6.5 SUPERALLOYS 91 springs and hearings. Other major copper alloys are copper nickels and nickel silvers. TABLE 6.7 Prop: soted Wrought Bronzes 2s and Typi | Applications of Uhimate Nominal tensile Yield Elongation composition strength strength in 50 mum. ‘Type and UNS number (% (MPa) (MPa) ob) ‘Typical applications Areniteernal bronze (C38500) 57.030 Pb, 41s 140 0 Arehitecraral extrasions, store fronts 40.00 (As extruded) thresholds, stim, buts, hinges Phosphor bronze, $% A. 980Cu, $0 Sn, 5-560 130-850 64-2——_Tellows, lute disks, eater pins, «€51000) race P diaphragms, fasteners, wite brushes, chemical haware, textile machinery Froe-cuttng phsphorbronze $8.0Cu,40PH, 300-820 130-435 50-15 earings, bushings, gears, pinions, shalt, «C54400) 402n, 4980 thrust washers, val Low silicon bronze, OKSCu LSS BIS-6SS 00-475 SSI Hysdanlie pressure lines bolts, marine «C65100) hacdware, electrical conduis, heat exchanger ‘ubing Nickel silver, 65-10 (74500) 65.0 30-500 S0-1 Rivets, serews, side fasteners, hollow ware, 100 nacneplaes Designation of Copper Alloys. In addition to being identified hy their composition copper and copper alloys are known by various names Tables 6.5 and 6.6 . The temper designations such as 1/2 hard extra hard extra spring and so on are based on percentage reduction by cold- working such as by rolling or drawing Production. Copper is foumd in several types of ores the most common being sulfide ore: The ores are generally of low grade although some contain up to 15% copper and are usually ob- tained from open-pit mines. "The ore is first crushed and then formed into a slurry a watery mixture with insoluble solid particles . ‘The slurry is ground into fine particles in ball mills rotating cylin- ders with metal balls inside to crush the ore Fig. 11.6 . Chemicals and oil are then added and the mixture is agitated. The mineral particles form a froth which is seraped and dried The dry copper concentrate as much as one-third of which is copper is traditionally smelted melted and fused and refined. This process is known as pyrometallurgy because heal is used to refine the metal. For applications such as electrical conductors the copper is further refined electro- Iytically to a purity of at least 99.95% oxygen-free electrolytic copper . A more recent technique for processing copper is hydrometallurgy a process involving chemical and electrolytic reactions. 6.5 SUPERALLOYS Superalloys are important in high-temperature applications hence they are also known as heat-resistant or as high-temperature alloys. Major applications of superalloys are in jet engines and gas turbines other applications are in reciprocating engines in rocket engines in tools and dies for hot-working of metals and in the nuclear chemical and petrochemical industries. Super alloys generally have good resistance to corrosion to mechanical and thermal fatigue to mechanical and thermal shock to creep and to erosion at elevated temperatures. ‘These alloys are referred to as iron-base cobalt-base or nickel-base superalloys. ‘They contain nickel chromium cobalt and molybdenum as major alloying elements other alloying elements are