MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM

7.4 Frames and Machines

Trusses: All members are two-force members
Frames/Machines: At least one member is a multiple-force member

Frames: Frames are rigid structures.

They maintain their shapes
with or without external
loads.

Machines: Machines are non-rigid

structures. They depend on
supports to maintain their
shapes, which are usually
not unique.

1
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
7.4 Frames and Machines
Cy W By Draw FBD of
B Bx B individual members
C
Cx Bx and set up the

∑ F = −C + B = 0
x x x
B y equilibrium equations

∑ F = C + B −W = 0
y y y
Ex
∑F = A − E − B = 0
x x x x

∑ M = 30B − 15W = 0
C y
Ay
Ey ∑F = A − E − B = 0
y y y y

A
Ax ∑ M = 36B − 27 B
A x y

Draw FBD of the entire + 16 E x − 12 E y = 0

structure and set up the C Cx
equilibrium equations to
determine the reactions
Ey
∑F = C + E = 0
x x x
Cy
Ex ∑ F = −C + E + D =0
∑F = A = 0
y y y y
x x
∑ M = 20E + 15E
∑ F = A + D −W = 0
C x y
y y y
+ 27 D y = 0
∑ M = 24 D − 12W = 0
A y D
Dy
2
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
7.4 Frames and Machines
Ey
∑F y = 0 ⇒ E y = 1962 N ↑
2698 N
∑F x = −2698 + 981 + 1717 = 0 N (Check!)

T
Bx
∑F x = 0 ⇒ C x = 981 N →
By ∑F = 0 ⇒ C y = 981 N ↑
∑ M = 0 ⇒ E = 2700 N ←
y
A x
Cy
∑ F = 0 ⇒ A = 2700 N →
x x
Ay By
T
∑ F = 0 ⇒ A + E = 981 N
y y y
Cx
Cx
2698 N Bx
T
Cy T
∑ M = 0 ⇒ B = 1962 N ↑
A y

∑ M = 0 ⇒ A = 981 N ↓
B y

∑ F = 0 ⇒ B = 1717 N ←
x x W
3
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
7.4 Frames and Machines
∑ M = 0 ⇒ E = 1400 lb ↑
A y

∑ F = 0 ⇒ A = 500 lb ←
x x

∑ F = 0 ⇒ A = 600 N ↑
y y

∑ M = 0 ⇒ D = 541.7 lb ←
C x

∑ F = 0 ⇒ C = 541.7 lb →
x x

Cy
∑ F = 0 ⇒ C = 400 lb ↓
y y

500 lb
∑M D = 0 ⇒ B y = 1000 lb ↑
Cx
∑ Fx = 0 ⇒ Bx = 541.7 lb →
Cx ∑M B = 0 ⇒ D y = 1000 lb ↑
Dy Cy
∑ Fy = 0 ⇒ By = 1000 lb ↓ By
Bx Bx Dx Dx
500 lb By 2000 lb Dy
600 lb 1400 lb
4
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Statically Determinate and Indeterminate Trusses
Statically Determinate Trusses Statically Indeterminate Trusses

Member forces can be determined by Equilibrium conditions alone are not enough to
using only the equilibrium conditions. determine member forces. Properties of the
(In Statics we don’t have to know what materials, hence the deformation of the
material the structure is made of.) structures, must be taken into consideration.

Steel bar
Rubber band

5
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Internal Forces in Structural Members
- A Primer
B D B TBD TBD D

d TBE TBE
F A F
A Ax
C E C TCE TCE E
d d d Ay Fy
P P
B D
∑ F = A + T + T cos 45 + T
x x BD BE
o
CE =0
∑ F = A − T sin 45 − P = 0
y y BE
o

∑ M = − A (2d ) + Pd − T d = 0
A F
Ax E y BD
C E
Ay Fy
P
∑ F = −T − T cos 45 − T o
=0
∑ Fx = Ax = 0
x BD BE CE

∑ F = T sin 45 + F = 0 o

∑F = A + F
y BE y
−P=0
y y y
∑M = T d + F d = 0
∑ M = −2dA
E BD y
E y + Pd + Fy d = 0
6
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Internal Forces in Structural Members
- A Primer

r
∑F = 0

r r r r
∑F = 0 ∑F = 0 ∑F = 0 ∑F = 0
7
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Internal Forces in Structural Members
- A Primer
C y C x = 541.7 lb C y = 400 lb
500 lb Cx
Cx
By Dy Cy
Bx Bx Dx Dx
Ax Bx = 541.7 lb Dx = 541.7 lb
By Dy
B y = 1000 lb 2000 lb D y = 1000 lb
Ax = 500 lb Ey
Ay = 600 N Ay E y = 1400 lb

All these forces at the joints are useful for designing the pins that connect
members together. But they are useless for designing the members themselves.
For the latter, we must know the “internal force distributions”, or the “stress
distributions” in all members.
8
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Internal Forces in Structural Members
- A Primer
B y = 1000 lb D y = 1000 lb
B y = 1000 lb Bx = 541.7 lb B F D
Dx = 541.7 lb
2000 lb
B Actual “stress”
Bx = 541.7 lb distribution
x
B y = 1000 lb Resultants of the stresses

M = 1000x in - lb ∑ F = 0 ⇒ P = 541.7 lb
x

∑ F = 0 ⇒ V = 1000 lb
y

Bx = 541.7 lb
B P = 541.7 lb
∑ M = 0 ⇒ M = 1000 x in - lb
x

Why is it important to know the internal

x V = 1000 lb forces in a structural member?
9
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Internal Forces in Structural Members
How to break a piece of chalk?
Tension Compression
Bending

Shear Ductile Brittle

Torsion

10
 MEM202 Engineering Mechanics - Statics MEM
Internal Forces in Structural Members
- A Primer
Fx : Axial force (in x - direction)
y V y : Shear force in y - direction
Vz : Shear force in z - direction
T (= M x ) : Torque
M y : Bending moment about y - aixs
z V y M z : Bending moment about z - axis
Mz
My
T (= M x )
Vz Fx
x
11