/in2 – 14.7 Ibf/in2 = 2634 Ibf/in2
 
 
2634 Ibf/in22000 Ibf/in2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
 ،2000 Ibf/in2  ‫א‬1500 in3‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
75F0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1000 in3‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤٧F‫א‬250F0
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٧F
 
 W‫א‬
P1V1 P2V 2
  =
T1 T2
P1V1T1
  P2 =
T1V2

  P2 = ⎢ ( ) ( ) ( )
⎡ 2000 Ibf / in 2 + 14.7 Ibf / in 2 × 1500in 3 × 250 F ο + 460 ⎤
⎥ = 4011Ibf / in abs
2

⎣ ( ο
) (
75 F + 460 × 1000in 3
) ⎦
 
  P2 = 4011Ibf / in 2 − 14.7 Lbf / in 2 = 3996 Ibf / in 2 ( gauge)
1500 Ibf/in2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPgaugeF‫א‬‫א‬
 3996 Ibf/in2 

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WESIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎞ ⎛⎜ ⎛⎜1500in 3 × 16.39 cm × 10 − 6 m ⎞⎟ 121C ο + 273
( ) ⎞⎟
3 3
⎛ KN KN
⎜ 13793 2 + 101 2 ⎟ ⎜⎜ in 3 cm 3 ⎟⎠ ⎟
  P2 = ⎜ m m ⎟×⎜⎝ ⎟
⎜ 23.89C ο + 273 ⎟ ⎜ cm 3 −6 m
3
⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1000 in 3
× 16 . 39 × 10
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ in 3 cm 3 ⎟
⎠
 
  p 2 = (1389 KN / m ο)(0.0246m )(3 394 K ) = 27648kPa(abs) = 27547kPa( gauge) = 27.5MPa( gauge)
2 3 ο

(297 K )(0.0164m )
 
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣١‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E0٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦{٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
P1abs = Pat + Pe
P1ABS = 1 + 7.2 = 8.2bar
P 2 abs = 1 + 6.5 = 7.5bar

  V1 = 1m3
V2 = 1m3

T2 = 20 + 273 = 293K ο
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
P1V1 P2V 2
  =
T1 T2

- ١٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

P1V1T2 P1T2 8.2 × 293

  T1 = = = = 320 K ο = 47C ο
P2V2 P2 7 .5
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0٤٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WEDry airF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬٪٧٨N‫א‬٪٢١O2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K ٪١
WEHumid airF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
WETdbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WETwbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WETdpF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫• א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

W( Psycrometric Tables)‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W( Psycrometric Chart)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
( Saturation Line)‫א‬  J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬WE٥٧F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥٧F(a)KE‫א‬‫א‬F(pv)
 K‫א‬(a)‫א‬‫א‬K(t)
 
W(Constant Dry Bulb Temperature Line)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٥٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

W(Constant Humidity Ratio Lines)‫א‬  J٣

 K(H)‫א‬E٥٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W(Constant Relative Humidity Lines)‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬K(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(R.H.= 1)‫א‬(R.H.= 0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٦٧F
 
،‫א‬‫א‬K(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦٧F(H = C)‫א‬‫א‬
 
W(Constant Specific Enthalpy Lines) ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٧F
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

،EHF‫א‬KEtF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEtF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧ ٧FEaF
،‫א‬KEi=cF‫א‬EaF
 KEtF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W(Constant Wet Bulb Temperatures)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦

،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٧٧F
E٧٧F‫א‬EaaFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬
 KEta=cF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Constant Specific Volume Lines)‫א‬‫א‬  J٧

‫א‬‫א‬E٨٧F
 
KEpvF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨ ٧FEaFKEtF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KEv=cF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EaF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٧F
 
d.b & F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٧F‫א‬
 K‫א‬oEd.b & R.HFEw.b
W(Importance of Psychrometry)‫א‬
(Comfort  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCondition)
 KE١٠٧F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FE١٠٧F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٣٥٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠٪٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0٢٤0٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬K0٢٦0٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١١٧F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E١١٧F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EsF‫א‬E١٣ ٧F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EIF‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E١٢٧F
 
، EsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdpF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
EsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EE١١٧F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
K‫א‬
- ١٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬E‫א‬١٨F‫א‬
 K

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬١٨F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫• א‬
E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤٨F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬E٢٨F
 

 

 ‫א‬E٤٨F  ‫א‬E٣٨F

WE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬E٦٨F  ‫א‬E٥٨F
 
 W‫א‬
F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE٦٨F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E ٧ ٨F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٨F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨٨F

 
 ‫א‬E٨٨F
 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩٨F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٨F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

- ١٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٠٨F o
KE١١٨F o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٨F o


 E١٠٨F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢٨F  E١١٨F
 
،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣ ٨F‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬E١F‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٨F
 
KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬
KE٥F‫א‬ E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K E٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨  ‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫א‬K٩  ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
K١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K١١  K٤
 K١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 ‫א‬
K١٣  K٦
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١٤
   K٧ 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٨F

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K١٩٨٢،‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K١٩٨٢،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬KK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1. Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Roberson-Crowe.3rd Ed. 1995.
2. Fluid Power Theory and Applications, James A. Sullivan, 4th Ed. 1989
 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬  ‫א‬
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 
 ٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

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