Greek and Roman Warfare Battles, Tactics and Trickery John Drogo Montagu Greenhill Books, London MBI Publishing, St PaulGreenhill Books Greek and Roman Warfare Batiles, Tactics and Trickery First published in 2006 by Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal Ltd, Park House, 1 Russell Gardens, London NW11 9NN and MBI Publishing Co., Galtier Plaza, Suite 200, 380 Jackson Street, St Paul, MN 55101-3885, USA Copyright © John Drogo Montagu 2006 The right of John Drogo Montagu to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written pern Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. British Library Cataloguing-in Publication Data Montagu, John Drogo Greek and Roman Warfare: battles, tactics and trickery 1. Military art and science - Greece — History — To 500 2. Military art and science - Rome — History - To 500 3. Military history, Ancient 1. Title 355’.02'0938 Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data available For more information on our books, please visit www.greenhillbooks.com, email sales@greenhillbooks.com, or telephone us within the UK on 020 8458 3614. You can also write to us at the aboye London address. Edited and typeset by Palindrome Printed and bound in Great Britain by Creative Print and Design (Wales), Ebbw Vale ion of the publisher. To the memory of Tony (E. A.) BeaulahContents Human and Tacteal Elements fm Mi Manan, 62: A Gap te Line‘in BauList of Battle PlansPrefaceGeneral Introduction ere are many book onthe tof afar the ance Worl, 19 I hy another? Toh fed pening gmt here ea sep ‘Ofte exiting works many pt hen emphasis on sre ad amo, formations and uni etal nganation sd line mance, and the base necesen Le tenon hasbeen pal the softne This ‘tery plinsing scr surpre, and deception, and indeed dhe woe (pm aces, hey and ule. Thee ae funcons nich ae ess ise inthe hardware but which are probably more aie dteraning the tune of confronaogs Ie well own tha tal itary numbers alone ‘dont neces determine x vicory.A welled smb or sring Imorement con overome numeri wd To the koowledge ofthe water there ha been no work which examines the miliary tory of the saent he ena nd pci, grog ton an ae Stag of wicker of rou Lindt or tht ents dash of tga ac forms ty a Acre ic nd A Bo emmonty parca inthe ancen iterstre, bt ison arab nd, with them, te pombe ean fo he outcome. I no longer = Standard question of rho won the bale tut wy? What were the fer6 over intucton ‘count, God eciceay in 3 te 1 lander may owe cee only ‘hen tates are alaed on thi sort of hema that sarin “rence and rend bento apn and cach bie then een eb (cxting ge Inthe Creek an Roman words dom Sn sich teen reared by de ancien chronicler Tha led lng amber of seetions on most pet of the warfare of heer, the sae parol Te ranged hough the whole gat of aches and haan peo tiesto penn np ie the ie te cons who, ot of lou tts conta alleges, outraged te Seve by undoing hs mpage tu demanding a whamphal proceso for howl (The debacle reed {the psspanement of the erate’ plane wi the longest) ‘Ta cect ofthe presen work nto bring al he ‘soir together and so atempe to ae la some soc of detain oder wan eden at ‘he onnet that there were problems which would mee be ade Fin, thee ts hige overlap benwcen the elements of arpee and Accepon- Of the acta av oppve to the human) clement surprise ma ‘indie the ost common singe trie the whole story of ae sare Ion ocuted by dot ay incenona cep, in ‘ocarnal sacs on sleeping cam. Alternate, surprise wa equety ‘rample in fens and ambushes, Thee form two ge siti op thle wi be considered separately under the heating of'Surpse and “Stpiae th Deception (Deception alone in the aboence of need surprite forma sid category). The second. problem concerns the India otservaons and events which prove the ra data May of {hese ght more shan oe theme oat hee alo oer 0 Siren estan To pn red rma ageing he {encraly inetd when an event deserted under another heading 8 ‘ore deta esrb nthe entre Tey have ben let nce tone wth ‘retina runp, ith the object of presenting the tr pce. When Sy enn theft pr of tha work relates to one of theve bates, the “mts themes are not referenced extn the empha placed ‘the vrou ctr which are de subject of ths work. The Felerences in are One ae gien atthe end ofeach chapter (avoiding the grains “The bate dexcipions in Past Two have povided an opportaniy fr seeing some of the pln which were included i sy eter work In fener only minor change have Been made nan atermp 10 add Einthaion vw gies moe fal ental of detain the teat The plan ofthe atl off Eevom i however warrant larger aenen loa ihe tle of Cerone equine complete oneal To the auhors Ktotcdge some ofthe bates incladed ere ave not been preosiy latte chemataaly eg Cable, Magnesia Poa and the Tela A fenothen were to considered amenable much teainet or woud derive cogin Beat 1 poy: ta mk on aan sn ei 8Part One Human and Tactical ElementsI The Element of Doubtelement of tah, Thre may have Been no wooden home, ba i now fenealy eld that thse maa expedition sound 1200 ne, which as Snow cen concerned wi rae, especial tn corm roy his been iced wah he mcs Harti Aan Mino stand ot fr he Hellespont (Dardanls). twas nan exellent poston to consol al he ‘Sef trough the Hellespont snd Boyphors othe Bsc Sea, hic the ances eupemcaly called the Basin o wellbbaved! sean the hope tht won psp sd Atte soup ene ually paratype doub owing to the anence of any fc records Sut oe he Fs the cacao allowed for baa wich ed Herons ket alone 4 Theyddes, ho ined in oe en hee ene is ‘siren haa harms bv his cm sources of information, 30d feanay. Tis len 4 stele gap ater the wadiional dae of the Idton he eps When source capes, ee Tepes hearsay, led ya fre imaginaon When al ee ld, Etiaiy of buna econ, In heft kite rete known to 8 Herodotus chronicled the Peran War. He obtained Bi information spay i eal cou ih eae om pole Ma Scents ea ta nh ie ot Pe en ‘nated the weny of mptdy whe ad been a yee or eived he fein bok n Heed account othe bate of Marathon He let 0 other ikcy vues ef cro othe part of the nent hiro sia of he Creches have recorded credible igus forthe Greek are (peek They oe Segue etvnecc fer romper ile 500.00 fo Xenia sone Sach Bigutes maybe at amped ‘Tha Bent of Do 2 ‘nagerating 2 vcory or lesteing a defeat Converse there could have sigue eae Ce rahe pet ettie ro: Lays eee ees ‘Showed pi his wns (though even coud ot mie the Ronan, ‘Smelter the grace ants fa cone the Caine oa ee 1.0 npr may ree Cra wh eed he [rourabe ght Aa purely sje phenomenon, rjc ta ay Sec n net nwa nore ii cma. An ae {hem lating of Tbr. Tair event when he tains the gest ‘Theban general Epominondas and makes no meno oh eve hit ‘tpi ofthe ener et Sas uae PAD) pamtnonda' mary prowen pcr hou nce a thea tae hich he nal ‘Sone in that cannot be i at the hora’ oor The term reer wo 38 ‘Phce names maybe change to silat ones, and words or phe may Inlation that thas occured. As creped numeral evel becomes. tothe mmerl To qute an exes expe, figure of 1,000 noi ‘hesame league 1,00 or 100 How much canbe crete yt Shiono deletion ong 01 enter ck do it po the npn of ae ‘hic work the aehor happened on to instante of wubanalydiferent lnterpretion ofthe me pete, One concerned the bat of Cheon (iy pp- 142 he other te bate of Cris Known nthe Nemes (398, p31 in neter insane dd the interpretation ofthe duo word. ‘ered wih ioral vray, They are dsm in some etal i the some reported evens Dl thy happen atl aan example, do Rae eanionaAitouaithes etrel ahr ft oper densa2 The Element of Planning G= conan iee a ot arcana stten2% Co en man Ware ‘oot of he mountain Thi cased the phan oot cohesion and ‘ps began wo appear bewcen sa ranks Ae hnedatly ied ie {en into sal rp nd sol them to inlet the gop a attach the Blalngtes on tel aks Arie wth thet tong peste ler wee {nae to tum to defend themes. They had erate bt to ded ‘hem and enor thei short sword which were mo ah forthe Ronan ‘roa, Inpending dsr was red in resounding ct. Aes er wats sudden decion he on ce siertan of changing Sesion. Acaach there mato pan, Th the ely day of claniealwarfae sratgy i the moder sense wat ral nomeriten: The er righ tea he of generac and ita the general (Gree: sage) ho deployed his op and devo the Tats, sich staking movements spree asc tes and ‘ther forme of deception In short he asthe planner te histony of Scent Greece thete are tany secon of bates whlch show Hee ‘idence even of tate! planning thee il es eine of my long tem pln. Thin para t of te many encounters between the sate The usa impeesion gen by the chronicles of wo iy eee hich contonted each other andthe bated ot ther grevanes wo ‘more ad. Thisimprenion might canat npr em re vei ofan ft the accounts tt the general picture of ck of planning resins Unchanged. One dou exception athe tae of Se (8 td he ‘ctor forthe Grek, hans fo Teme twa ho ume Aches Into al power and whose convcons snd xsey were espns for ‘he icy Tir dead farther below ‘Much the une may be df erly Roman afr, parca during ‘heist ov centres of the Repu Daring hx period Rome wat ne involved in the srg forthe contol of aly ews a slot ene ‘ceon of bates un alan al wth only ene pln the cont ofthe ‘unt: ome war nor iva ia any confi ue un the Fiat Punk War ered in 264 In there cry dye warfare come large of Dates vil Heo no advance panning. Move fen than et hones sere prompt y uprbings of te ncghbourso ncuron fom arte elo tat wartre as waged om a ana dc baie Tey weve ao {he day of peronatned conics in which here war mopar fo an Pas ‘ther thant hil the oppesing commander Arte ger decd te ours ofevens os hss, aoe Became th hie ter Hewat ont ‘st acton, he ston elt ually gound tba and the leaders ay withdrew and ot the ght he sence acter pla these oes ease to be of concern hee They ae eabsed ite p10 ‘hough here a tec fg the ay a tee to simple plans. We Know from Herodor tat in one ofthe caer ‘eeoided atacla on Mount Pans around 30 the Poca leet The lento Planning Teas undoubtedly planned his aac on the Theslan p t 2 point fntd thei dis and weapons with whitewash a sen them ot © Fiat te enemy and wo il coeryone no wan white Uke themscres This method of ientifcason prods farther evidence of ewe lanang Nec to ay, these showy partons cent er pai {he enemy camp, but ths as ot the intended eet ofthe went “etal ad ther sim res up hiseee For eampe he would i trench in 2p thatthe enemy carly td and woul Bary age npr pow ight covered to dingise tern Ths again tine te rma planing in abance. Tes vanes emind wf he many ther Sind per arrange asa onda when the concealed party should ‘Notlong ater the cs of eis there ecu major ate the name ‘etch ha exuded thvoigh he ages” Maran (80) But ows Hevodon’ account ofthe tetas mics umber debatable ls, feof theming the qucton of planing In br, de Gree oun Seceaany to extend ce ine w cover the longer Pera tine. Tey Iehicred Gis tining hi cee roby wo dep on forme, Wie lentng he wing fal engi nally gh oct the acon he Terians broke trough the din Crecente ad pr to gh bat he Creek wings worsted te enemys ings nse of puuing the Helog Pera the Grek xing led snd my ven ave ined together a the fear of the Penis cente (Herodotus precise meaning f deal). ‘Noting th ter colengce were stacking tne ene inthe Mako re the Aire Grecs tuted aod stacked thes parser rth the oa Gaaghttetece to fires the Peas fled back to thir sip Macy facing thc coue wd thas slowing the Pca bo ndeance te be take in he rea) asa superb sue of taal planing” Other, for trample Sonos? and) Lace onbe wether Grek enerahipat that ne at wvanced stint to plan such sefined mance They Icine tote prape nore Hut eta he tac at Maton were fer Te ings happened to bein te ight place athe Hight Ue to mapper tc beleaguered cee they would naira have wed © Ta bight tne ak of ngnonng planing when none may fave tae le In dicing then ars om he Greek angle eu} toforge te eter ea the con waste Pera oho bad developed = flee stingy Thc acing force mo ar too small for 2 mary Sener adi epi spre Per2» ie and Roman Woe fe cation a pati eal in ey ing nds Shing id ope he deeded iy Greeks who showed all the foreight neces for attanced satel ning, This as Themistoce le ws tal vedo ee Et ha she Peat mod ade agin in mac age fore ad ‘gers ship-blding programme. When the cond Pena iowaon took ce on ten years fer Marathon te fit moor ~ a alate tok ‘lc the ino he nd of Slams (180). Thenies wa gin ‘ato ight the aro ate of ny. Apion Snare oppecion, 2 re (ace pp 81-3), Themis got sweet the rev he now Work, Hod it ao been for is foresight and satel Pasig. te Whole curse af western might hve tke liierent ur mel thie wis no real cope for panning, Kas not unl the leaders lec wo amas tir oop in a nga nya pals ha sepa vinnie aie. Te drone Ines tna ther major adrance the semen a ely bec he seat imac, andthe more ese sud manne Macedon pala tie pce, Sl utr preci ed se Soman before ic Feblity was the emential ingredient, and ic was ot nt this was ‘ould be planned tot the neds. Examples are provided by the clea lanes trough the feions which wete planned by Spot alow the harmless soe ofthe enemy's elephant t Zaman $0 (p32), std Coens tlhe fone er rom the thd ine eal so rm our Te wih spec pone t Parse (areal) (p23), ‘The nse pd he legions were cil ente onceraed ih the nme hm, cyt nde eee ‘om was dependent om is neighbour isl, onthe it a, proecied noni ims btn the eght ie ote man om ie A eon ped ot hep yom arch ch an ‘ie eto bate nes in wich each righ wing became exe ‘The Bonet of ang » threatened he opposing enemy wing” ei evden that planning py no pt intellect nd tha te vious dene memes ie raked Sere dicated by the exigencies f de moment The x case ofa hee ‘ent wa the hoplernprececed igh ie rn ht aks lew ha eager rer ct ae ERE "gt se Inthe lial rs the eck pl ul Some ight ‘en deep When a fel the man behind hi ook hx pce, ing Thre wa ual mater of shrog and shouting and hee weigh Snip cing tn Thi wl oo onal the tate f Deum (24, acon tothe Ahenan’ eight ptf: Aca their pewre'= The Ineresed dep of the Theban plas at Dem tees tee been the stato Thebon teod ward greater aan This fea in err po an ea iy os eet waree® Tans wenger TT Seategy at Leu Hen te np det the Spartans and de ere srw a cad tea pis a hey ae desi in connection wit th ate tan As worth caning Airc the whole weight of ie phalanx atthe enemy command pose Ie ‘fortieth etki nh sco great bat Mains (98, ‘Aer Mannen the hort peviod of Than hegemony cle oa nd Sscred War. rthis point following his accession ater the bate of Methone (330, Pip of Macedon stopped ono the sage He was not only great fame lyin his bilan reorganisation of te Macedonian army nt the typ Peter Cannot sficen hee to ent onthe ples UP Sievert wentrone fet) long nth hich the phalanges mere thi overall rey Hl fre an were wl at, oa cone damage caused to Greece by Nerze invasion. With Greece ina mew, Pips aptomatie sen came othe fore she sured to ester in thee0 (Ge end Roman Wr som cents etcrigthat be we actly atc by sone pay or there do oto the benefit fh own eds ld, went-one ene er ar accion, 20 the bate of acres in S08 (p14) in hic he defeated the combined Athenian and Thebn force tly ad ined enrol over Gree. The fre pat of ht pest plan ad mated ila satel diplonacy wart fellow I vetory. bev rch ‘card the Theta te rested the Aes wh eset ene, He knew tat he ws nee ep foe the rom their yin parc, sais pce phon of his plen~ tc mon of Pe He eda: Apso ogy eden caetape pe fer to cock ot ie pitino action orth Like ster he nua reat sate ed Ni vear They wold immediate ara themches oft heseaeat oppo. ‘ode ha Git caign which mw degned trib the early oun) goad example of Alesse espacio etal lane wre Forthcoming on the eve ofthe bate of Camel (81), when he wat ‘niente with Sn army ved to oatnmber is ore y 9 acto af Sound re. Alecander aio have dt hae ayn deep hou or ‘ever urn, working ut hi pla te A sors he ws se be {ci ep an ha wb en et ming Fhe re of Alrance' il ma wre sow by helio veh the defeated Feria In the western liberated provinces he pt he pa ron nthe cat, where Spc wee crt and Ieraon meant methine upgraded to paren Any stp he nnded served tally a pote statons and hen bec tang pons fband cio 4 the punt fh men, wep dd ot undead Ss hinking. Bu there a method ins pan Hehe fal wel at ew conging Th phe nn a ar tk pan designed to lene Alexander hinwet and hie mon fe for eter in, cn ter pl oe xp nd ces subtty glo Acong tre indo (Succ af Alcoa he he lon of Panning a” eyo were power and the hist fori They were continual a each ‘thers throat bude mic wee hammer and wong sy nih no tia senegal plan ctr than vo enlarge tet paral empie 3 he apres ofthe ctx Sch were tn concise aractcens G17 156) Sl cabiene (16, 161s Ips (01, p18) ond’many omer The bale tf Corupetnmn ia 381 ta the two turing generale of Aleeodet {imac and Slew, hog ut for manery ofthe whole empire 3 shes enor aid rane pce a ae n= ‘inoue i vcr for only one year Bcfore he wa aa So eed fou Grin Macon Ves ter wpe Ancients tan of the Achaan Langu, These prondedendence ott noe Becta peces Asteria esch cs biggies tgs cee TS Tune diagramed Acoline wo erate reece Ks key hat they Rome switin a diferent ight Oni thee year had eld since Hav nd cxcape om Cartage sd joted Antiochus a Epes eng Hn Ty. The npn in hear provided mace tui rounder the Remnant putt op to he plans of Anochs, Uder he terms ofthe ese ta a rst hen he el ee There war aw the Chremonkicen Wir, in which Prolemy brokered 3 sealement between Athen nd Spt te ist fort cents) athe jin charpions of Greek ber ane Macedonian rl But Prey det ‘ot play hs paren prong the neemary ace miley support and he tebe the Mein 5 as anc Tee epee ack {6 te inl premise that strategy inthe Holes wold tended to be o ‘mats seperti pane wth Me subse Whe he sd ave about he pay of sete and planing in Grech warfare apples ja x mich to Rome bat gain there were exeep- sn Among sg ee nia a pea Cac he Finnnia eo srt nth he org ofthe Second Pn Wa anita had Ion brought up by hs ther, Honea Bare, go harbour an aiding red toro eg Roman sod bxernc ncrenngy cea afr the Fi nic War that anther conflagration besween Rome and Carthage wold ot np ita Sap re he an nd The Roman had undereaten to protec i ring ewe aor the Carthagnan ade, When Hania decided to defy the alliance sndeh an ma Werfoe ak oc re ental eked oe tem, The Cee cats refusal and their meport of anal aie the oeesF uc a (28 an seems eta Hail ceed he ‘Sarr or tsp ppc” ery ood Caan “ge toman ed at rong a wl eS ceryone kn: he putin ton one ofthe geet plas ee aoc warre, easing the aio Tey yong the aan aware that he woul vet ely on rec Cau bt ht Saying dea ih ane pe fi ae pl, Fa 7 cd punts Fi Minn es appointed CE rae hs don wie teanig ie om ay cononeion. 6 elre Mann te Thon agin he fd no ge al ane goat whch ny atic om Rome wuld be whale, His Fe as other Hara tempt jon hi via he As ay ana i the north of ay should fave bee able stop ‘Raabe mn he coal Gas ai Nero, ws ot PN SR eal Gee ntaine he pu into efflc cvoed arching Tetra 290 ies 0 telnforc is const be ded int cpus the nr ww resounding sce wih wal rR Romano thc coun (Tp SD) dt ah Paani achieved nothing of sgetcance and Nad 0 further genes ant cea gen wa pa io ene ee ea ane be bo on ‘Men he ag a ten, epi landed Spain i command 8 Detuny aed heist Taco vane fd a a eared exch es bt he ond 04 8 0 ‘eh anyone nore a heya ane i vena cous agiot tee rget be and mo important por a mein Wagers ew Cartage 208) This aroke was planned 1 4 acai preceding winter Seo had aefly qotsioned ey ie eneny overs wan thin en day march of his abet, he eed st by tind and wena expe ter one dy of ighing p91) AN Ned anaconda the Spires he eats In son in Spin of is father and uncle, he ever lowed i etn 0 for instance, he set fe all te citvens and restored seit propery w them, the relented the Spans hostages and sent them to thee homes. TH ‘sx ecllen diplomas which raped diidends in the form of ew alc: power Speh chitin went ort hse nny bellowed the pinch, Ererything that Scipio did seemed to be planned to the last fee He wehbe in the ee flip Spin 208 oo ids the mos bacnaing tale in he sory of laa vara p07). Scipie's nal masterpiece of sate again Hannibal asthe ate of Zap 2 hh gon spe ede eae Sippy, wtcres he msl ma weil supped After the Bra defeat of Huntin Spo’ foreight and diplomacy agtn ex to the Rr, the Terns her former pleat core of ade” Ath she agin cane ime mn he earoyed wa Cato lari call athe el of every speech ts the ol deacon of peace bit to prsperos ra it yw simply to secre hn own dominance i the eer of is fellow oumtymen, Hi wing est wns bls frequent ek of forge. An {Cinco har pur He 'aoe one of is compan was adequate Ide a pal” Mctamp,bt hn ‘ets in early in those parts’ With what was either an incredible lack of Foreght a ind ti ponence, he tank no eta ship oF ep Bic Wie viccatorm ors uber ots ips weve daira try exer tow tr anchor ce Every able man na po © Fees catipmcat tnd be ordered fr deutch oe fe Gotneal In he hu abut tach ofthe spa were ned." From the cimade angle the ‘Sco imo ut py of the but he tora as este, Swagee tary nd to be Cannent or expe ho Compound with haste which nner be meee eel fon Bae by mens of prompts performen Sembee sPuy spot thesis ety he SSI satin 57 fo nance, he led 6 90 aaa esc sved fom chact and impending date by he oh an Roman Woe di eee of tem Wie tating te ae eae. ergnising sais n 67 he wa gre re and owpoy had espe ngeniing rena di akc Mdnerranean pirates who had ca lig ath ert alfecing Rome He was gen he command for aaa he ean ince moma He ses he probimn ofthe a ee nando clon undernned are. teak 988 NC tan, ay of mer 2206, he + Non ng ong i tenis 0m Jounin 8 ge Cana Men lt Tent Word, 18 316 erp Ann sei 9 Leon had ot en erat. On thi cation it ‘sth semarbabeHetnes wat unde hi aul stations oh mina: oon ut ihe wl asf operat a meds were cen tat he 3 The Human Element Inet to the cmemnder ins and, though im, to bis nor tiers The sso Gf ay), aces and general cond of bia Sy Stn from hn, while i aden ach hi optim, ects Encouraging nature, nay le filtered down fom he wp the ak and tkscrnining the utcme os te canor be overteed Is cent 0 the whe tue. idee, however dif one important respet rom the ‘ier element comsdeed inthis work, manly surprie, decepin, and ing ht the dnd a he a ning ch Thuan clement sha eter pea ing the at aso be Temeuibered home ta hese ems ppt bth se of acon. “The weer of dee aco tat make the uma element incl innate, inllesal emotional besnonral td soma component For Purposc of dicandon thee vt fictos ean be dled ato four main rou Theft comers onl the unique ua elledmiktary gens The Sond group competes wnnereal characters which ae tnhereat very att hich range on a bipolar scale between high and low ‘Stems for example, morte sd phyla nes Te ted and fourth fue betwen them deal wah te wie range of temperamental 25d Schau festures which play ich» lrg prtin the tome omar tons The fmol or wining characters form the third rou tbe fourth and perbape nt srprsingy ayes oup cover the untvowase AMebutcr wich areconduche to tings aon. Mier Geniushh an Ra Warf The Human Element 7 fae: Nv one was tean hope are ee ould spine, Alerander the Great to the Carthaginian morale a the Barada er Ofederda in 255 dung ten ect te ro Setar a ca co lactones Sera es a tree ee re ae 1, the mon common demoralsing factor among he th commander or leader AU in 9 the teh of Masai ve Pern cay commander ad 3 pronounced wo Roman os Sci Avon, pry the et song dhe gH ‘he hors’ nes amid mich lamentation. The Athenians, om the se oan among ose wih git during hi hor ther hand, made capa out othe core Tey pt iin cart and tected ic thvough tine, The very ght of feted werendos Toot wo thie morales Tha the death of ender should have oppose ‘Hers the ners underandale, ba tat ito one eso een) Sous conficng sentiment in one force requvens te expanaton fare inthe cain ea she commander vat responsible fr the Yen Callers the Lacedaemian adie nat led in the eal selon: ma Chance ae sed fe Tigh. The leh ving homers maintained We Bag pct and ene tntiat ane so ‘the consequences if they were capeured. They were in effect fighting for : fn the human element none can rupase Dion among the men, a corpse was nat aways on excl requirement te sect iat eu er leanne a ee eee ert ren erPy Ce and Rom Worf the wo ides yn the behaviour f heir commanders. Andocus te earn spur othe enemy hat he gave no tought gots cri ule, by conta, took His pace wh his plans a tacouraging, ba men, ule Antochos phan wat ea ae Se srpbag that Ansochus’ woop Behe purpose tad ment and een, wich cost the thet” A imi eo Sees pes in 301 (p16) when Demet drove the opposing ee tbc his plans Ieee and ade ery the Fi common ce ims mor ted dig eae nr wera Phocaran ted Dios, no spied is Sh at conidrable ree Bute proceeded to nso 2 = rgoros tat the men teeame de hig preemie which cme so grou at the men became ik ein’ Ache at radeon evel rie) Fen a red, tlled bythe Lsbans, eating ee Pesan ‘han ey seo a oti eno obvious wy + body of men should become ne a en they retained aerial superoiy, t is cal fale ofthe Abend Sac cae ere Arey doped by two defeat wii the year the eae an te wy and ten beached and sbandoned hr his ‘ph te sy ped at my ep at ean of Pees wan ou af te queion even though they 3 m a rer than their opponents However, the Anns ate ‘Spetot jus recon to hs prc Bae but 1 al of Sai infrccmen rhe Sac Dat Spar erectus of morale wa the ean cat he ener Pad aa ttre profit arse, The de that he Sra cok {ain de amen ao wun en peo wii Ce een hsardheneay Appa he Oat AS a ene eich pi Satur ite hcp ia of ‘sie! He weet in Pach me {Sn etn pena brn te, ie tring SeTutnen ey nig dos oes pei gal The aman Sent 7» fed Act de soe and eae ah ort the Sarasa the Romans a Lceria i 294, ear the end of be ‘hid and final Smnte Wr tn he pelininary Bing the Roman fed to badly that they Became te dpiited Oud ower the Sami to in thi ara rea and wanted to depart wt sth igh be Ufoenately for them, her out ed ps the Roman camp. The eons Struggle bad to pu some fei hen and evenly bth ese Svs ety mee atone cy weet he hissed Roman ror back other camp. The coma final placed ty dt gs a re be he Rn Romans weve pred tack to fice the enemy and evenly Posies ote ot Thi mete Romans gine the yper hand tala bth Se sured bay in hat would seem 1 be 4 sate of tal wa Pye Fines Like morse, pha ene it often mentioned a predominant foe Inlet ar oc Bot, Presa Shag men ae sued to be A tes echervsewned, Ther inane ganng report ofa body of en vo tere noord wit for cob, nancy the Stas, boxe afsen and Titinigent weve made thir name byword tn pte of del hoge ered peri tary hn nck wpe of ace pit te ey Tati of Croton, when comtundcr happened 1 be an Of Bee bat hin wens cntpecc=” ‘A Acaga (907) the inhabitants had to defend their ct guns 9 Retenan of Apatocles bt they wetedtespesi and elo aaa Fefaed yong bu ten reproached with cowardice he ed out his men tho, though uel eqal he enemy weve ad te great nero foie in both moral ot inca Not rrpenngh hey wee routed Teating The Spartans were theft people o nrodce ning to ther army Tit erainlyconated of pacing manoewees ach atthe countermarch ‘tere the whole phalans war red sour real toe ite “ponte diction, Poy there war ile empha the neon aces Waiing Ie war not unt fourth cemtary that this became sient Not onthe part of the Thebans sid than Ans where the0 rch an Roman Wesjore nti compre malian eying re seca san Thema amthe her no aid ieee at ening pred tm of poe, ods ae er etcngie ome he hd eicedsome TO a dng Spartan) ona arti ne apr 55) arate id ae mare ee Jae ty dace and me deron in ied da ich hyena lindo we ed in? cae swt pit hey were ung a the tad ad ear ng ay fod in Ect Defen cme qui ith sk ‘Seenmewo ofthe tip” toy and penton me recog op hich ae cme Nery Ror rine trea for ape the Ome were nana or coy Tasco pen ain When he a emu at Pataca (479) the Peron were shotng owe ote Spe st chom were lled or wounded we Stow av the Spartans, many of iene rua hee eee he an dogo he gene aM Se ee vcvent ner the cecal sis promised eae Ec (8) the enemy adranced git Poon ‘eb seer hs cmp He ised on Being et i Petcare and he ok aon dave the proces sn yeaheah cap seid he san che wel pertrmance might te ech pl ae he Seems enya pect serial pret When befor he fale of Depa td ahi as ue he ep a om bind and fled ores he impending ‘tas whit ne Cree in parr ge ed note ENE A fr os and ies nth en ghee bem ant The Haman Eeent “ prepared to all sup, bat'an clipe of the moon supervened. The Aisne Serato ete ofthe san 19), 36) ey reped the planeo he ret Than general Petopan He bad cen gen 700 trocps fot expedion aut Alar the bral at of Pere, but the Cle ao dana the Tics that Pelopidsadw depariout Toc hat and an ighning coud bergen whic on chm shondenan ring the fin be nthe Athenian Sracin cimprign, ste Ovapron (a8), sax dimiaed by the Rivets arava aa at ht ne ofthe your, bt dma the Specie tcl pr hen ff ewok Ia Complete conta amlar src e Ten nce near ks 68) tn ered or fEocenryand conc et Heres appened tobe enone conjunction ith the stormy the cent Alea the Sporn wi Seng. and Ba Unene, 21, when His wo sing et ako Rowe 8 (Sect tne vine tang Inppened Hemi oe an a oes He Sept and heat “Asoc won undobey the shin ene i he whole hay ean ae, Dur tte gsi the artis a Tan {S10) be nce that hs men here cowed by tho ness saperiony in Bec eared Aten, hey ere eprint = yd ny ck ere the men's courage ayy he ae Favourable Characteristics “ais tural to vty much yal oben, courage are reported ean ng ep tas pin wh 2 lay ince When these reported soften nl nome er Tite signicancccan be tinced. Ticy we ony tone he hey = irre to parca Indl or group and under spec cream ‘ances Predoiuntsmong he favorable character ena nda Goch and Roman Ware sin wis whieh can never be anhing but winner A phar of aE uly rues courage and bravery = Wl Iogency an Inaive reas teeta see ae aot aezande!e ren. Asan, rapped 2) SEP inwgh mor ele, Ho ren oe, ewe Sere eee oan comp ene Ti etc Tn one en ede th» ‘wel foger led Genel Filer describes the incident wll and cites (Ee Dodge's anesment of unique in the annals of waar eect co ere ate ae a i eats bem Ran mounted adenion whit ved ey (P7O it cnr fo opt ally Pg ‘hing Re ce in we a opatune women A man wth 2 mathe Scr inception a te gn nfo vl fer entring cy x aon tees yeceeded to wach the enemy ae ote hatin he a ery ppesion they had become comempesous and i ean ag an coe oft fem four ees rng Aft wf ct tera nd be for such a moment, suddenly ordered = charge ane a aeee jamie mong the enemy that wae out af all proporson © it Sangin ot one PP WE The Heme Beet # oughtee others were unable to ath ther mounts before being struck down, The enemy returned the Slowing day abd Dopbanet aga ‘rhe the qld, The day ew uneven unis whe hey ated {Dlewe. Wat untl dey were jut out of it, Dnophanes charged heir {earand drone hem bak to theircamp. Thatated Seta as forced {oaimndon hc camp and ge up hi naraing aces” in te works of te atin! Chronicle fntatescrs 20 fen 1 Be Inge the pega oes bl he top kee tay beat Us 10 tram’ were ame to have the at) wo tate oustanding event ‘Whether this nas x0 oe ot ace of great itv in emer nods ben rathermre mane among thea I twat, ki sere Dre thority bane been sributable othe peter ex of he eponay timp which permited and encouraged indredsaty, i contrast he plu Inthe late inal heron ede wee fwd upon cae $y draped the unit Th Ronan sry Rory there were ewo exceptional imtances of fniiier ooh of which are recounted later In connecion ith the och as none the takes could nat ave ben higher: Rome vas ‘Sica om Hanna bythe personal naire of ne coma in he events Foth preeding and during bad of de Metursio 27 p11) tbe ‘ther te dees ofan unknown tone sumed impending diate no = Semin victory atthe bt of Conceal (Chalodio, the name Incas Dogs Hea’) in 197 (308), Ths are 0 of he mot nrg Move in dhe hor of ancient ware Oterexaple are pen Delo: ‘igh hy arom mete dpe me gu ota ‘Avs junior oer, 2 Spartan commander clled Hepp showed Initaye during the campaign of Agesiaus i Ala Minor He vas ao Sati aned event ati dos eur wax ewe yi 0 is feat mrment in which he could prove Mawel When Ke wae besed hat Fhanuan wa camping about tens essay a Caue, is Young ‘fer aed Ages for fone 000 men and sme nay wih which teak thle camp fer at Dy nigh ew than ba fhe detachnent adept or dy, Unig to clo is expedison. Herippidas set of sh he fone at apa a fll po the camp. The oupent were Led, the Pern le and he camp nat cptred together wih age tgmnies of bagage and bagrgesnima (599) = ‘AtPhalan (Flan. 171 during the Third Macedonian War some Roman wre ster around in he fee gathering have when Bing then trned hs stenon to guard detachment of abou 800 Romans Siders nue called Laine Pompe Wah presence of ind hs feet Wwihdrew bir easily outnombered fore vo a bill whete they were“ io an Ra Wafore ‘Fic were wrmemed io parte by the dart eh wee hired rom new [ied okdsreting that ha js been vested, Lac ome is then nto Tight ce rntcted Ip thir sede, bat they then had the probe of aig snp othe enemy whe clined the hil When Pee called ou iusto men oredr and even fee ear ny i chey ‘Scanued tha the une nw mere ang as dy, ut the combine "ef falco capt cael kt hel Ines a ane Tere wasn sich dos abou the ded of Cornelis Scipio Aen sn the Tied Punic oA onl ws ater respon forte lege and atta of Cartage, He hd ale rected» high decoeatn or is thin i Sp an wear ee eet atthe time ot hs presen explo ot Mane Mai, who unde toot an expedion aguas Hada whe he was boled wpa Nephe Sow anc tn wd and eget ery (14) Seg dpe of the [fps te vce had to dened nt ater bed and cin out on the ‘Sr se. Scipio again ementatd wit he consul on the rounds dat ‘bald be at ef He ws acted of comudie but eens proved i ie Afer hen ihn, Hal wire un the Romans were fice Ei recrautng hee be whereupon fe ered wo the wk. A his oti Scipio tallesed some early ded them into 0 groupe and [fnrcted them omen antag to ance thro theme saben ecm ony th onsale diay 8 oars ntenugh Gobel sober ha cpt om ees Sipe et orto opty oe a he wee, ‘che bn enter Been seca tatlops ad drawn te ene emo wo tenes so thatthe ms fore cold esape=" As ith Seip te wax agin leary to he fore we're ray be nse sha nal ee thee people this a Shown the cent of dies (pp 74 orc ey wee oly ad Te an lent 6 Unfasourable Chavacerisis impatnce,ercontidence, complacency and contempe or he ene ll nich ae a te sme oad category. Aba ince re ates of pion wich 3: mixjdgenent aed diagreement and genera ate Uke Iti and incompetence All these rece much enon nthe ancent "hones, prey bee Uh) conduc delet and undeind some ‘The Aenian general Demouencs was not only impatient ot ao sulle In 125 during the Petopoaes Wa he aed dace a ‘Shaded Aco where he vs the oppeidon would be of account Mis impotence war such dat he dd not en walt for pombe Loca teen who vata sno Na force by mea of rep ivan ucla” A salar dite took place in Roman hry eough the imputcnce of Mark Antony inthe pele to siege of Phra (35). His For hin S60 wagons of sege engines, which were tached and dese by ene force, When eae fo he seg Antony baer regret hs) ‘ic yr ia fur to actew hi gal” Akhough impotence ual sed for commanders hs anon saraie Tver yeas pir to Desonhene’ ure. the Spartan general {Shea ook sa seny to Sati at he Toque of me Eprot ce. The tmy marched in ince dvsooe which were proceeding independeny © agree camp st, bu the Chaonianegsso ahead o the others that theywere ota sigh. Tay were a otheaded lt When they arened, ey {gnc no thought racamp bt rane right foward othe ack They ove daly toned by the Stata ling Cae oad al bs plan [Atough hemmed canoe othe fae war he headstrong beau ‘tthe Choonians Coemus ma ett acep the ulmate ame forall fing hit columns wo proceed tov independenly and without adequate ‘ert the excion of everthing ee This wa sen in events the bates ing the cnery centre nen he eaght side of is roer Araneae, he Hg, whom he sed o supplant He made slcidl das wis i 0 toms agin he 0 wh rowed Araneae Fe aged to wou i brather wit) pene bur war then himoelf’ hile” Even at Gmoncealae peste xslt pete when Feophan aw his ene ‘Aoandere Piers, the man wh ad how i it pr ome yar“ Gch an Roan Ware fore, Pela ul of hatred and venom, mde wld a forthe othe aa eee he fle of hi toyguard wl Pelopias as ruck By Fort and led” oa! tion wa sometimes the cause ofimpasnce coupled i hase Pompey ananoftader tha respect In Ti hured 0 lenge as bate ae engage i y the er Ser Ja) The ron fuse ipa gi sea con eer mace as won rams a Foe should FCT inthe dso of Spracus and alee When Sint the point Crs ere his acon ae i he word Sms Pin ccry way come oan engagement ih Sparc 0 at fee gh sot Yop the gry beforehand.” He evenly defeated Fe ie omy who hn carved, del with te operand “Camm ag human eae amet wae ee ty Fe eet ih woul be moe lil ware ones a ree en geri Spore occupied hime ring the second seis cami 909mg el Senden Dayo amu IStatched park te Greck word for euch sting fei res ten ry mcs at {hetero ompacen Tay were catered around oe hen eter cea. The Grech bot 700 Sn number, red 1 bad rac ctben te eran caged wih hi chro theta they ‘ea abou s hdred of thea” ‘Stats tne coe oie Pergumom a 10 were alo conde to complacency but in hs case reed rom boredom fom af ah of sere te man wh wo seat deal withthe problem which Das “nt cen cd bef, sfet oem the eae hat Sina peng the aro hin wally ad hat he gre ‘fitrconplaceney and ndicpine cca edo tt oom "Scape my commanders era, Bt rey one of Co tr etennd wema Pomy tHe eed ee ‘vr an ure crsing defen” Scone, wenn 9 be cont TaSSiat a peparng tok Tapanc, te hater v0 he Haman Boers ” Mirada noc comet ase quarter ith the Roan bt to mound them aed cat them of, The ace ow scored Typanacera fell 0d Tne la pin cn ras ge On, acl one noe acca his ene spy rue, Mads nore all ice cae he siege bat parsed th fl igor wl ne arte | torake le predictable Hi ubequent waa ws coy ate* Bot the sot cnmtrous ce wan Ut of Cram, hose ambons, ove niente and recon fhe le othe dexrcon fi my at he nude Care 8 (p28) Although thee enrpls nay be ght of lgeeemens ith nhc they ental mach more than it Thre ero apparent sacuuion, nd a aie a acomed out of and by Commander wh new best, The operate words re surely complaceny Ii overcotdence os deysee wich alowed no oom fr do athe mila history of Home Ly fequeny mendon orescence citer in commander and he tenor the ene Ll store can Bese ‘Entry The barebones of seaable dats were probably padded out snd {nce ints god es By conta tna eof Mpa (169) 460 wa an Rotel event which wn homey Pohbius, he most fll concer thee He repo that the Carta were fly ident of ving ~ sd not witout good reson, They were adepe amen, whereas the Romans had hao need of ee unt hey got Tnvohd inthe Fee Ponte Vine Me heir at aor stale Toe CGrihgiians, however, weve amen thatthe Rema, conscouof the Iniroty of thi tip, tad vented std equipped them oth art Craver Te eres conited baal of gongway in the prow weit Ae onal caret upright gina pole bt be could be rooted sed Tower ont he deck on cney wel hich hel fat by mean of ge proceding ibe hese ture ws comer nti on dec a seh the Rowsnt excelled In pte oftheir nial er conidence wich fined them to head sth for the encny without auton, the (Gant ginian fe wien ty ese copier the new contraption.” inayat Lake Trainene 217) tm the Rowan wo mafered 2 mai dnt, nel 0+ rot of te onal eomplacency. Hannibal ew tects opponco mina wars en el crencnfent genera ane foie decided play He tached sath in ont ofthe other's os, ving the coutraiea he wet Flan war aloe Telnet Hana and camped ear the dee nding fo thee. The ext moruing, in nky went, he marched though the dele and Sag into one of the great sae a aay tory" With 2 al Tank of forethought be tae to emer any supons ofthe tou hea, wich co ave bon prevented ys ie fico eousngGio aR Were tate wnt po or aces adn enqunchle et Hier Tenet wa so pronounced that the Silas under Anson 1 i esderesimsted hms ent rarer ele is i td ‘Sa an toes seers mid as pee nate cleans agin in st Bath-Zacharin (Beit Sea) 0 SE‘ Judas hime began a ear the ods and decided wih Mtitttenn ot people dances oe lapes of ine are common in eerie tnt fentre the foe Of Judas was the Sian ‘pene fnew get he menue ofthe man = aan rn riiee conempons twas pen seed paral pronto ge enemy ana de ahi [hen eon a Spar ont his lore th Fee wn 25.00 fon 290 hore and wey elephants 272). As Freier ewan erm eof iar) ha Pes a 0 ‘en foun Sart Cos he Pb caer icotrmu requestor an mediate atch, postponing ‘Ener ningte n Spara mien eee SUE on he next momnang Prue ached ut flo penetaie Heer ae cm te wenchy and dhe cy mse bythe anal of Beecemcna= rom Spur he proceeded wo Argo where hones a cease inc mle ofthe night het were opened upto hin and he ethno 27) But hen cae te ey elephants Ni eae ao the ough Al she Roca a be cee cing in cos and eof athe elephants ran amok Tbe cay da of Rome dsagiecments were ape to ae a rel ere ce cy oeadenges onsen atte pte son yh prt ageing en FESS a nere beeen commanding ofeers which topped up Trane to ine Roan may fioy ana was apt ead wo defeat siting up hin opponent x ble ne wed engage un = ay vith Varro nt in command, On tat tt day Ver ed ot Se Percnaliy problems were agai the fre i the great deen ofthe Romans bythe Northen at Arua (Orange) sn 10 The commanders fer th Con! Graces Malice and proton Sern pio The Tc wr jeans of he conml and vetied 0 cooperate na et camp. ‘aso to secare al the ory for hic, Caeps camped Dewcen he {Sul and the stented mote alowed the enemy tae ot he {ho amis one ata tune ad bth were eaprned” Naval warfare wa Do ‘wpe fom the ee fier psy sts and dgement = (eer a Embsta in 3564 Grek et under hares was reinforced heer one wader wo yeteran ala phcrater and Timon Bel {0 dal mh ome rebels lads, Whe these Nees aed ff Enbae {he pene ws stormy that he veteran ad woud be al 0 gh (Ghare ogre sued the other to of exon, and proceeded sone Ipicras wer found gully and ere fed. Acorngy Chaves although Technet shy unde the ccamances cannot be srewed our ‘aperte Tn const othe eenisat Eins, fan obedience ma evidenced at Notun 408) in the ha wage fhe Peoponesan War When Albis Arsinchngeof the Abenian ec he otal sway and et the eet Me cae of his pun, Amor with sc ender ot wo engge in 909 Tower unt he return. Egged on by ambition and ante Amos flagrantly daployed the ender sds ut wth en sip He concealed {3g of them nv an ouch ad hen aed acon in oof Ugur ‘nh inn Sparen nal yn harbour Lande knowing ha [Aides vss i chance and led ont this whole ect The Gceing bade crite onthe ene Albenan fcc on spp ted dnc the Athenian nih the lo of wen ship On is fet Alcoader assed and fel in dagen Aen" (On a comtay and scene amg ot, sie ccomeances pre sailed nino (pace now unknown) i 385 during the Second Same War When he duo (ole spreme commander ia charge of Hors abs Masi allan charge snd aur im noo engage the enemy The tater, hearing that al we quct on te Sari fro, Scored an oan ces sin, Negligence, an In An exaontiniryconcdencewrround ata crample of tyso ic and Roan Ware seat toes ‘rocosal Graco Fuse Cenuis On the fst oceson, Hania cing fora gif ia wahout ay onder and rambled wo take thet Soiei Soi ptiaas aie pease ein ae Sin the oppor fora quik cory be ec renerne re trans ea rept. Whe they go her. he leading hs ee eee tat ing ot By th tine he reed he home SS tata gety ecsaen were in he wort posuble poston. The enemy fet had ined the open Bes wicre toy wee abe fo mantcurs sod taco ey plewed Inthe fing carage ninety three Roman wack were expe with he ere ony diy managed wo cope, cing ti come 1 Porch, A Pon 25 8% Cal Ma eat S| rt drm dma ea B tenons a aex2 Ge end Roman Warf 4 The Element of Surprise Iara embody an element of deception or iratage, ‘bei eer #0 spall” Thi clear tlers to seerecy. the mos widely pero of al ee ‘” ik and Roman Were sims an he tens fe ating onion, Sie and ae ‘Sees fier erm ae uggs of more ral ing 08 ‘nn ich ar dene i enon commander i male compet ajar wh wen Ton wun Send by he sor when it ted in mia etn nfs the lar wesley great to prompt aa amedite “tne requ reponse Malet hese were the sure atch record by the ancient ae huge. Ths group i in fact averse, depending upon the frre ayo tevin oe ine, Thn hee wee a of 5 Tay ern rer which wee eed deployment ed noret ID Nocaogencom oop of sepine ata ich ave 80 paral ee em, Theiraumbe len to we a int expreion, Dt vo mie Gale hares when he cmp near stronghold called Cae oe tion’ His rae unr were men stacked and Thy nc en iy he Ran ca Awe ee cr Fr oer rl (Swen Dora sed a ser eis ran of hs anny ah nly 3 few womps when Dion ‘Sten chan tay annie th nclig Hel! A ‘SIPGEA it he had own ile One might hae expec hat i See ll be the ones to ake avanage of the aon, Du Wa Penepemibe Ars himself who made god se of unching 3 oe a cx canon ston erin fan x7 The Fmt of Surprise 5 ISd eget Slnce (oi isco be eampe Wes tc aaa ‘ouplee sacs ef cts oho eos Ia she Rane Ser bee on cpu Cops ren the Cina They beg 87 {Toning the Cope tris around unl he Capuano > Carian oly md asc el oracle he Rams beré Shy ie ce nnn aor ae tis bord cuter cvrng he mvondag Belg When be thea ergo one nope ne gh carb rg bs ihe Roun ee rel we oct in Rap weep Aer et thy sen charges ut and surounded the cm no ed inp Inca fhe rae i pst concerned ee the ibaa o accent ft bon cap End no cpa ere ed thet pemnc nie te cate, The ely ment of derpdon wat tmnt see of be opeaoes shch an crim componcatot ‘Maen eer. Thr warn consort Coa (oa 29) hen Asan 2rd rae hed tat te raat Arora Planing sec te pls eet bp Ming oe door dese ae rm marched jepson te ngatand cep he town Surin Ses oo x Whe ance make he ge ine sen pron hts gan the Feta ng Ergo Sam (camp fomcry Panag) epee ew sips bgg hn wa oD Accs When a Perey Been i anual aned pat The coment ef pets st here dagen cred me na thse bu Gn epced byte ne mcrae Bim Spy nmi tg ant CcingieGmess Sco nad tat s Carthaginian eco for ech ‘hipaa phe Sh co pace yan ray on she ad was Sereda he noth the ben Eb), Spo media aga hem tii as type and Cup the ey aly preyed (27 The Guihagaie a att ta fel rk om he sore wee ey tectied i sie no ogi peneon hl anyon dT6 io a Roman Were Romans then towed ay esery enemy sip ha con be hated al went frcof them!" ‘tucks which ae unespeced itis wally the ache who cette supe tote 1 68, dving efor Pie War ies wc inched 300 cme A he Carthaginians ad ben ee {Sty the plague, Dionsndocded thst two be a ood ine we Relig Be ive Ut erory and epee several rms. In the ces he heard tat the Carthaginian chads at Drepans hd Bees ftatoed tye another calle oppor” Anping 0 Siehored in ihe harbour He pit ave tind any shock when 200, ‘Sct stig soddclyappeaced and sae gat hi The Punic dearer complete mxproe tat the Caraga were able 0 RECS Diospa’et awa There no sugeton that Dionysia “Sheet dnfomed about define Presurabihe was ust miaooned sept n cg ain nmin oe sont commen above: paralary wi he rps has not ha ase TRIED ne respome ns been unl deine. A seeming extreme (irr concer the evens lending opt the bate of the Anas (Eg) saeTanic termined the Fst Punic Warn 241. Prom sare fish Bee Ets devcloped oer ome nine noth Aer thes of debate {XDrepanurn n 20 p50) the Romans ads the war ata, The woube seitidencther se arage own thew on and. was astalematA& Toth des wee worm ot and The war appronhed fa weed year mcleweartTe Romans for thi pat raed that they could ony nt (sceny at se and they deeded to make one fal fo Aft of 20, ‘Ruri cy gc om Can ‘Kihara mana On te ne ‘isin gin obi psi? They tended to nepletthei ral cand became compact. When the Roma leet na fied os icin Sein cay tamer 242 The news oak the enemy compete “Spe rao hy hed ey vied repre the ee Bat ‘ie they ld espe wth provions forthe troop on nd at Ey Stay fae a nsoge hy had no enn engaging he Romans ‘Kp tem whe he Roman feet strep the and brought Thums co tate before they cul ad The oma soy atte Aas ‘as which oop the wart amen i well Known, Thelen of Serie ” Atachs While an Enemy Is Otherwise Engaged ‘The chronicle tell of umber of spec cmos which were partic tay conde tose thatthe enemy ae ug compe of gard i being cupid in oer acter uch asleep, No deception mas Noceonay spar fm he eal clement whi wary emi in ‘priv lal anda ay scree snob. Ise simpy mae of a ttimninge of sa appoprie ne and opporaniy For stious rent tural tack paint ene cap were peep the ms ccs cates ata umes or wt the enemy wat seg up camp wee other (hen elective varaon on the eae ered lac vatsprotbl tc frecrded acount Mack took pace no ay ous fore Xerses ivan of Gree Engr acthbour Thal On one Seno the Phocs owed tems Toled up ty the enemy om Mount Furasn, Their rsorcefa leader aia wed und the oon wa fl to mount x nora atack on he nen. He whtcrshed the armour ahd expsed aro 60 of hen fr fGep. They vere nsractcd Ail styone wo war no wie ke Themcte The ajc ero ceed by these appro andthe igh The ht camp Asante Great consttstea eal Were treo spicata. Beaton subd the sry tbe tat resend wich prc ou exampcra sp tac One wa igh and one iawn the tater he crouch Danube by sige ana opposed the Geico the north ak t aw (88). Th er smanmen stemmed foto srmolence bi bette they had een wang his noe Stef nk ntl ste day bere How he ha manage to appeat tlre hem at dawn sped ci comeheston In tc bean sed fiend wae of minds ingle hare rose them and hi own et ‘aoe Later inthe er (886) Aleraner ad ace oa bes i though a ad ae the ao hn He Bao, howe, hat thoy were eamping nob sth sch complacency tht hey Ba poned 0 sentra reed defence, Iwata beatesentopporaniy In octal tick many of he taemy wee ied nth esd man tore wor sauteed on the spt ora they Hed. The ny ie 0 ‘Sexpe had thrown aay heir wepone!| During the ey sages fd Macntacan Rew he repre Juanss Gk and Roma Wefae cay tre the ables ont antag ye an tac av. Fe heard hat tre San ce os planting oatack hs cap y ight {fom tc pson x nmou (we) Acorngy he mace ong theigh mma and che the cacy camp at sre (168). The ‘Seat of uri wasnt oo hwy 300 ote enemy, 2 ttumber oq ise foee" "Ono orion enemy cmp wre sen re at night One wat cad cub Pitormen st eet Asp, wher the ocapnts wee Stay anna." The other nce iota weleaerced plan ch ws cine by Sp In 8 xh Hana nisl Spi Xatclup camps or Use det Sir camp ith he bo Temi wtp forces Sci employed pc who hd aces Sian. Theyrepoed kon oor ch he pst of entrance, inv, and fd pons Io the osog stack both cmp were Sed ‘tutuacouh lig met of te ocapant™ ‘These were le eqns than nocturnal acs But one of them snot sort by re of tn una nT happened at Spe Arg For Two comes Argo ad been the undp lender te the Peloponmese {huts al eneged nthe form of Sparta abot 424 their armies met inayat tobe te lt ound of te fend. King omenes Ta Sparta td een ely the Dlpic ole that ithe made an ast on Arse ould succeed in eoporng The Arie general had ao consulted an Tce and had been tld to beware of Span we. To forsale {ikon the pt treads together an adap rave. They insted thee Rca wtsen othe ordre ued y the Spartan eral aden 0 frp them onthe ge Inthe hey aged hy oul ot go ng ms a spl pla, an id oe Cleomenes ong tree “hateasin the ind earch en that when they beard he nest Tae breathe were forego the mea std pickup thei ara tn charge the chen camp. he eating Ages who were mot led on the poled ated wood sexy, which Cleomenes prom) Bred vith ter rthennee” Thi ally deed the chapter of Age versa $paran hemo ene ese Pepe, Th Say ne inte the atack yen tat he ne sip ta pil he action “Krengamum in 190 an Avhacan commander called Diophanes tumche sueceal atack ona fone of guile le he were eng The Bont Surprise 9” surounding nds and, encountering no postion fom the fghened [riton commander they da they plese. When Diphanes armed, be atone is 0 Achaea outside te wal td ated pent lowing the enemy to become actomed 1 hi inset: Ard ida the tstemy lay down seared around the parkland, and proceeded to bare Sdenly aeacked them with ders eect Thi an nly par he tole tre, wih related further ehewhere (pl) “hie an nen I Seng up o Breaking Camp Those were» ity fequent variant onthe theme of stacking iim who ti there engaged Once gan Alesander fit empagn provide a Ernie On bir owe nordwards tothe er (Dane) th 85 he wa Towtng horde af eventing Tali ten he Berd at heya te Stepped him and deroued hack tothe se onthe rer Tyg (Plant). He trae about and retraced his eps cub the enero Jpn Finding them eta up camp nea dere moda, he athe se fore hem int the rent His roe wash to iether ute he pen, He achieved ths by Keeping hit inary an aay oto spe a8 Sing his azehers and sng to dacharge ccm the Wood imergd stack them. Alexander then ed bi nty forward wi he {Seay on bah wings A charge wa too much for he gy reed an Tn the sow example Alsondecompesnded ht atack with » deep i odor to tre the eneny out ote woods, wat ota ag forward ee of sip mprne. To find such a incident one aro 0 Took he campaign of Tlcon, the Worse of Sty After landing on the and he wa approaching Hdremam (Adrano) it 4 with ie tend of mercenaria when he heard that he caren rant, Hc, had red there wth 0 et and wa hing bi camp. Resin ha hi fr the test Ge to atch, Taleo imetaicy marched it 1200 Iercemaies qu as psuble. geting tere infor hours. The enemy Were taken so completly by surprise that they le atthe mete ght ot Be asecas ence fac cary ere cope netgear, son on the sine te), “Whe the Cragin wie hs cic before dhe bate of tp in 38 BB, ce eciempt mes foarte’ tough the reset of Sco {canis ob). He hd js aed eepurutry to the Date ahi rw fennieraton wa to fotdy hs camp, Wi hie couomary presence he Fores the pomibity ofa atack and pomed a quadrant of Ai bet ah then cae, ee cy ha le“o (ra at Rama Ware anv the engagement turned ito afl cary bate Eventual Sipe Sithdrew hs nor force tnd sent them ina the fy felled by some Intanty who poured outa the camp. The de was tured and the enemy te font i a ytent wich became Asch on an Enemy Loaded ith Lot ‘These were infequent ncutencs Theappoani did not ase ery ay thurs beavensent chance presented el to the cowl Volumnie dg the Thin! Sumaite War While the Romans were engaged again the tui won hic wy bck so Sian rom Campania when noms ‘esched him da the Sante were enced onthe ster Vous He “ange cause to inerept thm aed camped at salient dance ep tenn gore fi preseee- He lara on ies atthe were ‘tving oleae for Samar the next ay an were so encumbered ith Sci thy et al vd: Wh opp, Yuma {Mow of tam were so al enerburdened with hi spo tat they fea cece wo dapens with dee weapons, The cmp at then sed ‘it preter Toad he Some pole he pees Stalin hs se The Samant st id to hare let 80 ten Bed or ‘nud The Roman lucy (unstted) were prob mnut, bc they i Surprise Bate Ieee i coe ingens oe Prevent in ht on tay lead o anther Atari monement for nance, ‘Spl era mtg epi be come ech i ‘lounge gap In theory these manatee ght are bee | {hrelement of spr might une btn misma een the rent had not ‘Eiteren Ite lines wore ey extended ad iy wax poo athe ‘tio Maso Syn ania 190.23), che angen Phe Blown of Suprise ot on hoon wan dense to allo Angas ge ume tg top in tac encry ie and cape hi baggage tim ce te proded secrecy and emured are esate of spi. “eee Grete rem coal ning mote td al (es eee Beas ay tay tn wo fe pecan ee die Ce tbs ow tes moe ra RE Boge crt lyon eee Be et ws ce oc cco eae Ie evening opie we oad ape rat octet Ses cascicstes caer ws ocean Scares wd cocpems Gestr eaasepartiatia pene bon he ed espinal Basten ett thay spp eto te pe tem ye con so the pra BB toc cactncr seeeas aa eeminti aatcas aicaar reason wy tc deployment hey shod no fecal op cing each other wou sy cerappng of the wings, Thue at Doin out hat when s hope pltox niance teed wo ncn fo the righ been ech ma sought ton poten for hi uncle Might fom his ghar held When hs happened dv he He, the hopite phaans became hopes marched tr cnc ad each Droeson te it roid prtccton fo tir neighbour igh ae tt eons che Macca plcncnsdmace in open onder tir sal@ Gio and Roman Waoe ‘Bild sung rm the nec nd cared oer the eft shoulder: Examples of {CSc te right and te coequence are seen i the hopite bate of Fiat Maninea 41,128) and the Nemes 4p. 18D tne Macedonia, but tendo ng te Tong crews rst be chose Philp anipted his coice and wat read fr bis. The ser owe shrough atom vey betecen te nuns bah ofwhich were forded ad ‘sccupied bythe Macedonians Panini heated for wees before frocecting The cet on one side ofthe rally or dele ma occupied by Eguraumed tmp the King’s cmp wa plched on op ofthe oder and ‘aps sounded on many ofthe cag Wile the con wu pondering ‘esl mega pion shepherd, who ha been set ya end ‘ered te gue um svound the obaces oa point i he enemys eat Stich oven his potion, Pinna had wo hie bu to ceepe te ‘lead rs the man ith promises of fare ear To sper upon, (e he puro the ene, he maltained arsing tack for + couple of (Spal then ent out force of 1000 lat i 30 cary They were toproced sar atthe homes could go op the ale ere he cay were {oat put The infantry were 10 poceed wit the ude By might Ferme helped by ul oon tthe. Wen the arty ead tht fewinaton thy were ose up 2 smoke gal bat mane nt engage wl ‘hey heed sun abe On the tid ay the ae gna wate op ind te con vided ston ins trce efit, Wane UO ‘eh death valley while he proceed in the mide A they adanced Sp the valley te fighting tecame proprenively more die and ‘ogo The Macon a ie ics ding sing Uh ctered sd erate for them, patina eran was We ‘it impose, which acces forthe low numberof oly about 2.000 ‘Shem canalie, When Php realned ihe cen hight and aed Spi th Deption ~ “The wring in $90 ofthe Suan (or Persia) Gatsby Alexander wa srr operton The onl signin dilerece ayia te obstacle nck {nhs ave wars rocky an strewn wither and he force eling {he heights wich hasbeen putt 25,00 a the lowe ae allege ‘One turning movement which vas excited daring » fe bt a tare out took place at Dem Des 2 nthe nerf tat earsme Bocstans Hatched splot o overthrow the Bost rie it favour of a” democracy They were aided Uy the Athenian general falling Tangra about four ies abandaaf Kilometre) sa They ‘ere commande by Pagondas uo lel hem our aed wok ua pon st Side ofthe bill The engagement was ware by the cota, who crest ‘he intervening hl ands the Athenians deponed lie abo ‘hem. Ae the Akerians were already prepared an deployed there nas 29 den tack: Both commanders ok thelr me to address and ploy the woop Inthe ensuing egagenent the Botan gh got tbe Deter of the Athena bat ref aren dy led. Pagoda responded thst aking advantage ofthe cone afforded bythe il nd sending 0 Squadrons of clr found to engage the Athenian Felt ia ttl Fi ther oni dhe whe ary fed perocd bythe corny The ‘eno oc nea 10 of tele 7,900 holes, inching Hippocrates ‘ech the Theban hopes were mane mentyfve deep im conrartthe [thei cight per le. Tiss probably the step pas en ted whch cena et freight o ier under pena t the period of Tacha hegemoay) ef caring he a te ena of the arg’ examples ced abo, secrecy being provided bythe hl Asmar manoewre ma engeered by Scipio ina marow aiey hemmed ia by mounts a an unnamed place tort ofthe Hb. Confronted bythe Spans chitin. tandem ad Tacs, he sent wome of icant in cre ound Behind 3 mane tate tenn the ewe he made’ fom tach ™ abliching a Routine usa sha familar bree contemp By the same token are can alo be fostered and encouraged in oder ohare at ney acceptancewo Go nd Ran Were Repetition Tati: There can be no doubt ta tae ot ety exalt Theta was provided by Scipio Asean at preliminary he te of Ip (6), Is told tn all dane in conection vi tha ate SS a eer tie te pin vm te Benepe, ag hy ak in d0s the Aihenians under Conon moored thi lect 180 ships by ihe rek Aegoqpoutl inte Threcan Ghesonese The enemy Beet der the int Stan admiral Lysander ea led noord 3 Larme ‘ctu the Hellespont The next moroing the Athenians sled et apd the Athenians had departed he sat ft hip wo yom them ad repre ips eee Aieaienge lic iBpinslt ‘brine no espns The ith day pus ke the eater oes wah the were foraging nce and fn he aed a hed to cdg back oti Seale iadianrdstecaliapaeeeiabereny iter recall hs men, but they were too scateed Only nie Athena stipe ange pe alte wee ape linn of hee were Ain are ott Spt in 180 Qin Snmurgent Cetra He was camped inthe niyo Ata (probably ‘rong sore which Pkt could no poy match, and wo he peal ‘iorsnto thong them hat be ventas thir uber ed oud nat ‘connote with into owe the eneny emerged. Tis wat lined themaches up miay eruen the wo poston Tey soyed there for our day When Fu made no tae, Oey red of the incon and Spite ey ence wer nore eg ee tenth ring gh ui a tt gen cay an [ithe Spars ere preaching the Reman npr gworance fhe Surprie with Drcption " ambush, Fai saled out wid i amy and signalled the meno the {Sc hg rn ne hc con ese sn ‘Te bat of Clinics (or aria isms alle in 17 gies lea orton tation of the deerateealnting of rune Hook bce ding the Third Macedonian War when king Peres conomed Roman any nest Lara. Their respective camp nee about che es yar Th inane wa take by the Macedonians who aden appeared ‘Merce ll he Romans ere cooering sh the lan ARE aoe ‘Slimashing io wiih nether de had the aantage, he Macedonians Withdrew For sore dr nsing the sme ings happened. The Mendon slay apeated the ae dine af dyad drew ne the calle Had edo ring the enemy os Lise thatthe object ‘Chee ei wihdreyale aura the Rosas onto attack them athe sa tc wa ln a hea and pr mi tayed uneapeiedly at we, catching the Romans of guard He ree Sp hicine in bate order near leat Clinics es tha al nie ay forcing the Romans tosemble an deploy the forer in ret ase {nd'ome order Both side place thelr le cavalry squads fn te ‘tee onthe ing by more cary inespersed wh gare ‘Woope The Roman infantry neve dom op Behind the rampart AU te (Shoe rigour charge by te Macedonia lef wing thre de Roms Tigh ito conf, while eeu elf forced he Roman cere back Sint vowed it Ly stem to puta gd Roman fice on these eens but ihe outcome wey sdases-The Romans were onsed om near toe dearuciom when Pereurstenton war driv tothe sgh 2 he Tego advancing ro te ranpar: He war aed tobe coment ih is eoundng sucne acolo the puma 2 ep enat an oman Ware 6 The Element of Deception i I chapeer ha ampy illustrated the hageonrap boone the lenent of srpee and deceson in miltry tc. From me nmemorl the two cements have frequent bee compounded tscc in wich deepon ithe mente whereby am enemy i caught of fran and vurprned by a unexpected aac a ambush, en and kta uns fn ten acre oo lent ace Cty epee, ‘Super srpive was considered by ine when nas pined witout a) SStentonal tert wo deception. The concer now t wih he conterse Category n whic devotion fone sort or ane were the ee fet ‘tthe exec and were devoid of any ind clement uf supe Hones tha tbe emenbered that deception ineway arouses some inn rarprse when comes to ight. tutti aye reared as when the word tees” mas unkwn they were ied ‘apply When they i occur hey proved me of he thes ine ktoy of al wate. Disinformation information deception by meant ofthe spoken owsten wor forthe furpoe of conveying ake tfontan, Kifer fom misinformation i ang deere wr oppor er an cain tcc Devo of any cee of supe information can bea wef tok shen employed spropajanda te Boat the morale of the ope Ace point occurred at Nye Saman), promontory Aaa Moro vic 2 {Greek feet bad cased Pern ee 47%. 1 tha he ening Ins ofthe sles wee proaceypied with though of thelr ‘ruled trough the sop at eset the effec hat the Greeks ha” (i en men Ware sro a reat scion at Patan Natural ths pat eat inthe men and ge teal uke pace onthe same day oly babe ter indeed est) Te scan ear Hei expo he wr ‘Greek commander Leotchides must have though of there and nied ‘era Disinformation nthe frm of fie propaganda es kenee eer by Ages jus Before dhe bute f Cranes (84) He hd jo ected wf the Spartan cater in he ble of Cn which hale ad teverted thot sight and the Spartan nia Pander ha ot isi ‘The news depres Ages inne and he decid tht be wold have ster icf consumption by he troop: Peering he allan death of the ‘uma he announced that Ponder had de afer winning» orgs ‘cory Atte die of dhe announcement he ako ited sires Thogh ging thanks or good ne iy repr similar cen fn the ently day of the Roman Repub ‘Uns the propaga ws spe, optic bry At Anum ao) Jin 4 the Romany were fring baal aga «sper fee a Volcan, ‘they would ane len bck el ano tld one inal) “ii tering ing Tare hi ic neo withdraw bis en to thir amp ng onde Itsny be ee psn {hatin view of hr superior number the Volcan cited tet te Romans might ry 0 apna To oer he they mode prepara tack the Roman camp at night When the consul head sat he tute te defences making uch nics they oul wl da, Ts Sisimuation not only deceed the enemy conceing te Reran moines negate dstormaton act Tat (940) nthe Cea Latin War Whe sn Bait di ot help. The second ary safle an even ge let at {Se ane the Roman in ch they une cantons ones Another ‘who the theme f dsanformasion ined the capone Eee ines Yo spread flue mp. On ocrsons th ed fresno “mpl distr si the cade smb of whole amy athe die 1 te cul sped dcr an cet by Tensei theres mt a he eran et in he ao seen The Beat of Decpion 8 secre that hie pan igh il be outoted, In that eset the Spartans ‘ould with the itis Toot this aster Temes ct "Mfc that the Grech were demoralued and wer se on isi th the tal Ae the Pern were tienda tat he Gres were tel idea, they cepted the mage at face ale, Nemes then ode it ‘tote let wo lok ll he entrances tothe a rapping the Creche “hve Tenis nei These nat sn "Te Sparen King Aga ea mtr of shrewd infomation wih snarp ing ito bs opponents teal proces Te wel ee hing his canpiga A Minor in 386-9. the auto the st sare mea ety preps oan ag a ‘seed When th reached the eas ofthe Pein strap Tsipemes th tater responded leading a i infany atone the ser Maen int (Cnt genlns prompt ule hi real item by marching te ‘pposiedretion ine Py, nhee he as age unopened As thie siete pried rh dos be gig ‘marching o Sarasin the heart of ya. Tmpemes wae determined nt to he cath out wg In is conton ha ths tae Ageia realy ald tek Cara, he gs creme te Maca ening Ages ee > An emy a he had proclaimed by marching tno yan Ove mig eal ‘his ppetologie pred dinfornadon, leg Tapers she thn of chagrin, fateston and fry ay surprie that waste oe taal the tcf the execs Akhugh helen the present coe Ags in ayy tings a Se awe tsp, cent tv any wecendal orbs, th ning confrontation te Pena ares o hae loot 000 men gaia tn 60D eee tae ope Tac a ing wv Cod by Biren ered the decapitation of Taper fo which even Ages ight have been prod Vee had een [gear inde Sa. Vel a caugh ff guard been wp free eater rears tow eter ty Srecuctng the ‘pts wana i Pc td a pa Teer to com the Bupha by his ual ily rote ether han fatbera Gio and Roman Ware lowe these where ean through plain. The ater ain fc the oat ‘hich Venus hoped he would ake He wat cern ta th eonience™ ‘ould each the eas of Pacoasd,frtherore that he ater would Secened by what he woud ear a pice of drat dnformain [o the event Facorus di cos the Het her dow guns the ade 2 ‘ens had Intended This ws the longer of tet rates, hich ve ‘ens ne oamerble afore, ros the ery the sore ot ad reach the Roman camp at Cindarus before the enemy. When Pacoras, ‘countered mo opponton, beatae bis aparent lado Reman lth Sodatmctd he fot immesitl enpecing wea victory. is expectation ‘es saved by sodden Roman aly whch Pacr as Ele nd the Portia rors led It maybe noted tat heaton Venta i ‘esence embody a dst outanking movement ied ery asurpese Stuck fom 2 place of concealment in oer word sm bush. The ene Sceactente ieee einer! tecpecon tices bees ‘snformation wich enabled him o gen ont fhe oppomen secre, ‘ato copy of xen Cleone in 238 (p58) In which Arti, het ‘hat hi enemy the tant of Argo we planing tn atch the place, got ‘exe iby octal fred arch ad crap the ened ‘od hisenendagored onto the unaupeting enemy Bat there one mr “iterence bene the two epace Wheress Went erployed ‘dsintormaton wo get ont of his enemy, Aran rooted ods Dekanhe kop terteeeismesa poo eodensoper eal (Geonae belore tring the place Dissimatation Dissmulaon it defined atthe ac of concealing or dguing an nenion| fraction. In oter word ema be thought ofa pretence in sega ‘ne deny oterons or ded. deespton wen he rd in lt ‘ho suggedon of urpeiestetin the shorter suche doe fre to tome surprise te prmay objec aor ll hae ‘hese stantneous al ore quay in re srprie wn Is rgd hatin thee reer any map that nas eced wa niet and inn in the prot ont or cue, arene ene ‘av another mater ema have caused some spew the een en cy discovered het cont that be had 2 ore a all tte ser | Shore wth prime jes of te exec aber an yack a8 impersonation a for of dies woud appear ofr ere The Bloment of Dpto ” fm the ancien cronies. During the First Punic lava f Syn 80 ami asked the people of Seis (a dependeney of Carthage) to send soon ely wo hs amp near Hamers. The ep wih sted date for {Sei ama, fl int te hands of Gsm, te gram of Sac ad ‘em of Carthage, ho decided to tara to own aantage: He set See of hx om mento the amp snd when they had et ated ote ‘octyard they se i othe encay hia Keone ith bee all ‘yin the dns Dele hightech scart messes, “Therese below how considerable variety thir ingen No to te leaned there re so Gato Cesar or ie flees ‘ceepon in one form or another They areso dal in charac that {he only course open to dexrbe them sparta sch (ieee hc Goel ct mares Acagelo ee eae ‘o great bates in Panctacene (317) abd Cabine (S16) rerpecte a ampriing oth diformaton and sinalaton ithe pera bot telore he fine ate and between theo tate the opponent ceed forthe admantge” Ioan ser Eumcoe'ictory oer Antoni the ‘her Coprtes Dex Info 12" Anion reared wo Media to Dek his ‘enn Euen mre ect Whi he a ere Een ear tere one days mach pan, bath men prepared forthe ry Bat deserters Fem Anigonia’ army cate to Eumenes to ie him that hs udvenary feted to break cap that night. Eamenea min certain that he wl ‘make for Gabene, which war mplinderet and could supply Smple von ce he he He at hen er moe csr tll Animes tat he woul ght fat igh, we oc ery intention of decampingsnmedately[dioraton) Antigone Slecded to yan ight heed pind i sa wo had a ea at fn him. Cleary Angonu wh his ary would unable to atch pth the oe, ands e resorted anor rine. He lel i aay wo flow at Teetre wie be hrc he corey andl pment oppor ‘He caught up wth his avery in the dir of Parntacene nese Sa. ‘When he now Eumenee decending ont pli, he sowed nel onthe fh gre pring een the sopevnion dat het ce sey ‘eth him (imation). Eumencs saned preparing for bute wile Anigons cares be spt to rip hi iemy ad et he me ‘Aer the ttle Antonis wintered in Mein, wie Eamener mone sexta nt te her lad oath of Cae saan). Here it trope rere sare acd in hl inter quatre ach ae ‘arch apart As Ange ary wes nfeiorn numbers osha teGo ad Ron Ware ther by surpre wie is ay wor ceed. Tee set Poe Gabien. One nas casy but would some a tense dae arch gh Inhabited county nick Angona nsld een eves The other route was over a waterless dsr, a march of only nine doy Aion ‘pte forthe later eoure. He gave persion to he mento bl ap es by ny bt they mart extinguish them complete at ght otha they ‘ould ot be sen rom he hess sarounding the pin nation), ‘ede and heres were dy sen nd reported to Eamets wa his {ten to adopt ae nich woul ely his enemy fo a few da and ie ‘inst met emblem om thes artes He asks is sen each ove caryig jr contain combate mate sd chine [lc on the high ground acing the ener He ordered he men ight the fre at dances of about thy fet (eo ee) apart daring the Het ath, od the in he second atch snd thereat leave oly et Tirning (Gttlnta): The rnc mre Some shepherds at ‘camp in he hill and ued to ll Antigoniy who adoned hs arate and ued to unplundred country io ges rope a beak. A ie dan eet mie nee each es roped ‘One ofthe besrknn pce of dimalton in cal miliary hisory ‘os Hanna's famous rise to ecape rm none sty Fan Nandos ‘Appointed dictator after the Ronn drat Tasimene (217), Faas oped detain aces ch ered im the plain of Cnc (ve ‘ai clled the Shi of Re) Hx strategy oddly, ary ad ‘ear down Hannibal wherever he went wile aoiing sy ate engage ‘ment nti way they psd to Ap then the Sri ae ‘ovred Campania. Here Hannibal dexcnded thigh as neat {cate Calta by Ly and Esbanos by Pols) a owe he Sng fre and hh Haein Pin sound Capua, ws Hannes hope tat the sight fin pling and devoting ts epion eu nee Fat go dm and stack hi, ut abn ested the tempat, ick tohisplan and hovered around on he ges Ie occurred 0 him that he Sealed the oer ext rom the psn, wih he di, Hannibal ex he sent force up NowotCalicals and he himself camped on tll ne ooking the pa I Bogan to look though te mater pe night ‘imalf he ped, bot Hanna Rising hs pon, Beet his ‘men to collet dey fgg a 10 rod p20 strong one fv ne tic tey had capa: Alter dark the nen wee driven pte passa {ety wee atached to th Hema The gon were he ged and {he oxen wih ihied rches neve den upto the pa he hil ‘he Romani he pat sere that he ene aw sping ng the op. qT he Bento Dap % ne they nen pt vestigate they wer passed eed ad eee wo Trop te cee Yc eho en ede {eating Uap anal led his amy ough he ps opposed “Aout action of Hara ood example ft ero i sotinloded under hat heading i the preceding che (chic eso 6 surprise coupled wid deep. Hanada reas sl = Inter of decepon, deve of any clement of dlrs srs, When the Romans did inewebly experience spiel lt ther belated Soreness of the completed coup. I eden from these femart that sencal iol a arable admire of supra ud deception. on ra he late psn to der te eno of 198 a maquerade ws acted ot to rsoe mora dilemma” The oul Marcin Pore ato wn at Emporia governor ofthe province ot Hier Spain when some delegates fom the lerpetes, who were enly ‘th Rome plored him tobe the, Ther alle eons had beet ndet Sep tc ighoaing iben, Tec expand at ‘tce again they implored him, sing ha he ould nx help hem they onl fered wt the won rete to olathe een Pet fee could no afr todo here The neat day wl the dee: fic we alin tne, he ge then a ate € hope by openly ene etinga tindef isecet Sn ret cepstral Korth bit The Merges ined a aren eevee the Her Meroe {tr} md the ees bt Hat ern ey nla, va tert Sattratapadeaioyar serpy ei mnt folio ‘When the delgits hadley, Porn proccoded to duembart his me, semble il ifr and marc aia neghbouting hose wow. Te face wherever he arched. By the tne he eached Trac, the whole of fain month of tne Hi fed mated, Nothing snore sald eau the ec pthc sited nine Tn the campaighledlag up to the tte of Fyn (108, 280) the cid emits favs sed oan a0 4 duction adver the Ip hae cas Sig Peabo er egy ‘eosencmpe i gy fored pion on the bs othe Ep ie ‘Sp cimp oppoate Perse theater side of the ite Ka vious (cite across the nec bod ws ot of Ue quenlen, fee mynd et sm ‘ont heer bed stack eneny detachment, The igh pee ort ‘Spl fd ring ie the Rama ost mera me They were” Ga and Roan Ware infact ein, but ule done tele to cewhere (phe objet wat ott generate spas. ta sally to drt tention an in ths the Ihe pn en ong ei mon Alexander mas a.man who 10 fen eve a unique sluson to a ‘roblem. The absacein question here wa the mounts onal caled the Soon Rocke wa obdouly featur of considerable ec judging fron the fact hate nue of Sons had sgt wefan 18 summit A gars sid to he 30,00 ong smo erin gross tageraton but i dow a eat ge segura offs propo The neki ee econo a iho one a te op ‘es and water was provided bythe oom hed mpregnaeaword ‘hich did not extn Alezanetsycsiay ae deed ao longue. nhs mind the operation woul be x pbc elason exercae ‘led show te werd neh aspen othe vince ina ply with the cies son, Alwar ke no surende ad es derided. He asl wai lhe had oud men ih wings Ad so Se Acking his men or anes nih elinng experience wo wld Be ‘el evaded, he go30 cand Armed with topes and er et ‘ewispnn yt abot cling nigh pi erp ice ch ould be the least lable observation Th of tem flo tee deat Tht by dave the re reached he topo the rock jut the nha low ere ening to we They gale tht tmp wih whe Nag 1 previously nsvucted.Alcanr gota hea ost the defends Sha hey ms ener meses men ith ng ad Ben nd and were now in powenion of the sa He pine uprars When the ‘tenders toked up, they were stunned td sutenderede ‘Win made he gam gh nso eh The neal uri lone “meting aes ‘etous the nabs were aboot men vith wings, Were dey beng cess, i they, in thei of ther bls ad Sperone wha he) ‘i Is, Alexander winged men were 1 igane decopon Pajaens™ ‘Sys that the chitin surrendeved the be tht Atri’ pome as tere dine han human, wich suppor tecotenon However here to suggestion ofthis in the principal chronicles, Arian eon that the Soins’ immediate aco arte il supe wan a eal number fiver wo, they iain, mst he been part a lenge vellamed force. Alemnder had’ pronounced sbi’ te dine is “eponens! thought proceed be pros guched that Hab wold be thei rewoning and encouraged it ars decent dacourgeopposton Much ie ben ten herein a cater caper abou pe acs th ception in hich the to cements wee coly Inne. AL he Seplan Rock, by conta, there wat wo nck aed the spree and y ‘The Blot of Dreption deception wer separate and independent for Ifthe suposion that Nierndc ecourged a decepoon wo dacourage at tack eae he kept waste asmporant clement ‘Srey oof Gnston in ich he players pretend hat hey arent performing the acon in whch the areata ioe. ike tot afte ter ed sre Sr mane ep of we ‘Carthage (Cartagena 20) depend entey on cee ad meta ‘plant Publis Cornelis Spo wav a rg contender foe thet of Krome’ frente sat and excl gens, When at he ae of ene fhe he landed sin and sep his headquarters at Tarragona {Caco he found asc opposed by no les than three Carthaginian ‘rmies They were tl in the ilo, separted fom each oer bt all eve tent march aan te conse Spl cud wt lord {onaek any onc of them for fear tha thy would ute nd omumber Nim, Tmeal he adoped a ingenious egy, fgworing all he ency Src td nang Stach pe he get be‘ at important portad ances Nw Carthage The stoke, unexpeied bye nt, ws pled oa nicer uring the preceding wer Sip ad ‘cy quertoned every ara from New Carthage concerning ce) SSpectothe plce Among many other things helene that here wee ‘Shs tou aimed ler inte gurton because, a Povo sa oon dreamt tha hie the Carthaginians were tantra he iol of Spain woud exter anyones head to besiege the cin As none Utne enemy tres wes whine ay march of Ris object, he id precy thn reaching ton the seventh yan caparngit ty od and Sater onc dy offing. The unexpected of his move war secured Ter scree ony etensnt wo commanded his ship eas le fev The pe objeto the screy aso kepthe eney amis {heathy had go wid of ster beforehand the whole lan elie ben ated Once head et Tr ne ie Unt iire was pepe ned for sectey On his anal he every ps cap a some datance Rom the wal and aranged wo hae the ‘hal ae ih the inant in roe of the emp They had exert tnd re themches fo et ere before engaging In aion, Spo ws Ile tsend out father fesh seers fom hap when needed. On {he flowing days atk on the ciel took the cneay by suprise Sten hisimen erred Inder rom ge Igoon, which Ipped the Torihers walle Scipio had weersned fen tformants that ws fordaie a bw ties To draw the nem’s tention aay tom thie operation he had prevouay enforced the sling part wee ToSing om the expected reson, The cy flit hs han exci inmene damage to the Carthaginian cheer noting he fremont of he Spates war noon hema ut good diplomacy Int he bag, Hseaped dnd nthe forma ecrttment nd pew2 Grek and Roman Wafie ales incu re powerful eet and many ies =the beneficial ‘tec of god ste The fia entry inthis is relates to a deepion wl ed one of he {cinins Grass Dives was an ambitious man who yearned o excel both Cesar and Pompey in epuation. When be acd he province a Spin scons he ened the es of sing te Partha The Yen ‘ampaign vant instigated by the Seat nd as nel is ow pale ware crsed the Buptrate than amy often leone snd 0 ‘ery and with no knowledge of the cut oro the Parthian my istic nd highly fected fing Aan ety sage Reha Teen acexed ya wy Ara chitin, called Antone by Plate (Abas by Dio Caan, no stab worming his way in Ceaus ‘idence He had had a fel slant with Fompey wich pret food ference. This teacerour doubleagent ved hase and [etmided Cats tht he would sve mach ie nd eft y lenin the Euphrates and iaunching or acrom cnr torah the Pais Bete they decamped. Hs quaetor Cans cil nc rat the Ars and repeal sed the conn ayy the er wil he atendant tanage Suppl ine sna proeton Crass would ane none snd arched nts the coum and ito what became a bowen tele ad nets ‘esr When he fit capt ight of the Fathi panoking oc ws emboldened. bt this au snes deception, Te Partin force es ‘Commanded ty thei formaable general Sten, whe hal concede his Iman force beled his adtance gute and had ordered them 1 conet {hemsehes wih sin to present Sy leon fom tei armour Whe {hey approached the Romans and were nga t dop er coveingy ‘hy revealed themches aa ormidae bry of exe) n gleaming hime and resipaes on horses cla in gieting plato bones aad ste The ansformaton was scompanied ty 4nd ad cre spine: iting ree he ans ote te Roa, an ‘and hs men were subjected to perstentlongrange fre fram adepe Iounted archer, agit wich ram ad hit te wd chance ‘These and the eng event are detain the deep of tebe Sarena se of concealing hb main force lay reine of Fempey mic on the er Aas wich med eoneaing is al ‘Seth tom cany est om ion terorintheenem i the to seit these even yPatarh and Dio asst respecte the bs pater fdecpcon sar bt Plas scoune inthe ete and more dee.” ‘he Bement of Dsption ” yoga Capote cence which covers ery pet fret communion by meaner inner not ony the method a ve sending of cet inlormation but ab te ntercepon a depering ot infor oe thers Cryptography i ts eral see coer poe ad $SConfned woth wien word. or present purpostcan be comsidered 1 Snags writen in pla teat which ae mercy Hiden fom Snauthorued yer Thi i clea the mest ive metodo eying ite information in secret Whatcer method is weaning happening inthe ele a «whale “The fit known reatie on exptogaphy wa writes in Gree By Aemeat Tacs in he out en” Rents alo he etn descr is section i chapter ihe cab and most nus yay OF sending menage in secret by concealing sometime on the peru. There et Considerable berate on ays wich thi ws ake ch Se seeng Ue meen the sae ofa nl or othe ements or sending bh ‘Tih appro eo an aed pg ad make et sca ir ars cin ee at trated sae shined hs head and picked the meng his sal. Whe {he aia gro again he wa sent Aragorn who wae tld cat of ‘hese’ ar and examine hiss." ema hate be an ingenious ea. One ofthe more moled procedures investing a mesg in ok ey deflated and ped int ak of tabi emang te eck of {he adder ast protading fom the mouth of he Hs Wher he Bader ‘be seen apart irons the oi, The recipient would pour au theo, reanove the | badder ahd senate to reve he menage Wn vnc cul Be “Themed which hemes Tctcue deserts ‘the most secret of ll* (Groh an Roman Wr ‘as probably deed by hime e invoed dling weno holes (the her of eter nthe Greek alphas) rug worsen da each ae ‘epresentig a diferent ter Ate the da argh te oles the order ofthe letersi the mesg, Wheat ie three y the eer ‘ent the message wil pean the reverse oe Ix een that the ecient would ve tobe piven 3 Rey shoning the aangement the Although not quite o secure, 3 much simpler method of sending 2 smesogen secret wa se by Demat Ata xen Pen he ated ney to the Geeks the formation tat Nernst vo ade them He serped the wax fa wooden wing ac wrse he espe on the wood and then covered it gui wth max” The dsiouaios wat Farther improned fan innocuous nemage na itn on the wan Fronts In his Sergrn tel of sone ta Recman metas of conveying information insert, tbe ade othing Signa wat hat slready teen sid with the one notable exception of nent ch xn one iscrpoos, inform ae, and pap show hat the ance pian Hebew atone dae prmve methods ‘concealing the caning of infomaton, But waste Spr wae ‘developed the fit recorded eb of enipherng message whieh hey tse for cameying information fom one commander te snather. They Sse an isrment called the yal, which deere by Pic ‘Snssted of wooden fd around wi the sender rapped along war Sip ofparehment an proceeded twin tpl arte the on sch 2a da each tim abe he one above! emg wo gop On he inesnge es writen andthe das then somone. he meng col ay be despereiy winding the rol around fod made ate ane ine the sme ect dimestone This ma at hands of te relent The inetd ning tthe encoding an deeting wre Pertomed somata i. Ta the mot elementary form of ip, th owl ere snp omited tom the pain ext menage Ar a sero, te wn ere ep doc the mmber ds denoing te numberof th vel in hee ‘anging fom one for aia to sven foe ome” Sghy more anced im per ere some in Roman tne Roy iy Caan tg They were menenpha son pe in hich exh ear ofthe apes was ep by aboher one. The per Wed by Aas ‘asthe ample each eter of he plant beng repented yn met new. Car went one eter (Or be pr tee or fut) y oe ‘Sing the hed or mene he ath per eter ne lhe The lonent of Deion * would not take lng today to crack then pe considerable adance as deised y Pot wba hat ben led the Pohiaschequetbonr ‘eon of itera! suction i wich «pl of symbols replaced tach letra the text Ita the forerunner of any Inter jes which Slatate the prindpesimvelbed but which ave out the seope f thi 5 Diy Haart, man Angi, 9.57 15 Paes Trop 1 Ly 2840 1S. Acorn Tat: Ov he aoe of rife oto, ee expel 1.1, ‘Bena ccs, On thee f fife itn 31.9.7 The Element of Secrecy S up and deco te of the met portant deen i ‘hac end slow wo be taken for granted It haley ceed ay nention ere in connection with Panag the human emer rpg aed deception ao be eveloed nit ann right I fat cee eth ie in Snel coment ing en he nti of ta een cid en ‘The Felaonthip betwen secrecy and deception is abundantly lee Sem ce ia a sep» ence ot wha a ned or happening dacs nor ext Ax tach ito componc eich Prades and underies the major of suegics No taformstion ean {blew purports noes secret no aahcan secede cee “oncering te place of concealment hasbeen reveled se no et a chee he dated et the mtn thug behing I pate i ‘becomes common knowedge ori even mercy surmised correct Aout ample in practice was pred by Alexande the Caen neigh the Stipa Pawn 8%, When he a contomted aot of wagons sch he ese led op eos theme a he ‘ow the hile onto his men. Ms prevente meus prevented exact han en alec, Wh shu pnd ow desi tio thi scheme? By deen spre tes owe the smexpected an inthe miary wo thins alee a scree ‘oncenimen. Srey the case an spe the teak: Hepes ‘lomate hat without erecy there can be no mpi. As ped ‘Stier Caste manned at a Sey eng urbe thee as inal an clement of seatage’? by which he wat presumably ‘lrg to secre, It spp, thevefore that some degree a sere Invern at he fundaton of oth deepens supe Ia chapter 4 They tere nde hen the cacy wa oternne ngage ep a iO a Incline Ths ting or oer spect condi foram tack amounts 03 ‘tse albeit = sple an. hy compaion ith an ambush, the whey oben night stack appeat to be much sale than te deliberate Concealment of fe, Newel, the principle the sme in bo {totncesand the dilereace ony one of degre le perent terre teat whether soy anddenatack by an ene can be egal Me ofsecrecy aed deve, Clas wou No Ther wil aay te melemento ere inherent inte nrden sod dherfore expected arf the ne a abo ah equals neta leet of suprise Sing Frm the unexpected. Thee cont hsonreir apc t0 the military situation. They are arly apialen general wos ocaring ode ware and ah ‘Seon sup ithey are worl uneapeced and prkape clea at ‘Kempltied bya owe the fang on a mpectng per: Such fens te absent tee ecient at) to tbwe dnc in thor Intent suprise secrecy ad deception ‘cnt imoted in anyway ad sch happens ae on ey Hey 0 ome under he Beading of chance Theo le nhch ht Psion the fom thse remaster ate oll apt dou if Pye wa inane cnprience any ure Tridence ofthe mdeyprendivement f secrecy oer fico in serra shown paradrialy, bythe ei of his chapter Fr the ost fart sh ey ben nse eat a ps ‘ecm fe mln pointy serey the actly metal element forsee inal stay, wore and deco to mention bata few Ihe anc seaman in rte erat sine Mlunoc camps and many sore is este of no sere. sce ‘Wate eacepon of eines of information for the pspose of proper, nly alte sere ates ied abn wee precursors to muscle and'were the means io take the enemy by surprise. OF several ge tenn snnemene which ast the pt one wa he rain of thee (Pan sy Asner Gat Ho. ah edd be encour Pond ida cc of oven hong detour bytheo* Got on Ron Warfare main odor tect rack over the mountain vase ps own a the Gates he predictably oped for the later Leatng is cena artein twat theese op td gg tet et sth the et the ps. Here he wa ontont by rihanna Bail defences scr the pay, which held with 35,000 men (Avan mp 4,00). Any diet asc vas met with ich brag af bos ht ere Alexander haw sit defeat by dat ote: Among ther prisoners wa man who eiflered to lead them bya trak to the la side ofthe pase The ‘an body of the force was ete tos wi imtrcson wo ight may fires and at as the noe force wan there unl they hen sounds of Ag he thy ee ae oma sa Als’ pe sf afer dark nd Cur gies a graphic descsipton of te soci anes ‘a hen sow pe eich ey enn rpa tht he eek ‘ook to ahs and da before they encoumered spat ho wee titer sin or fle. Foeanatey none of them thought mara the a ‘bd which was taken completo ard Attached ftom pth one sn rear and with no escape route open to them, they wee mawaced Ie ‘arly necessary to expound onthe emenalvote of ssrecy im hs oper ‘son ai al ajor sing movements), batt igh ee te itr fhe upon opr nr dei rsa ce sare see cede mae she ment es, sores and dco) he lmat bjt as suri tach the ener Examples of “pur sectey. umalloyed with any leet of intent feather oda te Wao ean ene, fs General Pitopoemen, needed sme miny fe fo one agaist his arcvenemy, Nal the fant of Sparc To ie nd he devo a Ingenious pl Secrecy wa exe neer so prevent an knoe of the plan reaching the eas ofthe tants ape and sete pat, Pie ene lon pnt was ob ges mame of ons ‘he mos tan tw along enc road ling hit ole te men of itary age and proceed wih them tothe nent nin the ecto of “eqe, wich was aed in he ete Here he wo ha in reer ‘ented wih the ft one bt which named the next nom the cn Fhilopoemen tad elclted the tne taken for ach ofthe harm ha toyeach te ial dination so dat he end arange fr them to omege ‘ Tgea at about the same Snel chat pot they ad mo knee of th nd pit oo pp epee’ se lhe sin ‘asemiing fre insert how nd when he cose owe Hae another imate. The force was sumequeny ted to atin te enemy which mst have caused dem acute suri, tt ata ferent ry The enemys ‘cantar tcf xe tment brprod The loon of Soe ” ‘The operation conducts by the con Gas Caan Nero preceding the tnd tthe Meo ip 8 207 von not dinar nme tom Fhitopocse's ej deve Unk he ter Nero did ot he © fae an sn: estes bad one inthe south ofa whee hist as hep Hannibal cy but ei att mone par of ioe secre {fon te souls wo he aoeh to cnoree ht conta oa, The le tegan en Hanna trer Hara comed he Alp ad dexende tnrtay sah he objec of enforcing hs rher He ant let Hani! proprio meting place, but the eter wa interepe and sen to Nero, he cone inthe south ero won lame. Hasdrbal wold “enironed by the conan he north, who was ought hare adegue fovea his dos dea with the sition, bt Neo wa nba aod fined wo eae that cee vow 3 certain. WHO pet ie be fanned wo march th length o wth 600 of Ha ein he wt TReyec to verfores hs calle in the nom He iformed the Sete of Ts ines, but he could mt ord owt fra reph in bi baence it ‘Sone incommand va depted ante cap 2 ia flamed i ig my spn n Han ie men to {aup thy marched wuts nthe wrong ection before wrsing toward the north var ny ath po that Nero informed shen aoa the prone ietrexpediaon Al the end of hit march, Nero entered the onal cmp te dart aod argent were tae for the tro oul shave lhe ces, The objet of the screy as to ensue that annital inthe sous ke nothing abot and tha Hana in the tort remained in orance sn iu oo late for im Yo eflce Secefl withdrawal The pln suceeded sia and the suces of the arin decepons and oer mensre ten fo satus the secrecy 8 Titing te w tne iene ofl concerned Hasdrubal ony Beame pile ha wn not well when it men ere alread rw wp Te erder Aktough heathen immed, was oo te for i [tect on expe, Hania inthe sour al no ning that ayn was Sins onl his bother ead wan depose a the an ois ca. “Another else of priuar relevance here le Hannibal rise (0 critic hinwel fom te Flynn Phin around Capua in 317. To all Items and purposes he had hen Maxed in by Fae Manus and ‘temingy peed rr leasing by his intended route oer the as neat Nota Tes wi io a ead ben ttn hove dec (pn) ice ere to end thera that Hana ‘iected 2900 one ad ed fgg other Ror After dark the gone Sree adie me een othe po he sae eating good campie of 3 dheros rndng the atendon a the aman rr the pas oe which he ware ns en th pani100 a at Ran Wajoe nig The epscde inched here briey becuse, ke te wale, ‘xempliies almost ‘pute’ secrecy nd deception aa devin) Intended element of urn No Wot the Romans weve sarpised an Ite appined but th wa onl ae sect aft conn Arh hd ecsped Hanna id sed bck ce Spanos spn ano rea the Carinae wo he rng te 3 auch Fine 2 a The Element of Chance ee at or how mich i ecu by chance (Pais has much ton his Shed and led opin a appearance forte ino enpgement ‘he ng ofthe ti must have been & chance afi seem trumpeter to nound the charge and they cated om thot their them nt Caria that hs ance into Lain was unopposed. The ony ‘titan the other le Thie ed to's minor sams i which he Gees12 Ge an Ron Woe sreion, The Romans ended up by being stacked fom both front and featThe pina diference betwen thee fro ee ain heat hat $amerum thet pares were intent on fighting ea ober and bh weve aware that the oer vat somewhere in the sii The mee Thnmot therefore be sido have taken pace ently by chance, A ack of ecaps the best crample of ty chance encounter in the scent serne toh pce near Tegra (979) betwee Makan abd Spartan forces {pre Keocured nly ew pens Delo Spars wat fred old her Negemony wo Theber Atha ane the Thebans were occupied in iting Spartn garons ot of ocean cer On one expediuon the bilan ‘Theban fener Pelopias ow retining to Thebes rm Orchomen wh hin cred Bont of $00 and fey horcnen Neu Toga encountered to morro Stn tolng around 1,000 men, who were arg the opposte treton me dey retarted. thelr be 3 Orchomencs eophdaeordeed hi cary wo charge the enemy cenue and he himself Ese them pth dhe Sire Hand ting the wo Spartan polemares td routing the wl ove The enue itor sigeane that never before ad the Sparans een beten Dy a foee Ineo in ‘umber ocr own, twat the precursor ona smal ele othe teeat peter oben Regency "The “Terlen’ Bale, 2r ieelled ook pce In $08 near Mea (Mele in Aveda, cane to the Laonian Border, during the Era of ‘Atenian Spurn akance ini opposition Thebes, These oop Bad {fined Archdu and his Spartans ons campaign i Arend. They wore ‘ngage in dewating the lend nen the Aan ad Arve forces came ‘Selo them and Arthiamnswidrew and camped the bile above ‘Mert Saan contingent, howe haseved ater abroad and as fle oretur hoe, They set fon the odo Spi but in arom ast they cocountered- road Hock wich td bmn stp by some Manes [Nps for bei roght Archi the scene. The ex appear ere the ait of preening Archidanes Gor rctrcng there heh re ‘pine ope the rade and abate ened in which ey lowes were Iitited: Bu the mack eau of the ba, which dere me tthe lack fay Spartan cae No oe of thea lle Ke Prato of the ether an that hs ar tue encounter y chance” ‘On bath oceaons the partes concerned knew that tel opponent ab fomere whines a a hey had te sue en We Sh han he conic wen pened he loan of Chance 0 Spartan and Ange armies before Ft Manns (418, p28) Wat bad Broken cu beeen Epomson sn Argon A Epa wana al of Spar the Spann ary under King Agel marched oat he defence at Angor The comtstans were te pln of engaging when te ‘Sgre conmandcrs nae propose Agora ace Tare gras ‘The Arges then ups impregnate potion in the hil whee Ag cold nt peat th Headoped sani esd gan 1 dee the wer comes im Tees hal) over the terory of Mates (an ya the Age), and boing that hs wo big the ener Gem othe nT Arps 0 an omnes wp nate ay wh 90 ‘som sa he ae em eo Speatns hen suey, and fo ter gree antohment they fou ‘homes confronted lary ntl order As Thule sa (heywcre more waned than the hn rer beens they hi of oP Sd dopoyin record ine. The Age geet ed hi ary int {hte dice wth eg tin ie eat ‘Rages formed up ihe oer tx which they meant igh hey mae ota te ny cn De eed haath the meeting i ‘eur emcy by chance caught the Spartans completely off ar and rar eae ot expec ty te Aries a that par nomen They ere howeer pepe fori when i happen e's perhaps sping Thar inthe sae of deployed preparedness the Arges were unable ‘Shuaine futher on thir ait The dance betwee the mis wo probaly ow grat to etch he ene incomplete dry anh he ‘Spartan di ie to deploy ith gen The ening bate of Mantis ein ar Too ‘The eco! of tc chance encoun tok place in 187 on Bount ‘omoscephale ding te Secon Macedonian War betwee he Romans {St Php. asd camped ow mies part neat Pherae and th ha independent conde whe ern wa totaly wtb fr Ince. They arched ot nd, without ever seting ees 00 each ote, ‘realy phe ter camper miles apart Unknown 1 the hey ‘rest yaa high ground kn swore Pip ireween the peas where he kf strong cup. tn a mae lee fog the Romanclent outa sowing prt. On sceing te pa ffm the oponte nie tothe Macedon, they were ated when hey tere contend y the enya te 1p. Aer oe sowing in wich Tree setback ete elnorement the ai deeloped io 4 flute fp 20, isles tha the to dr were ntenng om the ar th ve atl, but tooo ha nek side new te ext Poon of arena “ame ean to hao about eve wich might have een distorted bywo oh a Roman Ware chance, a ood sturt woul sem 6 be wo omer the elle of sac cn aftr onthe wns Scr ina the ene hc iy eigetet erie tron? Wel neste ng fete rents) denroyed 0 ship, bute mate tee ht om ‘ubvequent nial even are hard to conjecture The material efecs of ¢ ‘Son pny at Eas nag teal remned by he nerventon of nate ‘on the rher Crimi (redaa in Sty mat be the best example ek Pic in 389 when the Crtagians landed a any rept of 70.00 fhe at Lives (Maras). Tumoleon, the Wbersor of Sil decided 0 tack them as soon a1 pombe and on teritry inthe wen which they “onl Heh ih i only 1,00 en, my mercenaries, Whee Gains The chart ad coed ft followed y about 100 es Infra Timaleon vealed ha this wr te eto atk wen he Shearer spcied teed tareidestlculic ce ‘Steompanied by theater lghining. torent nnd hal which drove int the faces ofthe Cartage the ser ma ncn Tmnks andthe plain became set of rivet consng tno 3 bo. Te ‘GogintansNoundere around inthe md they el, hey col ot et Sag Ny tne wee igh et hel ey them were depached bythe Grek igarmed ou tho paid te foto thee re reported she 10,040 met the det one yor ante {Grek} cannot be dowbeed. The orm apparent bur with ie ani tmade of ck wt atin bot fornegetting sallow waters wad wah lc there cpl lin te eal da caning therefore, Tat he le inet ploy won appeeniy ned wan 18 at tle yan (p20). According eo Paar a commander of te Felgaby he ‘lve of Sabor hued the wanda tuo wha cen wo be Been the Macedonian pana He as tly an opm he expected good esl under hase Greusance and; inf may of his en wee ke To he tempt to recover Trsdoorahtcerwer beer etrearsiedon ager oft commander Aer prital at oflfcomecraon he devoted Men and hisenemies to the eds othe Underworld to death bore charging healongine the ney raha Onl wo inne ae recorded y Ly he frat tr Dec rat he ile of Veer (40) the sco Oy he 08 And namesake at Seine 205).On oth ocenons the Romans ere Elie threes bd ebgotoe Soniaedcdead ed Probably the most ria piece of black comedy was performed in hate Ste Ton wears nc ooon eric Rowe eter at Onnee G16, IMD) when almost eey abide tate war alse Sempron {rac wat in command ofan ary which as compe Treo ses ‘ho had volunteered to serve in exchange for thet freedom tnd were onder ben that diy would comme When th fore xe facet ‘ik s Carthaginian army under Hanno at Beneentis (Benen, 210, Trestle ened Crocus sing the sae’ eenanent prodaied at Freed would be granted edit o ary ave who bout i (Srhagnan head Thi aly cot him the bate. The ates wee 0 By ecaptating corps they mere ste rae wo gh the ng Alene tothe rik Grech tal he test foge about Rea i pracaned "hat no man could hope fo feedom unl the ene ete dese ‘ets, the omg bose uous that only 00 of Han oe Ot Tees a sured tof 1500, or 40H sad, Creche Repti pombe and icra eeryone of he aveolnters” incendie ars cn be reared ar mm forthe spe reaon that sheywce bah neuen and unre When the bens set feo Sar (458 during te onan rte teen a priate ‘ony prsing Bao a cee or reve wc ok the om ‘Teta senha ee a ners 450) 0 ra alle ship.) Much ne Papen ded ‘Mec by nigh ne toe carp o Nbithe rant o Spat at Pleiae {USE They ttaced the camp ih ane frm of ware’ by fingng Arerands i ic Eveghing i ieandneary everyone was denojed the Roman worl thre wee nsancn ae Poet (2) and Fdese (ot! Gutlcn 25)" nich ew the hat who emerged ‘Gye the rebrand inte former cet un the see engines. Bat the beaten nena epnodc in Roman Mary uate Sap’ we ‘earch lanes tals he compe o Hal a pha at Uae 20) Mov ofthe innate of th emp pred. The epbode ‘Gsribed in more det hehe P38). Lom Range Warfre In the dail er fight 3 dtnce ws awh wa commonly rots, nob ip any ie oer ana eto are 1 ‘Guay conte of epee Near roe of harpoon the enemy trong ter lr etre aca lang then tec tf danse retiring beat ee cae Sara nda es by sl ro tn, he enemy ol be faranedbycontnal socom mies Poe tached x one ih the ccnm, ene abence oft dec anaooman conte ws tthe ‘Sica inne in 2 tn Aihenian general Demosthenes marched gut the Actaan tone gn, He nacre cpr place btn the mente theta a aman on sry th comtnget i ney eb he ite en adr When thoy aoe, they pned the nbn a frovctel to atack the Aeron frm big und ning deve Throwing and then eveing one ance etre eer tothe anal The Abert ha aver toh Barun they Svancethe Alans immed teow hep thr dane” Sins evens ook place nthe ure ofthe bate of Paetcene (7, [P15 When Ann noted at Eesha engiened ws gh ing wir expats and eb cry he opened he ih tigen Tote teop: Tet ined cher lancer ort Medinaue Ga ant Roman Warfare Fania who vere exper at whecng movements There were abo “Tuenins equpped with cin and wer aber mounts ong fn Pia nd ce he eto in am oma hi {nd ruatacs in wich tey kept fic wounds ad injring he Stepan hou alleig any har themacn, To deal wh ths es mec wa ged bo phi hy equiped ay om his ther ‘ingand end them gun the enemy in ute monement “Rt, i ihe Sd cra on a emg ‘ola uninow) betwen Philp and the Romane prota nee twit on hitandun tactic. Phip men some yan and etn wh iy supporto harm the Retans this wy. Hone: the atacers ite no ote form of wate and were dione by Ue wae hander ted Sighting of the Romans who pt up a stab deo. Whe the oman tack he hey fe The Numidian ao, ere fenowned ote indo tin ace, st Raspina (4) ad desi tne p-). Thce eas pres ie gnc fata oan Dn ee ora uy ne the se aga (edherda 1) The con, Cate Scibnts Cao, as ese ‘ae hen he hear that Kgs approaching th ange amy He had deed withdrm to Casts Corn a to foes He ca aed lari supp when he hear fon deers hat ib a been aed ey Spee ie Ca ed te ew i to cng fev et nays he nt n mde oer tend eer genre Schur sceraning that Sura was camped on he Rag Wt is Namian evar Caro et out al scary tack the ap ight ‘The urproeemuredsccew whch many ere led tn the eatin ‘aro marche out with hi whol ay dung tengo xe ote ‘nc camp, lig his ery to secperte and llow ler Sabu ‘xpected ths conontaton and had planed fo i Felgg fee bes Hit Numidian withdrew sendy ing Cao ito flloming im for ec no ln cen stl ey deeded ots pa fee, Sabra drew up hs cvy nate acy I group of Romana attached the Numidia would itd the igh of the Romans wh imagine that they were wining Toca, the fone teaches ct ‘all groups and subjected to stack fran the rae in which they mere ‘tampled down uoder the hones hoes the Roman number wee hide aay the cacy ns beng relfrced by fe artis ers King Jb Asa lt sort Cro ordre the nb hs oop to ee wo ‘ney hl bt Sabra got here a Some ofthe Romane wee led ‘hey wed escapes one jn ge up and yon vl to be dai Byer oe ofthe nny le Is caus hat nal ster eno !meton of heand-n tar, he Nia trie eee that inthe encounter on te Pini the Numan merely presented (the Ths us emsce tothe Reman to hr thet out nd dil noe chro sme netine {Orme tel point ex equ fia to Bellee that hen hey bad “ola groupe of them, they contented hemos nih ramping some of ‘hem tom behind wile not making sacs frontal The ses through ‘eumpling would hardly account fo the fact tat max one single Rama. ‘Among the tial varies who specie in ighing at distance the ‘moat devin were amos cern the Pats Tel ethods were {Ppurent in ful fore inthe bide of Carae (8 p28) The Parthian ‘Rhy wu lngely compo of mounted archers, wo were adept bo {pect of ther de, nclding booting artows wile they were ing 25 itn thelr target Their method cannot be termed hitandun ee they fst ot normaly venture to clove nth the enemy but remained atk onsiderabe dotance In hater was tly a mae o fighting at ong ange: This as made pole byte soeng fhe owe ich pce $n wnuraly high sec to thelr barbed rows Im consequence, ey ‘Sent emesis vith ing aod the enemy and subjecting hi {Conor arom Ifthe nery ied to break out ofthe die he avont yee examen (cause abo called aap) armed ith Tom spea wo her Led or cnt hem back join thei colleagues ‘ert Arcata the Reman nly hope mash the ey would ‘us of sions, bu thi thot war seen to bes mage whe cel al “Shved i aie sop fhe Rowan were tery poweien and became Fesgned other tee [Natural Elements ete haay upright both mary and el persons hae 2 infoqcnty been dated by the etn of mar: One hat oa emer tat nthe Pst Pine Wart lent three Roman et ee “Taeyed byron i the Grek yr an ermal 00 of ers sip sere deofed by olen ae of the coat of Mags” and a further owe tou enune Boers ard onthe techn Hl of Ene hey todd the nad oan atempe wo earn the Athenian ‘onton ef Arco (90) Of bat 306 tea ada ‘Eikdoa war too murnysovencre ou to bade; the younger Chars vas Ateeered and med ou wth hie ee love maa ship and of ou “kthundentrm, Soo and mi were the onder of he ay ring the bate othe mer Crem 398 when Toten and a 1,00 ower typed hae Crtagnlan force, Tolcon atached when only a of ‘if tpcmy hat cowed the mer He was hard pened ol fore ee band n efor fake rues ih ighning, lage andl16 Ge and Roman Wane a Somer See tena =e Se eee ae eee! ee ee Soe ‘Aland nabs when in what now Faisa,hismch esed tahe eee aa ee Seer pce eget gates eae icant ens eet Sees eens epeateeee cca ieee eee aaa rena efecete peers eres er eer See eee eaten ee ee oe eee een eee aoe eee eee eee eae eee agen le eee es raat tale commenced Themintces ordered the Grek o tack ater, which ‘hey damon othe point of grounding themes, A withdrawal mich a raced another posible aon Theminocle he wie, mas intent on ‘laying the engagement ul the ne day which ay brought ash bres fom these and soll ough te ate Th, he i, would ‘net and se the aller Phocoiian ship but would hae ie ee 00 the Greek ships. Plutarch report open wo doubt but dace rae somewhat simlar and Wetter stented incident which occurred under Hike Shcurances lost exact ball enny Tate At Chal 429 a8 ‘Alri aendron oder he redeubule Fhoenio cages Gurnhn “oy of wanaprt ip The Corinthians were nt prepared to ght and forme therates Hata defense crcl with ther ships fn 8 ada proceeded filly around the enemy, foring them ino an cit Ughter dele, He was wating for de nnd oo up as esa a Statares and aha tie fda By th net came the Cringe were left no space formanacsere and were complete confon, At this point Phoctio launched hr atack, waking ‘very ap tat at "countered inthe bate and eaptring twelve more hick managed ‘Sper the et" Thee event seem ope some suppor fr Pare. ‘ero of evento Saas Thee worsof comet more dit wy of ling svat fei onion they happened Soe Envarte In 14 the ing te Cia ‘hullenged Maris eae an appointment fr aut! On the chose day Marae ined his men up onthe eat side of the Cap Ra neat Yepelen scant op elghtngieindatinreny amie ‘yes Moncenc the wid wa as fon the eat hy got the al lat of {he ond of wth a raed by he ren Ts as 0 gest ‘hat when Mare abance he fled to make ay conte ih he ene Jeong hs conse colleague wo bear the whole nut ~a dinate tic had not bee adept The un aa foe Pena (168 220) were the conn Aes Palas dled the war ofthe Bate ral he aeron when the wa wold be inthe yes ofthe Macedonians [ArGannae (216 p18) evar the enemy ame Hanna who cost the prime psiton withthe wind bihind Him, lowing the dat lod it he Fes of the Romans. Although the pao iy the only ou for chi ft he maker rest point of remy oering tram exc for the ‘Gtastopie Roman dete nally wa rain nt wind tha wa respnsbe forthe cance of ‘combat onthe ver Anion 21 tn fat de ue cae was nperon at nach a he weather Hal as meg en tack on Rome deo shen ry mp ope onl Feaus Gio an Romane Ware ‘ough bade ad se wo sides reied ote camp: When the sme Thing happened sain on the following dn Haneda accepted the ras = omen and widrewaogehee™ Naval Antics Sip are the ‘hardare’ of paca at se and are onde the sap of this tron, t dened tthe begining. Tac on the other and: ae the Toftar the clement mom prone inflaece the cure of een 00 Gap aoy bss The accounts of naa cis in the chronicles are Stent pty andthe follesngrensars am to bring then gees. ‘he ey dao al warlte an engegement embed bate on land The tps were crowded wih igh troops and hopes, and when the ‘ponents cone within range they would pet each oer wi ein, Pls and other isles we the veel remained taonary: The sve ‘as determined pot yma acts bt bythe number and quality of the ‘terran ter weapons Ita called ith notes, boudig wou {Ske pace andthe bate we farther uname the appearance of bate ti Lind Thucyde dsr us sch a bate which wok place in 39, tevween che Coreyrtans a he Corinthians of she bot sands. Te ‘unc have been su the anal engagement to be fought in the old aioe! wa Alhowgh warps had been Sted with rams sce Homeric mex, Thucydides maker no mention of deliberate ramming ‘hitatte ay the ith century ware tes underwent to major change. ‘he me became the wandard wrcip and wth tthe ob method of {ghing pve wo ote tex The hip fuefbecame the mise, dependent ‘hon ac tctcs andthe seamanship ofthe crews, we the hordes of whem were replaced by a small suber of marines. Rarsing and Surang became the stadard order of the dy soplemented by farther (Svs and aneamres ech se the depos snd the prs Of these the Pb the enon to undereand: as simpy an ouaning move ‘cnc bercy a hip sips atthe end of an extended ine sale Towa ‘Sttume stackaenemy ee adship. The dips ao ‘Sieaking the tine Ine be form st occuted wen ship salle ‘Beane tn enciny sence ater pono to ack. Reng on {Snuperior gy commonly executed harp esr behind the victim's stern and proceeded to rr amie or tn te term. I the attacher owed Suficlent ails the manoeume could be improved by fst ‘caring the it's ars in onder ontobie Bim. Ths vecniqu as erect te Redan, vax effected confronting thew prow {prom ten veering to obese atte lust minute and pasing lene “Sltguide him whe te stacker hipped ious” There ba pac of Other Theme us accounts dealing with nna es and certain apes of his mance Sena subject of dette, otbly eoneeming the conditions neces for execution of the manoce, The tcc could be foresee Dy {Eploying ine ies ae thi woul sorte the Tne aed open the ects pepo, Another ingenious tcl wich ws developed y he Rhodlans ele dipping thes pro jut before omming 2 vse. The tert was nfs dage Yo the cum Below the wate he whereas the amier weeny sus sears high wp, Pos” reports tha chit ‘Get wor mente tle of Chics (201) between Philp V of Macedon Sind Ata {of Perna, butt appear to ave been tle ed ee ‘hen tora good rau, The Macedontnn nee excellent Sgr on ek, She Rhone were ing ery te aod being boarded ara rsa ‘ran iextrcable ange withthe enemy. There appear to have been m0 ‘ther report on th pane ete "Thc cele (bls) mans dense meat pied 0 flea which ll tn hips nee aoe ral with thelr prow: plang outwards. Tew tine lest cs weve tomes pact in he ence, rend 0g (0) ‘iin the cree wc was challenged y the ney, a nomen oat be protec in de sme yy. An example was adopted by the ‘Corinne st Chali in 29." "Anoel car ape y the Mins and was ed ring the Fs nym War n a encounter wh the Ahean Ue Paso ands (29) {hey ed deplete in rope of our and ted the een {am them, They mold then boar the enemy eral in onertlong ‘Rumbers Win en Achaea shia them, ty coped four que “remet and mink a quinquesome inti way Beare he fest ofthe enemy {hip abandoned the git and tuned forhome.® Tuya hs poo Tetord the we of grappling ony the Aenians during the acs ‘Emprign wasted rn meaare fo counter the tenga of som Cntr nm ing a ee ‘Tout iting om deck. They rbd forthe mest parton the wna nal Bess teh tanning wi or without peliminry daily and could be rmied that grappling might have been iste” primar os a tecrent to stack There appear o be no other mention of the we of ‘Fappling one by be Abert “Fhe Renn wee the mort acomplia seamen of ther day, and secre prable th the ine of fre cauldrons at deere nautical Serna tem Th everday of ‘Savon comeining fama tesa spend om two poles which [rejected outboard fom the prom I could be emptied ont ny vse that eared to close, The cic came into beg im the War agaist Inch fst resorded tse wa a Panos (220), the port of {Ephesus in defence gata 4 wearers stack by Poeenas on120 Ct en Rea Warf odin feet (p68). Unfortunately; onl seven of the ships were equipped ‘ih cron and they were de only ones tht managed wo eacape. The “Gv wae ned gam ler inthe mane year and ona ger sale tthe {ste of sonens(C Doane 10), which many of he Reman ships reece Cosas chnyeed incase apeeraet Themen ting bathe Romane wih nig ship ake trough he ‘em cenre where the enemy turned aide in terror a the aldo, Ib ‘ings they aed being rammed sndchip Ima that nyo a se Roman sips were destroyed in conta othe ene loses foo ‘apared or wnk (Appian sp tentnine) Toman aval ware every diferent tothe Greek waion. Before the inception ofthe Fen Punic War in 254 al thr baie ont encepon Id en fought on Tan i Tey hd ot pro equed 8) tn hey evenly found theta singlet in ry ow to bald Sn sil spn Ae they were adept ttn land and inet at naval ‘Sten they paced te whole empha om nrying mines ad ring sem raft In shor, they adopted the ld methods which he Greeks had Shandoned at let two cents prow Avan ai to bowing they “eveloped an ingenious device alle the us (wen), ich a dsr ty Pavia Bascal was a hips fot long baring plank it als fon ack side at hace height Avera ole athe peor psd ough & [age ole in he plank near ts tmer endowing the ak be ted ‘omer ota ene deck y tens of pay atthe op ofthe pe ev ed ft to tect bya lange pe on the wes When oi the the plank wae eared upright apis he pole” A marine wang te lnk obained sect by resing ished on teva Teas pain we forthe ft ve sn the ale of Me (25, p16), when took the ne ‘nfidentCarhgiians completely of guard and une gent atr for {he Romans Alter after tecovded appearance for Yet Iter fT Ecomus (258 p10) appears to have bee abandoned. al probably ‘cinay have inaired he sbi he ship and rendered them Het ‘pare in bad went Another Roman a boarding wa develope ‘atch later by Octavian admiral pip and ince at ‘the bate of Nelo (96). evar a catapaed rab, whch cone 2 ‘infor pe wha caw athe end and wth ing rope acing the ‘Stachng sip, When thr grated nrpet the rope were heed As Ben ship neta bched mates» meta ensue in which Octavian’ evi ps were lly own in pace, ower th would set ‘ate ide The diminishing diane betmec esp ws the operate 36 Decimus Brut, Caesars admiral equipped his let with long poles which eae oka he end. bot thi ws deve or the ok Purp of curing or ping cn tela he ship fhe Ven {2 Engagement in he Cull Moran, Phe oak vec the Nened were ther Themes am ‘oo ea bit bere, and ramming a eles As they were ttl ‘dependent on sal Bruns had the Hen of binging down the wis mmole de cat or toarng Asc happened den Tl sing the tte providenalyHealmed the pr and id mach of the Romans work forthe poe Soe sour reo a i Re p18 i Sees ae i eevee i Saas ee Saat tpt eeeneseysuenees Go a Roman Ware Part Two Tactics in BattleIntroduction the range of themes which have been duced In the fp Perhaps the lange of these topic concerts bile Wess wc eve he not et been corded ven bape ale Varin pees tte set have been inched sich a for exomple Hannibal ambos ‘scons on tring movement a ate esonn, and tacks i mi ‘anos among others. Bit thee events when tad In wolaton do not igre deste weigh to the wpe of bate tacts a hole. To ge them theif de they ned to be aed and ntne the content of te tates theme tis tin th wy that they ean be propery ed > ‘he factors ha Brought tem about and o hee eal elect 0 the titimate outcome ofthe combat. The parpone of the second part of this trent ety hi dicen n aon, each tte ae ont eet TS husorel tachgrumd wach not ifsuerly cons other ernie thle are eevant the ject mater fs work. ‘When areder persian account ofa bate, dramatic event aly stadt and ae ready abel Nore nor iniden are lable to make leapt snd toi ether oneroaked or ogee. The shor hms s tno exception to this fy On this acount. 2 theme mammary Sppended a he end ofeach bate av ck st and emis, Ie an ‘celal incident egretabi ome, a essere ila the TekMantinea (418) Background “The fint ade of Natinea tok place ding the Peloponnesian Vn “thick ces and allance were oth ade and broken. 21 the Peace of Nila wa slemnised Among oer nner the Athenian th hei ll, he Spartan th hc ae, pledged that mas to ben force or Years without dor duage by lind or sea" Tro yeas later Argos ned Epidauras As pidaaes was anal of Spar, he Spartan any ‘tnder King Ags I marched ot again Age o her defence The conte [i were athe pot tng bate when the Arie commanders Steppe forward and made propo Agifor' ace Ths wa rated tothe diggin a och smi ec of whe lt hat he ad meer had eter tance of atte ter ‘Sonali the Spartans ceed an urgent appeal for el from the “tgente, who ha een mole by the Mantneans The Tees ning cched the mer by sing hat lp was not fothoming ‘hey would tramicr their alegince to Ago This anise the Spats fmt sendiog thete whole force to Toye sad inmuding the temory of Mhandnen. The Avge, ho suppored Mandnes, ox tok up aval’ Itopregnble potion nthe fll This cane Ago dest rom besten ‘put the Mantneane ap! orn bi attention tack wo the Ares ho ‘Hs been Spar rime eney of ol But he could noe he wher where they nee He adopedscnning rte and ban to dhe the water cous Fm Tegner Matinan terry ding and hoping tht his would Tring the enemy down tothe plin'The Aries id ar much and de- Seni othe in here ty ome pin ae ray ho ener Si aie pra wre regi i et operon ned wit a fil army in bate der AS Thue sy they were ‘nore wed han they had eer bee td hey Rad ofr up ad deploy In'yecord tne’ Anoop Rng Agi andthe Sparta were uadoubiedy ‘prised bythe confvontaton, eens hat hae nota ace planned DY the Arges for that spec purpose. The Age ener ad ed hr ary into the psn, where hey camped with he tenon of aang on he ‘nemo in twa not there tthe neon te next ya the Slee fonmed up the order on which they mest a ight if ty made nat ‘htm (ry a) eam be ede ta thaw vray cance ‘enunter hic hepetel wo ecco np; pai boc Battle of Mantinea The frst of Manna ws the il set pee ae een we hepite ‘etc be ovo in tl Te ne ours forthe be Tomoye ‘tho adm that he inde pablo gv accurate nurs fo ether “yn the cave ofthe Spartans he tel that the rt rank conse {Hime sero the lee ad hat on aerage they mere eight deep, Dut ‘ren afer sllowing forte exclusion of th Sig, he rete oa ‘Hach georallycouidred to be fr to lo peal the Sprit ry toed Gh tg Cite Agee areas ‘Quotes 1:00 Athenian and ther S00 cavalry and D0 pike” Arges ‘Tass ide w go on but the picked Aves wee men who ha bee aly trained st the expense ofthe ate, andthe contingent ot other Age ‘ould undobeed have Ben any ne larger When the Maneane and the alow als ae inched the wale thought tone bee at eat TOo00. The sespecine deployments of the wo aie ae deta by “Thcyides and se shown i he accompanying bate plan. ‘When the wo armies fist se peso cach thet the Ages and thet ales were sleay in bate rer the Spartan om the oer hand, were {ken completely guar K mgt be hough tat under tes coos Shean ch po cou ane gh eae fetecn on the high sandr of Sparan onganinaion and traning At ‘Theyes say, "they had onl Ue shortest posible efor geting rad es ace i ae ad al prs An tre ed ‘pprached each othe. armies experienced the usa sift the igh reach than ought the protection onde tos unprteted ght de DY Ihsectghbour's tld" Ara rel the Manneas ob the led ight weg ‘tended x conerale dance beyond the Ste, wile he paras nt Togats overlapped he Athenians bya ven greater marin. Ae Ihovevee thought tat the Martnens enone so yond hitch wing forking, that there war conadrabe rk that hing on be cred. To counteract the thea he ordered his etre fet ing (he Sire andthe content next ther) vo mone Rare othe et fav the ne Thi et opin the Spartan Une bencen lt ing ant {ize Ag then ordered tro polemarche om the ight ning to mow eit25 Gra an Roman Ware Macincm 4 Arges Arjen Athena eS 2 OE VME en ee mummces{ {mma te en rot the ef wg ol he ap I hi eimai this anaes ‘elds ewe im with 4 mmerel sero on hi gh By hen Thoneve both arms were geingon the move and he pees eed fo cy the onder a ch cer ce Their den wel realy he Item omer ne they had been prt of pony aie en ray Botts nea Spr aay aed one of the met hgh sed proeions mir in Caeee In which the commander wa ful capable of ase ‘asad ang decom The polars were gull of dabedience and ‘Set lter chug with coma a aie fom Spr Returning to the moment In quesion, Age responded tthe pole art rfl move by ordering the lef wing to one Dck to rg {nal psn and rejoin he maa body is oder lag he gap. Hower the ery goin as The Manne changed the Soe oppose cm ind oem hough tem wile they were midmanoewre The et of the ale sight wing, he Aran a pee Arie then wept de {pan begun fo ence the eneny ng Many of the enemy mee Bled (Bab the rt were den bach of the Be na thee Dagge mgo Mauer were ooking beak forthe Spartans nl Age tered she sare ‘hin secu He charged she man bo he ger and et hem Tight and then tured bt stendon tothe Athclans on the enemy Be INing, Here the Tester already outanted the enety ng and the [param and gees gether tard to ncrle them The Athenians ‘ts ave heen totaly destroyed Ags had ota this pnt decided to "nt the ele of hit Deleaguered et ng. The Manteno and thei Ilsa been engaged i chaning the Site ofthe Bel when, seing Ag charging toward tem thy pe he rt and tre igh the proce they nee tached by de Sparano thee unprotected ight Fak und many of the Menace were led. This trade ad kes the Pres lf the Abentann wo hen had ne exeape The oes on he [ig nd alle sie amounted o 1,100 ta hone among the Spartans fh thc alies te a wo hve been about 800 ied, bt Thueyedes ‘cknowedge acer in he igre ‘Thematic Summary 1 Age nse of iertng the water court Unie the ses described in caer chaperone ts nettle ay deception or ape ‘euprn smang the Spartan” 57th aml i ote palace to he ight m they advanced, ern nerspping ofthe enemy el ing in ath ce {Pt dnobeience the no polar tdi commequencon™vo The At of Canc Warf 5 Theatuck ofthe Angie ight ing through te api the Spartan ne {The outlanking ofthe Atenas om he let ng bythe oelaping Spartan xing Pf ack on the wpeotecte shields flank of the eneny they ‘hamtoned the paris ed Toga 72 The Nemea (394) Bacon In 405 the Athenian dies atAcgspotan! cove Aes the pen of Kader among the Greek its The ae of hegemon psd 0 Spar tit pond abe change fo he wore. parts re war attoerae sth {nt tpebanded and aguante wo ase bos among the sates, ‘They mere pray aggeed by Spars wee a6 manested n het {alse wo evard sy ofthe sates which had epee ng the Peer onmesan war Maya hem had suflered more a sven hare o Eh than Sparta bene tyne no unnatural thatthe sates banded ogee oon confederacy gut he The ft reak eae wih Pesta ‘Aruacrcs fom te throne, Sparta ad vapid yr with woop, wick Si eden Pera an ato war gat the Great Kg As est [Mit Pena te erp trouble agai par inthe form af bes othe tier Greck sues Spurs esl footy sated the bl ling when on sone minor preet she ined Boot, wherspon Thea ted theo nthe pint Aen aod ne es or el. athe eam hoses Spars bles genera, panes ma hie at the ge of Hats 25 hd here wa an of bh aby Ho replace him Ths great bow for Spar encouaged fs te lrer ste, Thebes, Ans, Cra and ‘ge, to form a confederacy sist her They cane to lows in the {along yea (8) at the bate of Carn tok place west of Cinth Stl th eat ofthe Semen ie oe ich derives ame nd ow eneral refered ply she Nemes at of the Nemea “There sony one nadeque and perfuncny, account of the bate Xenopion' lena’ tn mitigation, ae to be sad that Xenophon wat ‘tng his memoirs and mots strc eae. Drodoes provides ol 3Gio an Roman Warfare ‘Covndiane Arges _ Faboeams Aer LEM The None ws single paragraph but he doce ie fe wel gre! The confederate ay coed of 2.00 nary wih comings from ‘Athen Agen, Hoe, Cota an Eaboa, and 1880 cal here wee ‘owe ight manly fom Cori ewan oppo ty de pastas $a thetalies, who ae ted by Xenophon to too 130. Howe Diodorus ger 2 more reac wal of 29,00 fanry and lem 500 ‘val Toe respective deplpments othe ten armies are shown Hn the Scconpenying bole pine: Ths so show tte Recon the ‘nfedcrat igh wing were drawn up ina una ep, Renophon does Sotstate he number nea He bat asthe Theban Bert Deu (23) ete mente deep ta probably amie Tn he engagement the confedertes were dhe Gt wo advance wth the ‘orotate lend Ate hy sled te ight the of {line lowed at un, secrdig o Kenopon, the Aden 0 te let wing heared aware othe isk hat they might be ented. But the Sleratne offered the even seater danger f eating api eine and this though lod them to hep in contact the leer nung thee ‘ping the Sparen were prevented by slo sara oven thee Fens at going oo Ava ren ey were not namely evar that the enemy adware ance: When they eae ihe a daw pth Une ins hurry Xenophon tele that an order ea he pred dawn the ne to the men to Beep i contact wih thse who were Tending and wo were in fc, te Spas temles might be tht that in 2 welained. Spar army mich a order would Have bees neem let here war omen peal lot ln the een he ine Ieuid vo hve icine thr ight and excended 3 far bond the ene ‘ing at only sof the Athens ber wee covered by the Sparen: The estof he Sparans nee unopposed These aed sits or moverens Ihenghtar dacumed wend ‘When the ace had approached cach oer the Bocoians om the onfederat ight outflanked the enemy ine. They wheeled othe lef and acd the Sparen aller athe endothelin the nk sd rted them, The eto the confederate lining thowe Adenia wo were ‘opened othe Sparc ales stacked their ponte numbers wih mst ne Ale ened Spartan alles hen tou ight ond were ped Irth vcr confedeses At the sume me the Spurn who mere ‘heaping the enemy et ng wheeled o tee and athe the ther fers ct Aiea (Gn corso nd ber cp ter) te Ba, Siig any of ther and ping the ret to igh By ti ime te fonder ho ad ben casing the Spartan ales had given up the [Saeed yer eee thc el Tic Beem cedighy machen (ape tBoc eeacing cm hcyresarned pres he Spreen Side oppornniy forking them on thelr exposed and protected ‘eta ue poem the Spartans ied the Aerie wh had opposed themm Gra an Roman Wife Sparan ales because he were aging bein the thes and were sil at 2 sace, but they caught the Ages, ad jeter mayo ‘thom were sin’ Then, proceeding om thelr way they stacked the Corin, flowed ty soe othe Thebans, may of whom were lo Eile Diodora lone quote the es He ges the igure 2.50 ofthe ‘confederates oppose 1.100 on the Spartan ie ‘oth sider at they stance? Although thre ae apparent siares Derween the bales of Mantinen (318) and the Nemea In hs espe el elas acerca at eg lect ‘At Marine he wo armies conffoned each other unexpected and hl ‘eploment were made haste When they adranced oth sides showed ‘ea amon stoma ito the igh a explained by Thar AL the Nemes the suston wa ferent. The two armies ad een encamped Spposte each other for some ae and had plea of une torte eit pane: They ght hae lard sewom fom Mantnes and decided hat rye ty ue thc vob cir ad aes Tn Ce ‘ved the Sparen thir movement the ight ws to rp to wget spontancoun dit Morenci ws acompanied by = dete oder the Taig cetan ee ote iaperia tating gare ‘movement tara planned manocure in which the mee probaly eared Svinte igh Th nih ead ig ieaeeietgeaat oa eed Rceri era mck sora ee, Trane) to deve the memento the right th ates However seliieae isl rticicstca ocean eaeroeet ‘hay confiory idence that tt draco the pat wan dele ‘manocarefor ths ppc ha be found nother happening arsed ‘cen i the eate ofthe Spartans In the eae of the confederate, some ‘idence co he found i he hao ofthe Athenian when they hte, Sou at they ght be ented by Cie Sparen i any comin ‘moving weet righ They were at lene mae of heaton tnd the ik Involved, ich sugges thatthe Bocouan movement es Ao js 3 patil rt eel edd ag thatthe Boeotans deliberate advanced obliques to the right as thelr cunuyman Epaminondat may have done (in oppose sense) at Lets (10, in which Epaminondas snow erally adopted an blQne halon formtaon wid the objet of retain i other ng Ths i not ply eo the Bocodans atthe Nemes, but Epaminondss may alo have ‘anced blquey tothe enemy line fhe so, ls uggeed nly Planch scott not Xenophon The Nemes bs ‘Thematic Content 1 Theil shift o the sght by the Spartan aan certaila dl trate marh ad no js spontaneous and nested dt Te cane fo the confederates more debatable, bt thee ome even 0 agg that thir move ote right waa deliberate 2 the etended sight nye af bth armies acolyte the ‘opposing wins SPP hn sack by the Spans wok the enemy om their unprotected ‘cle side when they were reaming from the prs, 1 Xenophon, nig 421625 3 Tham 971 4 eRe, hy Taryn Pa mp ee Uinta Pe hp.Leuctra (371) Backgound The great Thea general Epaminondas was the Best commander inthe Ilr history of Creee to py tie tcc optemasaly aed refine {hem presto unknown degre of excellence seat hry ner merely uproar ay a rca wa he i acon om Tewrested rom Sparta er hegemony (esp) oer the oe ates. “The sre fr hegemony among the independent te af Greece ha lbcen' fete for neta century: eos that Argo and Spat hd tren tack for to cents nrg fr leadership within he Peo- ponnese Th bate of Soper (404) finaly pot Spt tthe top nha Eine phere. Xerx invagonof Greece wat lager afar at. reat of sich Atben became the acknomledged lade i the tess 3 me “The mmequent declopment ober pre contre ber pean {he nal encounter i the Peloponneaan War at Aegosporm! (18) Bu {he real tring pin had come with he Athenian dino Sra Exped, nich afer to urs the expeonary force wan ttl) Seseoyed. ‘The Athenians ill managed to make ome reconery 204 52 few naa bates, noably a Cnc (10) afer which the Sprane made peace nerfs eas Maen hey nere rete he eas tr he “ihe ln thei whale let ba ih ships tthe Spr commander {yander without even ing a gee Rfsing to submit Athens cedure Faron he Acropolis and the hegemony pase Spar. As the ttle of Lees took place only tretyehee yeu after the ‘een, such of hat hs bees aout te tecrod oa be 2ain appa Tn the words of Green Sparta emerge rom the next Ae decade petap the most inept sate eet i aig pn fn Greece" She war autocrat, demanding, and Brand her rep ‘nae abroad were corp ad ranean thee sages ofthe war Serta obtained hee postion withthe lp of Persian gol but the reaionship war not ost When Gr aemped to replace his brother a the Great King 401, Sparta Backed hn ad sapped hm wih oop ‘nacowar agast Pern Ths ed open hone wc Ages a ‘Spar condacted 3 campsign in Ain (390-5) withthe avowed intention of berating the Aah Gree from Priam dmsaaton, Dering thi period “Aten stent working a at estore former nal demananee, ‘ih esa help andsbe fone a second nal confer Thee al, ned the Bocsan cle ina federation, Then event eto testy Ieoscen Athens Spar and They, which a drafed 371 (ced the Fee of Calla), reatimed the autonomy af eey Hellen hy none of ‘which could be compelled tac meme fs league In comequee, [ilps were to rel heir rons om foreign owe. Ans and Syresgnedthevey abvoating te empires but when Thebes nse signing om bb ofall cota itn, he ea eld. the ght ‘st Spara's hated of Thebes a showdown been tem war ineviabe 2 in contravention af the Peace Calla, King lebron of Spare o- ‘ded Boron lis objective wn Thebes athe wa aed by Eamon, ‘io bocked the main vote wth an army. Ceombot turned sata {o"taynt the bck bya ficult ome. When he reached the eight tricking Leer ot sotern pet he oud hat his maw gst bared by the Thehan army wich war sendy encamped onde fled orth ofthe valley. The two als descended othe al pain Dewees {hc and cnfnted ex oe It nd been chen by Epainnda st ie tht arn ern mobos tie ge Bate of Leura ‘There eno complete acount ofthe ae. Parc ses the bet account {bom the Theban sgl Nenopon gives sme well information bat is ‘count hat many omone and dae not even menton Epaminonds oF Pelopidan’ Diodorus ao, makes no mention of epi andthe Sacred Parc relies that he Spartan army conse of 10,00 intr and 1.00 os ahough the ater were as wretched codon Is cw Uhat the Spartane temas compre four mors ren whi it has bee ‘alate ha the Sparan meng my Hae ene ner 000mm Ab ‘he Sparanalls have bee ese aoa of 900: thee igure ae gecment vith Pltreh's grand ota. They a show thatthe Spans i a eaten tee ct ‘my infra them Epaminondar had et more than G00 men inal, according to Diadora” oe tet cv were nad fee paminondan gue fced wih the problem of dfening fore ofBe Gio and Roman Ware Sot Neate ape ‘considerable numerical superior His wokson wa nique tthe ine, presenting complete break wt al previous practic ad teadon. A (de Sprtan ommend entre ws meaty om er ight, Cpaninoaca ‘ae his hala on she let poste the Spartan pans, wich a probably tehe deep. The Theban plans, te other buds was “aly deep wth teat iy en perf The Sacred Band of 30 en sere probably stoned be onto the pala, (our eas previous 2 Tega th wal boy of men ad pained he ncn of ee sews be Iarer Spartan force forthe fit ine)" Epaminonda allies, ho wer ess ‘dependable were deplored in echelon on the igi thi pala hey seve ited to refs bate, Thi tk yet Bx a om te ‘Sparan alin who oecpied the ent and Ie of thee ie, preventing them tom going he ance af he Spartan pa The Theban e ‘therefore aan igual to the enemys oman ad presented a row but dene font on the lef. Contrary 4 cit, the Spar ‘tioned their vale ab. sree in font of thee cente and the Thea fal opposed tem. This was depart om te wal practice ta tien which the iy were general placed on the wing "The action ws tg te aly ad the Thebans apialy gained the imcendaney might hme been expected om he respec conetons of the hore. The Spartan ena wees poor and were easy fred ack fot throw ie, which they dsp. This elect prevented he ‘Spar ales tom ging an siscance to Combronde ‘rent that flowed While the ary acon rain progres Geomrotas ‘ode he ripening eat to his ight wing rom the Than pala. (ecoriog io Paar wu adracing ob and wa hentai © ‘dw ight wing sway om the oof is tine. Combronde ‘cad ht wing ster to the ight wth the objet of ouanking the hen plans by mseara of ha nuperioe numbers The manoewe had Srted te organise hi wm line when, a he rail moment, he mas ‘Ghghtinntmanocure by ightsing charge st the double by Pelopan eh hi Sacred Hand. (Put Ue le oare for ths manoee)." The incs Gcorbrotan wo led anid npc of corp whch nat hare fier duped the Spartans Neer, hey managed ever is thy before the net oso, wich wey Epuminonda, The acon (tthe Sacred Band had paved the nay fe bm apd he hed een lowly Stvancing heave pha He now cred the al weight of ‘Sop tonmaion ine the mile: When alo the Spartans had een led, there broke ind ed wo theircamp flloed by healed contingents ho Mh ben ese pects This pu an endo conten ck Rd ee Feaghtntrely on the Tchan eft Xenophon sys that abot ,00 Sparta wereld including 400 of te 900 Spars. indors ges a er Figure ne than 0 Spartan gun Boss omer fost 30 Tro lopcs dese uber mention. The fre the Spartan line-op le acing Dodo stacked both ofthe enemy ng with Be Increscnt formation Cael nds his us fear "alin and he Poin wo te aimence of een hit of anything unui the other eee Ti wertngs overs sogyse tate Disirm corertand te ings di advance osc, he ine would hae bowed Beau he cote Saureneed om adancog ty the cna font On the Spartan ght {cry advance by Cleombrots ater the cavalry ad engaged ls) [meee by Ncoapben Any nant tendeny of te Beran ne 010 Gia and Roman Ware scopt a crescent shape would have een futher enanced when. the Sparan arly mere driven back oto ther centres fore i ack. The vecnd point for dbcasion concer the meting ofan “gue crane’ which i ambiguous and could meat wo deren ings At Cuts Epaminondas thued hie weer rightwing by pling. the ‘otinent in eclon otha he we ne wa ig tthe ener Inch stance, tbe term ‘obique advance bea appre Cowl" te sare ime however there een te oreo hy ‘he phalane or indeed the whole oblique formadon, coud ot hae anced to he Jetty marching down ane wich we ogo t the ‘eminent re close wo i and then whecing to canon the ‘en head on, (To ave athe oblique wh sl ona igo ine of ‘march would hae exponed the sbi side fhe plans othe ene) ‘This bam ternune meaning tothe ter obque akan” bat the 0 ‘manocies cod ene The words of Pace tha hy "At real ofthe Thebans at Letra the prestigious hegemony ped to Thebes, but only for ten yee During that period ind e- ended on ome min, Epaminondan who as hile in combat t Manin 362 In that tt hi ats were sma thaw Ler, bathe ded two other ter which are worth mentoning Sn the present ‘nection. Wher he advenred ono the bo be i et ake ps Poston ‘it oiteon a hting that day thereby catching the enemy of gsr ‘oth plec of data be sed dete emer posing ‘ayo fot ad ws on nc gh rome oni ihe prea Baa ae bythe enemy ein on hs aan” Wi hi edhe Thebans Teste pene can of Ube age Thematic Summary 1 The wets of paminonds were 0 none ha te Spat were en {it guard and were unpepared, 2 Epuminondas wat the fet Grek commander w pice emphasis 00 they concentration foe atone po the cn seo fem ay, tH neaded their command pot. The deny of the ‘Theban phalans was puedo the vecordd mito Bly mea, ging it row Dt dep ont” "Arar af the reat deph ofthe phalanx my of the men were not ommined athe rt ofthe bate, Thy were convenient ere ce "Canary to tom, the cary nee used infront ofthe ene ‘there the mperor Theban fore drove the enemy hone bck nto thee ‘ne, drpeing them” This preven them fom ging 0 the a m lean ofthe gh ng 5° Epuminondas oie formation mean that hi ight wing wih it eae felbie roope wan refed and did nx engage guna x the “posing Spartan ales, preventing them om ging the aatance othe Sram 2 Epmminondas obique advance tended to dem the Spartan ght wing 7 "eombrona started o extend hi ght wing further he right ‘uta he Pht pan 1 The charge of the Sacred Band ugh Ceombrotsin midmanocie, further drpting the enemy prior wo he man atack by the pa: a) Epaminonds ach on he raped enemy gh wg wa et Sao an ee een ener menace Feo pe ee eet ar 4 Rrra iam Be Bt coin 4 Soren 3 icpoameaeishChaeronea (338) Background Philip Ho Macedo, the victor st Cassone, wa not ony a ret solder bata esman and diplomat of no mean ear. His i a 0 Enc wa the coganaton othe apirrd Macedonian rio the ‘Bow clic itary pote he Enon ren tat ie, The Sed the bas for hk to pe ims to gin sopremary ove he Gree aes, visi he ackowed adobe the Pra emp, wich Be ote tie youth be Had spent sound hee year setae fn Thebes here he tece well sequined i Epaioras and Peopidas, om whom he ‘Gime ench, He ea pot adiner of atheia cue ‘On hic acceso, Philip's fa pron athe ubminon ofthe ei touring ne tees wo that he Goal devote Hate wo is plan wich avin eonvaney to lok one haber He then beg to itrtere Grech pit in wich he eam op agains an archenem in he person of DemesthenesItmasserbuent pero for Greece, in vhich the estates sve died snd polis ed sea cach ther Pip anept {Xilpng ove se lf against anothe, and he seemed o hae the back of {etn Mise nied wo do things wich were so Dest interes $e nstnce enced an pen eH Apacer Corel 6 lead campaign again the dient Phoiam. Is tecogion of bis ‘ce the Phocians righ the Cou were Waster Mh Sid in addon, he nated to preside over the Peian Gamer He wars ‘est champion of Theta whee In 44 he expelled some yas and then proceeded io rerun the aminibrave pem For these 28 Me tur evarded ty the Thewalas nih the appoinment of schon of her {age fre eter alte ont cred wi ete ae of thelr cay, “The afar which ultimately ended in she bale of Chaeronea ook place in 399, Delegates fm Lacy proposed to the Amphoe Counc at ‘Atens shoud be fed forthe improper vedednton of certain spl Chaco 6 “Athens as anuious evade thee, hich cond iva he dectaraton fs Sacred War agin her When the Athenian oar Seach wed ‘oceply he countered the change by accusing the Lorian of Aphis of fulurading land wcred to polls The Counel then delat Sacred War ‘sn Loerie When Thebes and Aten fl wo sport Philip wat ined w ake command af the Amphiesonic freer, He accepted wath ory, having pony engineered the tation mse. Bat tend of tnaching agus Amphisa: he proceeded wo cep the fore of tes, ‘wich conte acess to Bost: Ashodoun as ety fate ong Demonihener managed to achieve the nenimponbe ancy nay tiancebeocen Atos and Thebes snd cotined f= proceeded hold the panes When Pip eat move threatened ther fan, they ‘ithdrew tote plan of Chaerones where they tok up a strong defense neta Agus or Sepembey Pip moved soutiard toh he ps Of Ponpotael eters hie aed Chere reed ee {Chacronea wo conor the ney Batt of Charmer Lewin nen frm te mien choniclr st the bt of Chern S88 ac than almost anyother bate of comparable ignsnce. Tha e ‘hanged the face ofthe known worl and ge power ovr Greece to Pp et Macedon woul! scarcely be muraed from the for ne of odor tid rie entry in Porn The cedocan Soap Upthe former hive conse at eas 200 coal and 30 000 inte The aes ale uk Jn pat on a epson {Ges Php the numerical advantage! Moder estimates ite backbone of 12.00 Theses hopter and 10000 Athens bt there wee also coe ‘ingens from Ace, Corinth, Megara, Phock, and other aster nth = stllening ef 5.000 mercenaries, totaling around 35,000. The phalanx froaly compen about A000. The Athenians were commanded Oy free genera Cates, Lvl and Stes. Concerning de bate et ‘neat mat erly dependent upon econtaucdons best outstan- Ing of which By Hammond I based om archacliest a top ‘raphial evidence as well ality conderatons, and it brings aft of {tore ends ogethertenprtnsdsteresinant were the tenho of 2) the Acropolis Chaerones() the mound on which the Sacred Band ook inssand ad () thee sean which entered the pain fom the south. Reader are refered to Hammond account fr the ence and he ie eee reacties ‘he oo ow the Acropols of Chaeronen on he wena the rerus Goh an Roo Warfare (Cepia o the northeast. They depo st da. The Geeks ad aleady ‘scrupied their pniion belore Php ave The Ahenian wee o the lead new were ther alles and etcnare The Thebane were nthe {athe ce i ed se a mpd pa Stand on'a mound near dhe Cepia ver with marian beeen er Id ound hich provided ceo the ight fa, The mound a been excited ad Meniied beyond cesomable doubt Hammond mate the Grek ine war cpt despa aypacng oe mete it ‘oul have ben dee omeres inet The fig woud hen hare ‘ted on har fu eas of he kre alley Lghearmed oops (at ‘Sow nse be plan were sone in the yp Between is pot ad {heal blow he acop Iewsastromy pasion ith ay ee © {nef reteat to the Rem as ich shel be needed. Opps he “ic, Pip shane hi ine igual in eation wo the ale ine with is {ign winged pled rope ein an under hi conmand Sl fret the rghtand beyond te wing Be satoned + Body of ighearmed oop {cs omit frm he pla) tn the pp bermen the wing ad the ‘Onin exerne et es he Crp he ced the hey cay wer Fsson Alesanden the eighteen eas ld Beteen these eremes Wa the gene! phan The leg the pala ha been ema ot tealy toandshal Homer, smn’ depth of ten en whi hat Teen rend a the norm in he cay Macedo pa. Although Frilps obque adrnce nox entoned inthe cries, becomes ‘hriac oe the acquent vent "The scion sured wit eit mone by Philip, which effective ettmined the fur course of the tile, Kee ecored by Fajen ‘When Pip sgh wing had made contact ih the Atbenian wing ‘vied ofl bak padually and in clove formation bu sll aang ont wth the eet The shoal ate he Athenians the preston tha they weve winning ane they stacked wih orrconbidence and in 4 ‘Senta donde tate lle Sates ured hem weep pressing the ‘em ck to Macedonia: The Macedonian withdrew bower. as ‘in Pip wa heating for some hgh round hich woud prowse & (pringbear fr crmtratack ost tomentose toed this ine fom but ths saponin umber of proiens Haond Zeonvnced tat the high lsd was provided by the Danks of he er Tacmony whch nd et Bult up prevent the Coding of the ‘erounding Ind for which there fete erdence. When is men had tine teateantage othe higher poston alr by he bans, they Tnuched'scounerstack agar tre Aen Purch, a nate of CGhcrone, denies the Hscmon wath the seam that ws clled the SThemon fn conjctres tat dese the name Hacmon frm the ‘ed hich sme waters ed ar the ate Te Hacmon i acepred te Hon of Philip's widhdrora, ever cer ntrence follow toma the ft pace, Philip mst hae ‘ead wat ony cards bao Bs ghana ae dean the Aen to tir ea thy ada to maintain cota wih he hey Thin fun would have extended ah weakened he ie which ‘ould have erested the danger pap opting somenere alo it There Ito menion atthe Aetna urging trough vu geen coms6 Ge an Roman Ware leat hat therein aol ont. Ate other end of the Greek ine we iow that the Sere Rand efecto move bat sted ecuny on the ound, om which cy fght to te a man assem Hh. the Thctns manne cot withthe enn by ienngt he they arace, he apo hae deeloped bere het fhe Than infant and he Sacred Bad Ww ler Ph itnon to “eae chap inthe tine trough which Aes sd teeny cold Sg. Moree it was nce tha the yp aul ceed bys on tithiraval cre he hinseifcounterataded he Aenian it ng and roe etch ‘While Philp ws withing to the Haemon, te Macedonian lt wing and ene ws abancig sey ne oe ote ene: Wek the expected gap developed, Aetaner and sear suged in and teak he Bee hie the cry hich sumed the Soret ‘Banda amid it The may stench forth ly ach he Then pals inthe aka easly tne fm he cas fd, The Gres were routed an fled any thet managing sae fo the Reraa Pan Near, Pip had launched hs countersink om the ‘theian onthe let wing They were den bck bat for tem xe th Ker ann ni Pie eigen eh en wtch the Hacmon owe! an wich an eldane whee many mee ited or capeerea Philp wa then na poo elope ene ise fom the west end There. were any mae fuer Gace emowhenes) bt tey wee Ss exc oer the Reta Pa Dons ‘sta 1000 Atenas weve il sd 2000 capesed mos of tem probaly in he Ese aly Thee were alo ey lowe among he Bocas but eter rene ben pen ter hs ny Pp and apps noua ight ad he did ot pune the defeat. He was hats his teument of the Thebans ‘gain whom he bore gruge: toward the Aitenans he we lene Towing that he would ned thi lp nd para thk ay at igs ait or ‘When the md upon which the Sacred Bae faght othe ft man av eacrated its ound a be andr command pe). Oni {Beoghtto be the teing place ofthe Sacred Band of $0 tc ote ‘entin on 254 varios now thought ta thse were Macon ‘ho were li tat area, The Tactical Mechanism of Pips Withdraw Pili’ inal withdraw the Haemon rue further consideration, ‘There are two mayen wh cole een ole. te fst Paps Charnes ur right wing would have marched stony backwards wid is tont and ‘emp acing the enem The second method would have involved untermarch a manoeane whereby the pan was inserted 0 chat {ace nthe dieton rom wich it fad ome te leaders elng 8he e font (ce Gloay of Tasca Deis). The pala would then have fared forwards avy tom the ene whi shiek wang round © protect the ment backs There wee ee pet of couteareh wich Tierea comadersby in detail” The Macedonian eoustermarch bo tance which appears to bea ftveat and ths would eneouage te ‘lips witha sok only by Plycous very bi but two hey words lave Been vanouly interpreted. They have ven ie to verge “panon reading the mechani wich war adopted. One of hese words hin, wih aly eer to the hope’ specie pe of held and It snot aplcable inthe pose content Hower in the ral tea dene ‘Teapon sts nd stor nding that the Macedonian hala ould ive mched backwards protec in rt by i spears pga he “The erat i tp wich men ak Sree or, specifically of soldier, to face about of to be reed or Iver oro aly The aus mening would sce cover oth ofthe ‘mechanisms which are under dacusion here Ie spparent hat he words [FPoyaens provide no Indaptale sooner to the problem. I hey did, there wou be no cn for dcaton nd no dierent pinion! There ae, ower neo er pan wich ae wet mento a efi pce Paent sye thatthe plains reed soy step by ep. This Mierendy tous bckerd march providing the dance was not 00 {fest Hanmond has enna ha van about 50 metres and would ake ‘Sout halfn hour On theater handy good enemy commander would ‘sie fcr arth won ot pa ti ne wl {oeson te ahesor arp and wpe ap. appenel at none of ‘Be thee Adhenn genera could be clase os geal and Philip probably ew ths and might have gambled according tn four ofthe counter fnarh theory ti mous tat seing the enemy uring Ce backs and ‘marching mvc woul do far move to stilt he Athena elton and {ecing thar hey were winning tha facing» Hedge of spears. Pojaers Stem tht te Macedonians arched step yep ceri Sages 4 {ctor mach bt cold abo be applied wo aso countermarch The tmanocins ecw ae ote ime The me vad yee method (fo the ely important torn Phishing lato esuflen ‘Mow the Gree eo ne upto the left and erate the ial ap farther Hammond and his adherent favour a baloarde march by Philp wing ‘on he otra of the coin Generel Fall leat envaged a count {ach when he wrote apropatChvonen that with hola few hing couda rec an Ra Worf ‘be more dificult shan retire in feof an aden, tr about ad unch an ates (the air re mine)" Pale, wang in 1988, ner ‘mentions tackards mre, which Hammond Id propane ey ass ‘tie The il vert remnins open oda Thematic Appraisal 1 Philp fei ideal the By tc om which emmed vitaly ile subsequent planed manor 2M ured on the Athenian et ing 9 the ont amd yf heey ‘echogenic ee 3° This mean! thas pop wan rae omer along he ine, roby Ieee the ented the Sacre Bao on he een ight, “Trop i gap Aland an thay ards ing he se 5 Alerander surrounded the Sacred Bad, who hd refs move an ‘ereanniisted| Meanie Philip counteraacked the Athenian ef wing and routed it 7 Therestofdhe Athena ews he oie frm bth end Jin Memo 0,18 863-1 ech ipa cepa 101% Me LEC, Tn Aimar en Wart, The Hydaspes (326) Background Alexanders comple ting of the Hytspes (he rer hela) provide the immediate bacdground tothe ate. Ievas the het ahd mor Involed mance of ind nthe ical er The following acount of thea dhe ate Ded An's Aner the mon complete a ‘ot univer accepted secount' Other versions mented belo te thew of Crt Rx Drodoran and Pasar although Ddorws des ovis the rer coming When Aleander ried onthe weet Bako the er he ws confronted om the oppo bask by Pos, King of the tow to Alexinder that set crowing ofthe river as oa of the Surndon snd that he wo ave wo resort ope He had prev bee {Sa or the recepon tnt mene ne hd seat men ck Co the fier Inds to collet the boats which he had wed nthe coming of at fier and to ring them othe Hie. This ioe cating dem ino {wo or three seeuont and tramporting then in cars for subsequent ‘cane, eane Aleander encouraged hitmen to move around trop, rating sin ons, eaching for pombe crong pices, and [oneal appeating to be ily cocpied Prax ntent om badowtng em {Sn otacrmag all ur acer, ws kept perpetually on the move witout ty mee: At night Alerander kept ening is mounted oops op and dom the bank snd aking + mich nea pnb wl Pore ele that he wanting ted nd was ule n'y fale ee fear a ‘Aevander had intended. ora tnght at Alexander woud probably walt veal south the rainy neaon ad ened before stacking ‘Atzander onthe ther hand; was heen ste a s0n pole a ached Lis cars tt Abia hereof Sacks bcd expe bis Iceni of jining Por and Alexander natal wanted ome Bele ‘hat cou happen "The pce hich Alemader ha stir for crvtng wow sid by Arvin fo be at bend about eighteen males (vente homes)0 Gio ond Roman Ware ‘pean, where a wooded promontory preted nthe res opposite ‘aly wooded and In ove ti, searches or these ene ave Tevlewed ty ule, nina crcl amemment accep the convacing ‘Conchnios of Sir Aurel Sei at Aletandereamped at mer Harp td rowed the Hydpes seventeen ands half mies wpe tsp? [Ath pont there es weaned eadand wich could eorespond ith Ariat precortyacs tgs nin the cum The hcg cmbences {tthe deeb fexures ih one excep, tamcy that the ever ker uectaebent arp. at ene ei ean) ‘thot actualy examining the far ide ofthe headland Ie ware the Ireaand: under the wes that Alexander cole the shin Hon which ‘tre then file ith ay andthe bo wich nd ben ecosracted. On Isto he ste he was areal maa secrecy fom prvng ees By smahing + detour aay om the shore To ado tht deceptions: Cure tin spemanent guard and an offer Greed to Imperonste the King” ‘Wen te real Alsonder et om to eet he eoning he eft rere The tne cpr a uicece reco dco Porm gett ge enough force sera the iver leander panned to rppiement the main crowing ‘st subir roi These would be elected by groupe tea hd ‘poste bah of enemy Craters as gen stractons ot 1 tempt a ‘Rising mec nko orn Pore soved aay om isu ogo ‘he oppo bak ew he suse sce aa season, and during the night of the croming here rar ele rm nich eed to cone the ne ete iy the ll the preparation and the embarkation. The ran stopped jt beste dav a the Woops were tng embarked. They numbered aout 500 sft and 5,000 ena. They crowed and dsenasked on wha {hey amet the mainland, ony to find tha ft nas apother ~ and larger ~slan hich was separated om the mainland by »natow bat ‘ental founds ford and managed wth eificly to wade arin ater ‘i apt thie apt and the horse neha: A soo 8 the el the $tind the were sighted by enemy patrols wt galloped off to epore Fors ‘ccond time Alerandermasalled hi men a ed of ims with he howe. There are onfcng account ofthe subsequent evens but Aa cep the account of Polen son of Lag. The fater says dae wa Porson who appeared wit 2.000 hose and 120 chaos (The aio por range ren 100 4,000 esraly and 6 to 130 caro), Whe The Hoa br ‘he nin cay ing 400 of then inching Porn son. The chats ot stuck inde mod eae bythe ane and proved ace When hese ‘Sent ere reported to Porshe found ham nara, The op ‘under Cater in the base camp ad taken adage ofthe ierson and ttre to he scen beginning erm the ver Wh pay shoul each? He made qulck decal to ight ov ith the King of Macedon hams Lessing ons few elephants and net to deter Cater om nding be Ioched withthe res of hi force f $0.0 Int 4:00 early 300 ‘ow and 200 clans to confoot the ene, Selecting place wha Bate of the Hydaspes ‘Whe allowance made fo pei loss tcl that Pons ad ‘wth hin 30,00 nan, 0 coal 180 chars ad 200 eps Thevam he pce hr elephant about a hundred Set (iter) apart tocar the eine, Phe vas infty unt formed te weond a; ‘which was sa srenge so olin the fp betwen the ep Muito, sere were sho some infyren oa bth ning outage ‘lepant ne and ally cavalry on both mings with chariot in fon of “Mer Alexander’ infantry had cat up with him elon his cay ssackon For sn, healed thet reaper, When the suengt of ‘ears nit are aed wp teen tat hs wl numer were around $25400 inary and 8300 Cae In other mor he weak i foot ‘skiers ty cmnparon nt or bt ha more thn double the amber ot ‘Gly When he looked tthe neni’ arya elephant be feaised hat Stromal ack war ut ofthe quron He decided relyon hn superiors) In-caly aad womowe the ager par hr esar toward he ene et ‘ing with ie making mas aeck in that sector Newt hee Coens Si Demetris with thet evar aero hee Lett tssuctos w ‘ote te enemy aay on For right sh flo them r 000 a hey ove cron their lett an deter cary. Cleely he woud on be Fa postion do hse had remained cen in te meanine, Ti Pint no problem ae dhere wee aro undiatons sound the periphery ‘Aewom atthe opposing armies were within range, Aleander sent his mounted cher aga the een eft hing he hope of apg This was followed sp immediatly by charge of the Compton ed Dy ‘ander hima, nent on catching the enemy whe they were sil “ordered. I the proces ey ll the hats were pu otf ation by {he camiy” At this pola Porus decided to Pool all his cal sthdriing the ore rm “other sections (eh ight wing). Puller,m Gi ad Roman Ware = — a (et followed by Green tole that this action by Por ws engineered by [Alecander who had deiberatly tached wih abate sulicenc of horse “The den was encourage Port think tat reife be ol he next ound Hoyever when Cont ebered the nan ary he ‘enemy rightwing moving wo the het behind the libs, he abd Domes Tvs not lng efor hey appeared behind the enemy ho ad ned he The Hyde 3 ef nk Tin fone the enemy odd i fread face Both a 2 vel opporingAlsanr wile there ered w face Cost Another Soper no presented ic © Alexander who pred ir stark ile Tency vere whesing abou In confson he fda cea fl ack {or promcion pon thc pans, wo were beng drive trad 10 ‘he Macedonian cly. The Macedonian plant now ade She ote ines preceded byte srmed ope Vey oars ‘reamed atthe mans snd tr base wich went ws png Into he faery of both sides neg comer damage an deat The Indian coy, cog pi he me of he gp managed to aly and ack thi Macedonian counterpei Bu once op hy were Teaght of and weve ped ack onto the cepa, The Macedonian ‘Gly then combined together ato 2 sage group wich sce ‘Snel one actor then ster ining ess ler om the emery and “iving the kepans back rerun hey were comple bomen AS they thndoret about nthe conned spac. te ramped Yo dest both [cn and oe ke Iewan the Inns who fered ert jammed ih {heclephantrand with no space wo ove The Macedonians are es aly Stinfetre a hey were eae he ring. I due cure the lepbant ‘erame ted und were coment back aay wih nothing ove han ATampedngs To Aletaner his wan he nga ring he coronation to Siren He vuvouned the ole mas sd then ordered Ri inant Teck sheds nnd vance, Mont of the suring nd cavalry were cL two av ako were many the nant. Te aro wo managed fd gue were punted by Crura an he men who had eroned the et ‘ite they atthe ay wa cet, and wee fresh forthe case, ora fought coutaenuy whe bier end Many of ia en were ti ‘es, splendl gre vs tobe ound he tick of the ncn wt evar ounded in he shoud ater neh he ws fred to than 1 Aare on prt fs by wich eno proved by his tough corse. ‘Neder unioa to ect him ace toc ode wp i and sed the ‘ranted syn Portree ht he wae ct more tha be {Tenet ars ing. Aloaner yan so impreed by Bis enue and igi ita ne not olf estore is gor 0 hi but more than doubled the ‘hen fh ean rom hat dap Por emaine oa end othe thie uk ‘Aran pu the ces at 20,00 Indian infantile, Dt be docs ot ising betwen the led and he cptred. Diodorus ges oh the Sane foal o on but ss tat 9.00 f them were cape. For he Than cary Arian puts les 8.00, vray the whale force On fhe Rowan side, Arvin the aa ihn ten mounted there and 290 cary of whom owe were Companions. gure of “gh owe among the Roma nay cm remataby al ew of ‘ crnge Diodorus hm move Fnac 27001 an Rama Warf Thematic Summary 1 The mon notable event in the present connection as Alenande’s rnin of the Hap Inthe face 0 i enemy om the appene ben ‘The complex preparaions mere acomplhed with the aio mers {cin and other deceptions Porus was kept continually othe mene ul he decided call and ead hia On ewer tthe ite ‘tthe coming (about eighcen miles fom his ae) Aletander made ‘etour inland to maintain sere een reported that a ook of ‘Alsander held say amok opal tent near the ae 2 Chance lent nping hand nthe form of tron he night ofthe cal croming Ie drown the row tela nee 5"The chau sent oppose Alsander onthe fr bank go ck in the ted ad were mio {1 nthe bate the enemy's mumerous elephants prevented 4 ronal ‘ach Alesander responded fy Iunching saw atk agai i et fn He surmised cored that Fors mo e forced wane eal ‘on the righ ng arom to the left With fore Acrande had planed ‘alr oppoute them but ot of sight Their job vas wo reasoner sad Tollow che nan ava wbich freed the ler to die th force and 5" Alexander ent his phan to atack the elephants, which wet forced mck agains thet one. They boxed nthe Indian aly ad ifay ‘manyef whom were trampled w death in the confined ace. {5 Grates and his force inthe bane camp crowed there when the ma as clear ad, Being es, comdacted a goa chae of thowe whe had Tope vin nae 384-152 ag mi R183-103 coe Hei Gama Ad he Gt Wa Won 88, 1 en Alma of ado, 96-726 etl, Unie fabri Pra, 0h cape pT 9 Ae wf nen Gen ai we ‘estefan und hte pet acon mn pps te case ‘Tere wo. Sn ch Paraetacene (317) ‘Tadion bids ht hen ted obi deat ed no be wold succeed in, he vepd the wrong Ths proved wibexecpe for ino perpen ia feng ong woo the iran remained Sine tnt tout hough ros part ofthe Empire wee amined o ‘arn Secs (he Dec: per ha gn athe max Be ging oxy sured The ne who we oie wo eit the emp and to emerge through the mark of plc nique ad Aiplonsic warbve are uldmate suceucr wer Antgoaus Movopl (Glimer He'ea one ofthe ole and mow seo Aleanders gene fresenng colowal energy tnd ive. Aer Aloander deny be a3 lone stare prt of fala Minor ands of gener importa «com: ‘crt portion of Aleraner® roy. His ox dangerous opponent ad fil war Eurmenc, who bad sccrpanied Alecandr oa Rit ana ‘ie ofthe al sere, Alcan imprened y mene pons tay sesh one the mon previous po inthe aay af Ripyach othe ack Compasion cay A few yam afer Aleander’ tiath Eumens obtained tne ornmané of the Arges (the Shc), ‘eters of Actander capa, ower ith Barone ing ia Reiter uence moet formidable opponent pu a hisenergs ine deatyng hi He flied his al through Pheri itn the mtrior and then through fais to Sa Tere, Een tanaged vit tical t sequie te llegiance ob of Macedonian troops uo were on te pt of bing dade. Thos enforecmens ‘rou his pubes up oan aprons pay wth hose ok enemy St thy ake re Ms condeabe spec in elephant mas wea ‘ttt Anion aug sph Eunenen When umenes ear this Thal aprenc, he mated wo he er Faxagrs (Karun and encamped Sheek (esu) tank Thier fled fom te mountains dom ino he ‘Tit Ring wet oe an ara where owed bay he Wee