“GRADIVA? ‘THE STANDARD EDITION OF THE COMPLETE PSYCHOLOGICAL WORKS OF SIGMUND FREUD Translated from the Corman under te General trip of JAMES STRAGHEY In Olaboration with ANNA FREUD Asied by ALIX. STRACHEY and ALAN TYSON voLUME 1x (4908-1908) ‘Jensen’s ‘Gradiva’ wt Other Works LONDON THE HOGARTH PRESS AND ‘THE INSTITUTR OF PSYCHOANALYSIS \as}“ contexts “CIVILIZED” SEXUAL MORALITY AND MODERN Ta nEOUS TELNESS ” DELUSIONS AND DREAMS IN “Coiled? Sexe! Morty and Modern Nero Mee 8 JENSEN'S GRADIVA \ (1907 [1906}) (ON THte SEXUAL THEORIES OF CHILDREN (198) 203 ators Noe an (nthe Soe Thor of Chien mo SOME_GENERAL REMARKS ON HYSTERICAL ‘ATTACKS (80 [1508] ar FAMILY ROMANCES (8001909) 285 SHORTER WRITINGS (1903-1905) (Contibuton to a Questionnaire on Reading 1s It Prospects fr Silene anprsoen Sek 28 | rg to Wien Shes Neva niet en ir | Preface to Séncor Ferenczi's Prycio-Analyis: Eszays in the | ‘id of Po dnahs on a2 Contributions to the Nae Fe Pree 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND AUTHOR INDEX a i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 26 | (GENERAL. INDEX, 260 FRONTISPIECE ‘Grave’ | Vatican Muse (Muay Charan, Satin V2, Ne 108.EDITOR'S NOTE DER WABN UND DIE TRAUME IN We JENSENS. GRADIVA (2) Grmase Bomowe: 1907 Leipaig and. Vienna: Heller. Pp. 81. (Seifew zur ‘heewaniten Selenbonds, Hef 1) (Re‘ssued un ‘hanged with the rame ide page but @ new paper ‘outer cover: Leipig and Vienna: Deuticke, 190, 1912 Sad ed. Leipsig and Vienna: Dewticke. With ‘Post- vip Pp. 7. 924 Sed ed. Same publishers, Unchanged. 1925. G.s, 9, 273-367. IH GW, 791-125. (8) Boum Traseraion: ‘Detson aod Drea 1917 New York: Motiat, Yard. Pp. 248, (Tr. HM. Downey.) (With aa introduction by G. Stanley Fall. Onsts Freud's ‘Poserpt. Includes tans Jaton of Jensen's story.) 1921 Landon: George Allen & Unwin, Fp. 213, (A reprint ‘ofthe above) ‘The present translation is an entirely new one, with a odie tile, by James Strachey. The ‘Possexiptappeats fn Engleh forthe frat sme. ‘This was Freud's fst published analysis of « work of literature, apart, of curs, ftom his comments on Oxgus Rox and Henle! in The aterretation of Dreams (190%) Stendard Ed, 4, 261-6, At an earlier dats, however, he hi written a short analys of Conrad Ferdinand Meyer's sory, ‘Die Richteria’ [The Woman Judge], and had sent ic to+ Jnvsens aeanrva lis, enclosed in letter dated June 20, 1898 (Freud, 1950, Lester 91). Te-was Jung, at we learn from rast Jones (1955, 982), ‘who brought Jensen's book to Freud's notice, and Freud is reported to have written the present work especially 10 please Jung. This was inthe immer of 1906, several months before the two men had met each other, and the epvade war thus the herald of their five of six years of cordial relations. Preue’s stedy was published in May, 1907 and soon afterwards he sent a copy of it to Jensen. A short correspondence followed, which is refered to in the ‘Post script to the second edition (p. 94); Jensen's side of this ‘correspondence (three short letters dated May 13, May 25 and December 1 1807) has since been published in the Poyclomnalytiste Becegng, 1 (1928), 207-211. The leters are rest friendly in tone and give the impresion that Jensen vas attered by Freud’sanayssof hisstory. Heappears even, to have accepted the main lines of the interpretation. Tn particular, he declares that he has no reolleson of having replied “somewhat brusquely? when, as reported below on . I, he was asked {apparently by Jung) whether he knew Anything of Freue’s theories, Apart from the deeper signifiance which Freud saw in Jensen's work, there is no doubt that he must have been ‘pecially attracted by the scene in which fe was aid. His interest in Pompeii war an old-esablished one. Tt appears ‘more than once in hs correspondence with Flies. Thus, a5 fn astocasen to the word ‘sa in one of his dreams, he aves ‘the stress of Pompeii which I am studying’. This was fon April 28, 1697 (Freud, 1950, Letter 60), several years before he actualy sted Pompei, in September, 1902, Above all, Freud was fascinated by the analogy between the 2 Wie Jensen (1857-191) ea Nowth German playwright sod nove respect but ot regarded ato very great stnton. "tue "Vila Scere lsa repored tn The ne: {ation of Drs Sonar Ey y 317; butte Pompei noraton ilo Rg el cp ms Sere let ee cry Sea lynsey jt seine apeceie ate aha Tenn ray wt ia aot in ses a renee serenade He er rt rye de bu earl ete iis Ca (seatbelt ten eats sei teas tare sey ey re ee Ss So eagles Dieta agen ane sciences wn Sra es, pum Tye ude 8 nSDELUSIONS AND DREAMS IN JENSEN’S GRADIVA 1 A onovs of men who regarded it at @ settled fact chat the ‘senda riddles of dreaming have been solved by the efforts fof the author of the present workt found thelr curiasity faroused one day by the question of the cas of dreams that Ihave never been dreamt a all—deeams ereated by imagina- tive writers and ascribed t invented characters in the course ‘ofastory. The notion of submitting this lass of dreams to an investigation might seem a waste of energy and a stange thing to undertake; but from one pain of view i could be ‘considered jurfiable. I far from being generally believed that dreams have a meaning and can be interpreted. Science and the majority of edeated people smile they are et the task of interpreting dream. Oaly the common people, who cling to supersitions and who on this peiat are carrying on ‘the convictions of antiquity, continue to insist that dreams ‘can be interpreted. The author of The Itypttion of Dreams hha ventred, in th face ofthe reproaches of strict science, to hecome s partisan of antiquity and superstition, Hei i is ten, far from believing that dreams fez the fatue, for the unveling of which men have vainly striven ffom time ‘immemorial by every forbidden means. But ever he has not Teen able enttely to reject the relation of dreams to the fitore, For the dream, oehen the laborious work of translating it had been accomplished, revealed itself to him as a wish of the dreame's represented ab Tulilled; and who could deny ‘that widhes are predominandly tormed tovvards the fature? have jut said that dreams ate fulfilled wishes, Anyone ‘who oi aad of making his way though an abstruse hook, ‘and who does not insist on a complicated problem being "See Fret Te nett of Dra (1900), 78 JENSEN'S GRADIVA represented to im as easy and simple in onder to ave him trouble and atthe cost of Ronety and trath, aay find the detailed proof of this thea in the work T have mentioned ‘Meanwhile, he may set on one se the abjcetions which will ‘undoubtedly occur to him agains equating dreams and wish- falment But we have gone a long way ahead. Te is not « question yet of establishing whether the mesning of a dzeam can always be rendered by aflflled wis, or whether it may not Just as often stand for an ansiows expectation, an intention, a Toflcton, and so on. On the contrary, the question that firs arises is whether dzeams have a meaning a al, whether they ought toe assessed at menial evens. Science suswert ‘no’: itexplains dreaming as a purely pysilogial proces Dbehind which, accordingly, there is no ned to look fr sense, meaning or purpose. Somatic snl 0 says lay upon the mental instrument during sleep and thas bring to cou scioumes now one idea and now another, robbed of all ‘menial content: dreams are comparable only to twitching, not 0 expretive movements, of the mind. ‘Nowe in this dispute ast the extimation in which dreams should be held, imaginative waters seem to be on the same side as the ancients, a6 the rupersitous pubic and as the author of The Interpretation of Dram. For when a0 author ‘makes the characters constructed by his imagination dream, he fellows the everyday experenes that people's thought and feelings are continued in sleep and he aime at nothing tlse than t depict his heroes states of mid by thee dreams But creative writes ae valuable alles and their evidence is to be prized highly, for they are apt & know a whole host of things between heaven and earth of which our philosophy has not yet Tet us dream. I their knowledge ofthe mind they are far in advance of us everyday peopl, for they draw upon sources which we have not yet opened up for scence, If only this suppore given by writes in favour of dreams having a meaning were les ambiguous! A strictly eral eye might object that writers take ther stand neither for nor JENSEN'S GRADIVA ° against particular dreams having a psychical meaning; they ze content to show how the seeping mind twitches under the excitations which have retained active in ita offshoote cof waking ie, ‘But even this sobering thought docs not damp our interest fn the fishion in which weitars make use of dreams. Even if ‘this enquiry should teach us nothing now about the nature ‘of dreams, it may perhaps enable us fom cis angle 1 gain ome smal insight into the nature of creative writing. Real dreamt were already regarded se unrestrained and tne regulated structure—and now we are confronted By unfet~ tered imitations of there dreame! There is far Tes freedom ‘and arbitrariness in mental fe, however, than we ate fae lined to assume—there may even be none at all. What we call chance in the vrld outside can, a is well known, be realved nto law, So, too, what we eal arbirasinet in the ‘mind rests upon laws, which we are only now beginaing climly to spect, Letts then, se what we Sind ‘There are two methods that we might adopt for this ‘enquiry. One would be to enter deeply inta a. particular ‘ate, into the dzeamcreations of one author in ene of his ‘works, The other would be to bring together and contrast all, ‘the examples that could be found af the use of dreams in the ‘works of eiferent authors. The seooad mend would sem, to be far the more effective and perhaps the only justifiable ‘one, for it fees us at once from the ificnlsies involved in adopting the artificial concept of ‘writer? as a elas. On Snvestigation this cas fall apart ito individual writers of the mos various worth—among them some whom we are Acewstomed to honour asthe deepest observers of the hun sind. In spite of this, however, hese pages willbe devoted ton enquiy ofthe rt sort Ithappened tt in the group fof men among whom the notion fst arose there was one! ‘who recalled that inthe work of fiction that had last eaught his fancy there were several dreams which had, asi were, looked st him with familiar faces and invited isa to attempt * [his wa Jung, See the Eaters Note above, 4® JENSEN'S GRADIVA to apply to theta dhe method of The Iuopetton of Drea. Hr cunfated that the rubjocemater of the litde work and the scene in which twas laid may no deubt have played the ‘chief par in eeating his enjoyment. For the story was st in the fame of Pompei and dealt with a young archaeologist ‘who had surrendered fit intereat in Hein exchange for an Interest in the remains of elasical antiquity and who was row brought bac to real life by a roundabout path which twas strange but perfectly logical. During the treatment of ‘his genuinely poetic material the reader had been stirred by all Kinds of thoughts aki to it and in harmony with it. The ‘work was a short tale by Wilhelm Jeasen—Graica—which its author hirmelfdeseribed asa ‘Pompeian phantasy’ ‘And nov I onght properly taskall my readers to put aside Aisle ensy and instead to spend some nein acquainting themselves with Gradsa which frst appeared inthe bookshops in 1903), 0 that what Itefer to inthe following pages may be familar to then But forthe benefit of those who have al- ready read Gredce wil recall the substance af the story in & brief summary; and Tsballeguntupon thermemorytorestore to tall the chasm of which cis treatment will deprive it. ‘A young atchacologst, Norbert Hancld had discovered in ‘museum of antiquities in Rome a relief which had so ie Ienselyaiteacted him cha he was greatly pleased at obtain- ing an excellent plaster cast of ft which he ould hang in his study in a German university town and gaze at wit interest. "The seulpeure represented 2 Flly-grown gl stepping along, ‘with her owing dress a Title polled up so as to reveal her ‘andalled feet. One foot rested squarely on the ground; the ther, ited fiom the ground in the act of following ater, touched it only arith the tip ofthe toes, while the sole and Ihel rose almost perpendicularly. Le was probably the un- tual and peculiarly charming gait thus presented that tracted the sculptors noice and that sil, after so many entities, riveted the eyts ofits archaeological admirer. * [See hefner of bia volame) JENSEN'S oRADIVA " "The intrest taken by the hero ofthe story in this elie is the basic pychological fact in the narrative, Twas not ime ‘mediately explicable. Dr. Norbert Hanold, Lecturer in “Archaeology, did mtin fict find in the rele anyehing caling {or special notice from the point of view of his branch of science. 3.) He could not explain to himself what there ‘yas ini that had provoke his attention. He only kncw that Ihe ad heen attracted by something and thatthe effect had continued unchanged ever since’ But his imagination was ‘occupied with the senlprure without ceasing. He found some thing ‘of today" about it, as though the artist had had @ slimpse in the street and captured it from the i’. He gave fhe gil thor pictured ar the stepped along she name of "Gradiva’=—‘the girl who steps along’. He made up a story that she was no doube the daughter of an aristocratic family, [perhaps ‘ofa patrician adil,” who carried out his ofice im the service of Ceres, and that she was on her way to the sgdides's temple. ‘Then he found it hard to Sit her quiet, fal nature into the Baty Ife ofa eapital ety. He convinced ‘met rathe, hat she must be wansparted to Pompe, and that somewhere there she wa stepping across the euiious steppingstones which have heen dug up and which made it pottble to cro dry-foot fom one ide ofthe street to the ther in rainy weather, though allowing cariage-wheels to ‘pas even them as wel Her features struck him at having 2 Gra look and he ad no doubt that sho was of Hellenic ‘tiga, Little by litle he brought the whole of his ascharo- Togical earning into che service of thee and other phantasies relating othe original who had been the model fr the rei But now he found himself confonted by an ostensibly scientific problem which called for a scluion, Te wat & question of his arriving at a cial judgement a to "whether Gradiva’s gitar she stepped along had been reproduced by * [Pisin numbers in tnacles inthe pron tanlaton are page seletenes to ona, Gran, 108 bn * [Te dein athe ati futher eplined below. onp 0.) + [Rmeiate in tare of publ bales) yoo2 JENSEN'S GRADIVA the sculptor ina lifedike manner’ He found that he himwell ‘yas not capable of imitating i and in iy quest for the ‘reality’ ofthis gait he was le ‘to make observations of his ‘ov Srom the he i order to clear dhe matter up. (9.) This, Ihowerer, forced him into cour of behaviour that was gute oreign thins. “Hitherto, the female ex had been 1 him no sore than the concept of something made of marble or Tbronze, and he had never paid ehe lightest attenson to is ‘contemporary repreentaive.” Socal duties had always seemed to him an unavoidable nuisance; he saw and heard ‘young ladies whom he came acros in society so ite that ‘when he next met them he would pas chem by without & fign; and this, of eoure, made no favourable impreson on them. Now, hovever, thescientifetakwhich he had takenon. compelled him, indy, but more especiallyin wet, weather, to Took esgery inthe serect at women's and gil eve as they ‘cam into view —an acthity which brought hn some angry, fad some encouraging, lances from those who came under This absereation; ‘but he was aware of neither the one noe dhe other” (10,) At an outcome of these earful studies he was forced w dhe concusion that Gradiva'sgait was not discover ble reality; and vhs filled him with rgret and vexation. Soon afterwards he had a tenfying dream, in which he find hinge in ancient Pompe’ om the day ofthe eruption of Vesuvias and wienesed the citys destruction. ‘Ashe was Handing at the edge of the forum beside the Temple of ‘Jupiter, he suddenly saw Gradiva st no grest distance from, him. Ti then he had had no thought of her presence, but now i occurred to him all t once andar though it was some- thing natoral that, since she wat a Pompelan, she was living Ja her naive ton, and, witout is having spate nga is sontenpray.? (12.) Fear ofthe fat tht lay before her pro- vaked im eo utter a warning cry, whereupon the figure, a the ealmly stepped along, timed her face towards him, Bat the then proceeded on her way untroubled, el she reached the portica ofthe temple! there she took her seston one of [Te Terple of Apia] JENSEN'S GRADIVA ” the steps and slowly laid her head down omit, while her face grew paler and paler, ax though it were turing into marble ‘Whea he horrid after her he found her stretched out onthe broad step with a peaceflexpreson, lke someone asleep, sil the rain of ashes buried her form. ‘Whea he awoke, the confaed shouts of the inhabitants of Pompei eallng for help sl seemed to echo in his eas, and the dull mattering of the breakers in the agitated sea. Bat ten after hs returning reflection recognized the sounds a5 the aveakening tga of ols Le in a great ety, he retained this belief for a Tong cine in the realty of what he had dreamt, When at length he had freed himself of the nosion that he himedf had been present at the dastructon of Pompeii almost two thousand years earlier, he was never= theles left with what seemed a true conviction that Gradiva, had lived in Pompei and hoen buried chee withthe others in the year 79 4.0. The decam had as iy result that now for the fit time in his phantates about Gradiva he mourned for her a vomenne who was lot "While he was leaning out ofthe window, absorbed in these thoughts, his attention wos caught by a canary warbling it song from 2 cage inthe open window af the house opposite Sudden something pased with a stare throvgh the mind of fhe young man, who seems not yet to have ally weken fom his dream. He thought he saw in the strect a form like is Gradiva, and thought he even recagnted her characteristic ‘gut, Without thinking, he hurried into the street so 25 to ‘catch up with her; and it was only the laughter and jers of the passers-by at bis early-morning atire that quickly drove 1him back ito his house. When ae wasn hie room again, the singing ofthe canary ini cage once more caught his atten- ‘on and suggested a comparison with imsell He too so seemed to him, was lke someone sitting in a cage though it ‘was easier for him to eacape ftom it. As though as 2 further Mfermath of hie dream, and perhaps, too, under the ine uence ofthe mild nit of rpring, a reave wok shape in him to make a springtime journey to Taly. A scienine excuse c” JENSEN'S GRapiva for i soon presented itself even though the impulse to make this journey had aviten fom a feeling he could not name. aH) ‘Let us paute for a moment at thi journey, planned for such remirkably uncogent reasons, and take a closer lok at ‘our her's personality and behavior, He ail appear to ust incompeehensible and foolish; we have no idea how bis ‘eculitsflly wil be inked to human feeling and so arouse ‘our sympathy. Tei an author's privilege to be allowed to ‘eave sia such uncertainty. The charm of his language and ‘heingenuity of his ides offer us a provisional reward for the Teliance we place in him and forthe sll earned sympathy which we ate ready to feel for his hero, OF this hero we are further told that he was pre-rdained by family tradition to become an archaeologist that in his later lation and independence he war wholly absorbed in his studies and had tumed completely away from life and its pleasures, Marble find bronze alone were trly live for hitns hey alone ex Dressed the pupore and vale of human fe. Bur natore, [eslaps with benevolent intent, had infse into his blood @ orretive of an entirely unacientific tort an extremely lively Etnagination, which could show Self not only in his dreams dhut offen in his waking Ie as wel. This division besween Imagination and intellect destined im to become an artist fo a neurotic; he was one of thse whose Kingdom isnot of {Gis world, Thus i¢ war that i¢ could come about that his intoret wae tached to a relief representing & gol stepping slong in a peculiar fasion, that he wove his phantases fround her, imagined a name and origin for he, placed the Figure he had crested in the setsng ofthe Pompeli that was ‘buried more than eghtewn huusded years before, and ial, aera strange ansielydream, magnified his paantay ofthe tsntenee and death of thi gil named Gradiva into a Aelovon, which gained an influence over his actions. Such product ofthe imagination ould seem tous astonishing and Inexplicable we met them in someone in reali, Since our JENSEN'S CRADIVA 6 bhero, Norbert Hanoi a fititous person, we may perhaps pat a timid question to his author, and ask whether is Imagination was determined by forces otber than its own, arbitrary choice. We had le our hor at the moment whom he wat ape paren Being Ted by the wong oa canary to decide on a Journey to Ttly, the purpose of which was evidently not lear t hi. We learn further that he had no fed plan or foal fr hit ourney. Aa inner resents and diatacton Grove him fom Rome to Naples and from hence futher sll He found himsef among the swarm of honeymooners Sd was fred to notice te loving coupler of “Edwin” and “Angelina but wat quite unable to undentand. thir soingon, He came othe eonluon that ofa te fies ot Iankind‘gebing mane taker int place, a Whe pret Bud mos fncomprehemibe, and the serces honeymoon tripe to Rly are in a wat, the crowning touch of this idiocy’ (22) Having been diturbed in his sleep by the ptoanity of loving couple at Rome, he hori edt Kaples, only to find other ‘Edin’ and ‘Angelina? there. Hoying gathered from thee conversation tat eke majority cof these par of binds had no tention of ating smog the rin of Pompei, but were fying towards Capi, he deter ined todo wht they didnot and any few day fer his Aleparcre found Aimoolt ‘contrary to bis expectation and Snenson in Pomrit ‘Dut without fing there the repose he was in search of. ‘The par which had o far been played by the honeymoon covples who fad. troubled is spits and barased hit thought, was now taken over by the houses, whieh he was incibed to regards the incarbation o all hats abstutely cil and unnevssary. The fo sor of tormenting sp "Ang an ‘Get in he vial. The names eee event tp he coune othe sary ale cera bs Yo replace the someon apt to Eh Soncymenn eur a he6 JENSEN'S GRADIVA come of the pis fies ended him ‘Sr the honeyrndeny and he pected hat ey foo were Saivesing tac ote in thei Inngnage ot dearest avin daring Angeinw’. rental he could not but resize that hr datstetion was noted nly by He mound ings but tnt is source warn part ered fom within Let (42) He fe at ‘he war dicontented been he Jacked something thot war no de om wha ‘Nextnomingepaedebroughthe‘Tere ito Pompe, ani afer gen ofthe gus, soled sel Sh dhe town, without, esngey eng, rmembering ha only thor te bere be Aad eon preset inh eam ti inal, When later on atthe ho a hop iy hoor, Wich che anc regarded eth howe gery hohe Mists had ten fight and te heape of rin ay etre ra dsrate nd bate light, bef that he wat She Co cary hime back into thee that had. been Inod burnt bythe rp ofecnce, What taught war 8 Ulan, archaclgical way ef looking st thingy, abd what fame fom it mouth wee dead, lbloieallanguage ‘Tae were ef no help to an endemandiag through the spit, de elingy, che heart—put it as you plete, Whoever {de longing er hat mst sander one he only ng Centre inthe ot lence of kndy, among the eis of the pat and loc but aot with boll eye, and item, be oth phys far And then the dead waked and Pompei began olive nce more” (35) While hewetr smating the pat with issagnation, he ment nthe unmistakable Grads of i ree come furofa howe and sep trppingy over the laa Reppin fons fo the oer ofthe set, jt hehe sen hee ‘doin his dream the other tight win ae hd lain down at though o sep on the tee of he Temple of Api “And itech wth Fs memory fomething ce ame ft Re cone ‘lms forthe hi tee: witout being avareKimelof the impulse within im be bad come to Tay aad ad "ain 3.) JENSEN'S GRADIVE " travelled onto Pompei, without topping in Rome or Naples, in oder to soe whether he could find any traces of her, And "trae Iiterally; for with her peculiar gait she most have left behind an imprint of her toes in the ates distinct foe all the rest” (58) [A thie point the tension in which the author has hithere> ‘held us grows for a moment into 2 painful sense of bewiider- ment. Tet not oaly our hero who has evidently lst his Talance; we too have lit our bearings in the fave of the apparition of Gradiva, who was sta marble figure and then ‘an imaginary one. Is she 2 hallocination of our her, led sartry by hit delusion? 1 she a ‘real? ghes® or living ervon? Not that we need believe a ghows when we draw up ‘hi Tit. The author, who hat called his story a‘phaniayy’, ‘hat Sound no occasion 8 far for informing uz whether he Intends to Teave uti our world, dared for being prosaic and sovered by the laws of scence, or whether he wishes (0 fransport us into another and imaginary warld, in which spirits and ghowts are given reality. Az we know fm the ceamples of Handa and Mest, we are prepared to fllowe ‘im there without hesitation, Ifo, the imaginative archaeo- logis's delusion would have to be measured by another standard. Indeed, when we consider how improbable it must ‘be that zeal pesson could exise who bore an exact resea= lance to the’ antigue sculpture, our list of alternatives shrinks to to: a hallucination or a mid-day ghost. A small ‘etal in the account soon cancels the fist pesbilty. A large Hzard wat Iying motionless, streched out in the sunshine, bt ded atthe approach of Gradiva's foot and darted away cro the lava paving-tones. So it was no hallecnation, but fomething outside our dreazer’s mind, But could the reality of a redeisa arte a zane? Gradiva disappeared in font ofthe House of Meleager. ‘We shall not be surprised to hear that Necbert Hanold pur- sued his delusion that Pompei had come to life around him» JENSEN'S CRADIVA atthe mid-day hour of ghosts and supposed that Gradiva too luad come to lif aguin and had entered the house in hich the had lived before che seal Augurt day in 79.0.1. Ingenious ‘speculations pon the personality of 10 owner (after whom ‘he house was probably named), and upon Gradiva’srelaton~ ship to bim, shot through hit head, and proved that his science war now completely in the service ofhis imagination. He entered the houte, and ewdenly found the sppartion fonce more, siting om some low steps between two Yellow Columns, "There wat something white stretched out across Iner knee; he enlel not clearly dgcera what ic was it seemed tobea sheet of papyeat ...” On the basis of his atest theo of her origin Ke addressed her in Greek, and waited with trepidation fo lesen whether, in her phantom presence she pporesed the power af speech, Since she made mo reply, he {dremel hee instead in Ladin, Thea, with a smile on her liper "I you want to speak o-me’, she sad, ‘you must do iin German Whats iia for us reader! So che author hs been ‘making fin of us and, wid the help, as it were, ofa reflection ‘ofthe Pompeiansonshine, has inveiged ar into a delusion on f small eeale, zo that we may be forced to pass a milder Judgement on the poor weetch on whom the mid-day sun ‘was realy shining. Now, however, that we have been cured ‘of our brief conation, we know that Gradiva was a German. {gr offiesh and blond—a solution which we were inclined to eject as the ment immprebable one. And now, with « quiet ene of superiority, we may wait to learn what the relation was between the gil snd her marble image, and hove our ‘young srchacoloyiatarived at the phantases which pointed. towatls her val personality. TBut our beso was not torn from hie delusion as quickly su we have been, for, a8 the author tells ‘though his bei ‘made him happy, he had to take the aeceptance of quite a Considerable number of mysteries into the bargain. 140.) TENSEN'S RADIA 8 Moreover, ths delusion probably had interna roots in him ‘of which we Inow nothing and which do not exist in out- {elves In is cae, no doubt, energetic treatment wold sem inecesay before he could be brought back to reality. Mean- ‘while all he could do was to fit his delusion into the wonder experience he had jst had. Gradiva, who had perished with the resin the destruction of Pompei, could be noching other ‘han a mid-day ghost who had returned to life forthe bret ighoniy hous, But why was it that aller hearing her reply Selivered in German, he exclaimed “T knew your voice founded Uke that? Not only we, but the gi herself was ‘ound to ask the question, and Hanold had to admit that he Inad sever heard it, though he had expected to in his dream, ‘wien he called to her as he ny down to sleep on the temple ‘eps, He hegged her to do the same thing again as she had theng but now she rte, gave him a strange look, and in a few paces disappeared between the calumns ofthe court. A pretty butterfly had shorly before tered round her for a ‘while and he interpreted it as a mesenger from Hades reminding the dead gil that she mst return, since the mide {ay hour of ghosts was at an end. Hanold sll had time 10 ‘all after the girl as she vanished: “Will you return here to- morro atthe mid-day how?" Tous, however, who can now venture upon more sober interpretations, i looks as though, ‘the young Indy had seen something improper in the remark ‘addreed to her by Hanold and had lett him with a sense af Thaving been insulted; for afer all the could ave known nothing of his dream, May not her sensibility have detected the erotic nature of his request, whote motive in Hlanold's eye lay in its relation to hs dream? ‘Afez Gradiva’s disappearance our hero had 2 cael Took at all the guests congreguted for thelr midlay meal at che Hotel Dioméde and’ went on to do the same at the Hotel Suisse, and he wae then able to feel atared that in neither fof the only two hotels known to him in Pompei was there anyone bearing the remotest reemblance 19 Gradiva. He ‘would of cour have rejected at nonsensical the idea that heEy JENSEN'S GRADIVA sight actually meet Gradiva in one of the two inns. And presently the wine presed fiom the hot sil of Vesuvius Iaclped to intensify the ws] of fling in which he spent the day. For the following day one thing only was xed: that Hanold mart once mre be in the Houre of Meleager at sid-day; and, in expectation ofthat moment, he made hi ‘way inte Pompeii by an irregular route--over the ancient city wall. A sprig of ephodel, ung about with ts white bell shaped Blosoms, seemed to im significant enough, as the flower of the underworld, for him & pluck # ant carry i ‘with him. But ashe waited, the whole science of archaeology ‘eemed to him the most pointes and indifferent thing in the ‘world for another interest ad taken posenon of him the problem of ‘what could be the nator ofthe body appari tion of being like Grav, who was atonce dead and, even ‘hough only atthe mid-day hows, alive". 80.) He was fears, too, that he might not meet her that day, for perhaps her return could be permited only at ong intervalsyand when he perecived her once again becween the columm, he thought ther apparition was only a trick of is imagination, and ix hie pain exclaimed: “Ol! if only you sill exsted and lived? ‘This time, however, he bad cuidently been too critica, for the apparition pouced a voice, which asked him if he was meaning to bring her the white Hower, and engaged him, Gaconeeted once aga, in along conversation. "To his readers, however, to whom Gradiva har already grown ofiterest a5 a living person, she author explains that the dxpleaed and zepeling ook which she had given him the day before had Vieded to an expresion of searching, interest and curity. And indoed she now preceeded 19 ‘question hia, asked for an explanation of his remark on the ‘previous day and enquired whea i¢ was that he had stood, Desde her as she lay down to sleep. ls this way she learnt of his dream, in which she had perished along with her native sity, and then ofthe macble relief and the poste of the foot ‘which had so much attracted the archaeologist, And now she JENSEN'S GRADIVA a showed herelf ready o demoastrate her gait and this proved. thatthe only divergence from the orginal portrsic of Gradiva ‘ras that her sandals were replaced by light sanc-ecoured ‘shoot of fie leather—which she explained as being an alapt- ation tothe present day. She was evidently entering into his Seluson, the whole compass of which she elicited fom him, ‘without ever contradicting it. Only once did she sem to be Gstracted from the part she was playing, by an emotion af Ther ov; and this was when, with his Choughts on the rele, hae declared that he had recognized her atthe fist glance Since at this stage of their conversation she ail knew nothing about the relief it was natural for her to misunder- stand Hanol’s words; but she quickly recovered herself and iisonly tous that some of her remarks sound as though they Inad a double sense, a Uhough besides thee meaning in the ‘context of the delusion they also meant something real and present-lay-for instance, when she regretted that be had rot tucceeded in confirming the Gradiva gait in his experi- ‘ents in dhe sets: “What a pity! perhaps you would not hnave bad to make the long journey herel' (83.) She also Tearned that he had given her porraton the rele the name ‘of Gradive, and told him her real name, Za’. "The naine ‘sis you beautflly, butitsoundstome like bitter mockery, for Zoe meane lie.” "One mast bone to the inevitable’, vst her reply, ‘and T have long grown used to being dead” ‘romising to be at the same place again atthe mid-day hour next day, she bade him farewell after once more asking birn forthe sprig of asphodel ‘to those who are more fortunate ‘pple give rove in the spring; but to me itis ight that you Should give the ower offargetfoles.” No doubt melancholy Suited some one who had been so long dead and had retrned to Hfe again fara few short hours. We are beginning to understand nov, and to feel some hope. If the young lady in whose form Gradva had come to lifeagain accepted Hanoles delusion so fly, she was prob- ably doing so in order to set him free Bom There was no2 JENSEN'S cRapiva other way of doing 2; to contraditit would have put an end to any much pousbiliy. Even the serious treatment ofa real ‘hac ofillnest of the Kid could proeed in no ter way than. to begin by taking up the same ground a8 che delusional Sractre and then investigating it a¢ completely as posible If Zoe was the right person for the ob, sv sall soon learn, no doubt, how to cure a delusion ike our hero's. We should iso be glad to know how sich delusions arise. It would be & ftrange coincdence—bt, neverheles, not without an ex ample or parlleif the treatment ofthe delusion were to Coincide with its ivetigation and ifthe explanation of ic frig were to be revealed precisely while it was being dite fected. We may sompect, of course, tht, ifs, our case of Hines might end up 4s 4 ‘commonplace’ fovestary. But the healing power oflove against a delusion isnot to he despised ed was not oor hero's infatuation for his Gradiva sculp= tute a complete instance of being in lve, though of being in love with something past and lifeles? ‘Afier Gradiva’s disappearance, there wat only a distant sound, like the laughing call of «bird fying over the ruined tiny. The young man, now by himself picked up a white tbject that had been left behind by Gradiva: not 2 sheet of Dapyres, bata sletck-book with pencil drawings of various Xeon in Pompai, We should be inclined to regard her having forgotten the book there as a plage of her return, for it sour bli thst no one forgets anything without some sceretreaton o: hidden motive "The remainder of the day brought Hanold all manner of strange discoveries and confirmations, which Be faled 10 synthesize ito a whole He perecived today in the wall of the portico where Gradva had vanished s nartow gap, which twas wide enougi, however, to allow someone unasually ‘lim to pass throng it. He recognized shat Zoe-Gradiva need rnot have sunk into the earth here—an idea which now ‘Seomed to him so wnreavonable that het ashamed of having fone believed init; she might well have used thegap asa way JENSEN'S ORADIVA a ofresching her grave, A slight shadow seemed to him to mele faway atthe end ofthe Steet of the Tombs in front of whats Inown asthe Vila of Diomedes. Tn the same whirl offing at on the previous day, and ‘deep in the same problems, be now strolled round che tnvtrone of Pompeii What, he wondered, might be the bodily ature of Zoe-Gradiva? Would ope feel anything if one {ouched her hand? A strange urge drove him toa determina- ton top this experiment to the test. Yet an equally strong, reluctance held ima back even from the very ides. ‘Ona sun-bathed slope he met an elderly gentleman who, fiom bis accoutrements must be a zoologist or botanist and ‘who eeemed to he engaged ina bunt. This individual tamed Towards him and sui “Are you intersted in faragionssi a5, ‘well Tshould hardly have suspected it, but it sems to be (quite probable that it oocire not oaly on the Fasagiioni {lands off Capri, but has etablished itself on he mainland too. The method preseibed by our colleague Eimer! is 2 really good one; Ihave made use efi many thes aleeady ‘with excelent resale, Pease keep quit tll." (86,) Here the speaker broke off and placed a snare made ofa Tong blade of raisin font of crack inthe rocks out of which the small iridescent blue head of Haard was peering. Hanold left the lnard-hunter with a excal feeling that Tt was scarcely crvdible what foolish and strange purposs could Tead people to make th long journey to Pompei—without, redess to say, inckding in his extism himself and is Intention f searching in the ashes of Pompeii for Gradiva’s footprints, Moreover the gentleman's fice seemed fair, as though he had had a glimpae oft in one of the two hotel bis manser of addres, to, had bees as though be were speaking to an acquaintance Tin the course of hit farther walk, he arived by a side~ road at house which he had not yet discovered and which ftrmed out to be a thied hotel, the ‘Albergo del Sol# The {A welhaow zoo of the second half of the nineteenth con Se Hotel fhe Su")a JPREEN'S ORADIVA landlord, with nothing else to do, took the opportunity of showing off his house and the excavated treasures it cone ‘ined tn their est advantage. He asterted that he ad been ppreent when the pair of young lovers had been found in the Eeighboothood ofthe Forum, who n the knowledge oftheir inevitable doom, had awaited death cloely embraced in cach other's arm. Hanold had heard ofthis before, and had shrugged fit shoulders overt asa fabulous tale invented by fome imaginative stor-teler; but today the landlords ‘words aroused his belief and this was increased when a metal Clasp was produced, covered witha groen patina, which vas Said to have boen retrieved from the ashes beside the girl’: ‘remains, He purchased this carp widhout any further crtial ‘doubts, and when, ase lft che alergy, he say in an open. window a nodding sprig of asphodel covered with white ‘leno, the sight ofthe Roneral flowers came over him asa ‘confrunation ofthe genninenes of his new posiesion. But with the clasp a new delusion took possesion of him, ‘or rather the old one had a small piece added to it—no ‘very good augur, it would seem, fr the treatment that had ‘been begun. pair of young lovers in an embrace had been ‘dug out not far from the Forum, and it was in that very neighbourhood, by the Temple of Apallo, thatin his dreams bh had seen Grediva lie down t sleep [p12]. Was it not possible that in fact she had gone further along from the Forum and had met someone and chat they haa then died fogeter? A tormenting fering, which we’ might perhaps liken 19 jealosy, aroee out ofthit suspicion. He appeased it by reflecting on the uncertainty of the construction, and ‘rougthimtlf ois enees far enough o beable to take bis ‘evenig meal atthe Hotel Dioméde. There his attention was ‘ray by two newly-arived visors, a He ada She, whom. the wa obliged to regard a a brother and sister on account of certain reemblance between uber—in site ofthe difer- tence in the colour oftheir hair. They were the first people he Ined met om his journey who made a sympathetic impression fon him. A red Sorrento rose worn by the grt arouted some JeNsEN's omantee ” ind of memory in him, bute could not think what. At lst Ihe went ca bed ad had a dream, Te waa a remarkably sense- less affair, but was obviously hashed up from his day's fsperiences, ‘Somewhere in the san Gratva wat sitting, ‘making a snare out of a blade of gras o catch a lizard in, fd sid “Please keep quite rl. Our indy colleague irighty the method is a rally good one and she has made use of it with excellent ren”? He fended off this dream while he twas sill asleep, with the exteal thought that fe was wtter ‘madness, and he succeeded in fecing himself from ie with the help ofan invisible bird which uttered shore lavghing call and carried off the Heard in its bese In spite of allthis turmoil, he woke up in a rather Clearer and steadier frame of mind. A branch of «rese-trce beating ‘lowers ofthe tore he had seen the day before on the youn Inde breast reminded him that during the night someone bine eaid that people give rates in the spring, Without thinke Jing, he picked a fe ofthe ress, and there must bave been something connectel with them that had aelaxing effect om his mind. He fet relieved of his unvodable felings, and ‘went by the nsual way to Pompei burdened with te roses, ‘he metal clasp and the sketeh-book, and occupied with & number of problems concerning Gradiva. The old delusion bad begun to show cracks: he wat beginning to wonder ‘whether she might be in Pompei, not atthe mideday hour ‘only, but a other ines a well. The ste ad shifted, howe fever, tthe Intex aditon, and the jealouny ataching 1 i tormented him in all sorts of eisguiss He could almost have ‘wished thatthe apparition might remain visible to hie eyes Bone, and chide the perception of ethers then, inspite of| everything, he could look on her as his own exclusive property. While he was strolling about, wating for the mid- ‘day hour, he hae an unexpected encounter. Inthe Case de ‘Faia he came vpon two figures in a corner in which they runt have thought themselves out of sight, for they were ‘embraced in each other's arms and ther ie were pressed together. He war astonished to recognize in them the2 Jensen's onanree sympathetic couple fom the previous evening, But thei box haviour now did wot seem t Sta brother and ster: their cimbrace and their kis seemed to him to last too long. So fer all they were a pair of lovers, presumably a young honeymoon couple—yet smother Eevwin and Angelina. Criouly enough, however, this ime the sight of them caused im only satisfaction; and with a sense of awe, a8 though he had iaterrapted tome eeret act of devotion, he withdrew unobeervd. Am atnde of zespetfulnes, which bbe had long been without, had returned to him. ‘When he reached the Howse of Meleages, he was once more overcome by such a volent dread of finding Gradiva in someone cles company that when she appeared the only ‘words ie found to greet her with were: ‘Are you alone” Tt ‘was with diffenty that he allowed her to bring him to realize that be had picked the ave for her. He confesed his latest ‘elusion to her—that she was the gi who had been found in the forum in a love's embrace and who had owned the ‘green clgp. She enquired, aot without a touch of mockery, Wrinether fe had found the thing in the sun perhaps: the sun (and she naed the [Telia] wor ‘il’) produced all kinds of| things like tnt, He admitted that he was feeling dizzy in his bead, and she suggested as cure that he should share her small pienie meal wih her. She offered him half of roll ‘wrapped up in tisue paper and ate the other half hers twith an obviouy good appetite. At che same time her per fice teoth fated etwoen her lips and made slight unch- ing sound ae they bic trough the erat, ‘T fel as though we had shared a meal like this once before, wo thousand years go, she said; ‘ean't you remember (118) He could think fl no reply, but the improvement in his head brought about by the fod, and the many indications she gave offer actual presence, were not without ther eect on him. Reason began {fo ns in itn snd to throve doube on the whole delusion of (Gradiva’s being no more than a mid-day ghost—though no sloubc it might be argued on the other hand that she herself Ihad just sand chat ahe bad shared a meal with him so TENSEN'S GRaDrvA a thousand years ago. As a means of eetiing the cance an experiment suggested ial: and this he caried out craily fui with regained eouregs. Her eft hand, vith is delicate finger, was vesting en her knees, and one ofthe housefies ‘whe impertinence and nelemnest had o mich rowed hit indignation alighted on it, Suddenly Hlanolds hand wat ‘alse in the air and descended with a vigorous slap on the fly and Gradiva’s band, “This bold experiment had two ress: Rest 2 joe cone vietion that he had without any doubt touched a Yea, living, ‘warm human hand, but afterwards a eproof that made itn Jump up in a fight (Rom his seat on the spe. For, from CGradva’s He, when she had recovered from her astonish- rent, thexe rang out these word: "There's no doubt you're but of your mind, Norbert Hana?” As everyone knows, the best method of waking a sleeper or 2 sleep-valkcr it cal, him by his own name. But unluckily there was no chance of observing. the effects produced on Norbert Hanold. by (Gradiva’s calling him by hisname {which he had tld noone sn Pompei). For at this steal moment the sympathetic pair ‘of lovers ftom the Cava dd Faure appeared, and the young Tady exclaimed in a tane of joyful surprise: "Zoe! Are you. Ihere to? And on your honeymoon like us? You never wrote ‘mea word about it” Tn fice of this new evidence of Gracva’s living reality, Hanold took fight ‘Nor wat Zoe-Gradiva very agrocably surprised by unexpected vis, which interrupted her in what was appar ently an import tak But she quickly pulled herself together and made a feat reply tothe question, in which she explinod thestwation to her friend—and even move to ‘ur—and which enabled her to get sid of che young eouple. ‘She congratulated them; but she was not on her honeymcon, “The young man who's jst gone off i labouring, lke you, wunder a remarkable aberation. He scems to think cher’ a fly busting ia hie head. Well, T expect everyone bos some tort of insect there. I's my duty to low something about ‘entomology, ao ean help a tle in eases ike that. My