Advanced Topics in the Seismic. DeSeiRoaNetieaeRsute es tructural Components to KNOWLEDGE eT Ne} The determination of the basic seismic parameters for nonbuilding structures (NBS) and nonstructural components. "The determination of seismic forces on nonbuilding structures supported by other structures. = The determination of seismic forces on common nonstructural components attached to nonbuilding structures.The interrelation and overlap between Chapter 15 and Chapter 13 of ASCE 7-10. Special considerations for the seismic design of tanks and vessels. = Examples of determining seismic forces on various nonbuilding structures and nonstructural components commonly found in industrial facilities. Basic TN altis assumed that the participants have the basic knowledge to determine the ground motion parameters and design coefficients. "Only a brief review of these parameters and coefficients will be made. =Ground motions in ASCE 7-10 are based on a risk target of (approximately) 1 percent probability of collapse in 50 years.1S, = 5 % damped, spectral response acceleration at short periods =S, = 5 % damped, spectral response acceleration at a period of 1 second || slp uF, = Site Coefficient | | oe uF, = Site Coefficient { I Spg = 2/3F,Ss a Sp, = 2/3F,S, 17, = Mapped long-period transition period (4 to 16 sec) . sNonbuilding Structures =R = response modification factor (Tables 12.2-1, 15.4-1, or 15.4-2) = Represents the inherent overstrength and global ductility capacity of structural components. ‘= Actual seismic loads are reduced by R. = This reduced design strength level results in nonlinear behavior and energy absorption at displacements in excess of initial yield. In other words, damage (but not collapse) is allowed.TESS) Ba) ol i aNonbuilding Structures "Qq = overstrength factor (Tables 12.2-1, 15.4-1, or 15.4-2), = The seismic load effect with the overstrength factor is intended to address those situations where failure of an isolated, individual, brittle element can result in the loss of a complete seismic-force-resisting system or in instability and collapse. =A special seismic load combination (seismic load effect including overstrength factor) is specified in ASCE 7-10 Section 12.4.3, mNonbuilding Structures =C, = deflection amplification factor (Tables 12.2-1, 15.4-1, or 15.4-2). = The elastic deformations calculated under the reduced design forces (1/R) are then amplified by the deflection amplification factor, C, , to estimate the expected deformations likely to be experienced in response to the design ground motion.mNonbuilding Structures mlz = importance factor taken from Table 1.5-2 based on Risk Category SDC = Seismic Design Category. A function of Risk Category and of soil modified seismic risk in the form of Spg and Sp; determined from Tables 11.6-1 and 11.6-2. Dictates when additional detailing is required. sNonbuilding Structures mp = Redundancy Factor =A factor intended to penalize structures with little redundancy (lack of multiple load paths) in their lateral force-resisting systems. = Rules and exceptions are found in Section 12.3.4. = The value of p is either 1.0 or 1.3 for nonbuilding structures similar to buildings. = The value of p is 1.0 for nonbuilding structures NOT similar to buildings.sNonstructural Components (Tables 13.5-1 and 13.6-1) ma, = component amplification factor that varies from 1.0 (rigid element T < 0.06 sec.) to 2.5 (flexible) =R, = component response modification factor (same concept as R for structures) m1, = component importance factor (1.0 or 1.5). |p is not necessarily the same as the value of I; for the supporting structure. sNonstructural Components (Tables 13.5-1 and 13.6-1) ™SDC = Seismic Design Category. Nonstructural components are assigned to the same seismic design category as the structure that they occupy or to which they are attached. mp = Redundancy Factor = 1.0 for nonstructural components.sNonbuilding structures supported by other structures see amplified seismic forces in a similar manner as nonstructural components. =Section 15.3 of ASCE 7-10 provides extensive guidance on the design of nonbuilding structures supported by other structures. = There are 3 possible outcomes when the provisions of Section 15.3 are used. "15.3.1 Less Than 25 percent Combined Weight Condition 15.3.2 Greater Than or Equal to 25 Percent Combined Weight Condition "15.3.2 (1) Rigid (T < 0.06 sec) Nonbuilding Structure 15.3.2 (2) Flexible Nonbuilding StructureBice 15.3.1 Less Than 25 percent Combined Weight Condition = Where the weight of the nonbuilding structure is less than 25 % of the combined effective seismic weights of the nonbuilding structure and supporting structure, the design seismic forces of the nonbuilding structure are determined in accordance with Chapter 13 where the values of R, and a, are determined in accordance to Section 13.1.5. = The supporting structure is to be designed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 or Section 15.5 as appropriate with the weight of the nonbuilding structure considered in the determination of the effective seismic, weight, W. * roc) = 15.3.1 Less Than 25 percent Combined Weight Condition 1 This represents the dividing line between Chapter 13 and Chapter 15. Eq. 13.3-1 is used to calculate the seismic force, F,, on the supported nonbuilding structure: 040/50, i) (+2) 33-1) i,= 15.3.2 (1) 2 25 percent Combined Weight Condition and Rigid (T < 0.06 sec) ‘= The supporting structure is to be designed in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 12 or Section 15.5 as appropriate, and the R value of the combined system is permitted to be taken as the R value of the supporting structural system, = The nonbuilding structure and attachments are to be designed for the forces using the procedures of Chapter 13 where the value of R, shall be taken as equal to the R value of the nonbuilding structure as set forth in Table 15.4-2, and a, shall be taken as 1.0. Td Ec Ramsay 15.3.2 (1) 2 25 percent Combined Weight Condi and Rigid (T < 0.06 sec) = This procedure is similar to that for the case where the supported nonbuilding structure is less than 25% of the ‘combined mass. = Eq. 13.3-1, with R, = R (Chapter 15), is used to calculate the seismic force, F,, on the supported nonbuilding structure: Fp= nt ae= 15.3.2 (1) 2 25 percent Combined Weight Condition and Rigid (T < 0.06 sec) = Very few supported nonbuilding structures qualify as rigid. = There is a great temptation to assume that the supported nonbuilding structure is rigid due to the resulting ease of calculation and lower loads. = Honestly evaluate the period of the supported nonbuilding structure, taking into account fluid-structure interaction and the flexibility of the supporting floor beams. ST cele = 15.3.2 (2) 2 25 percent Combined Weight Condition and Flexible (T 2 0.06 sec) = The nonbuilding structure and supporting structure are to be modeled together in a combined model with appropriate stiffness and effective seismic weight distributions. = The combined structure is to be designed in accordance with Section 15.5 with the R value of the combined system taken as the lesser R value of the nonbuilding structure or the supporting structure. = The nonbuilding structure and attachments are to be designed for the forces determined for the nonbuilding structure in the combined analysis. 10= 15.3.2 (2) 2 25 percent Combined Weight Condition and Flexible (T 2 0.06 sec) = This is the most common situation. = Because the combined structure is to be designed using the R value of the combined system taken as the lesser R value of the nonbuilding structure or the supporting structure, the use of a high R value system (e.g. special concentrically braced frame) offers no advantage. ‘= An example comparing these 2 procedures for the case 2 25 % will be provided at the end of this presentation. Nonbuilding Stru y Other Strut = Unfortunately, Table 15.4-2 contains an error, which conflicts with the provisions of Section 15.3. aThe 3” entry in Table 15.4-2 is: “Tanks or vessels, supported on structural towers similar to buildings”. aThe entry goes on to say: “Use values for the appropriate structure type in the categories for building frame systems and moment resisting frame systems listed in Table 12.2-1 or Table 15.4-1." This entry was not coordinated with Section 15.3 and assumes that the supported tank or vessel is rigid. cae"Most tanks and vessels supported on structural towers will be flexible, especially if fluid-structure interaction is accounted for and/or the flexibility of the support beams is taken into account =This entry in Table 15.4-2 has been proposed to be deleted in ASCE 7-10 Supplement 2. =| recommend that you mark through this table entry now! = Table 13.5-1 (Architectural Components) and Table 13.6-1 (Mechanical and Electrical Components) contain the basic seismic parameters (a, and R,) for many common nonstructural components. =Sometimes, you will run into cases where specific values for your component are not listed. ain this case, it is best to use “other mechanical or electrical component’ from Table 13.6-1 or, in the case of an architectural component, use values from “other rigid components’ or “other flexible components” from Table 13.5-1. ~ 12eee ‘sh ney cn el tee Sete oe le {om atone sa banc eae an meee Pereeareren erent reread al recommend the following values of a, and R, for steel walkways and platforms and for fin fans with integral support legs: = Steel Walkways and Platforms a, = 2.5, R, =2.5 5,R,=3.0 = Fin fans wiintegral support legs a, = The recommend values of a, and R,, for fin fans with integral support legs are taken from "Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities", 2nd Edition, 2011, ASCE. = The values listed for “fans” in Table 13.6-1 (a, = 2.5 and R, = 6) are not for fin fans with integral support legs. ™ As discussed in the above reference, fin fans with integral support legs have not performed welll in seismic events. = If you choose to use fin fans with integral support legs, please design them for these higher recommended forces and brace the legs or consider cutting the integral legs off and attaching the fin fan to a braced structural steel frame. = 13Typical Fin Fans (Air Coolers) yn and O Some users of ASCE 7 have difficulty distinguishing between a nonstructural component (Chapter 13) and a nonbuilding structure (Chapter 15). = There is some overlap between the two chapters. "As a general rule, any item listed in Table 15.4-2 ‘AND supported on the ground should be treated as a nonbuilding structure. 14"Chapter 13 can be used to evaluate seismic loads on items supported on the ground and common to both Chapter 13 and Chapter 15. Loads determined using the provisions of Chapter 13 will typically be higher than those determined using the procedures of Chapter 15. =Please note that Chapter 15 contains numerous design and detailing requirements for these common items that are critical to the proper performance of these structures. "Chapter 13 does not have specific design and detailing requirements for these common items. "Section 15.3 provides a clear separation between nonstructural components and nonbuilding structures supported by other structures. =For components that are greater than or equal to 25% of the combined mass of the component and the supporting structure, the component must be treated as a nonbuilding structure and follow the provisions of Chapter 15. 15uThere are 4 special considerations for tanks and vessels that need to be highlighted: 4. The importance of anchor rod stretch. 2. The importance of providing seismic freeboard. 3. The importance of providing piping flexibility. 4. Special design requirements for vessel support skirts. ‘Added Washers = Many nonbuilding structures rely on the ductile behavior of anchor bolts to justify the R value assigned to the structure. = Anchor bolts used for tanks and vessels must stretch under seismic loads to provide the required ‘Stretched Bolt on Stack ductility. February 27, 2010 Chile Earthauake 2 16eran Section 15.4.9 provides a consistent treatment of anchorage on nonbuilding structures. = Anchors in concrete used for nonbuilding structure anchorage must be designed in accordance with Appendix D of ACI 318. = Anchors in masonry used for nonbuilding structure anchorage must be designed in accordance with ACI 530. Anchors must be designed to be governed by the tensile or shear strength of a ductile steel element. = Post-installed anchors in concrete or masonry must be pre-qualified for seismic applications. = Section 15.7.3 is intended to ensure that anchor attachments are designed such that the anchor will yield (stretch) before the anchor attachment to the structure fails. = Under Section 15.7.3, connections, excluding anchors (bolts or rods) embedded in concrete, must be designed to develop Q, times the calculated connection design force. = Additionally, the connection of the anchor to the tank or vessel must be designed to develop the lesser of the strength of the anchor in tension as determined by the reference document or ©, times the calculated anchor design force. » 7Tieden eRe) Section 15.7.5 updates the requirements for anchor bolts and anchor bolt embedment design to meet ACI 318 Appendix D. = Section 15.7.5 requires anchorage to meet the requirements of Section 15.4.9, whereby the anchor embedment into the concrete must be designed to develop the steel strength of the anchor in tension. = The steel strength of the anchor in tension must be determined in accordance with ACI 318 Appendix D Equation D-3. The anchor must have a minimum gauge length of eight diameters. = Section 15.7.5 also permits post-installed anchors to be used in accordance with Section 15.4.9.3 provided the anchor embedment into the concrete is designed to develop the steel strength of the anchor in tension. = The load combinations with overstrength of Section 12.4.3 are not to be used to size the anchor bolts for tanks, horizontal and vertical vessels. = Oversized anchors will not be able to stretch and therefore, not provide the required ductility. = These requirements only apply to structures located in SDC C,D, E, and F. 18=Sloshing Wave (Seismic Freeboard) 1 Impact of the sloshing wave on the tank roof or forcing the floating roof into a fixed roof is a continuing source of seismic damage to ground supported storage tanks. = Occasionally, external floating roofs are forced outside of the tank shell by the sloshing wave and end up landing on the shell or the seal catches the shell = Loss of a floating roof results in a fire. = This damage can be eliminated by providing sufficient seismic freeboard. = ASCE 7 and API 650 requires that freeboard be provided in certain specific situations. * any of these cases often 19ee of Providing uate «Freeboard calculation is modified by Notes c. and d. from 15.7.6.1. ce For tanks in Risk Category TV, the value of the importance factog 2, used for freeboard determine tion only shall be taken as 1, Por tans in Risk Categones, 1, and IL the value Of 7, used fos freeboard deteanination ic permed to be sat equal to 4, The valte of the importance factor, 1, used for feeboard determination for tans in Risk Catsgones 1, I, and I shall te the value detesmined from Table 1.5-1enekona ato) "These “modifications” to the freeboard calculation are required because: = For Risk Categories |, lI, and Ill, reducing damage to the tank from the sloshing wave is an economic and NOT life safety decision. Therefore, freeboard is based on less severe requirements. For Risk Category IV, freeboard is based on life safety requirements. | is set equal to 1.0 just as building drift is reduced by |. The use of | is intended to reduce the value of R to create a more robust structure but not to increase the seismic movements that must be accommodated. RM cence Roda Sieg merc) SLOSHING WAVE DAMAGE.. 21rent Creat) "Flexibility of Piping Connections The lack of flexibility in the piping connections to tanks is a continuing source of seismic damage to ground supported storage tanks. = Therefore, ASCE 7 requires piping systems connected to tanks and vessels to be flexible enough to take specified displacements i kane araeigts "Flexibility of Piping Connections = The piping must be able to accommodate these movements at allowable stress levels. = The piping must also be able to accommodate the amplified movements (C, times the values in the tables) without rupturing, ™ API 650 assumes that these movements are ASD level movements and therefore increases the movements by an additional factor of 1.4. = Experience shows that systems with little or no flexibility fail in large seismic events and systems with flexibility built in perform well 22Caan Flexibility of Piping Connections Flexibility Provided Flexibility Not Provided 23= Skirt supported vessels fail in buckling, which is not a ductile failure mode. Therefore, a more conservative design approach is required = To prevent collapse, ASCE 7 Sect. 15.7.10 and Table 15.4-2 require skirt supported vessels to be checked for seismic loads based on Ril = 1.0 if the structure falls in Risk Category IV or if an R-value of 3.0 is used in the design of the vessel. * 24Special design requirements sigs Apbetn mere orm for vessel support skirts are Peeper arene ee required when the vessel Soa falls in Risk Category IV or when R = 3 is used. eikeemae ce Stay eemete a The R/l = 1.0 check will typically govern the design of the skirt over using loads determined with an R-factor of 3 in a moderate to high area of seismic activity. =The only benefit of using an R-factor of 3 in this case is in the design of the foundation. =The foundation is not required to be designed for the R/I = 1.0 load. 25=For the R/I = 1.0 load, the skirt can be designed based on critical buckling (factor of safety of 1.0). The critical buckling strength of a skirt can be determined using a number of published sources. =The two most common methods for determining the critical buckling strength of a skirt are ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 2 Paragraph 4.4 using a factor of safety of 1.0 and AWWA D-100 Section 13.4.3.4, "Weight of supported nonbuilding structure is greater than 25% of combined weight of supported nonbuilding structure and supporting structure. "Section 15.3.2 applies to this example. Two versions of this problem will be presented: = Example 1 will assume that the supported nonbuilding structure is rigid. ‘= Example 2 will assume that the supported nonbuilding structure is flexible. 26=Ground Motions: S, = 1.0, S, =0.6, Site Class D, Risk Category Il (Ip = 1.0), Sps = 0.733, Sp, = 0.6 Supporting Structure: Steel OCBF R = 3.25, T = 0.25 sec., Height = 15'-0, Wt = 100 kips = Supported NBS: Vertical Vessel R = 2.0, Wt = 600 kips, Diameter = 20’, Vessel Height = 30’, Liquid SG = 1.0. Vessel Thickness = 0.25 inches = Assuming a rigid base and no liquid-structure interaction, vessel period is 0.076 sec. Consideration of flexible support beams and liquid-structure interaction will increase vessel period. = Example 1 - Rigid (assumed) Supported NBS = Using Equivalent Lateral Force Method — Supporting Structure C, = Sog/(Rite 0.226 Equation 12.8-2 C.=Spy/T(Rile)]= 0.738 Equation 12.8-3 Cs=0.044Spsle= 0.032 Equation 12.8-5 (minimum) C,=0.5S\(Rile)= 0.092 Equation 12.8-6 (minimum) Cy = 0.226 = V (Base Shear) = 0.226 (100 + 600) = 158.2 kips « 27Force Distribution (Eq. 12.8-12 k = 1.0) = F, = 30(600)/[30(600)+15(100)] * 158.2 = 146.0 kips =F, = 15(100)/[30(600)+15(100)] * 158.2 = 12.2 kips 1.0,z/h = = Load on NBS (Section 15.3.2 (1) R, =R=2,a, 10 notatatl (123) () 0.4(1)(0.733)(600)(2/1)*(1 + 2(1)) = 263.9 kips (governs) =F, (max) = 1.6 Spsl,W, = 703.7 kips AE, (min) = 0.3 Spsl,W, 131.9 kips “ "Example 2- Flexible Supported NBS = Supported vessel with T = 0.076 sec is not “rigid”. Most supported tanks and vessels will not qualify as “rigid”. = Single story braced frame supporting a large mass will basically behave as a single degree of freedom system so the ELF results will be acceptable for this example. =Per Section 15.3.2 (2), R for the combined system will be taken as the lower of the two R values for the individual systems. Therefore, (use of a high R system provides no advantage in this case). 28BNta dy = Example 2 - Flexible Supported NBS = Using Equivalent Lateral Force Method — Supporting Structure C,=Spe/(Rile)= 0.367 Equation 12.8-2 C,=Sp/IT(RMe]= 1.200 Equation 12.8-3 Cs=0.0448psle= 0.032 Equation 12.8-5 (minimum) C,=0.58,(Rile)= 0.150 Equation 12.8-6 (minimum) = Cy = 0.367 = V (Base Shear) = 0.367 (100 + 600) = 256.9 kips PT mse =Force Distribution (Eq. 12.8-12 k = 1.0) =F, = 30(600)/[30(600)+15(100)] * 256.9 = 237.1.0 kips mF, = 15(100)/[30(600)+15(100)] * 256.9 = 19.8 kips = While the forces on the supporting structure are higher in Example 2, the force on the supported nonbuilding structure is actually a little lower than that calculated in Example 1 based on Equation 13.3-1. 29BN el Sb = The 2 examples demonstrate the evaluation of a structure ‘supporting relatively large nonbuilding structures, = Most supported tanks and vessels will not meet the definition of rigid = Because of this, high ductility (high R value) systems generally will not provide any economic advantages when used to support large nonbuilding structures. ™ Please remember to delete the Table 15.4-2 entry for : “Tanks or vessels supported on structural towers similar to buildings” "Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities’, 2nd Edition, 2011, ASCE ="Design of Structural Stee! Pipe Racks” by Richard M. Drake and Robert J. Walter, AISC Engineering Journal, 4th Quarter, 2010. "Soules, J. G., “The Seismic Provisions of the 2006 IBC - Nonbuilding Structure Criteria,” Proceedings of 8th National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, CA, April 18, 2006 30BN) ol ls = FEMA P-750 “NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures: Part 2, Commentary to ASCE/SEI 7-05", 2009 Edition = FEMA P-751 “2009 NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions: Design Examples’ = Bachman, Robert and Dowty, Susan, “Nonstructural Component or Nonbuilding Structure?”, Building Safety Journal, International Code Council, April-May 2008. 31Live PE./S.E. Exam Review Courses, Fall 2013 Pass the PE./S.E. Exam and Save with ASCE’s New Individual Pricing for ‘Review Courses. Three review courses are offered: = PE, Civil Exam © PE, Environmental Exam f SE, Structural Exam Register by July 17 and SAVE $100 For more information and registration visit wwnasce.ore/pereview S.E. Structural Exam Review Course - with Seismic Design Preparation 32PE. Civil Exam Review, 12-Part Course, Fall 2013 PE. Civil Exam Review, 17-Part Course, Fall 2013 33P.E. Environmental Exam Review Course 34,