1

BIODATA
HERMAN ABIDIN POHAN
BALIKPAPAN

Progress Karir :
Operator HMCS
Leader
Teknisi Fire Equipment

Aktivitas :
Iso Steering Committee Fire & Safety 2017
Tim OHSAS Fire & Safety 2017
Sebagai Tim Insurance Compliance Fire & Safety 2017
Sebagai Sekretaris SHE-Q Committee Departemen
Sebagai Anggota SHE-Q Committee Seksi
Sebagai Tim Benchmarking PTAI Fire & Safety 2017
Sebagai tim QRA Plant 26 LNG Filling Station
 SHE-Q MOMENT

Our Strength is the Sum of the Individuals Who Work Together

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 AGENDA

1. Hydrocarbon Properties Overview

2. Hydrocarbon Hazards

3. Lesson Learned from Accidents

4. MSDS

5. Hazard Control Philosophy

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
• The mass density or density of a material is defined as its
mass per unit volume.

• In some cases density is expressed as the dimensionless

quantities specific gravity (SG) or relative density (RD), in
which case it is expressed in multiples of the density of some
other standard material, usually water or air/gas. (For
example, a specific gravity less than one means that the
substance floats in water.)

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
FLAMMABILITY LIMITS

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
• Flash Point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid
produces enough vapor to ignite.

• Flash point differs for each substance, e.g:

– Gasoline : - 43°C
– Kerosene : 38 – 73°C
– Butane : - 60°C
– Propane : -104°C

• Fire Point is the temperature at which the combustion will be

sustained. In other term it defines as the temperature at
which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after
ignition by an open flame. Fire Point commonly several
degree above Flash Point.

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 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
• Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT) is the minimum temperature
required to ignite a gas or vapor in air without a spark or
flame being present.

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 LNG is a clear liquid and boils at –259 deg. F
LNG is lighter than water (sp.gr.= 0.423) and,
hence, floats on water.
LNG vapor is heavier than air (by 1.52);
hence, it hugs the water surface or ground
during dispersion in the atmosphere.
Natural gas vapor at ambient temperature
and pressure is lighter than air (by 0.54).
A LNG spill results in its evaporation and
forms a visible vapor cloud.
Vapor is flammable in air in the range 5%
(LFL) to 15% (UFL) concentration.
The LFL concentration is always within the
visible vapor cloud for atmospheric relative
humidity greater than 55%.

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 The average auto-ignition temperature for pure methane at atmospheric
pressure is 537 deg. C.
The only danger from skin contact with LNG is freezing; there are no
poisonous or toxic effects.
Tissue damage from extreme cold is similar to damage from extreme heat.
If the skin has surface moisture on it, contact with cold objects will result in
freezing of the skin to the objects.
Flesh will be torn when the victim tries to remove the affected area from
cold surface.

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 TANGGUH BADAK RICH PURE
Composition BADAK LNG ARUN LNG MLNG QATAR LNG
LNG LNG METHANE
N2 0.24 0.02 0.02 0.17 0.19 0.34 0

CH4 96.93 91.13 89.28 92.37 90.46 89.87 100

CO2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2H6 2.32 5.3 5.28 5.31 5.2 6.5 0

C3H8 0.38 2.6 3.69 1.43 3.06 2.25 0

iC4H8 0.07 0.51 0.86 0.34 0.62 0.41 0

nC4H8 0.05 0.44 0.87 0.36 0.47 0.63 0

iC5H12 0.01 0 0 0.02 0 0 0

nC5H12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Molecular
16.56 17.92 18.55 17.51 18.11 18.06 16.04
Weight (MW)
HHV (BTU/SCF) 1,034 1,111 1,144 1,086 1,118 1,113 1,010

LHV (BTU/SCF) 932 1,003 1,034 981 1,010 1,005 910

Wobbe Index 1233 1275 1291 1261 1277 1273 1223

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 Freeze burns Behavior of Heavy Gas Release

Overpressurization

Asphyxiation

Steel embrittlement

Rapid Phase Transition

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 Vapor cloud fire (flash fire)

Torch fire (jet fire)

Pool fire

Vapor cloud explosion

BLEVE fireball

Pool Fire
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 LNG has less fire hazard than other hydrocarbon?

LNG leaks will be easily detected due to visible moisture

cloud.
LNG leaks immediately vaporize.
LNG flame speed travel slower than people walking.
In its liquid state, LNG is not explosive.
When LNG is heated and becomes a gas, the gas is not
explosive if it is unconfined.

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 300
80,000
200
60,000

40,000
100 99
80 %
Fa
ta
60 lit 20,000
50 ie

2
s

2
%

Incident Heat Flux, kW/m

Incident Heat Flux, Btu/hr-ft

40 Fa
ta
Se lit 10,000
co ie
Injury and Fatality s
nd 1% 8,000
20 -D F
Criteria for Thermal eg ata 6,000
re lit
e i
Sk es
Radiation Se in 4,000
10 ve Bu
re rn
8 Pa Th
in
Th re
6 re sh 2,000
sh ol
old d
4
1,000
800
2
600

400
1
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 80100
Exposure Time, sec
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 BLEVE or Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion can be
defined as a major failure of a container at a moment in time
when the contained liquid is at a temperature well above its
atmospheric pressure boiling point.
A type of explosion that can occur when a vessel containing a
pressurized liquid is ruptured.
A BLEVE is what happens, for instance, when a closed
container of flammable liquid is exposed to strong heating.

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 If you have:
Pressurized and isolated vessel
Flammable liquid
Heating sources nearby
You have the chance to experience the BLEVE within 14
minutes* in average.

* H.R. Wesson & J.R. Lott, “Effectiveness of fire resistant coatings applied to
structural steels exposed to direct flames contact, radiant heat fluxes, and
mechanical and cryogenic thermal shock”, AGA Transmission Conference, St.
Lois, 1977.

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 When a pressure vessel that is partially filled with
liquid is exposed to a fire.

TANK
FULL OPEN PRESSURE FAILURE

SHELL STRENGTH (LOCALIZED

INTERNAL PRESSURE

START – TO – DISCHARGE PRESSURE

DURATION OF FIRE EXPOSURE

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 The scenario generally
is as follows:
1. A partially filled pressure
vessel is subjected to high
heat flux from a fire.
2. The liquid temperature OPEN
starts to increase, causing
pressure increase also
P
within vessel. When the
relief valve pressure T

setting is reached, starting

to vent vapor. OPEN
3. Temperature on tank shell
that is not in contact with P
the liquid increase T

dramatically.

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 OPEN
4. The heat weakens the tank
shell and Thermally
Induced Stress are created Heat weakens the Ullage
Space Area
near the vapor/liquid
interface.

5. The heat, stress, and high

internal pressure combine
to cause a sudden violent
tank rupture.

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 6. Tank fragments are propelled away to some distance at great
force.
7. Most of the remaining liquid vaporizes rapidly and the rest is
mechanically atomized to small drops. A fireball is created by the
burning vapor and liquid.

Fireball

propel to great distance

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 BLEVE poses 4 main types of hazards:
1. Overpressure
2. Flying Shrapnel Object
3. Rocketing Tank Parts
4. Fireball

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 NO! Possible
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 FLIXBOROUGH, UK: THE SITE

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 FLIXBOROUGH, UK: AFTER THE ACCIDENT …

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 BP AMOCO EXPLOSION MARCH ‘05

15DEAD
100 INJURED
30 PUBLIC INJURED
8 IN CRITICAL CONDITION
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 This photographer captured a “before” and “after” photograph of the initial blast.

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 Skikda, Aljazair: LNG Explosion at Sonatrach LNG Plant

Cause:
On January 19, 2004, in Skikda, Algeria, a steam boiler that was part of an LNG
production plant exploded, triggering a second, more massive vapor-cloud
explosion and fire that took eight hours to extinguish.

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 Skikda, Aljazair: LNG Explosion at Sonatrach LNG Plant

Consequences:
- Three Trains destroyed, will cost approximately $800 million to replace.
Several buildings also severely damaged such as Administration Building dan
Maintenance Workshop.
- Killed 27 people and injured more than 70 people.

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 • Material Safety Data Sheet or MSDS lists the physical
properties of a substance that may be required to
determine the potential hazards of the substance.

• MSDSs usually are available from:

1. The chemical manufacturer
2. A commercial source
3. A private library developed by the chemical plant

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 The purpose is to understand:
• the material’s physical properties or fast-acting health effects
that make it dangerous to handle
• the level of protective gear you need
• the first aid treatment to be provided when you are exposed
to a hazard
• the preplanning needed for safely handling spills, fires, and
day-to-day operations
• how to respond to accidents

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 Chemical Product Physical and Chemical
Information Properties
Composition on Ingredients Stability and Reactivity
Hazard Identification Toxicological Information
First Aid Measures
Ecological Information
Fire Fighting Measures
Disposal Information
Accidental Release Measure
Handling and Storage Transportation Information
Personal Protection Regulatory Information
Other Information

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36
 • The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
recommends certain markings for use on storage
tanks, exterior building walls, pipelines and other
relevant locations.
• This procedure for identifying potential hazards
associate with a chemical is called the NFPA 704
system.
• NFPA ratings can be found on the MSDS sheet.

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 • The NFPA system uses a diamond with color coded:
1. Blue is for the health hazard.
2. Red is for the flammability hazard.
3. Yellow is for the reactivity hazard.
4. White is for special hazards.
• A number is placed in each section ranging from 0-
4. A 0 means no hazard and a 4 means an extreme
hazard.

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 4 = Severe
3 = Serious
1
2 = Moderate
4 2
1 = Slight
0 = None

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40
 1
4 2

• Blue is for the health hazard.

• Red is for the flammability
hazard.
• Yellow is for the reactivity hazard.
• White is for special hazards.

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 • LD50 is the Lethal Dose when ingested which
killed 50% of a population of test species
• LC50 is the Lethal Concentration in the air
which killed 50% of a population of test
species (eg. guinea pigs)
• LCLo and LDLo are the concentration and dose
levels at which the first death occurred

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 • PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit is the standard recognized by
industry as the maximum amount or concentration of a
chemical that a worker may be exposed to
• TLV = Threshold Limit Value is a recommended limit for
chemical substance exposures, similar to the PEL but most
often more restrictive than the PEL
• TWA = Time Weighted Average (normally worked out for an
8hr working day)
• STEL = Short Term Exposure Limit (a 15minute limit)
• IDHL = Limit which is immediately dangerous to health

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 1. Design
2. Design Review Design
3. Construction
4. QA / QC
5. Training Prevent Hazards Control
6. Maintenance Philosophy
7. Detection Detect
8. Passive Protection
Mitigate
9. Active Protection

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 NFPA 59A
49 CFR 193
EN 1473 Mostly similar since most of the
standards use NFPA 59A as the
CSA Z276 reference

NOM-013-SECRE-2003
AS 3961

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 2.2.1.1 LNG Storage Tanks
2.2.1.2 Process, Vaporization, Transfer Areas, flammable
refrigerant/liquid storage

Minimize the possibility of “LNG endangering adjacent

properties or important process equipment and structures or
from reaching waterways.”

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 2.2.2.1 LNG Tank Impoundment

Impounding areas must have a volume equal to the full

liquid volume of the tank
Provisions for multiple containers
Volume must allow for snow, other containers, equipment

Single Containment Double Containment Full Containment

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 2.2.2.2 Other Impounding Areas

Vaporization, Process, or Transfer Areas

Volume equal to the amount of liquid that can be released
from “any single accidental leakage source” for 10 minutes,
or shorter, based on “demonstrable surveillance and
shutdown provisions acceptable to the authority having
jurisdiction.”

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 2.2.3.5 Design Spills

For storage tanks with over-the-top

connections, minimum spill duration is 10
minutes.

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 2.2.3.5
The design spill rate for an LNG tank with over-the-top
connections is based on:

Withdrawal pumps operating at full rated capacity

Complete failure of the largest pipe connected to the LNG
pumps

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 Siting Requirements are intended to ensure that any new LNG
facility:
Is located a safe distance from the public
Is designed to withstand natural disasters
Provides access for maintenance and emergency response
activities.

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 1. Tolerable risk/QRA
Onsite
Offsite

2. Cost/benefit analysis
Available mitigation systems
Consequences of accidents
Probability of accidents

Facility siting and layout is always a compromise between

distance and risk.
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 Tank to Buildings and Property Lines
0.7 times the tank diameter but not less than 100 ft (30 m).
Tank to Tank
1/4 of the sum of the diameters of adjacent.

Spill Impoundment to Buildings and Property Lines

Radiation level of 5 kW/m² for impoundment fire.
Tank Impoundment fire:
5 kW/m² to areas occupied by 50+ persons.
9 kW/m² to offsite buildings.
30 kW/m² to Buildings and Property Lines.

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 Must be 15 m or greater from vaporizers, process
equipment, or loading/unloading connections
Must be spaced greater than 0.7 times the container
diameter away from LNG containers, not less than 30 m.

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 Cannot share more than 2 walls with buildings that contain
LNG or flammable fluids
Shared walls:
Cannot have doors or widows
Must withstand 100 psi static pressure
Fire resistance for 1 hr

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 Explosion Endpoints
Analysis requires measure of impact to persons inside a
building during an explosion.
CCPS (and API) published relationship for this hazard
Endpoints recommended: 0.5, 2.6, 5.0 psig

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 Equipment Types of ESD Systems
Pumps Local manual
Compressors Remote manual
Vessels Automatic

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 Manual vs Automatic
False alarms
Time delay
Rules for its use
Partial or full ESD
Testing the system
Fail-safe valves

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 NFPA 70, National Electric Code
Limitations on Electrical Equipment by:
1. Classes
a. Class I – Flammable Liquids and Gases
b. Class II – Combustible Dusts
c. Class III – Ignitable Fibers
2. Divisions
a. Division 1 – Materials Exist Under Normal Operating
Conditions
b. Division 2 - Materials Exist Only Under Abnormal or
Malfunction Operation
3. Groups

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 NFPA 70, National Electric Code
Limitations on Electrical Equipment by:
1. Classes
a. Class I – Flammable Liquids and Gases
b. Class II – Combustible Dusts
c. Class III – Ignitable Fibers
2. Divisions
a. Division 1 – Materials Exist Under Normal Operating
Conditions
b. Division 2 - Materials Exist Only Under Abnormal or
Malfunction Operation
3. Groups

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 NFPA 70, National Electric Code
Groups:
Class 1
A - Acetylene
B - Butadiene, Ethylene Oxide, Acrolein, Hydrogen
C - Ethylene, Cyclopropane, Ethyl Ether
D - Acetone, Alcohol, Gasoline
Class 2
E, F, G - Dusts

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62
 Spill Detector
1. Low temperature detectors
2. Combustible gas detectors
3. Fire detectors
Heat
Products of Combustion
Radiation (UV / IR) Gas Detector

Products of
Combustion
Detector

Halon Discharge Nozzle

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 Temperature:
1. Rate-of-rise
2. Fixed Temperature
3. Fusible devices
Link
Plug
Loop

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 Radiation:
1. Ultraviolet (UV)
2. Infrared (IR)
3. UV/IR combination

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 No. Description Heat Detector Flame Detectors
Through temperature
Detects light emitted by
1. How to detect fire difference on the
flame of fire.
location.
Very sensitive, sometimes
Designed to detect
could also be activated by
2. Sensitivity heat in a relatively
sunlight and welding
small area.
activities.
Most reliable when Must be positioned with an
3. Location receive direct flame unobstructed view of the
contact. protected area.
Have spacing
At least have to be pairs to
restriction, therefore it
work based on “cross-
4. Quantity depends on the
zoning” to avoid false
specific area to be
alarm.
protected.
5. Cost Relatively inexpensive. Quite costly.

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 1. Impoundment
Limit the spread of liquids
Controlled collection of liquid
Protect equipment, people
Limits the size of hazards
Prevents accident propagation
2. Ignition source control
3. Spacing
4. Fireproofing
5. Natural ventilation

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 1. Requirement - API 2218
2. Stages
Selecting Area for Application
Defining Scenarios
Simulating for Pool Fire & Heat approx. 12.5 kW/m2
Determining Area
Selecting Material and Endurance Hour (1, 1.5, or 2 hrs)
Performing Application
3. Maintenance & Inspection
Regular Inspection to check the condition
If previously exposed to fire, remove all fireproofing.
If fireproofing condition is bad even only small spots,
remove all.

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 1. Requirement - API 2218
2. Stages
Selecting Area for Application
Defining Scenarios
Simulating for Pool Fire & Heat approx. 12.5 kW/m2
Determining Area
Selecting Material and Endurance Hour (1, 1.5, or 2 hrs)
Performing Application
3. Maintenance & Inspection
Regular Inspection to check the condition
If previously exposed to fire, remove all fireproofing.
If fireproofing condition is bad even only small spots,
remove all.

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70
 1. Fire Water
2. Dry Chemical
3. High Expansion Foam
4. FM 200 System

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 DO NOT USE on LNG Fires
Exposure Protection
Cooling Effect
Combine with other application e.g. High Expansion Foam
Water Curtains

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 1. Fire Water Supply
Determine Fire Water Philosophy
• Combine Failure Case
• Single Worst Case
Fresh Water or Sea Water
2. Fire Water Pumps
Electric or Motor
Manual or Automatic
3. Distribution
4. Application

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 Hand Lines
Monitor Nozzles
Deluge Systems

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 1. High Expansion Foam: Synthetic Foam Concentrate and
Water Blown onto a Metal Screen with Air Blown thru the
Screen Forming Small Bubbles
WILL NOT Extinguish Fire
Reduces Radiant Heating
Aids Dispersion
Takes Time to Operate
2. Low Expansion Foam
Not effective on liquefied gas
fires
More effective for combustible liquids such as
condensate, fuel oil, gasoline, and diesel

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79
 1. Can Extinguish LNG Fires
2. Several DC Agents Available
3. Interrupts Chemical Reaction
4. Agents
Potassium Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate
Monnex
5. Extinguisher
Hand Held - up to 30 lb
Wheeled - 150-300 lb
Fixed - 2,000 lb

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 1. Halon (currently banned) Halon Replacement Product
Halocarbon or Inert Gas
Single System or Bank System
Moderate or High Pressure
2. CO2 (requires high concentration)
3. Water Mist

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85
 Oxidizer (e.g., potassium perchlorate,
OX ammonium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide). Allows
chemicals to burn without an air supply.

Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous

 W 
manner (e.g., cesium, sodium, sulfuric acid)

Simple asphyxiant gas. Specifically limited to

SA the following gases: nitrogen, helium, neon,
argon, krypton and xenon.

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 Thank you

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