

‫א‬‫א‬

EF

١٦٢
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

?? EF‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ •
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
  J‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W Units‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 international system units ( SI )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Quantity  ‫א‬ (SI )Unit (Symbol)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Length  ‫א‬ meter m
 ‫א‬ mass ‫א‬‫א‬ kilogram  kg
 ‫א‬ time  ‫א‬ second s
‫א‬‫א‬ temperature   Kelvin k
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Symbol)‫א‬  ‫א‬ Quantity (SI )Unit‫א‬
A  ‫א‬ Area m2
 
v  ‫א‬ Velocity m/sec
V  ‫א‬ Total volume  m
3

D  ‫א‬ Diameter  m
F  ‫א‬ Force  N
Q ‫א‬‫א‬ Volume flow  m
3

rate sec
 ρ  ‫א‬ Density   kg3
m
 µ  ‫א‬‫א‬ Dynamic   kg
viscosity m ⋅ sec

ϕ  ‫א‬‫א‬ Kinematic 2
  m
viscosity sec
 Ρ  ‫א‬ Perimeter  m

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

Re   Reynolds   J J J
number
 f  ‫א‬ Friction factor   J J J
hf  ‫א‬‫א‬ Friction head  m
losses
 τ  ‫א‬ Shear stress   Pa

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( DensityF ρ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  w = ρ ⋅ g  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m
 ρ =
V
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w 
m
 K g = 9.8 ‫א‬‫א‬ g E١
sec 2
 K‫א‬ m E٢
 K‫א‬V E٣
 E viscosityF‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬U‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬y‫א‬
 KE١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 


 WE١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ τ 
 
F
 τ =
A
 y ‫א‬    U ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
du
  τα  
dy
du
 τ =µ⋅  W
dy
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ µ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ
µ =
  du W‫א‬K‫א‬
dy

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E µ = N ⋅ Sec
2
= pa.Sec FEKFEKF‫א‬
m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ϑ = µ  
ρ
2
 E m F
sec
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٢F     ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K         ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
F du
 τ = =µ
A dy
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ECompressibilityF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KEhammeringWaterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EElastic energy)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ERigidF‫א‬
  KE٥F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٥F
 
 

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  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
A‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F ∆у‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ∆v ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
∆v  E١ J١F 
Fα A
∆y  
∆v
F = µA
  ∆ y E٢ J١F 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ µ ‫א‬
 µ  ρ l r
 ν ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 F=Φ r v µ E٣ J١F 
 
‫א‬ 6π  Φ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F
  F = 6πrvµ  E٤ J١F 
 
 

-٩-
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬

 
 WE١ J١F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
4 3  
F1 ↓= πr ρ s g
3  E٥ J١F
 ‫א‬ ρ s 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ g  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
4 3
  F 2 ↑= π r ρ l g E٦ J١F 
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ρ l 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
F3 ↑= 6π r µν
 E٧ J١F
 
- ١٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ν ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F1 = F2 + F3  
4 4  E٨ J١F 
⇒ πr 3 ρ s g = πr 3 ρ l g + 6πrµν
3 3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬
2 r2
  µ = ⋅ ⋅ (ρ s − ρ l )g  E٩ J١F 
9 v
E‫א‬KFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ µ 
 EPa. sec )
 Km‫א‬ r 
‫א‬ ρ s 
kg
  K
m3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ρ l 
kg
  K
m3
 K m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ν 
Sec
  K g = 9 . 8 m
‫א‬‫א‬ g 
Sec 2
 
  

- ١١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١F
 
 
،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
M
 ρ = E١٠ J١F
V
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ M 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V  
E١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 µ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
KE١ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ν ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ d ν = d
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t EBA F
t
 K d ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦٥F‫א‬  J٧
KE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٨

- ١٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

2
ν ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ J١F‫א‬
∆r 2
  Slope =  
∆ν
 
 
 

          

‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 m m  m m2 sec  m/sec
 1            
 2            
 3            
 4            
 6            
 7            
 8            
 E١ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ d ‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬ µ ‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠
2 r2
  µ = ⋅ ⋅ (ρ s − ρ l )g  
9 v

- ١٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F
 
 

- ١٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 1 .2 kg / m 3 0.25cm  J٢
µZ8.3 pa.sec
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K89 gm/cm3‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Ea
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Eb
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ec
‫؟‬bar.min 0.72pa.sec  Ed
‫؟‬m/sec280km/hr  Ee
 

- ١٦ -
  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 v ‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  v = rw E١ J٢F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ w 
 W‫א‬
dw  E٢ J٢F 
= (rw) = r + w
dv d
dr dr dr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
 K w 
 
dv
=
d
(rw ) = w E٣ J٢F
dr dr
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  dv = r dw + w E٤ J٢F   
dr dr
 
dw
‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dr
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
dw
F = µ Ar
dr  E٥ J٢F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ F 
 K‫א‬ µ  
 K‫א‬ A  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  F = µ (2πr )Lr
dw
 E٦ J٢F
dr
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
G = µ (2πr )Lr 2
dw
dr
  dw
E٧ J٢F
⇒ G = 2πµ Lr 3
dr
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L 
 
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
،‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Transducer 
 KE١ J٢F‫א‬Brookfield‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ MODEL‫א‬ SPRING TOQUE‫א‬

 1  LV DV – II+ 673.7 dyne – cm 0.0637 mill – m
 2 RV DV – II+ 7187 dyne – cm 0.7187 mill - m
 3 HA DV – II+ 14374 dyne – cm 1.4374 mill - m
 4  HB DV – II+ 57496 dyne – cm 5.7496 mill – m
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،SICGS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( mpa.sec )(Cent poise) µ ‫א‬  J١
K ⎛⎜
N ⎞
2 ⎟
 ⎛⎜ d 2 ⎞⎟ ‫א‬  J٢
⎝m ⎠ ⎝ Cm ⎠
K ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ‫א‬  J٣
⎝ Sec ⎠
K (N ⋅ m ) Ed.cm)‫ א‬ J٤
 K0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 
 
 
 
  
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 









 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬WE١ J٢F
  
 
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬WE٢ J٢F  
   
   
 
 W‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬  
 
   
‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F
 
  
 
 
 
 W‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٤ J٢F
  
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٤ J٢F
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬ ،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٢F

 Up arrow ‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

Down arrow‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 Motor ON/OFF/Escape‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  Setspeed ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 Select display‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcP or mPa.sec F‫ א‬ J١
K ⎛⎜
N ⎞
2 ⎟
 ⎛⎜ d 2 ⎞⎟ ‫א‬  J٢
⎝m ⎠ ⎝ Cm ⎠
 K ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ‫א‬  J٣
⎝ Sec ⎠

 Enter/Auto range‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Select spindle‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Print‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 Options / Tap‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
  Options Menu
 
Setup
Temperature --- F or C
 Units --- CGS OR SI
Speed Sets --- Sequential, Interleave, Custom
 Printer Port --- Serial (RS232) OR Parallel
Data A Verging --- Display Only

* Time to stop
* Time to Torque

Set Print time:

Set the printing time
PC Prog (ON/OFF) :
Enables / Disables Communication of Serial (RS 232) port
* Download A program:
Link to PC to Receive a B. E.V.I.S. program
(B. E.V.I.S . = Brookfield Engineering Viscometer Instruction Set )
* Run A program:
Execute a B. E.V.I.S . Program.

* Not available when motor is ON

  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 EDV –II+F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
DV F ‫א‬ERV F‫א‬‫א‬
 KELVFERV F‫א‬‫א‬E–II+
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  . 0C or 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEcP or mPa.sec F‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 KE٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٢F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
KE٢ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٢F ‫א‬  J٨
 
 
 E٢ J٢F
 
 E0CF‫א‬‫א‬ Empa.secF‫א‬  ٪‫א‬ ‫א‬
(r.p.m)‫א‬‫א‬
1        
2        
3        
4        
5        
6        
7        
8        
9        
10        
11        
12        
13        
14        
16        
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
،٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
W‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬

   ‫א‬

   ‫א‬

   E٧ J٢F  T

  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dF A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 WdA ‫א‬
dF   
P=
dA  E١ J٣F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

F
 P= 
A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dp
  = − ρg E٢ J٣F
dz
 J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  



 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٣F
 ‫א‬
  
 
 
dp
   = − ρg ‫א‬
dz
 
  p − pο = −γ (z − zο ) E٣ J٣F
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٣FE z − zο F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p = γ .h = ρ .g.h  E٤ J٣F
  
 
 
 
 
 
‫א‬  
 
 W E٢ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  

- ٣٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

P
  ‫א‬       h  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٤ J٣F  ‫א‬ 
ρg
‫א‬‫א‬ γ = ρg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ، p‫א‬
     ‫א‬     ‫א‬      K 
 K
p pο
 z+ = zο + = const  E٥ J٣F 
γ γ
 
 W‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬  J٤
W‫א‬‫א‬p ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
  p = ρ .g.h  
 K‫א‬W ρ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W g  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W h  
 
 
 

- ٣٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١ J٣F
   ‫א‬‫א‬    ρ ‫א‬ 1  

           h ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬2  
  
            p ‫א‬ 3
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦

- ٣٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬،200m300mBA  J٢
 ‫ ؟‬1023 kg / m 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
K‫؟‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬450 cm250 cm300 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 1000 kg / m 3 

- ٣٦ -
  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Steady flowF‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W(Turbulent) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
،،‫א‬
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 

‫א‬
 
 
 
‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬  

‫א‬
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  
‫א‬  
‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬  
EF  
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  
 WE١ J٤F  
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬DZ1 DD1
DZ2DF3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DZ5 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 20L/min ‫א‬  
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٤F
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬Pe1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬40 bar ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pe2 ‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬2L‫א‬
V ⋅ 60 ⎡ L ⎤
 E١ J٤F ‫א‬‫א‬ Q = ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
t ⎢⎣ min ⎥⎦
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١ J٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬  
   ٢‫א‬  ‫א‬
Q t  V Pe2 Q t V Pe2
L/min sec L bar L/min sec L bar
                 φ 6 × 1.5  0.25 
                 φ 6 ×1.5  0.5 
                 φ 6 × 1.5 0.75 
                 φ 4×1  0.75 
                 φ 8× 1.5  0.75 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬  J٢
،H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٤FKa‫א‬
 
 
 


 ‫א‬WE٣ J٤F
  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬        
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
p1 v12 p2 v22
+ = +  E١ J٥F 
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F
 v 2 = 0 ‫א‬
ρv12
 p1 − p2 =  E٢ J٥F 
2g
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬
Winο = Q1ο ρgH 1  E٣ J٥F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Winο 
K‫א‬‫א‬ H 1  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  W2ο = Q2ο ρg (H 2 − H1 )  E٤ J٥F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
Q2 ⎡H2 ⎤
 η = ⎢ − 1⎥  E٥ J٥F
Q1 ⎣ H1 ⎦
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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ •
H2
  ⋅ ⋅ =
H 1   E٦ J٥F 
H A F

 K‫א‬٥٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٥F
 
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،E٢ J٥F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٤٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٥F
 
 

- ٤٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
K
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١٤
KE١ J٥F‫א‬  J١٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٤٨ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

E١ J٥F
           ‫א‬
‫א‬
         
  H 1 (m)
‫א‬
         
  H 2 (m)
‫א‬
         
(L)‫א‬
‫א‬
          ‫א‬
(sec)
‫א‬
‫א‬
         
Q1ο ‫א‬
L/min
‫א‬
         
(L)‫א‬
‫א‬
          
 (sec)‫א‬

‫א‬
          ‫א‬
 L/min‫א‬

          η ‫א‬

‫א‬
         
 ‫א‬

 
 

- ٤٩ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

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  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬،

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٦F
 
‫א‬‫א‬ h‫א‬
 v = 2 gh ‫א‬dQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dA
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  dA = 2 gh .dA E١ J٦F

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

E١ J٦F‫א‬ dA = 2 xdh  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

  dQ = 2 gh .2 xdh  E٢ J٦F W‫א‬‫א‬
 x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
θ θ
⇒ x = (H − h ) tan
x
  tan = =
2 H −h 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٦F‫א‬
 
8 θ 5

 Q = 2 g tan H 2
 E٣ J٦F 
15 2
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬Q‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Cd ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
8 θ 5

  Q = Cd 2 g tan H 2 E٤ J٦F

15 2
  
  θ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
8 θ
  K = Cd 2 g tan  
15 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
5

  Q = KH 2 E٥ J٦F
 
CdK ‫א‬CdK ‫א‬‫א‬
K
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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WK
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 
‫א‬ Q 
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H
5

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ Q = KH 2
 KK ‫א‬‫א‬n  K = ∑ ‫א‬
K
n
 
 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
 
5

 ‫א‬‫א‬ Q = KH 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
5
  log Q = log K + log H
2
5
 ‫א‬‫א‬ m = W‫א‬
2
5
‫א‬‫א‬ m = log Q،log H‫א‬
2
 KK log K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
V
 K Q = ‫א‬‫א‬
t
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬W V  
 K‫א‬W t  
 
 KE١ J٦F ‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٥٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  J١
KH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
KE١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V
K Q = ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٤
t
5

K Q = KH 2 ‫א‬K ‫ א‬ J٥

K‫א‬‫א‬٥٢‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K K = ∑ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫ א‬ J٧
K
n
K Cd = 15 K
θ
‫א‬ Cd‫א‬‫ א‬ J٨
8
2 g tan
2
K Cd‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Cd‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠

- ٥٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

E١ J٦F
                      V ‫א‬
   
(m3)
                      t ‫א‬
   (sec)
                    ‫א‬
   Q = V
t
 
(L\min)
 
                  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 H‫א‬‫א‬
 
(m)
 
                  5

   H 2

  (m)
                     log H
                     log Q
                   k
                   Cd

- ٥٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٦F  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٦F  
   
- ٥٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  
 W‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢

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  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٧
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ١٨٨٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K( Reynolds Number )،
 W
vD ρ
Re =
µ E١ J٧F
 K Re W
 K‫א‬ v  
 K‫א‬ ρ  
 K‫א‬ D  
 K‫א‬‫א‬ µ  
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WElaminar flowF‫א‬‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Re < 2000

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
 2000< Re <2800W
 
 WEturbulent flowF‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
  Re >2800 
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  E١ J٧F   K     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬


   
  J٢  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٧F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٧F‫א‬

 
- ٦٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  J٤‫א‬‫א‬ J٣‫א‬‫א‬ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١W

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٧F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬G
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
hf
 W‫א‬ J = ‫א‬‫א‬
l
128 ⋅ µ ⋅ Q  E٢ J٧F 
J=
π ⋅ d 4 ⋅γ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ µ  
 K‫א‬ d  
 K‫א‬‫א‬ γ  
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
J ⋅ d 2 ⋅γ
  vmax = E٣ J٧F
16 ⋅ µ
 W‫א‬ r ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
J ⋅γ 2
  vr = vmax − r  E٤ J٧F 
4⋅ µ
  r ≤
d

2
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
64
 f = E٥ J٧F 
Re

 W‫א‬‫א‬G
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١

- ٦١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
  vmax = v (1 + 1.136 f ) E٦ J٧F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
0 . 316
f =
Re
0 . 25  E٧ J٧F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
 
f .v d
vr = vmax − 5.75 ⋅ log 2
8 d −r
2
 E٨ J٧F 
  K r ≤
d
‫א‬‫א‬r ‫א‬d 
2
d
‫א‬ vr  r = 
2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 δ =
11 . 6 ⋅ ϑ  E٩ J٧F 
f ⋅v 2

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ϑ 

- ٦٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ J٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٦٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬



‫א‬


 WE٣ J٧F
 

- ٦٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
V
K Q = ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
t
Q
K‫א‬ A  v = ‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
A
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬  J١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١١
 E١ J٧F
 ϑ  vmax   f  Re  v Q  t  V ‫א‬
2
(m /sec) 3
Em/sec) (m /sec) Esec) (m3)
Em/sec)
                 
                
 

- ٦٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
−3
‫א‬ 51×10 N .Sec / m 0.85‫א‬  J١
2

‫؟‬‫א‬،0.55m/sec‫א‬150mm
 5.67 ×10 −3 m 3 / Sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K ϑ = 6.08 ×10 m / Sec ‫א‬44 0C‫א‬
−6 2

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
3
،‫א‬ 0.5m / Sec 0.5m‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K ϑ = 1.1×10 m / Sec ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−6 2

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣

- ٦٦ -
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
 J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٨
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 EFW‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p
 K γ = ρg  ‫א‬ •
γ
v2
K 2 g ‫א‬‫• א‬
Kz‫א‬‫• א‬
W
K‫א‬‫א‬W p  
K‫א‬‫א‬W γ  
 K‫א‬W v  
 K‫א‬‫א‬W g  
 W‫א‬
2 2
p1
v1 p2 v2
  + + z1 = + + z2 E١ J٨F 
γ 2g γ 2g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  Q = vA = cte  E٢ J٨F 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٨F‫א‬E٢FE١F
  Q = A1v1 = A2v2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  z1 = z 2
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
p1
v1 p2 v2
  + = + + hf
γ 2 g γ 2g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ h f 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v2
  + = + +h
γ 2 g γ 2g f
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1 p2
  h f = −
γ γ
 K h f ‫א‬

- ٦٨ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬  E١ J٨F،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 

- ٦٩ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 WE١ J٨F  
    
 

- ٧٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬WE٢ J٨F
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬  
‫א‬    
 ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

  
 

  
‫א‬
 
‫א‬
 ‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬: (٣-٨) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
- ٧١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K50cm‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
KE١ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬10 5‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
V
 ‫א‬ V ‫א‬ t  Q = ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
t
‫ﻋﺪداﻟﻠﺘﺮات‬
 V = 
1000
Q
 A  v = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
A
 KE٢ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬
D⋅ v ⋅ ρ
  ρ  Re = ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٧
µ
‫א‬‫א‬ D ، ‫א‬‫א‬ µ  ‫א‬
A
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    P       D = 4     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
P
‫א‬ E٤ J٨F‫א‬
W‫א‬ L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٨F   A ‫א‬ 6.35mm‫א‬
A
 K L = ‫א‬‫א‬
d
 P=2(W + L)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٤ J٨F

- ٧٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

(X)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
 KE٥ J٨F‫א‬
v2
  K‫א‬ h +   J٩
2g

(m)
Y
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
X
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
 Em)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٨F
 
 
 

- ٧٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١ J٨F‫א‬
 
W µ (Pa.sec)‫א‬ W ρ (kg/m3F‫א‬  W(OC)‫א‬‫א‬
 
W Q (m3/sec)‫א‬  W t (sec)‫א‬  WV(m3)‫א‬
 
D⋅v⋅ ρ W v ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ 
 Re = 
µ (m/sec) A (mm2) ‫א‬
h ‫א‬
(m)
      102.56 1
    90.11 2
      77.66 3
      65.22 4
      52.77 5
      40.32 6
      52.77 7
    65.22 8
      77.66 9
      90.11 10
      102.56 11
 
 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.6m/sec15mm‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.46m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
  0.3m3 / Sec ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.15m‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 H 1 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ H 2 ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬b
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬1.52m/sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9.14m/sec‫א‬
2.339 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،15.2m
‫؟‬983kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬988kg/m3‫א‬‫א‬

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  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٩
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬(Reynolds Number)‫א‬
vD
 R e =  
ϑ
vDρ µ
  Re = E١ J٩F  ϑ = 
µ ρ
 v ‫א‬ l  D ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، h f ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  h f ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 l  v  h f ‫א‬ ‫א‬K l 
K f ‫א‬ g ‫א‬‫א‬ D ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
l v2
  h f = f ⋅ ⋅ E٢ J٩F 
D 2g
  
D 2g
  f = hf ⋅ ⋅   
l v2
p1 p2
  hf = −  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
γ γ

- ٧٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f 
64   
f =
Re  
 E٣ J٩F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0 .316
 f = 0 .25 E٤ J٩FW‫א‬
Re
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  1
= 2 log + 1.74 
D E٥ J٩F‫א‬ k 
f 2k

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٧٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٩F
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٩F
 
 
 

- ٧٨ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 150 mm  25mm ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ 25mm 
KE١ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 25mm ‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W  J٥
 ‫א‬،،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
l v2
  hf = f ⋅ ⋅
D 2g
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ log v  log h f   J٧
K h f α v ‫א‬ v  h f ‫א‬
n

K f ‫א‬ Re   J٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K0.0015‫א‬
KE٣ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١٠
  

- ٧٩ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١ J٩F
 
‫א‬ (m)‫א‬ ‫א‬  W(OC)‫א‬‫א‬
 EPa.sec)  Ekg/m3)
              WV(m3)‫א‬

              ‫א‬
 W t (sec)
              ‫א‬‫א‬
 WQ(m3/sec)
              W v (m/sec)‫א‬
                Re 
              log R e
               h1 (m)‫א‬
               h 2 (m)‫א‬
               f ‫א‬
              ‫א‬
  h f (m)
                log h f
 
 

- ٨٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  


 WE٣ J٩F
 
 
- ٨١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
457.2 cm/sec‫א‬152.5 mm‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K 533.4 cm305 m‫א‬‫א‬
6 mm15 m ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 K ρ = 848 kg / m 3  v = 2m / Sec ‫א‬ µ = 0.014 pa.Sec
76.2mm 0 . 0574 N . Sec .m − 2 0.9‫א‬  J٣
 ‫؟‬305 m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6.3 L/sec‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
80 oC‫א‬‫א‬3 L /sec‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫؟‬40 m52.5 mm
kg
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 971 3  80 C
o
m
−3
‫؟‬ 0.358 × 10 pa.Sec
‫א‬5.68L/sec‫א‬‫א‬76.2mm  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 0 . 001 N .Sec .m − 2 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬915m
 ‫؟‬‫א‬25.4 mm ‫א‬

- ٨٢ -
  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١٠
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F
p=  
A

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ p W
K‫א‬ A  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F  
5 N
. 10 2 ‫א‬
m
W‫א‬
π (11.12 )
10 5 = 9.677 N  
4 ⋅10 6
F = P ⋅ A 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9.677‫א‬
F 9.677
M = ⇒ M = 103 ⋅ = 986.7 gms 
g 9.807
W0.5 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
986.7
0.5bar = = 493.4 gms
2

- ٨٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ 
100 × =
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W ε a ‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W ε m ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W W
 P = α 2
A D
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
εp εw εd
  p = + 2( ) E١ J١٠F
W D

- ٨٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1bar، 0.5bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،0.5bar  
‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٥


‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ اﻷوزان‬

 
 ‫א‬

‫א‬

 
  
 ‫א‬WE١ J١٠F  
 

- ٨٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

  D = 11 . 10 + 0 . 063
− 0 . 058 mm  ‫א‬D
  A = 96.77 +−11..19
2
01 mm  ‫א‬A 
  493 ± 2 gram  0.5 bar 
  986 ± 4 gram   1 bar 
  ± 0 . 5 %  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١٠F
 ‫א‬
 

- ٨٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kauxiliary tapping ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٨
‫א‬1 bar 0.5 bar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬9‫א‬  J١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١١
 
 E١ J١٠F 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(bar)  
0.5      
1      
1.5      
 
2    
 
 
 
 
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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬،1kN ‫א‬5mm‫א‬  J٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J٢

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  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻋﺸﺮة‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١١
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬
P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،T‫א‬‫א‬V‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P ⋅V = nRT E١ J١١F 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ n  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T V P ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
1
  Pα  W
V
  P ⋅V = C E٢ J١١F 
 WC
  P1 ⋅ V1 = P2 ⋅ V2  E٣ J١١F  
 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AE١ J١١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬
‫א‬B‫א‬،C
A‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AB‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 WE١ J١١F
 
 
 
 
 

- ٩٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬ J١
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
B‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2cmB‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬ l ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J١١F‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
W P ′ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
P′ = h + P V‫א‬‫א‬
  V = l ⋅ a W‫א‬
 KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a
  p′ ⋅ V = C ′ W
  C ′ = (h + P )(l ⋅ a )  
  V P ′ 
1
  = D (h + P )  E٤ J١١F 
l
 K‫א‬،D 
1
‫א‬h‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٥
l
 KE٢ J١١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=EPF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WG
 
 
 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

E١ J١١F
‫א‬ ‫א‬Y ‫א‬X ‫א‬    
A‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (m) B ‫א‬ (m)A‫א‬ ‫א‬  l = A− X 1
   
 (m) h =Y − X (m) l
(m) (m)  
             
             
 
           
 
           
 
           
 
             
 
 

 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬‫ א‬ J٢
kg kN
 1000       101.325 ‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
m3 m2
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
،101.325 kPa 25o C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
J
‫؟‬ R = 287 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
kgK

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  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١٢
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  


W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٧٨٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
PαT
 E١ J١٢F 
P = kT

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T ‫א‬p‫א‬k
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(12-1)‫א‬
  P = kt + Pο  E٢ J١٢F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pο 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
  Pο = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  0 = kt + Pο  E٣ J١٢F 
  
Pο
  tο = −  E٤ J١٢F 
k
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t ο 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤ J١٢FE٢ J١٢F‫א‬
E٤ J١٢F‫א‬k‫א‬‫א‬ Pο ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ k  Pο 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١٢F
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬  K‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pa ‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬a ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
C A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬b‫א‬C ‫א‬‫א‬  J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٦
  P = Pa + h  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
‫א‬A‫א‬a ‫א‬‫א‬105
‫א‬b‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KPh ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬  J٨
K‫א‬‫א‬،
t ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١٢F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬ J٩
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 tο ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pο ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
............... =‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK= A‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 E١ J١٢F
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 p = pa + h  h  C‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Ebar) (m) (m) (oC)
        1
        2
        3
        4
        5
        6
        7
        8
   
 
 

- ٩٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 t‫א‬p‫א‬‫א‬W
 

- ٩٨ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫؟‬  J٢
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
‫א‬ 100 bar ‫א‬30 L‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬75 bar ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬17oC‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،7oC
J
‫ ؟‬260
kgK

- ٩٩ -
  J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ JF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Temp Density ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Vapor Bulk modulus

O
С&EOFF pressures of elasticity
Dynamic Surface pa ‫א‬
 kg / m
3   N / m2
viscosity tension
 pa ⋅ Sec N /m
 0&E32F  1000 1079 ×10 −3 0.0756 552 1.98 ×109 1
 4.4&E40F  1000 1.550 ×10 −3 0.0750 827 2.04 ×109 2
 10&E50F  1000 1.311 ×10 −3 0.0741 1170 2.10 ×109 3
15.6&E60F  1000 1.130 ×10 −3 0.0735 1790 2.16 ×109 4
21.1&E70F  1000 0.977 ×10 −3 0.0725 2480 2.20 ×109 5
26.7&E80F  1000 0.862 ×10 −3 0.0718 3520 2.24 ×109 6
32.2&E90F 995 0.761 ×10 −3 0.0709 4830 2.27 ×109 7
37.8&E100F  995 0.680 ×10 −3 0.0699 6620 2.28 ×109 8
48.9&E120F  990 0.560 ×10 −3 0.0680 11700 2.29 ×109 9
 
 

- ١٠١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ JF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
Temp  Density Kinematic Dynamic 
  С&EOF)
O 3 viscosity  viscosity
  kg / m ‫א‬
2
  pa ⋅ Sec
 m
sec

 J17.8&E0F 1.382 1.171 ×10 −5

1.57 ×10 −5
 1

 J6.7&E20F  1.326 1.263 ×10 −5

1.68 ×10 −5
 2

H4.4&E40F  1.274 1.356 ×10 −5

1.73 ×10 −5
 3
15.6&E60F  1.222 1.468 ×10 −5
1.79 ×10 −5
4
21.1&E70F  1.202 1.486 ×10 −5
1.80 ×10 −5
 5
26.7&E80F  1.176 1.570 ×10 −5
1.84 ×10 −5
 6
32.2&E90F 1.135 1.672 ×10 −5
1.90 ×10 −5
 7
37.8&E100F 1.109 1.756 ×10 −5
1.95 ×10 −5
 8
   
 
   

- ١٠٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٣ JF
 
      
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  
 2π r ‫א‬‫א‬ 1
 
 π r
2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2
 

  4π r
2
‫א‬ 3  
4 ‫א‬ 4  
  3 πr
3

 
  2 π rl ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5
 
1  ‫א‬ 6
  3 πr l  
2

 
 l ⋅ d  ‫א‬ 7
 
  2(l + d )  ‫א‬ 8
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ JF
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 1  
  Alpha Α α 2  
  Beta Β  β 3  
  Gamma Γ γ  4  
  Delta ∆ δ 5  
 ‫א‬ Epsilon  Ε  ε 6  
  Zeta Ζ ζ 7  
 ‫א‬ Eta Η η 8  
  Theta Θ  θ 9  
  Iota  Ι ι 10
 
  Kappa Κ κ 11
 
  Lambda  ∧ λ 12
 
  Mu Μ µ 13
 
  Nu Ν ν 14
 
 ‫א‬ Xi  Ξ ξ 15
 
 ‫א‬ Omicron Ο ο 16
 
  Pi Π π 17
  Rho  Ρ ρ 18  
  Sigma Σ σ 19  
  Tau Τ τ 20  
 ‫א‬ Upsilon Υ υ 21  
  phi  Φ φ 22  
  Chi Χ χ 23  
 ‫א‬ Omega Ω ω 24  
  psi Ψ ψ 25
- ١٠٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J١
 W‫א‬  J٢
2  r 2
µ = ρg
9 v  
m m kg
= × 2
×  
m Sec m 3
Sec  
 
=
kg  
m . Sec
 
N . Sec  
=
m 2  
 
‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٠٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
r = 0 . 25 Cm    J٢
ρ l = 1 . 2 kg / m 3  
µ = 8 .3  
p s = 89 gm / Cm 3  
 
‫א‬
2 r2  
µ = g (ρ s − ρ l )  
9 v

8 .3 =
(
2 0 . 25 × 10 2
)
2
⎛ 89 × 10
× 9 . 8 ⎜⎜
−3
⎞
⎟⎟
 
9 2 −6  
⎝ 10 ⎠
−3  
1199 . 275 × 10 −3 −1
⇒ v = = 144 . 5 × 10 m . Sec  
8 .3
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 


‫א‬WE١ JF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  J١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Transducer 
 KBrookfield‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   J٢
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
  N.m  ‫א‬
 
1  ‫א‬  
  Sec
 
N  ‫א‬
 
  m2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٠٨ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  p = ρ × g × h ‫א‬ K٢
 
 ‫א‬
p A = ρ × g × hA A‫א‬
⇒ p = 1024 × 9.81 × 300
∴ p A = 3.011 × 10 6 pa  
‫א‬
B‫א‬
p B = ρ × g × hB
⇒ p B = 1023 × 9.81 × 200
∴ p B = 2.007 × 10 6 pa  
 
 
p A − p B = 1.004 × 10 6 pa
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 

- ١٠٩ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬ p = ρ × g × h ‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q p = ρ × g×h
⇒ p = ρ × g ×0
∴p=0  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
QF = m× g
F = (ρ × V ) × g
⇒ F = ρ × ( A × h )× g  ‫א‬‫א‬
∴ F = 1000 × 0 .25 × 0 .30 × 0 .45 × 9 .81 ‫א‬‫א‬
F = 331 N
 ‫א‬‫א‬
F 331 N  
Qp= ⇒ p= = 4400 2
A 0 .30 × 0 .25 m ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ١١٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬DZ1 DD1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬DZ5 DZ2DF3
20L/min‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ h
 W‫א‬
v = 2 gh
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q = Cd .a 2 gh
 
 
 
 dt‫א‬dh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− Adh = Qdt   
 
− Adh = Cd .a 2 gh .dt
 
A
dt = − .dh  
Cd .a 2 gh

T = ∫ dt =
( 1
2 A H1 − H 2
2
1
2
)  
 
Cd .a 2 g
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K ‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬ 
 
 
 

- ١١٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W  J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬ Q 
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H
5

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ Q = KH 2
 KK ‫א‬‫א‬n  K = ∑ ‫א‬
K
n

 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
5

 ‫א‬‫א‬ Q = KH 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
5
  log Q = log K + log H
2
5
log H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m = W‫א‬
2
5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ m = log Q،
2
 K log K‫א‬
 

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  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫ א‬ J٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
V
  Q = ‫א‬‫א‬
t
 

- ١١٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J١
  
D×v× ρ 0.15 × 0.55 × 0.85 ×103  
Re = ⇒ = 1375 p 2800
µ 51×10 −3  
 
 ٢٨٠٠ 
Q
  v = ‫א‬  J٢
A
 
Q 4Q v× D  
v= = = 0.02268 / πD 2
⇒ R =
4 πD πD2 ϑ
1 2 e
 
0.02268 ⎛ D ⎞  
Q 2000 = ⎜ −6 ⎟
πD ⎝ 6.08×10 ⎠
2
 
∴ D = 0.596mm
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
Q
، v = ‫א‬‫א‬v‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
⎡ r ⎤ 2
v = vmax ⎢1 − 2 ⎥  
⎣ R ⎦  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

vmax − v R  W‫א‬
= 5.75 log
τo y  
ρ  
 
τo
 ‫א‬ vo  ‫א‬  
ρ
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.5 Q
v= = 2.54m / Sec   v = A ‫א‬ K٢
0.1963
  R = v × D ‫א‬  
ϑ
e
 
2.54 × 0.5  
Re = −6
= 1.26 × 10 6
1.1 × 10  
 
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 

- ١١٨ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 
Q = A× v
 
π 3
Q= (0.015)2 × 0.6 = 106.02 ×10 −6 m  
4 Sec
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Qm = ρ ×Q
 
(
⇒ m = 1000 × 106.02 × 10 −6
) = 0.106
kg
Sec
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Q  
Q Q = A.v ⇒ v =
A    J٢
π π
Q A1 =
4
D1 =
2

4
(0.46 ) = 166.19 ×10
2 −3
m2  
 
0 .3 m
∴ v1 = = 1 . 8  
166.19 × 10 −3 Sec
Q 0 .3 m  
Q v2 = ⇒ v2 = = 16.98
π
A2
4
0.15 2 ( Sec )  
 
 
 

- ١١٩ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   J٢
 
p1 v12 p 2 v 22
+ + gz 1 = + + gz 2  
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
 
2 .339 × 1000
+
(
1 .52 2 )
+ 9 .81 × 0 =
p2
+
9 .14 2 (
+ 9 .81 × 15 .2
)
 
998 2 983 2
⇒ p 2 = − 184197 .489 pa  
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
   J١
L v2
hf = f . .
D 2g  

⇒ 533 .4 = f
3050 457 .2 2
.  
15 .25 2 × 981
⇒ f = 0 .025
 
τo f  
Q v• = =v
ρ 8  
0 .025
∴ v • = 457 .2 = 25 .6Cm / Sec  
8
 
 
 

- ١٢٠ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

   J٢
ρ ×ν × D 848× 2 × 0.006
  Re = = = 727  
µ 0.014
 ‫א‬٢٣٠٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
64 64
f = ⇒ f = = 0.088
  Re 727 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
L v2 15 22
  ∆p = f . . ρ ⇒ ∆ p = 0 . 088 × × × 848 = 373 . 12 kpa
D 2 0 . 006 2
 J٣
Q 6 . 3 × 10 − 3  
V = = = 1 . 38 m / Sec
A 0 . 0762 2
π  
4
−3
0 . 9 × 10 × 0 . 0762 × 1 . 38
 
Re = = 1648 p 2300
0 . 0547  
 
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
2 2
L v 64 305 1 . 38
hf = f = = 15 . 1 m  
D 2 g 1648 0 . 0762 2 × 9 . 81
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢١ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   J١
 
3
3 Liter m
Q= = 0.003  
Sec Sec
Q 0.003 m  
Qv = ⇒ v = = 1.386
π  
A
4
(
0.0525 2 ) Sec
 
ρ ×ν × D 971 .64 × 1.386 × 0.0525
⇒ Re = = = 197500 ≈ 200000  
µ 0.358 × 10 − 3
 

L ν2
 
∆p = f × × × ρ  
D 2
0.316 40 1.386 2  
⇒ ∆p = × × × 971 .64 = 14 .8kpa ≈ 15 kpa
(197500 )0.25 0.0525 2  
 
 
  

- ١٢٢ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

   J٢
Q 5 .68 × 10 −3 m  
v= = = 1 .244
A π 0 .762 2
( ) Sec
 
4
D ×ν × ρ 0 .0762 × 1.244 × 10 3  
Re = = = 93800 f 2300
µ 0 .001  
0 .316  
∴f = = 0.018
(93800 )0.25  
2 2
L v 915 1.244
⇒ hf = f = 0 .018 × × = 17 .07 m  
D 2g 0 .0762 2 × 9.81
 
ρν 2 10 3 × 1.244 2
τo = f = 0.018 × = 3.48 N / m 2  
8 8
⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ 0 .018 ⎞  
v max = v ⎜⎜1 + 4.07 ⎟ = 1 .244 ⎜ 1 + 4 .07
⎟ ⎜
⎟ = 1 .484 m / Sec
⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠  
τo 3 .49  
v• = = = 0.059 m / Sec
ρ 10 3  
v max − v R  
= 5 .75 log
0 .059 Y
1.484 − v 25 .4 3 .81 m
 
= 5 .75 log ⇒ v 25 .4 = 1.33
0.059 3 .81 − 2.54 Sec  
 
 
 K  J٣
v = 2 gh
 
dQ = v . dh .b
 
⇒ dQ = C d .(b . dh ). 2 gh
 
H1

∫ ∫  
1
∴Q = dQ = C d .b 2g h 2 dh
h H 2
 
⇒ Q =
2
3
C d . 2 g .b H 1 − H ( 3
2
3
2
2 )  
 
- ١٢٣ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
   J١
 W ε a ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ε m ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W W
 P = α 2
A D
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
εp εw εd
  p = + 2( )
W D
 
F 1000 kN  
Q p= ⇒ p= = 509 2
π
A
4
(
× 0 . 005 2 m )    J٢
 
N
Q 1bar = 10 5 2
m  
⇒ p = 509 kpa = 5 . 09 bar  
 
 

- ١٢٤ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٠{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١،٠{٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٢٥ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
   J٣
Q p = ρ× g×h
 
p 101 .325 × 1000
⇒h= = = 10 .33 m  
ρ×g 1000 × 9.81
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P ⋅ V = nRT
   J٢
Q p ×V = R × T
287 × 298 m3
 
∴V = = 0 .884
101 .325 × 1000 kg  
 
 

- ١٢٦ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
K‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 J٢

Q p ×V = m × R ×T
p ×V
⇒ m =
R×T

∴ m1 =
(100 ) (
× 10 5 × 30 × 10 −3
) = 3 . 98 kg
260 × (17 + 273 )

m2 =
(75 × 10 )× (30 × 10 ) = 3 . 09 kg
5 −3

260 × (7 + 273 )

⇒ m = m 1 − m 2 = 3 . 98 − 3 . 09 = 0 . 89 kg

- ١٢٧ -
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬?  J١
 ‫א‬K ‫د‬
 ?‫א‬‫א‬?  J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
?‫א‬‫א‬?  J٣
 ‫א‬K
?‫א‬‫א‬?  J٤
 ‫א‬K
?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?  J٥
 
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?  J٦
 K
?‫א‬‫א‬?  J٧
 K
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ?א‬ J٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
‫א‬K
K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬K
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?١?‫ ?א‬ J٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?  J١٠
‫א‬‫א‬KK
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ?א‬ J١١

‫א‬KK
 W
 ‫א‬K KK
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬KK
 
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
1  ‫א‬
١
 2  
٢
5-11  
٣
13-20  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٤
22-35  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥
37-41  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦
43-48  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧
50-55  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٨
57-63  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩
65-71  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٠
73-80  W‫א‬‫א‬
١١
82-87  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٢
89-94  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣
96-100  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤
102-106  W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥
108-128  ‫א‬
١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٧
  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬  