Seminar Report - CAPTCHA

UBIQUITUOUS COMPUTING
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am greatly indebted to Dr. David Peter, Head Of Department, Division of

Computer Science, CUSAT for permitting me to undertake this work.
I express my heartfelt gratitude to my respected Seminar guide Ms. Dhanya k

Sudeesh for her kind and inspiring advise which helped me to understand the subject
and its semantic significance.
I am extremely thankful to respected Lecturer in computer science MR. Sudeep

Elaydiom who shared valuable suggestions for presentation issue .
I am also very thankful to my colleagues who helped and co-operated with me in

conducting the seminar by their active participation.
RITESH KUMAR
Division Of Computer Science , SOE CUSAT Page 1

ABSTRACT
Ubiquituous computing refers to embedding computers and

communication in our environment. Ubiquituous computing provides an
attractive vision for the future of computing. The idea behind the
Ubiquituous computing is to make the computing power disappear in
the environment, but will always be there whenever needed or in other
words it means availability and invisibility. These invisible computers
won’t have keyboards or screens, but will watch us, listen to us and
interact with us. Ubiquituous computing makes the computer operate in
the messy and unstructured world of real people and real objects.
Distributed devices in this environment must have the ability to
dynamically discover and integrate other devices. The prime goal of this
technology is to make human life more simple, safe and efficient by
using the ambient intelligence of computers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………4
2. CURRENT EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY………………………………..5-6
3. UBIQUITUOUS COMPUTING
3.1 Different Views……………………………………………...................7-8
3.2 Related Areas…………………………………………………..............8-9
3.3Enabling Technologies…………………………………………..........9-12
4. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Ambient Intelligence…………………………………………………13-15
4.2 Mobile Ad hoc Networking………………………………………......15-17
5. ARCHITECTURE………………………………………………………...18-22
6. IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Device Requirements………………………………………………….23-24
6.2 Communication………………………………………………………..24-25
6.3 Context Awareness……………………………………………………25-26
6.4 Adaptation……………………………………………………………..26-27.
6.5 Steerable Interface……………………………………………………..27-28
6.6 Security Policy…………………………………………………………28-30
7. HAVI-An Implementation In Consumer Appliance Environment…………....31
8. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………….........32
9. REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………33

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Ubiquituous computing environments involve the interaction, coordination, and
cooperation of numerous, casually accessible, and often invisible computing devices.
These devices will connect via wired and wireless links to one another as well as to the
global networking infrastructure to provide more relevant information and integrated
services. Existing approaches to building distributed applications, including client/server
computing, are ill suited to meet this challenge. They are targeted at smaller and less
dynamic computing environments and lack sufficient facilities to manage changes in the
network configurations. Networked computing devices will proliferate in the user’s
landscape, being embedded in objects ranging from home appliances to clothing.
Applications will have greater awareness of context, and thus will be able to provide more
intelligent services that reduce the burden on users to direct and interact with applications.
Many applications will resemble agents that carry out tasks on behalf of users by
exploiting the rich sets of services available within computing environments.
Mobile computing and communication is one of the major parts of the pervasive
computing system. Here data and computing resources are shared among the various
devices. The coordination between these devices is maintained through communication,
which may be wired or wireless. With the advent of Bluetooth and Ad hoc networking
technologies the wireless communication has overtaken the wired counter part.
The reduction in size and cost of processor chips made it possible to implement it in every
field of life. Nowadays about 99% of processors made are for embedded devices
compared to the PC applications. Voice and Gesture recognition along with steerable
interface will make the interactions and use of these devices more user friendly. Efficient
security and privacy policies along with power management can enhance the performance
of such systems.

CHAPTER 2
CURRENT EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

Embedded technology is the process of introducing computing power to various
appliances. These devices are intended to perform certain specific jobs and processors
giving the computing power are designed in an application oriented way. Computers are
hidden in numerous information appliances which we use in our day-to-day life. These
devices find there application in every segment of life such as consumer electronics,
avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control, industrial,
communication, defence etc…
Embedded systems, based on there functionality and performance requirement are

basically categorized as:
· Stand alone systems

· Real time systems
· Networked systems
· Mobile devices
Stand alone systems work in stand alone mode, taking inputs and producing desired
outputs. They do not have any dependence on other systems. Embedded systems in which
some specific work has to be done in a specific time period are called Real time systems.
Meeting the dead line is the most important requirement of a real time system. In Hard
real time systems, missing a deadline may lead to a catastrophe and in Soft real time
systems such problem is not present. Systems which are provided with network interfaces
and accessed by networks such as LAN or the Internet are called Networked Systems.
Networking may be wired or wireless. Mobile devices are devices which move from one
location to another, like mobile phones, PDA’S etc.
Today, many people carry numerous portable devices, such as laptops, mobile phones,
PDAs and mp3 players, for use in their professional and private lives. For the most part,

these devices are used separately i.e, their applications do not interact. However, if they
could interact directly, participants at a meeting could share documents or presentations,
business cards would automatically find their way into the address register on a laptop and
the number register on a mobile phone, as commuters exit a train, their laptops could
remain online; likewise, incoming email could now be diverted to their PDAs.
In such a distributed environment where several embedded devices has to
communicate and co-ordinate with each other. For this a communication link is required
which may be wired or wireless. In initial stages of Networked embedded system
environments wired connection was preferred as it provided a safer and faster channel for
communication. But the cost, immovability and the cables running around the floorboards
became less attractive. On top of this, dishing out the cash for network cards, cables and a
hub/switch reserved this practice to the more elite computer users, until wireless
networking hit the scene.
Infrared communication was initially used for wireless communication because of the low
cost offered by it. But it suffered from the limitation that it can be used only within Line
Of Sight. IEEE introduced 802.11 as the international standard for wireless LANs. This
used a 2.4GHz transmission band while maintaining a steady 1-2 Mbps bandwidth rate.
Being that this was extremely slow compared to 100Mbit wired LANs, it took a while for
the 802.11 standard to develop into a viable solution, achieved shortly after with the
802.11a, b and g standards, offering bandwidth ranging from 11Mbps to 54Mbps.
Although this is still considerably short of the 100Mbit found in cabled networks, 802.1 x
wireless technologies is now literally regarded as the future of networking. Bluetooth, Wi-
Fi, Wi-Max are the latest solutions, under the 802.1x standard,for wireless communication
over short, medium and long range communication respectively.

CHAPTER 3
3.1 Different Views
Ubiquituous computing can be explained in two different perspectives:
1. User view
2. Technology view
User view
For an end user Ubiquituous approach act as a method of augmenting human abilities in
context of tasks. It provides Interaction transparency which means that the human user is
not aware that there is a computer embedded in the tool or device that he or she is using.
Technological view
It means access to information and software applications are available everywhere and any
where. Technically Ubiquituous computing involves in embedding intelligence and
computing power to devices which are part of our daily life. As the word ‘Ubiquituous’
means, we create an environment with intelligence and which can communicate with each
other. This technology is intended for mobile as well as localized devices. It must also
posses the ability to locate an object or a user using provisions such as Global Positioning
System (GPS). After positioning, a dynamic link must be setup for communication which
may use the recent concept of ADHOC networking. User can interact with and control
these devices using steerable interfaces, using voice and gesture recognition facilities.
The idea behind ubiquitous computing is to surround ourselves with computers and

software that are carefully tuned to offer us unobtrusive assistance as we navigate

through our work and personal lives. Contrast this with the world of computers as we
know them now. Some are very obtrusive—remember the car that called out, “Door is
ajar… Door is ajar…” until someone finally kicked the door shut? Others attempt to
offer assistance but deliver only frustration, like that new Web camera’s automatic
installation routine that didn’t quite perform all of the configuration necessary—and
didn’t offer any guidance on what else needed to be done. We are caught in an
interesting trap. On one hand, we are beguiled by the promise of greater productivity
and convenience. On the other, we are frustrated by tools that are brittle and
unintuitive. Though much software is easier to use than ever, it feels as though we are
far from the science fiction dream of unobtrusive computers that let us work naturally
and that operate as seamless extensions of our personal work styles. There is hope,
however. The ubiquitous computing movement is focused on this seemingly distant
vision and may help us achieve the greater productivity that sits with it on the horizon.
It is defined as the post desktop model of human-computer interaction in which
information processing is integerated into everyday objects and devices.Computing is
embedded everywhere in the environment.Information access and communication is
possible everywhere.
3.2 Related Areas
Related areas to ubiquituous computing are:-

1>Pervasive computing
2>Wearable computing
3>Intelligent environment
4>Augmented reality
Pervasive computing environment can be described as “An environment saturated with computing
and communication capability and yet so gracefully integrated with users that it becomes the
technology that disappears.
Wearable computing is defined as “We are not seeking for computer,computers are with us.”.

Augmented reality means there is reality and we are adding some additional things to that.
Intelligent environment means the environment should be sensitive to human need.,Intelligence
means it should be able to deal with complex algorithm and complex logic.AI technique along with
embedded system is used to make our environment sensitive.
3.3 Enabaling Technologies
Nanotechnology and Wireless Technology
If computers are to be everywhere, unobtrusive, and truly helpful, they must be as small as possible
and capable of communicating between themselves. Technological movements supporting these
goals are already well underway under the rubrics nanotechnology and wireless computing..The trend
toward miniaturization of computer components down to an atomic scale is known as
nanotechnology. Nanotechnology involves building highly miniaturized computers from individual
atoms or molecules acting as transistors, which are the heart of the computer chip. The number of
transistors in a chip is indicative of its power. Therefore, nanotechnology’s extreme miniaturization
of transistors allows for impressive levels of computing power to be put into tiny packages, which
can then be unobtrusively tucked away.
Wireless Computing
Wireless computing refers to the use of wireless technology to connect computers to a network.
Wireless computing is so attractive because it allows workers to escape the tether of a network cable
and access network and communication services from anywhere within reach of a wireless network.
Wireless computing has attracted enormous market interest, as witnessed by consumer demand for
wireless home networks, which can be purchased for several hundred dollars.
Context-Awareness and Natural Interaction

Small computers that communicate wirelessly provide a necessary infrastructure for ubiquitous
computing. However, infrastructure is only half of the battle. As noted above, the ubiquitous

computing movement aims to make computers more helpful and easier to use. Indeed, computers
should be able to accurately anticipate the user’s needs and accommodate his or her natural
communication modes and styles. These themes are captured with-The Industrial- Organizational
Psychologist in the ubiquitous computing movement’s focus on context-aware computing and natural
interaction.
The promise of context-awareness is that computers will be able to understand enough
of a user’s current situation to offer services, resources, or information relevant to the
particular context. The attributes of context to a particular situation vary widely, and
may include the user’s location, current role (mother, daughter, office manager, soccer
coach, etc.), past activity, and affective state. Beyond the user, context may include the
current date and time, and other objects and people in the environment. The
application of context may include any Combination of these elements. For example, a
context-aware map might use the information that the user is away from home, has no
appointments, and that the time is 6:00 in the evening to determine that the user could
soon be interested in dinner. It would then prepare to offer the user guidance to nearby
restaurants should he or she make such a request.
Currently, using the computer is part of the task we are attempting to accomplish—
something else to focus on, learn, or do in order to accomplish a goal. The idea behind
natural interaction is for the computer to supply services, resources, or information to a
user without the user having to think about the rules of how to use the computer to get
them. In this way, the user is not preoccupied with the dual tasks of using the computer
and getting the services, resources, or information. Donald Norman, a well-known
researcher in human–computer interaction, once said that he doesn’t want a word
processor; he wants a letter writer—something that will allow him to get the job done
of writing a letter, without the instrument getting in the way.
Embedded System
An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions
often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often
including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a
personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs.
Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

Embedded systems are controlled by one or more main processing cores that are typically either
microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP).[4] The key characteristic, however, is being
dedicated to handle a particular task, which may require very powerful processors. For example, air
traffic control systems may usefully be viewed as embedded, even though they involve mainframe
computers and dedicated regional and national networks between airports and radar sites. (Each radar
probably includes one or more embedded systems of its own.)
Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to reduce
the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some embedded
systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players,
to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling
nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high
with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not a strictly definable term, as most systems have some element of
extensibility or programmability. For example, handheld computers share some elements with
embedded systems such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them, but they
allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Moreover, even systems
which don't expose programmability as a primary feature generally need to support software updates.
On a continuum from "general purpose" to "embedded", large application systems will have
subcomponents at most points even if the system as a whole is "designed to perform one or a few
dedicated functions", and is thus appropriate to call "embedded".
Ambient Intelligence
In computing, ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and
responsive to the presence of people. Ambient intelligence is a vision on the future of consumer
electronics, telecommunications and computing that was originally developed in the late 1990s for
the time frame 2010–2020. In an ambient intelligence world, devices work in concert to support
people in carrying out their everyday life activities, tasks and rituals in easy, natural way using
information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these devices (see Internet of

Things). As these devices grow smaller, more connected and more integrated into our environment,
the technology disappears into our surroundings until only the user interface remains perceivable by
users.The ambient intelligence paradigm builds upon pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing,
profiling practices, and human-centric computer interaction design and is characterized by systems
and technologies that are (Zelkha & Epstein 1998; Aarts, Harwig & Schuurmans 2001): * embedded:
many networked devices are integrated into the environment
* context aware: these devices can recognize you and your situational context
* personalized: they can be tailored to your needs
* adaptive: they can change in response to you
* anticipatory: they can anticipate your desires without conscious mediation.
Ambient intelligence is closely related to the long term vision of an intelligent service system in
which technologies are able to automate a platform embedding the required devices for powering
context aware, personalized, adaptive and anticipatory services.
CHAPTER 4

Distributed Computing Environment
The essence of that vision was the creation of environment saturated with computing
and communication capability, yet gracefully integrated with human users. The field of
distributed systems arose by the intersection of personal computer and Local Area
Network. With the appearance of wireless LANs embedded systems for mobile clients
was introduced. These two laid the foundation for the concept of Pervasive computing.
4.1 Ambient Intelligence
Objects in pervasive environment are considered to have Ambient Intelligence.

Ambient Intelligence refers to a vision of the future, in which people are empowered by
an electronic environment that is aware of their presence, and is sensitive and responsive
to their needs. It aims at improving the quality of life by creating the desired atmosphere
and functionality via intelligent, personalized interconnected systems and services. The
transition to such a world requires a paradigm shift in user-system interaction. Speech and
gesture recognition modalities address user benefits such as freedom of movement, and
are natural candidates for such interactions.
However, implementing these modalities in e.g. a home environment is radically
different from implementing known methods such as buttons, dials and remote controls.
Smart objects may play an important role in bridging this gap. People have a life-time
experience in manipulating tangible objects, and can perform these manipulation tasks
with a minimal amount of attention.
Ambient Intelligence refers to electronic environment that are sensitive and responsive
to the presence of people. It builds on advanced networking technologies, which allow
robust, ad-hoc networks to be formed by a broad range of mobile devices and other
objects. By adding adaptive user-system interaction methods, based on new insights in the
way people like to interact with computing devices, digital environments can be created
which improve the quality of life of people by acting on their behalf.
Key characteristics of such environments are: ubiquity, awareness, intelligence, and

natural interaction. Ubiquity refers to a situation in which we are surrounded by a
multitude of interconnected embedded systems, which are invisible and moved into the
background of our environment. Awareness refers to the ability of the system to locate and
recognize objects and people. Intelligence refers to the fact that the digital surrounding is
able to analyze the context, to adapt itself to the people that live in it, to learn from their
behavior, and eventually to recognize as well as show emotion.
Evolutionary development of Pervasive computing environment and Relation between

Pervasive computing with Distributed systems and mobile computing
We envisage that in the near future, mobile and embedded devices will be capable
of providing customized information, services and computation platforms. People will
need the cooperation of services available in their resource rich vicinity to satisfy their
information needs. Service composition systems for the pervasive computing environment
need a different design approach than those developed for wired services. Service
composition architectures in wired infrastructure assume the existence of a centralized

composition entity that carries out the discovery, integration and execution of services
distributed over the web or network. This Client/Server based computing, are ill suited to
meet this challenge. They are targeted at smaller and less dynamic computing
environments and lack sufficient facilities to manage changes in the network
configurations.
4.2 Mobile Ad hoc Networking
So we introduce a system architecture which provides an integrated and comprehensive

framework for building pervasive applications. It includes a set of services that help to
structure applications and simplify the task of coping with constant change. So a pervasive
computing environment is expected to be based on the recent progresses and advances in
computing and communication technologies. Next generation of mobile communications
is likely to be based on an infrastructure less Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs).
A MANET is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to
exchange information without using any pre-existing fixed network infrastructure. Ad-hoc
mode essentially eliminates the need for an access point. An Ad-Hoc network only
requires wireless adapters to communicate hence significantly reducing the cost and
maintenance compared to a network structured around an access point. Most or all nodes
in the network participate in the network tasks. While traditional networks are static, i.e.,
nodes do not move and new nodes are not attached to or detached from the network on a
frequent basis, the ad-hoc network is extremely dynamic. The nodes are autonomous and
may have varying mobility, and they may enter and leave the network for some reason or
another, for example, a mobile node may move out of reach of other nodes, thus being
unable to send or receive information, or a node may suffer from power failure or
destruction and often act as routers at the same time. Another important difference
between traditional and ad hoc networks is that traditional networks tend to be wired,
where as an ad hoc network most likely is wireless, which increases their complexity even
further.

Access point based network
Ad hoc wireless network
MANET has the following features:
1) Autonomous terminal: In MANET, each mobile terminal is an autonomous node, which

may function as both a host and a router. In other words, besides the basic processing ability as a
host, the mobile nodes can also perform switching functions as a router. So usually endpoints and
switches are indistinguishable in MANET
1.Distributed operation: Since there is no background network for the
central control of the network operations, the control and management of the
network is distributed among the terminals. The nodes involved in a MANET
should collaborate amongst themselves and each node acts as a relay as
needed, to implement functions e.g. security and routing.

2.Multihop routing: Basic types of ad hoc routing algorithms can be single-

hop and multihop, based on different link layer attributes and routing
protocols. Single-hop MANET is simpler than multihop in terms of structure
and implementation, with the cost of lesser functionality and applicability.
When delivering data packets from a source to its destination out of the direct
wireless transmission range, the packets should be forwarded via one or more
intermediate nodes.
3.Dynamic network topology. Since the nodes are mobile, the network
topology may change rapidly and unpredictably and the connectivity among
the terminals may vary with time. MANET should adapt to the traffic and
propagation conditions as well as the mobility patterns of the mobile network
nodes. The mobile nodes in the network dynamically establish routing among
themselves as they move about, forming their own network on the fly.
Moreover, a user in the MANET may not only operate within the ad hoc
network, but may require access to a public fixed network (e.g. Internet).
4.Fluctuating link capacity. The nature of high bit-error rates of wireless

connection might be more profound in a MANET. One end-to-end path can
be shared by several sessions. The channel over which the terminals
communicate is subject to noise, fading, and interference, and has less
bandwidth than a wired network. In some scenarios, the path between any
pair of users can traverse multiple wireless links and the link themselves can
be heterogeneous.
CHAPTER 5
ARCHITECTURE

Ubiquituous computing is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity: devices and

distributed components are from different vendors and sources. Support of mobility and
distribution in such a context requires open distributed computing architectures and open
protocols. Openness means that specifications of architectures and protocols are public
documents developed by neutral organizations. System architecture is designed for
performing the services such as:
• Automatic discovery or devices added or removed from the network

• Addressing scheme and message-transfer service
• Lookup service for discovering resources
• Posting and receiving local or remote events
• Streaming and controlling data streams
• Reserving devices and performing scheduled actions
• User interaction
Various architectures with particular domain oriented features are present. Here a reactive
service composition architecture is being discussed, as it is some what general and simple. Service
Composition can be defined as the process of creating customized services from existing services by
a process of dynamic discovery, integration and execution of those services in a planned order to
satisfy a request from client. We have designed a distributed architecture to perform service
composition in pervasive computing environment. Central to our system is the concept of a
distributed broker that can execute at any node in the environment. An individual broker handles each
composite service request, thus making the design of the system immune to central point of failure. A
broker may be selected based on various parameters such as resource capability, geometric topology
of the nodes and proximity of the node to the services that are required to compose a particular
request. Current prototype of our system can be implemented over Bluetooth. We shall refer to a
client as a device from where the service composition request originates.
A broker is a device that coordinates the different components to calculate the result.
Layered architecture

Network Layer:
The Network Layer forms the lowest layer in the architecture and encapsulates
networking protocols that provide wireless/ad-hoc connectivity to peer devices in the
vicinity. We assume the existence of a suitable network layer that provides us with
connectivity to the neighboring devices.
Service Discovery Layer:
The service discovery layer is required for the proper functioning of the composition
platform. There is a direct dependence of the success of the composition techniques on the
underlying service discovery mechanisms. This layer encompasses the protocol used to
discover the different services that are available in the vicinity of a mobile device. Our
design of the service discovery mechanism is primarily based on the principles of Peer-to-
peer service discovery, Dynamic caching of neighboring service descriptions, Semantic
description based service matching, service request routing and propagation control. We
do not employ central lookup-server based service discovery and maintenance. Each
device has a Service Manager where the local services register their information. Service
Managers advertise their services to neighboring nodes and these advertisements are
cached. Services are described using a semantically rich language which is used in service
matching also. On cache miss, the service request is forwarded to other neighboring
nodes.
Service Composition Layer:

This layer is responsible for carrying out the process of managing the discovery and
integration of services to yield a composite service. The process model of the composite
service is supplied as input to this layer.
Service Execution Layer:

The Service Execution Layer is responsible for carrying out the execution of the different
services. Prior to this, the service composition layer provides a feasible order in which the
services can be composed and also provides location and invocation information of the
service. This layer has a module called the “Fault Recovery Module”, which is responsible to
guard against node failures and service unavailability. The Service Execution Layer and the
Service Composition Layer are tightly coupled with each other due to their dependence on
each other.
Application Layer:
The application layer embodies any software layer that utilizes our service composition
platform. The application layer encompasses different GUI facilities to display the result
of a composed service and provides the functionality to initiate a request for a composite
service
Dynamic Broker Selection Technique
This approach centers on a procedure of dynamically selecting a device to be a broker for

a single request in the environment. In the following section, we describe three distinct
features of the Dynamic Broker Selection Technique.
Broker Arbitration and Delegation:
When a request for service composition arrives at the service composition module in a
mobile device it finalizes a platform that is going to carry out the composition and monitor
the execution. Once the platform has been chosen, the device is informed of its
responsibility. The mobile device acting as the broker is responsible for the whole
composition process for a certain request. The selection of the broker platform may be
dependent on several parameters: power of the platform (battery power left), number of
services in the immediate vicinity, stability of the platform, etc. The brokerage arbitration
might make the originator of the request to be
the broker for that particular composition. Each request thus may be assigned a separate
broker. This makes the architecture immune to central point of failure and the judicious
choice of brokerage platform has the potential of distributing the load appropriately within
the different devices. This avoids the problem of swamping the central composition entity
by numerous requests.
Service Integration and Execution:
The assigned broker’s first job is to discover the services from its vicinity. The broker
progressively increases its search “radius”, a number of devices that it can reach by asking
other devices in its radio range to forward service request, to discover all of the different
services necessary for the composition. The broker returns failure when it fails to discover
all of the required services. Service discovery and integration is followed by service
execution. The information obtained during the service discovery (service address, port,
invocation protocol) is utilized to execute the services.
Fault Recovery:
Faults in ad-hoc environment may occur due to a service failure, due to a sudden
unavailability of the selected broker platform, or due to network partition. The standard solution to
this problem is to make the requester to initiate a new request for every composite service. This is
very inefficient and not applicable in our environment due the relatively high occurrence probability
of the above failures. The fault-tolerance module in the architecture employs check pointing to guard
against such faults. The broker for a particular request sends back checkpoints and the state of the
request to the client of the request after a subtask is complete. The client keeps a cache of this partial
result obtained so far. If the broker platform fails, the source node detects the unavailability of updates
Distributed Brokering Technique

The key idea in this approach is to distribute the brokering of an articular request to
different entities in the system by determining their ‘suitability’ to execute a part of the
composite request.

Broker Arbitration:
This module performs almost the same set of actions described in the previous section.
However, the key difference is that it only tries to determine the broker for the first few
services (say S1 to Si) in the whole composition. This layer tries to utilize the resources
available in the immediate vicinity instead of looking for the resources required to execute
the whole composition. Thus, a single broker only executes a part of the whole composite
process (based on the resources that it currently has available to it).
Service Integration and Execution:
The broker is responsible for composing the services S1 to Sn. The broker decides on a
service search “radius”. The composition is carried out among services discovered within this radius.
Suppose a broker determines that it has services S1 to Si available in its vicinity (within radius r). It
goes ahead and carries out the partial integration and execution. It then informs the requester (source
node) about the ‘current state’ of the execution. Secondly, it uses the ‘Broker Arbitration’ Module to
select another broker which has the ability to carry out a subset or whole of the remaining
composition. In this manner, the composition hops from one node to another till the final result is
obtained. Then the current broker returns the final answer of the composition to the client
CHAPTER 6
IMPLEMENTATION

There are many middleware technologies that provide a set of application programming
interfaces (APIs) as well as network protocols that can meet the network requirements. It
establishes a software platform enabling all devices that form the network to talk to each
other, irrespective of their operating systems or interface constraints. In these
environments, each device provides a service to other devices in the network. Each device
publishes its own interfaces, which other devices can use to communicate with it and
thereby access its particular service. This approach ensures compatibility and standardized
access among all devices. There are many implementation technologies and protocols
developed by various companies like: Sun’s Jini, Microsoft’s UPnP, IBM’s Tspace. The
possibilities of Bluetooth is utilized by technologies like Jini for pervasive environment.
Bluetooth environment can be used to implement standard TCP/IP protocol.
6.1 Device Requirements
Two device-related challenges must be addressed by the Ubiquituous computing

infrastructure; these are the wide differences between heterogeneous device types and the
problems caused by device mobility.
Device heterogeneity:
Heterogeneity in computing systems will not disappear in the future, but instead will
increase as the range of computing devices widens. Devices in a pervasive computing
environment will include sensors and actuators that mediate between physical and virtual
environments; embedded devices in objects such as watches and shoes; home and office
appliances such as videos, toasters and telephones; mobile devices, such as handheld
organizers and notebooks; and traditional desktop machines. Heterogeneous devices will
be required to interact seamlessly, despite wide differences in hardware and software
capabilities. This will require an infrastructure that maintains knowledge of device
characteristics and manages the integration of devices into a coherent system that enables
arbitrary device interactions (for example, between a mobile phone and a desktop
workstation).

Device mobility:
Mobility introduces problems such as the maintenance of connections as devices move

between areas of differing network connectivity, and the handling of network
disconnections. While protocols for wireless networking handle some of the problems of
mobility, such as routing and handovers, some problems cannot be solved at the network
level, as they require knowledge of application semantics. It should be the role of the
computing infrastructure to cooperate with applications in order to perform tasks related
to device mobility, such as management of replicated data in cases of disconnection.
6.2 Communication
BLUETOOTH:
Blue tooth is an economical communication technology that allows communicating with one
another wirelessly within a 30 feet or 10 meter radius. Blue tooth is specially designed for short range
communication. An important outcome of this design is the low power consumption which in turn
makes these devices portable. Bluetooth wireless technology makes use of radio frequency
technology to communicate through the air. RF incorporates high power transmitters and receivers
tuned to a particular frequency range for long ranges as in TV. Short range requires less power and
thereby batteries can suffice the power requirements. RF can penetrate the obstacles and there is no
requirement of line sight communication. Bluetooth technology operates in 2.4 GHz spectrum. It has
a data transmission rate of 700 Kbps. Bluetooth link between two devices consists of of a master and
a slave. A piconet consists of a single master and all slaves in close proximity. Only one master is
allowed in a single piconet. The ability to form piconets is a significant advantage for
pervasive computing environment design. We can use TCP/IP protocol on top of
Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth has protocols for “inquiry” and “connection” between
devices. First Bluetooth piconets are formed and then using TCP/IP protocol is used for
establishing communication between the devices in an environment.
Various other wireless standards which can be used in mobile, distributed systems

are,
• Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi), having a range of about 200 m. It

uses a radio frequency of 2.4 GHz band with data transmission rate of 11
Mbps.
• GSM phone with transmission rate of 9.6 Kbps.
• UMTS – 3G mobile 114 kbps (vehicle), 384 Kbps (pedestrian) 2 Mbps
(stationary)
• HIPERLAN & IEEE 802.11a using RF of 5 GHz band with data rate
currently 20 Mbps eventually 54 Mbps
• Home RF derived from
DECT 10Mbps
• Infrared transmission gives a rate of 4Mbps, but can be used only for line of
sight communication (so not preferred).
6.3 Context Awareness
Context awareness translates to adaptation of the behavior of an application as a function of

its current environment. This environment can be characterized as a physical location, an orientation
or a user profile. A context-aware application can sense the environment and interpret the events that
occur within it. In a mobile and wireless computing environment, changes of location and orientation
are frequent. Invisibility of applications will be accomplished in part by reducing input from users
and replacing it with knowledge of context.
Context aware software components will exploit information such as the activities in
which the user is engaged, proximity to other devices and services, location, time of day
and weather conditions. Knowledge of context will also be required to enable adaptation
to changing environmental conditions, such as changing bandwidth and input and output
devices, which can be brought about by mobility. The infrastructure for pervasive
computing should support context awareness by facilitating the gathering of information
from sources such as sensors and resource monitors; performing interpretation of data,

carrying out dissemination of contextual information to interested parties in a scalable and

timely fashion. Location identification of user is needed for a better understanding of
context. For this Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are employed.
A very challenging aspect is interpretation, which involves steps such as integration of

data from different sources, inference, prediction based on context history, resolution of
inconsistencies between context data from different sources, and provision of estimates of
the accuracy of contextual information. Capture and storage of past experiences can be
used to solve new problems in the future. Experiences are made of events and computers
have the ability to record them automatically. Human users only have to recall that
information from the computer when it is needed.
6.4 Adaptation
Adaptation is required in order to overcome the intrinsically dynamic nature of pervasive computing.
Mobility of users, devices and software components can occur, leading to changes in the physical and
virtual environments of these entities. Moreover, applications can be highly dynamic, with users
requiring support for novel tasks and demanding the ability to change requirements on the fly. It
should be the role of the infrastructure for pervasive computing to facilitate adaptation, which may
involve adapting individual software components and/or reconfiguring bindings of components by
adding, removing or substituting components. Adaptation may be done in an application-aware or
application-transparent manner.
Dynamic adaptation can involve complex issues such as managing the adaptation of
software components that are used simultaneously by applications with different
requirements, and maintaining a consistent external view of a component that has
behavior that evolves over time.
6.5 Steerable Interfaces
They are a new class of interactive interfaces that can be moved around to appear on

ordinary objects and surfaces anywhere in a space. By dynamically adapting the form,
function, and location of an interface to suit the context of the user, such steerable
interfaces have the potential to offer radically new and powerful styles of interaction in
intelligent pervasive computing spaces. We propose defining characteristics of steerable
interfaces and present the first steerable interface system that combines projection, gesture
recognition, user tracking, environment modeling and geometric reasoning components
within a system architecture. An essential element to realize this notion of “computing
woven into space” is a ubiquitous interface to computing access to pervasive computing
resources should be available everywhere. For instance, access to computing services has
been through computer monitors, touch screen panels, keyboards, mice, PDAs, cellular
phones etc, all special surfaces and devices available in the environment or carried by
people.
In this paper, we pursue an alternate vision for the pervasive computing interface,
especially in the context of intelligent environments. We propose that as computing
disappears into the physical environment, what matters most to the user is the interface to
computing. The interface should appear whenever the user needs it, wherever the user
needs it, and in a form most suitable for natural interaction. In particular, both input and
output interfaces should be available to the user anywhere in space, without the need for
special devices.
To realize this, we introduce the concept of a steerable interface to computing that can be
moved around a physical environment on to ordinary objects or surfaces.
Steerable interfaces are important as they provide interaction wherever it is needed in a
space. In many cases, the interface just appears when needed and where needed, as a
natural extension to the physical environment, without the user having to perform any
deliberate actions. And as the user neither carries nor approaches any special devices, the
interaction is casual. The user can also request for the interface anywhere through natural
actions such as simply asking or making a specific gesture. Steerable interfaces have the
potential to change how we access information in a number of different domains and
applications.

For example, during shopping, information about a product can be made available right at
the product location when a shopper is in the vicinity of the product. At home, a television
or a computer can appear on demand on any wall or table or countertop. Steerable
interfaces can also result in new forms of entertainment such as games in the real world
with virtual characters and hybrid theater combining the real and the virtual.
6.6 Security policy
A security policy is a set of rules for authorization, access control, and trust in a certain
domain, it can also contain information about some users’ roles and the abilities
associated with those roles. Theft of service is the actual number one security problem in
cellular networks. A similar problem exists with computer network services. Solutions
devised for cellular telephony can be applied. Control of access to services relies on a
form of identification. Either a user or a device may be identified.
The most desirable form, in the context of service access control, is user identification
because it is independent of the device utilized by the user to access the network.
Identification of a user may be done with an identification number entered by the user
before a service is accessed. Further automation can be achieved by using instead a
fingerprint captured by a biometrics sensor integrated to the device. However Device
identification may be considered equivalent to user identification in cases where the device
is a personal belonging of the user. Indeed, in contrast to a desktop which can be shared by
several members of a family, a PDA is a personal assistant. Identification of the palmtop
means as well identification of its user. Each Bluetooth device has a 48-bit identifier that
can be used for that purpose. Secret key authentication can also be used to identify users
or devices. Authentication is supported by most of the service discovery protocols. RF
fingerprinting can be used as well to identify a device (more exactly its air interface).
These strategies are inadequate for the increased flexibility that distributed networks such
as pervasive computing environments require because such systems lack central control
and their users are not all predetermined. Mobile users expect to access locally hosted
resources and services anytime and anywhere, leading to serious security risks and access
control problems. We propose a solution based on trust management that involves
developing a security policy, assigning credentials to entities, verifying that the credentials
fulfill the policy, delegating trust to third parties, and reasoning about users’ access rights.
Distributed trust management approach involves,
• articulating policies for user authentication, access control, and delegation.
• assigning security credentials to individuals.
• allowing entities to modify access rights of other entities by
delegating or deferring their access rights to third parties and
revoking rights as well.
• providing access control by checking if the initiators’ credentials fulfill the policies.
Access rights are not static but change based on delegations and revocations. Users are assigned
generic rights, based on their credentials, the security policy, and other users’ delegations—that can
be used to request access to other services. Appropriate users with these access rights can in turn
delegate the requested right. Users can access a service only if they have the right to do so or if an
authorized user has delegated that right to them; they can delegate all rights that they have the
permission to delegate. Rights can likewise be revoked.
Each domain has security agents that enforce the policy. The domain’s services and users
can additionally impose a local policy. Services register with a security agent in their
space and rely on it to provide security. Only users with the right to delegate a certain
action can actually delegate that action, and the ability to delegate itself can be delegated.
Users can constrain delegations by specifying whether delegated users can re-delegate the
right and to whom they can delegate. Once users are given certain rights, they are
responsible for the actions of the users to whom they subsequently delegate those rights
and privileges. This forms a delegation chain in which users only delegate to other users

that they trust. If any user along this delegation chain fails to meet the requirements
associated with a delegated right, the chain is broken. When users make requests to the
security agent controlling the service, they attach their credentials—an ID certificate or a
delegation certificate—to the request. The security agent is responsible for honoring the
delegation, based on the delegator’s and delegate’s credentials and the policies. Security
agents may generate authorization certificates that users can employ as tickets to access a
certain resource. The system allows a foreign user, to access certain services without
creating a new identity for him or insecurely opening up the system in any way.
CHAPTER 7
HAVi- An Implementation in Consumer Appliance

Environment
HAVi is a standard for home appliances consisting of a set of APIs, services, and a
standard for communication. HAVi’s primary goal is providing a dynamic service
environment in which software components can discover and interact with other. It
provides mechanisms for devices to discover, query and control other appliances on the
home network, and provides system services such as message and event.
Eight major consumer electronics manufacturers have come up with an open standard
enabling home entertainment devices to communicate intelligently with each other. The
HAVi(Home Audio Video Interoperability) standard promises to bring true platform
independent interoperability to consumer devices using high bandwidth IEEE 1394
(FireWire) as the connecting medium. Major consumer electronics, software,
semiconductor and computer manufacturers, namely Grundig, Hitachi, Panasonic, Philips,
Sharp, Sony, Thomson and Toshiba along with now over 30 other participants, have
formed a non-profit organization called HAVi (Home Audio Video Interoperability) for
promoting the development of interoperable consumer products. The goal of HAVi
organization is to provide a standard open architecture for intelligent audio and video
devices to interoperate with each other regardless of manufacturer, operating system, CPU
or programming language used for implementation.
The simplest example can be time synchronization between different devices. TV set might get the
correct time from the broadcast stream and the other devices can query the TV and set their own
clocks according to it. Setting the VCR to record a program is a familiar situation users usually have
problems with. With HAVi enabled devices this task can be made very easy. User can select the
program he wishes to record with the Electronic Program Guide (EPG) residing on a digital TV set
(or set-top-box). The TV then locates an available recorder (e.g., a VCR or a recording DVD device)
and commands it to record the program supplying it with the time, length and channel parameters
taken from the EPG. Thus, the user doesn’t need to program or touch the recording device in any
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The trends in ubiquituous computing are increasing the diversity and heterogeneity of
networks and their constituent devices Pervasive computing is expected to bring an explosion in the
number of devices in our local environments. This paper presents a vision of a future computing
landscape characterized by the ubiquity of computing devices, the autonomy, dynamicity and the
heterogeneity of system components. This paper also provides a discussion of the challenges
associated with such a vision, framed around our conceptual model of pervasive computing which
encompasses devices, users, architecture, networking and communication, user interfaces and
security policy. With more progress in the fields like MANET, Artificial Intelligence, Natural
language processing capabilities and energy management, the infrastructure limitation present
currently is supposed to be broken, which will result in revolutionary changes through the
implementation of Ubiquituous computing technology.
CHAPTER 9
REFERENCE


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UBIQUITUOUS COMPUTING

I am greatly indebted to Dr. David Peter, Head Of Department, Division of

I express my heartfelt gratitude to my respected Seminar guide Ms. Dhanya k

I am extremely thankful to respected Lecturer in computer science MR. Sudeep

I am also very thankful to my colleagues who helped and co-operated with me in

Division Of Computer Science , SOE CUSAT Page 1

Ubiquituous computing refers to embedding computers and

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2. CURRENT EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY………………………………..5-6

4. DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT

7. HAVI-An Implementation In Consumer Appliance Environment…………....31

Division Of Computer Science , SOE CUSAT Page 3

Division Of Computer Science , SOE CUSAT Page 4

CURRENT EMBEDDED TECHNOLOGY

Embedded systems, based on there functionality and performance requirement are

· Stand alone systems

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3.1 Different Views

Ubiquituous computing can be explained in two different perspectives:

Division Of Computer Science , SOE CUSAT Page 7

software that are carefully tuned to offer us unobtrusive assistance as we navigate

3.2 Related Areas

Related areas to ubiquituous computing are:-

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3.3 Enabaling Technologies

Nanotechnology and Wireless Technology

Context-Awareness and Natural Interaction

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Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

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Distributed Computing Environment

4.1 Ambient Intelligence

Objects in pervasive environment are considered to have Ambient Intelligence.

Key characteristics of such environments are: ubiquity, awareness, intelligence, and

Evolutionary development of Pervasive computing environment and Relation between

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4.2 Mobile Ad hoc Networking

So we introduce a system architecture which provides an integrated and comprehensive

Division Of Computer Science , SOE CUSAT Page 15

Access point based network

Ad hoc wireless network

MANET has the following features:

1) Autonomous terminal: In MANET, each mobile terminal is an autonomous node, which

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2.Multihop routing: Basic types of ad hoc routing algorithms can be single-

4.Fluctuating link capacity. The nature of high bit-error rates of wireless

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Ubiquituous computing is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity: devices and

• Automatic discovery or devices added or removed from the network

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Service Discovery Layer:

Service Composition Layer:

Service Execution Layer:

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Dynamic Broker Selection Technique

This approach centers on a procedure of dynamically selecting a device to be a broker for

Broker Arbitration and Delegation:

Service Integration and Execution:

Distributed Brokering Technique

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Service Integration and Execution: