60 3. Physical Properties of Materials These processes are known as passivation. When the protective film is scratched and exposes the metal undemeath a new oxide film hegins to form. Example Selection of Materials for Coins fa in the selection of materials for coins. There are five general eri 1. ‘The subjective factors such as the appearance of the coin its color its weight and its ring the sound made when striking . Also included in this criterion is the feel of the coin. ‘This term is difficult to describe heeause it combines many human factors. It is similar in effeet to the feel of a fine piece of wood of polished stone or of fine leather. 2. The intended life of the coin is a consideration. This duration will reflect resistance to corro- sion and to wear while the coin is in circulation, These two factors basically determine the span over which the surface imprint of the coin will remain identifiable and the ability of the coin to retain its o- riginal luster 3. The manufacturing of the coin includes factors such as the fonnability of the eandidate coin ma- terials the life of the dies used in the coining operation and the capability of the materials and processes lo resist counterfeiting, 4, Another consideration is the suitability of the coin for use in coin-operated devices such as vending machines (umnstiles and pay telephones, ‘These machines are generally equipped with de- teetion devices that test the coins first for proper diameter thickness and surface condition and second for electrical conductivity and density. The coin is rejected if it fails these tests. 5. A final consideration is the cost of raw materials and processing and whether there is a suffi- cient supply of the coin materials. SUMMARY The physical and chemical properties of materials can have various important effects on man- ufacturing and on the service life of components, ‘These properties and characteristics should be con- sidered during material selection because they affect design service requirements and compatibility with other materials including tools dies and workpieces. Thermal conductivity and exp: jon are major factors in the development of thermal stresses and of thermal fatigue and shock effects which are important in tool and die life in manufacturing operations. Low-expansion alloys sueh as Invar have unique applications. Electrical and chemical properties are important in many advanced machining processes such as electrical-discharge chemical and electrochemical machining Chemical reactions including oxidation and corrosion are important considerations in mate~ rial selection design and manufacturing as well as on the service life of components. Passivation and stress-corrusion cracking are two important phenomena.