Mechanical Behavior Testing and Manufacturing Properties of Materials 2.1 Introduction .2. Tension 2.3 Compression 2.4 Torsion 2.5 Bending Flexure 2.6 Hardness 2.1 INTRODUCTION In manufacturing operations many parts are formed into various shapes by applying extemal forces to the workpie by means of tools and dies. ‘Typical operations are forging a turbine disk ex- truding various parts for an aluminum ladder and rolling a flat sheet to be processed into a car body. Because deformation in these processes is carried out by mechanical means an understanding of the behavior of materials in response to externally applied forces is important, Forming operations may be carried out at room temperature or at elevated temperatures and at a low or a high rate of de- formation, The behavior of a manufactured part during its expected service life is an important considera- tion, For example the wings of an aircraft the crankshaft of an automobile engine and the gear teeth in an automotive transmission are all subjected to static as well as fluctuating forces. If they are excessive fluctuating forces ean lead to cracks and can cause total failure of the components through a mechanism called fatigue. Similarly a turbine disk and its blade: in the jet engin of an aircraft are subjected to high stresses and temperature during flight, Over a period of time these components undergo creep a phenomenon in which the components elongate permanently under applied stresses creep may even= tually lead to failure. As noted in Fig. 1.2 a wide variety of metallic and nonmetallic materials are now available and they have an equally wide range of properties as shown qualitatively in Table 2.1. ‘This chapter covers those aspects of mechanical properties and behavior of metals that are relevant to the design and manufacture of parts including commonly used tests employed in assessing the various proper ties of materials,