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أساسيات قدرة الموائع-عملي PDF
أساسيات قدرة الموائع-عملي PDF
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Kא v
Kא ρ
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אא אאאאאאא
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א ، אאאא
א א א E١ J٧F K א
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Kאאא E٢ J٧Fא
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אא
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WאאG
Kא
אאאא J١
- ٦١ -
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אא
EFאא
Wאאאא J٢
vmax = v (1 + 1.136 f ) E٦ J٧F
אא J٣
0 . 316
f =
Re
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אא
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א
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K ϑ = 6.08 ×10 m / Sec א44 0Cא
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؟אאאא J٣
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3
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Q = vA = cte E٢ J٨F
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- ٦٨ -
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אא
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א E١ J٨F،
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ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ: (٣-٨) ﺷﻜﻞ
- ٧١ -
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אא
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Kאאאאא J١
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א V א t Q = אא א J٥
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אא D ، אא µ א
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א E٤ J٨Fא
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(X)אאא(Y)אא J٨
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- ٧٣ -
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E١ J٨Fא
W µ (Pa.sec)א W ρ (kg/m3Fא W(OC)אא
W Q (m3/sec)א W t (sec)א WV(m3)א
D⋅v⋅ ρ W v א א אא
Re =
µ (m/sec) A (mm2) א
h א
(m)
102.56 1
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52.77 5
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אא0.6m/sec15mmא J١
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- ٧٥ -
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Temp Density א א Vapor Bulk modulus
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Dynamic Surface pa א
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pa ⋅ Sec N /m
0&E32F 1000 1079 ×10 −3 0.0756 552 1.98 ×109 1
4.4&E40F 1000 1.550 ×10 −3 0.0750 827 2.04 ×109 2
10&E50F 1000 1.311 ×10 −3 0.0741 1170 2.10 ×109 3
15.6&E60F 1000 1.130 ×10 −3 0.0735 1790 2.16 ×109 4
21.1&E70F 1000 0.977 ×10 −3 0.0725 2480 2.20 ×109 5
26.7&E80F 1000 0.862 ×10 −3 0.0718 3520 2.24 ×109 6
32.2&E90F 995 0.761 ×10 −3 0.0709 4830 2.27 ×109 7
37.8&E100F 995 0.680 ×10 −3 0.0699 6620 2.28 ×109 8
48.9&E120F 990 0.560 ×10 −3 0.0680 11700 2.29 ×109 9
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Temp Density Kinematic Dynamic
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Theta Θ θ 9
Iota Ι ι 10
Kappa Κ κ 11
Lambda ∧ λ 12
Mu Μ µ 13
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א Xi Ξ ξ 15
א Omicron Ο ο 16
Pi Π π 17
Rho Ρ ρ 18
Sigma Σ σ 19
Tau Τ τ 20
א Upsilon Υ υ 21
phi Φ φ 22
Chi Χ χ 23
א Omega Ω ω 24
psi Ψ ψ 25
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אא
Wא
Kאאאאא K١
p = ρ × g × h א K٢
א
p A = ρ × g × hA Aא
⇒ p = 1024 × 9.81 × 300
∴ p A = 3.011 × 10 6 pa
א
Bא
p B = ρ × g × hB
⇒ p B = 1023 × 9.81 × 200
∴ p B = 2.007 × 10 6 pa
p A − p B = 1.004 × 10 6 pa
אא
א
- ١٠٩ -
١٦٢ א
א
EFאא
Wאאא
Kאאאאא J١
א p = ρ × g × h א J٢
אאא
Q p = ρ × g×h
⇒ p = ρ × g ×0
∴p=0
Kאאא
אאאא J٣
QF = m× g
F = (ρ × V ) × g
⇒ F = ρ × ( A × h )× g אא
∴ F = 1000 × 0 .25 × 0 .30 × 0 .45 × 9 .81 אא
F = 331 N
אא
F 331 N
Qp= ⇒ p= = 4400 2
A 0 .30 × 0 .25 m אא
- ١١٠ -
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א
EFאא
אאא
Wא
אאאא J١
Kאאא
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Kאאאאאא J٣
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Kאאא א J١
אאאאאא J٢
،אא
אDZ1 DD1א
אאא،
אDZ5 DZ2DF3
20L/minאאאאא
Kאאאאאאא
א،אאא J٣
אאאא h
Wא
v = 2 gh
Kאאאא
Q = Cd .a 2 gh
dtאdhאאאאא
- ١١١ -
١٦٢ א
א
EFאא
Wאאאאאאאאא
− Adh = Qdt
− Adh = Cd .a 2 gh .dt
A
dt = − .dh
Cd .a 2 gh
T = ∫ dt =
( 1
2 A H1 − H 2
2
1
2
)
Cd .a 2 g
Kאאא
- ١١٢ -
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א
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אא
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אא א J١
אא
אא
אא
Kאא
אאאאאאאאא J٢
K א،א
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אא
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אא אאאאאאKאא
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אא،אאא
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- ١١٣ -
١٦٢ א
א
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אאאאאא
Kא
א אאא J٢
Kא
- ١١٤ -
١٦٢ א
א
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אא
Wא
W J١
Wאא J١
א Q
אK،אאאאH
5
אאאK אא Q = KH 2
KK אאn K = ∑ א
K
n
Wא א J٢
5
אא Q = KH 2 אא
5
log Q = log K + log H
2
5
log Hאאא m = Wא
2
5
אאא m = log Q،
2
K log Kא
- ١١٥ -
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א
EFאא
Wא א J٢
Kאא• א
Kאא• א
Kאאא• א
Kאאא• א
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Kאאאאא J١
אאא אאאא J٢
אאאאאא
א،אאאאאא
אאאאא
א،אא
V
Q = אא
t
- ١١٦ -
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א
EFאא
אא
Wא
א J١
D×v× ρ 0.15 × 0.55 × 0.85 ×103
Re = ⇒ = 1375 p 2800
µ 51×10 −3
٢٨٠٠
Q
v = א J٢
A
Q 4Q v× D
v= = = 0.02268 / πD 2
⇒ R =
4 πD πD2 ϑ
1 2 e
0.02268 ⎛ D ⎞
Q 2000 = ⎜ −6 ⎟
πD ⎝ 6.08×10 ⎠
2
∴ D = 0.596mm
אאא J٣
Q
، v = אאvאאאא
A
אאאאא
⎡ r ⎤ 2
v = vmax ⎢1 − 2 ⎥
⎣ R ⎦
אאאאאא
- ١١٧ -
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א
EFאא
vmax − v R Wא
= 5.75 log
τo y
ρ
τo
א vo א
ρ
Wאאא
אאאאאאאא K١
Kאאאאא
.5 Q
v= = 2.54m / Sec v = A א K٢
0.1963
R = v × D א
ϑ
e
2.54 × 0.5
Re = −6
= 1.26 × 10 6
1.1 × 10
Wאא،א
Kאא •
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Kא •
- ١١٨ -
١٦٢ א
א
EFאא
אא
Wא
Wאאא J١
Q = A× v
π 3
Q= (0.015)2 × 0.6 = 106.02 ×10 −6 m
4 Sec
אאא
Qm = ρ ×Q
(
⇒ m = 1000 × 106.02 × 10 −6
) = 0.106
kg
Sec
Q
Q Q = A.v ⇒ v =
A J٢
π π
Q A1 =
4
D1 =
2
4
(0.46 ) = 166.19 ×10
2 −3
m2
0 .3 m
∴ v1 = = 1 . 8
166.19 × 10 −3 Sec
Q 0 .3 m
Q v2 = ⇒ v2 = = 16.98
π
A2
4
0.15 2 ( Sec )
- ١١٩ -
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א
EFאא
Wאאא
אאאאאאא J١
Kאאאאאאאאא
J٢
p1 v12 p 2 v 22
+ + gz 1 = + + gz 2
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
2 .339 × 1000
+
(
1 .52 2 )
+ 9 .81 × 0 =
p2
+
9 .14 2 (
+ 9 .81 × 15 .2
)
998 2 983 2
⇒ p 2 = − 184197 .489 pa
אא
Wא
J١
L v2
hf = f . .
D 2g
⇒ 533 .4 = f
3050 457 .2 2
.
15 .25 2 × 981
⇒ f = 0 .025
τo f
Q v• = =v
ρ 8
0 .025
∴ v • = 457 .2 = 25 .6Cm / Sec
8
- ١٢٠ -
١٦٢ א
א
EFאא
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ρ ×ν × D 848× 2 × 0.006
Re = = = 727
µ 0.014
א٢٣٠٠
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64 64
f = ⇒ f = = 0.088
Re 727
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∆p = f . . ρ ⇒ ∆ p = 0 . 088 × × × 848 = 373 . 12 kpa
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Q 6 . 3 × 10 − 3
V = = = 1 . 38 m / Sec
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π
4
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Re = = 1648 p 2300
0 . 0547
Wאא
2 2
L v 64 305 1 . 38
hf = f = = 15 . 1 m
D 2 g 1648 0 . 0762 2 × 9 . 81
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3
3 Liter m
Q= = 0.003
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π
A
4
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ρ ×ν × D 971 .64 × 1.386 × 0.0525
⇒ Re = = = 197500 ≈ 200000
µ 0.358 × 10 − 3
L ν2
∆p = f × × × ρ
D 2
0.316 40 1.386 2
⇒ ∆p = × × × 971 .64 = 14 .8kpa ≈ 15 kpa
(197500 )0.25 0.0525 2
- ١٢٢ -
١٦٢ א
א
EFאא
J٢
Q 5 .68 × 10 −3 m
v= = = 1 .244
A π 0 .762 2
( ) Sec
4
D ×ν × ρ 0 .0762 × 1.244 × 10 3
Re = = = 93800 f 2300
µ 0 .001
0 .316
∴f = = 0.018
(93800 )0.25
2 2
L v 915 1.244
⇒ hf = f = 0 .018 × × = 17 .07 m
D 2g 0 .0762 2 × 9.81
ρν 2 10 3 × 1.244 2
τo = f = 0.018 × = 3.48 N / m 2
8 8
⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ 0 .018 ⎞
v max = v ⎜⎜1 + 4.07 ⎟ = 1 .244 ⎜ 1 + 4 .07
⎟ ⎜
⎟ = 1 .484 m / Sec
⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
τo 3 .49
v• = = = 0.059 m / Sec
ρ 10 3
v max − v R
= 5 .75 log
0 .059 Y
1.484 − v 25 .4 3 .81 m
= 5 .75 log ⇒ v 25 .4 = 1.33
0.059 3 .81 − 2.54 Sec
K J٣
v = 2 gh
dQ = v . dh .b
⇒ dQ = C d .(b . dh ). 2 gh
H1
∫ ∫
1
∴Q = dQ = C d .b 2g h 2 dh
h H 2
⇒ Q =
2
3
C d . 2 g .b H 1 − H ( 3
2
3
2
2 )
- ١٢٣ -
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א
EFאא
אא
Wא
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W ε a א •
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Kא א
Wאא •
אאאאאא
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P = α 2
A D
Wאאא
εp εw εd
p = + 2( )
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F 1000 kN
Q p= ⇒ p= = 509 2
π
A
4
(
× 0 . 005 2 m ) J٢
N
Q 1bar = 10 5 2
m
⇒ p = 509 kpa = 5 . 09 bar
- ١٢٤ -
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א
EFאא
Wאאא
Kאאאא J١
אאא J٢
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Wא
Kאאאאא J١
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Q p = ρ× g×h
p 101 .325 × 1000
⇒h= = = 10 .33 m
ρ×g 1000 × 9.81
Wאאא
אאאאאאא J١
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P ⋅ V = nRT
J٢
Q p ×V = R × T
287 × 298 m3
∴V = = 0 .884
101 .325 × 1000 kg
- ١٢٦ -
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א
EFאא
אא
Wא
Kאאא J١
אאא J٢
Kא
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Q p ×V = m × R ×T
p ×V
⇒ m =
R×T
∴ m1 =
(100 ) (
× 10 5 × 30 × 10 −3
) = 3 . 98 kg
260 × (17 + 273 )
m2 =
(75 × 10 )× (30 × 10 ) = 3 . 09 kg
5 −3
260 × (7 + 273 )
⇒ m = m 1 − m 2 = 3 . 98 − 3 . 09 = 0 . 89 kg
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5-11
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13-20 אWאא
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22-35 אאאאWאא
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37-41 אאWאא
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43-48 אWאאא
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50-55 אאWאא
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57-63 אאאWאא
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65-71 אאWאא
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73-80 Wאא
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82-87 אאאWאא
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89-94 אWאא
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96-100 אאWאא
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102-106 Wאא
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108-128 א
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