48.2 Mechanical Behavior Testing and Manufacturing Properties of Materials used for softer materials. Type D has a sharper indenter and a load of S kg. it is used for harder ma- terials, The hardness numbers in these tests range from 0 to 100 Hot Hardness. The hardness of materials at elevated temperatures is important in applica- tions in which higher temperatures are involved such as the use of cutting tools in machining and of dies in hot-working and easting operations. Hardness tests can he performed at elevated temperatures with conventional testers with some modifications such as enelosing the specimen and indenter in a small electrie furnace 2.6.2 Hardness and Strength Because hardness is the resistance to permanent indentation we can liken it to performing a compression test on a small volume in a block of material Fig.2.8¢ . Studies have shown that in the same units the hardness of a cold-worked metal is about three times its yield stress Y_ for an nealed metals it is about five times ¥. A relationship has been established between the ultimate tensile strength UTS and the Brinell hardness HB for steels. In SI units the relationship is UTS = 3.5 HB 2.9 where UTS is in MPa. In traditional units U where UTS is in psi and HB is in kg/mm’ 500 HB 2.10 as measured for a load of 3000 kg, 2.6.3 Hardness-Testing Procedures For a hardness test to be meaningful and reliable the zone of deformation under the indenter see Fig. 2. 13¢ must he allowed to develop freely. Consequently the location of the indenter with respect to the edges of the specimen to be tested and the thickness of the specimen are impor tant considerations. Generally the location should be at least two diameters of the indenter from the edlge of the specimen and the thickness of the specimen should be at least 10 times the depth of penetration of the indenter. Successive indentations on the same surface of the workpiece should be far enough apart so as not to interfere with each other. Moreover the indentation should be sufficiently large to give a representative hardness value for the bulk material. If hardness variations need to be detected in a small area or if the hardness of in- dividual constituents in a matrix or an alloy is to be determined the indentations should be very small such as those in Knoop or Vickers tests using light loads. While surface preparation is not critical for the Brinell test it is important for the Rockwell test use of the small sizes of the indentations. and even more important for the other hardness tests Surfaces may have to be polished to allow correct measurement of the impression s dimensions. ‘The values obtained from different hardness tests on different scales can be interrelated and they can he converted using Fig. 2.9. Care should he exercised in using these charts heeause of the many variables in material characteristics and in the shape of indentation,