B.V.Beicoukui, A.A.KopxHunosa V.I.Vysotskii, A.A.Kornilova ADEPHbIN CAHTE3 VU TPAHCMYTALIVA M30TONOB B BUOSIOFMYECKMX CUCTEMAX NUCLEAR-FUSION AND TRANSMUTATION OF SOT 0) 134 IN BIOLOGICAL a Tt io bs ae ow TP JG 2) rs | 8) >a ~ Vora tecrao B12) ed ac PO)Coyep»KaHne Tapa 1. Bregenve .... 2... eee 9 Taapa 2. XHMuyecKHe 3JeMenTHI B OHOTOrHYeCKHX CHCTeMaXx. Wcropua acbdbexta TpanemyTaunn 14 Taaza 3. U3oronnpiii coctas GuocucTeM H ero BAMAHHe . 22 Taapa 4, OkcnepuMentasbHoe HccAeqOBanne TpaHcMyTauHn M30TONOB HM XHMHYCCKHX 9J1eMeHTOB B MHKpoGHOMOrHyeckHX CHCTeMaX ...............--- 28 4.1. Bri1Gop MeTOAMKM 9KCMepUMEHTOB M MCHOb3YeMbIX OMoMOrH4eCcKUX OOBEKTOB.. 2... eee 28 4.2. KomOuHupoBaHuoe McceHOBaHve yiipaBialsemMoli TpaHCMYTALLMM M30TONOB B pacTyliMx GuoOrM4eckHUX KybTypax MeTOaMH MeccOay3poBCKO ClieKTpOMeTPHA M MaCC-CIEKTPOCKOMHH 2. ee 31 4.2.1. Hecaedoeanue mpancmymayuu uzomonoe 6 Muxpo6uonozuueckux Kyasmypax Memodom MeccOaysposcKoll CHEKMPOCKONUM .. 0... eve eee ee 32 4.2.2. Hayuenue ynpaeaaemoii mpancmymauuu aeekux u npomeocymounvix nO Macce uz0monoe 6 pacmyweii MUKpo6uonozu4ecKoll KyALmype ¢ NOMOLAbIO NAZepHOZ0 6pemMA-nposemHoeo Macc-cnekKmpomempa ...........5 4] 4.3, HaOsomeHMe MW Macc-cneKTpockonHyeckoe UCcAeqOBaHHe ympaBuisemoit TpaHCMyTal|Mu CpeqHUX MO aTOMHOMY HOMepy H3OTOTOB B pactyulel KytbType ........ 45 4.3.1. Memoduxa pa6omol u Memodei uccaedoeanua .. . . 45 4.3.2. Pesyasmamwi u o6cyacdenue 48 4.4. HaOmoneHue TpaHcMyTallH TAXeABIX H3OTOMOB WM MCCIEHOBAHHe MeTONOB yipaBJIeHHA MpoleccaMH TpaHCMyTallMM B pacTyWMX MUKpOONOMOrMyeCKUX KYABTYPax oe ee 51 4.4.1. Kamaaumuueckoe eauanue yesua na appexmuenocmu AGEPHOZO NPEEPAULCHUA NPOMCHCYMOUHDIX U MAWCLABIX uzomonoe @ pacmyweli Suoaozureckoli KYaomype....... « 51 4.4.2, OGuapyokenue mpancmymaxuu maowenvtx usomonoe 6 pacmywueli Suonoeureckoit KYADMYPe . 6+ vee ee 57 4.4.3. 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Oco6enroctu peamH3allMu tbeHOMeHa «XOOZHOrO ANCPHOFO CHHTe3a» B OMOMOTMYCCKMX CHCTeEMaX .... 1... 72 5.3.1. Cywecmeyem au cneyupureckuil Mexanu3m ocymecmeneHuA HU3KOMeMNepamypHOzo ADEpHOZO cunmesa @ Guonoeuneckux cucmeMaX? .. 2.1... ee 72 5.3.2. Bo3moonvtii Mexanu3m 6e36apvepnoco Adepnozo cUHme3a 6 ONMUMAAbHEIX KeGHMYIOWMUX NOMeHAUAALHELX AMAX 8 HECMA4UOHAPHOM percuMme . 75 5.3.3. Bosmomcnviit cuenapuii npomekanua 6es6apvepHozo adepHoeo cunmesa 6 pacmywmux Guonozuxeckux cucmemax .. 87 Tuapa 6. Xumuko-GuosornyeckHe npexnocbiiku Mpouecca TpaHCMyTauMH H30TONOB B OHOOrHYeCKHX CHCTeMaX ... . . 90 6.1, SieMeHTHbI coctas OMomorMyeckHx OObEKTOB HW TpoOseMa yipaBsAeMOro CMHTE3a B pacTywel kybType.. 91 6.2. OcoGeHHOcTH B3auMogelicTBHA MAKPOOpraHH3MoB CMCTAMIAMM. «eee 95 6.3, Buonornueckoe 3HaveHHe B3aMMOselicTBMA MMKpoOopraHv3MOoB ¢ MeTasIaMi 100 6.4, BHOXHMMYeCKHe aHasOr XKU3HEHHO HEOOXOAMMBIX MMKpooyeMeHTos. Meta6o1“3M MHKpoopraHH3MoB MW MmpoOsema yripaBadeMoit TpaHCMyTauWM .... 2... 103 6.5. 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Peakyuu ymuauzayuu 6oicoxoaxmuenex adep Sb5 ...... 138 7.3.6, Peakyuu ymuausayuu evicokoaxmuexozo uzomona I! ,. . . 139 7.3.7. Peakyuu ymuausayuu esicoxoakmuenoeo uzomona Co, ucnoas3yemozo 6 Memponoeuu u de@exmockonuu........ 140 7.3.8. Vmuausayua evicoxoaxmuenozo uzomona Kré5 140 7.3.9. Ymuausayua esicoxoakmuexozo uzomona Sc 141 7.3.10. Ymuausayua eoicoxoaxmuenoeo uzomona Mn+ 141 7.3.11. Ymuauzayua eoicoxoakmuenozo uzomona Ar? 142 7.3.12. Ymuauzayua evicoKoakmuenoeo uzomona S35 142 74, 3akmioyeHne 143 Utwteparypa . 6... eee 145Tuaza 1 BBEXEHHE Cpequ «BeuHBIX MpoGeM», KOTOpPEIe COMPOBOXAAlOT YeMOBeYeCTBO B revenue Bceli UcTOpun, mpoGzema emMHCTBa M B3aMMOMpeBpalleHusA Ma- TepHalbHOrO MHpa BCCra HaxXONWlacb Ha ONHOM H3 BeYILMX MeCT. Ory mpo6semy peau dunocodsl WM aXMMMKH, NosITbI HW PusuKu. Touck «pusIOcodcKoro KaMH#», COcObHOrO ObecreyTb MpeBpallleHve IeMeHTOB M NONYYATh, HAKOHEL-TO, 30/10TO, MpOMOKAaJICA ake B CaMble MpayHbie MlepMoybl MCTOpHM YeOBeYeCKO WMBHIM3alMN. 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CneBa H cipaBa — pe3y.1bTaTbI M3MepeHUii Mo TpeM cepusiM M CpeaHMe pesyibraTbl16 Tnapa2 UIA TIpOLecca %KU3HELEATEIbHOCTH C O6pa3s0BaHHeM XH3HEHHO HeoGxonH- MBIX 3J1eMeHTOB Ca, K, Mg, P: Mg?4+ O'6=Cas $i28-+ Cl2=Cat0 Na23 + Ol6= K39 Na?}+p!=Mg Mg? + LiS= P3! a Take peakUM0 TpaHCMYTALIMH B Mpeetax OHO MOEKYIIBI: N,>CO YTO COOTBETCTBYeT CeLYIOWEMY WByXCTaMiHOMy MpeoOpas0BaHHo u30- TOTIOB: (N4+,N#5 ,C?2+ yn! + pit N45 ,C?+,08 TlocnenHioio peakumio OH paccMaTpuBatl Kak Mpoulecc Mepexona npoToHa 4 HeiTpoua B Momekyne N, or ofHoro spa a30Ta K Apyromy (c mpeoOpa- 30BaHHeM OMHOTO Apa a30Ta B yrmepo, a Upyroro — B Kuicaopog); npn 9TOM GBLIO BEICKA3aHO MpeAMoOxKeHe, YTO ITOT Mpoluecc MOxeT MMeTb MECTO B YCJIOBHAX Le@UUNTa yrepoza B GHOMOrMYeCKON CucTeMe. UroGbl NOATBepAMTh MpoTekaHMe peakuMUu cuHTe3a Na+Ol=K? KepspaH paccmorpes omyO1MKOBaHHEIe 9KCIepMMeHTabHble LaHHble (Julien, 1959). 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Takoli crioco6 (mlocTy1MpoBaHue HOBOrO cpepMeHTa) bakKTHYeCKH HMYEFO He pelliaeT Mi He JaeT HUKaKOLO OTBETA, HO 3aTO IIpHaeT HEKOTOPyl0 BAM MOCTb Hay4HOro MOLxoa. 08 Na R06 S g g K 8 04 3 oO 02 ca ° 0 1 2 3 4 5 ta Puc. 2.2. AsMeHeHue cozepxkanua Na, K v Ca B Kposi pbiObl JIMHb, eCsIH ee TomecTHTb B 1,4%-Hbiit BOAHEI pactBop NaCl18 Tnapa2 Oguako B JaHHOM culyyae TaKOii Cnoco6 ABHO HenpvemsieM, MocKoNbKy Aelic- TBHe WOGOrO epMeHTa OGyc.OBICHO ero BIIMAHMEM Ha BHELIHHMe IICKTPOHEI COOTBETCTBYeT MaciliTa6y 9HepreTH4ecKOro BO3KeHCTBUA Ha ypoBHe 0,1—0,5 3B. B cnyyae alepHbix npeppalenuii HeOOxOuMMb! BOselicTBMA BbILe 100 KB! 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OxHaxko o6paTuMocTb 9TOrO M MOLOGHDIX MpolleccoB HecOBMecTHMa C 3aKOHOM COxpaHeHua aHeprun. Ec B cilydae mipsMoit peakuHH CHHTe3a Ca‘ mpovcxonMT BbieteHve 9Heprun AE=8,326 MoB Ha Kaxgblit aKT TPaHCMyTallMH (OHa ABIAeTCA OecnoporoBok HM 9HEpreTHYeCKH BbIrOqHON) HM ee MpoTeKaHMe He 3alipellleHo 3aKOHOM COXxpaHeHUA SHEprHn, TO OOpaTHad peaKI[HA ABIACTCA MOPOTOBOH MU MOXET M1poTeKaTb TOMbKO B TOM CyIyyae, KOr- a WicxoqHoe snpo Ca‘? monyyut sHepriio, He MeHbuLyI0 Tex 2Ke 8,326 MoB. BeposTHocts Toro, 4TO XKMBad KYJbTYpa, CYMECTBYIONAA M pasBMBalollasca mp Temnepatype T=300—340 K, nonyaut dayKTyallMOHHbIM MyTeM Taky1o AONMOMHUTEIHY!O 9HEprMio, paBHa HeBOOOpasMMO MasloMy YMCA: W~exp(—AE/KT) = 10-100000000 T. e. BO BcesleHHOii 3a Bce BpeMA Ce CyLIIECTBOBaHHA HE HalieTca HV eLMHO- To ciyyas Takoro Bo36yxneHHsA! OueBudHO, YTO Takad OOpaTHad peakUMA (bakTHYeCKH ABIACTCA AGCONIOTHO HEBO3MOXHON (OCOGeHHO ANA cryyad OJHOBPEMCHHOSO IIpoTeKaHHA ee B GoubUOM KONMYeCTBE sep). Takux HeKOppeKTHBIX IIpHMepos B paGoTax KepspaHa MoxKHO HaiiTH HeMa- no. Hanpumep, aHalM3MpyeMble MM peaKUMM MpsAMOro eseHHA M30TONOB Cl-O>FXumusieckHe snemeHTbl B 6HostorneckHx cucTemax. Mcropiia addekra TpanicMyraltun 19 P-Li>Mg Ca—O-—Mg Fe—H-Mn KOTOpbIe, MO €rO MHEHH10, MOTYT MpOTeKaTb B 2KMBbIX CHCTEMaX, ABIAIOTCA SHAOTepMMYeCKMMH H MOporoBbIMH M MOTYT MATH B YKa3aHHOM HanpaBsieHu € YMCHbLUCHHeM aTOMHOTO HOMEepa TOABKO C MOTMOLIeHHeM OueHb GONbUON NONOAHUTCbHOH SHeprH S—20 MsB Ha Kaxk0e EMH HOe NpeobpasoBaHue. CrectH Takoli mpouecc k BOSLeHCTBMIO HeM3BeCTHOFO (bepMEHTa HEBO3MOXHO. Uctounnk Takoii cBoGo2HOM 9HEpriu B KMBbIX CHCTeMaXx OTCYTCTByeT! AHaNOrM4HbIe apryMeHTbI MOXKHO BBICKa3aTb MB OTHOUICHMH Mpeqia- TaeMoii KepppaHoM TpakTOBKM Mpollecca YMecHbUICHMA palMoakTHBHOCTH cpeabl, coepxaleit paqmoakTuBHbrit u30TON Hg}, Tp 9TOM BbIBObI OC- HOBLIBaIMCb Ha perHCTpUpyeMOM OTKOHEHHH OT 3aKOHA pasHoaKTMBHOTO pactiawa, HaOmofaeMoM B TeyeHHe 16 4 B 9KCHepHMeHTe (Magos, 1964). Crektp cnoHTaHHoro pactiaqa 9TorO spa COOTBETCTBOBA McnycKaHHio OBICTPbIX SEKTPOHOB C 9HeprHeli 214 K9B u y-KBaHTOB C SHeprHeit 279 K3B. Ecam nmpHHatb TpakTosky Kepspana o 6nictpoii Tpakcmytaunu Hg? pB HepawMoakTMBHbI H30TON, TO HaMGosee ecTeCTBeHHEIM ABAAeTCA Mpen- NOOXeHMe O TOM, TO B Mpollecce Takoli TpaHCMYTaUMM TaKxKe MOMKHbI YACTBOBATh NpexAe BCCTO Te W30TOMBI, KOHICHTPallM# KOTOPbIX B cpere MaKCMMaJIbHa4, T. €. Apa BoLopona p! u KHcOpona O'S: Hg?3+ pl =T}2%4 Hg203+ Ol Hg?! (¢=0,01¢, He4) > Re?! (@=0,002c, He*)—> Po?! (¢=0,5 c, t=0,25¢)— Pb” B pesynprare oOpa3yeTca HecTaOHAbHBI LoNroxKuByuIMK M30ToN T!?%4 (c= 3,78 roma) M NpoMcXxOAMT LeMmouKa AepHbIX NpeBpawleHui, COMpoBOx- HaeMBIX MCIlycKaHMeM o-4acTHL. KoHedHbIM UTOTOM ABIIAeTCA OOpazoBaHHe ONHOTO U3 CTAGHAbHBIX H30TOMOB CBMHUA. OTM peakUH AelCTBUTeEABHO MOTIM Obl MpHBECTH K YMCHbILIeHMIO pa- AMOaKTUBHOCTH, HO HX OCYLUECTBCHHE B YCNOBUAX JaHHOTO SKCTIepHMeHTa HEBOSMOXHO. Bce 9TH peaKI[MM ABAAIOTCA MOPOTOBbIMH H TpeGy10T Gosb- WOH LONOAHMTeAbHOM sHeprum (8,2 MoB B cmyyae peakumu c yYacTHeM npoTouos u 39,4 MsB B cnyyae peakuMM c yyacTHeM KUcsOpoga). STi NONMONHUTEDHOM SHEPrHH B CHCTeME HET H, CeLOBATEMbHO, Takue peakUMn NpMHUMMMasbHO HeOCyIeCTBUMBI. Tlo-suauMmomy, Gomee pearbHo npemmonoxeHHe O TOM, YTO YMeHbILIeHHe CKOPOCTH C¥eTa B HEKOTOPbI€ MOMEHTBI KYIbTYPa/IbHOFO POCcTa CBAZAHO C BO3MOXHBIM MIpOCTpaHcTBeHHBIM TMepepacnipenenenveM pacryiuiei KysbTy- PbI C MOABICHHeM HeCTALMOHapHbIX HeroMoreHHoctTeit (HeoMHOpomHOcTeit)