canBer \{SO Determining Unknown Impedances in Transformers LOUIS H, HIPPE* ‘A simple method for obtaining information about the characteristics of unknown transformers. techaician ie sometimes faced with: fhe problem of detecmining quickly and wit reasonable securacy’ the ste {own impedances of totsformer winds Inge At aber times the Yesknician ay find. bitselh with 2 transformer thit ould be pat to geod use, bos mnfor~ tunately he i orable to-obmain suficiest {ie onthe impedance capabilities ofthe sOlkcps power wansforsers of the (y3C eed ine sorslus miliary equipment ‘These wanclormers an offen be aved zinlio installations where the power re Quiremnts ace not to great—depending, ‘of coarse, upon the insernal insolation the power transformer but “spec” sheets on winding impedances for audio service al ype of tran ‘Once the impedances of primary and secondary windings of any transformer Tmnown th tranfaemer then becomes akable and usable 35 a component in onstruction of new equigment or 2e- placement in equipment alzeady in uss Rowerer, unless the technicisn experi= fens By cateand-trs, be is not at to now, even in a general sesse, just what ues! or other components the tran former will alow him to match, Sines ueaniry requires 4 Tot of tmey and Since there is no logis! place to sat, a former fz Hedy te relegated torte jank box where i will kee arn tune i eventaally fads is way 10 the ash can. Gaol efipmen: can be saved om sich 8 fate with a Title effort and 2 mininom of equipment. ‘caeutation Mathods ‘There are several possible transformer impedance eaeultion methods =n figues avaliile which will give cess tf seasonable accuracy. Alou’ not of fhe caliber of Iboratory measurements the tolerances are accurate enough for "Most audio technicians own or can Borrow a voi-ohm-aalamraetet (See 70686 Victory Bled North Holes Cal feratity of the vacuum tube type); a oldvepe andio gsclator can be Dail ily. Wh teae tw pieces oF equip~ iment, pis a few age and ends, she uae Known impedances of any transformer winding or choke can be quickly com pute. ‘Figure 1 is the sciematie of a 1.000- pe aodio oscillator whieh wil prove a Yaluableassee to he workshop and l= oratory in addition to the specie ase about to he deserbed. Iv is inexpensive to Wild sinee pares are held 0 & mini~ fm snd muy be selecied Soo! sper pare components Taking impedance calculations, i is well to etter that one of its en= Sitvems i reacance. Reactarce of a given coll or trarsformer winding Ehanges with the freqeesey applied. Bex ‘use reactance changes with frequency, ft follows that impedance ako changes “We ace therefore imerested in 2. 08+ calor a3 a source of vltage at 400 > 11000 epo because greater degree of sccaracy fo malig ieopedice checks on a transformer that Wil crenttlly be seed ia the voice eewency range, A oO-ps test volage Source fs smerbat less accurate eseti~ Ay i the transformer has poor espome sO pe the meter and test ocillator we cen condset our impedance desermining ‘Experiment on the assumgtion thar voll- Soe ratio i proportional to the turns ato ond thoi the lnypedonce of 2ind= Tig ares ac the square of the turns ‘Th is expressed bythe formula Z,(¥s ee) oF Where Zy if the know. primary im ‘etance 2 the nknown impedence: 17 is the Known applied voliage. vs the voltage measured ‘arose the unknown winding. Nore the statement “where Z; is the nown primary impedance.” This value [Continsrd on page 43] fg; Simple 1000p oxiltor wich, con be, cnet ala ‘which is useful in making measurements of the type described in ths article Cig small a.c.~de, filter chokes SR. "Toand 7 are 63-volt, 15 amp fi ‘and SR. ave 60-ma selenium rclifiers; iament transformers “back te back.UNKNOWN IMPEDANCES | ri IN TRANSFORMER fir HEADQUARTERS irom po 4 ‘ay FOR WN aquecord, 4 MAGNECORD Pr6-18 mast, of course, be fount frst in onder mike the fufmula operative Ipod tance, can be applied to these eireaite Baving imped 3ee. The formula for Ohin’s Law ia ne ReconsERe. AMPLIFIER U7 rorsis 6, we sown cote z 2 Whe mf, in vols rent in amperes 2 inpalanc, in chime Procadere Adjust the ostput of the audio excl. Inter to shout 25 volte on the tate, Ape iy hi voi ELECTRO-VOICE SPEAKER 25P 15 Fig. 2, Schematic of arrangement used for measuring voltage cntio between transformer windings. preliminary 10 calculating impedance rata, $97.00 et secondary fave an important bea result the secondary of ould cary esto, 2 speaker OF 8 phones as. am example. Tf 3 resistor is | Sed it should be of the of ELECTRO-VOIEE MICROPHONE =650 ie 225 oh $0:15000 so. trymty SapesAd dm SPs ke, Teasing | inductance of the volge drop al the wolage sy. The volage bres pt PERMANENT BRAY bas it cancel by is fopeaee Bias Slroet Slow st Ani Pit the ‘ioe seen Lneatre Avsle aston fom $87.78 drop oer b SOUND & RECORDING COMPANY LEAs casi eect ae ay eee ee eetductance is known, the inductive rea tance (nol) al he primar fate Tonal, 3 found by mesa Hin an chwimeter and solving for the Inpelance wih the Tormia CT bie BS ELIMINATES ea 4) [) CHAMBERS © GIVES HIGH QUALITY REVERBERATION EFFECTS WITHOUT. EXPENSIVE EQUIPMENT SOUND IS NOT DELAYED AND PLAYED BACK, BUT DIES AWAY NATURALLY! ©THE RATE OF DELAY IS ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED. ‘@ ENTIRE UNIT OCCUPIES ONLY 14” OF PANEL SPACE ‘PRODUCES AN INFINITE VARIETY: OF EFFECTS Fig, 3, (A) Method of measuring volt- age ratio of ile wanformer. 1B) ‘Tapped transformer measurements give sutficient information for’ complete saleulations, (C) Example of tapped transformer, ove to make the crane: in many andio spp fs not comple is sufiiemy The basic ossembly requires only 14° of ponel space (contrasted wit the thousonds of cubic Feat in en echo: chamber). I's inex pensive, for costly sewind end take-up motors wih awitching acces series ond expensive floor and studio space are gor required, terms of program use it will provide extctly the effects cients specify with excellent reverboran’ qualities in on iafhite variety of wees. With the p sry the im "DEVELOPED BY AUDIO FACILITIES CORP.,.N. Y. Manufactured and sold exclusively by Tech Labs. Patents applied for. THCHNIGAL SPECIFICATIONS Input impedence .......Brldgieg for 600-ohm line Input & output level Ovo Outpur impedance ....800 chme/250 A. Fig. 4, Method of making mensure- Controls ‘Single control operation iment by substitetion. Signal Generator Reverberaiion time... .010 10sec, continvously varies “oltage is kept constant while adjust Phi Gray. wrinkle, Others fo order tants are made, The technique ip d Power requirements 117 valts” 60 ep single phase ‘ibed and formula iver in the text 120 watts ch This | piper impedance of the primary the output of to he wit winding knwa snd ‘he sudo oseitator all Se NEW Jerseyprimary. but with R semaved, vonage fio measurements can be made on the secondary wing, as at A in Fig. 3, ane its impedance determined by the formals (2). Sesceecing and esleuations: ean be made on any umber of mulple se acy. windings, “Tapped Winding Coteltons Now suppose we hav with a tapped winding in wich che im palanee of two sections is Known, Dat the Gried unknown, a8 at 8 in Fig 3 ‘The impaduice of the unknown section con the forsale seat be celeste fr Iq order to make our impedance other passive newest, oF by using: vacauny tube circ ‘Simple Mathod for Messerng Fatal Ditorion A simple tethod forthe rapid routine ‘mesturement of isiortion fas been ds eloped by the authors and) does not ets to be vdely known. By the ute of inexpensive apparatis toa cove dstor= tion an be sgasured quickly under com 22, when the egeivlent circalt can be ieuly simpliied sy follows: (2) with respect © a voltage intro duced as st oy the voltage across A i moet the sine ar the volnge across ‘AD. Thi ig exsly soem hy deawing the ‘ester diagrams of the various volgen (@) The arm CBD) can therefore te completely omitted. A of Fig. then re- ‘sce to 4, applied to Z, Ry, and Ry = Series, The indicated barménis voinge isthe voltage across, a general, vole E SR: tha aft sec econ Bs BRE When Red this becemes Reiek eq, the trae reading of Rarmonie vole age, The tale of thee two 46 ‘To test the magni RoR, sjal. frfor introduced by fy assure fore uL=2R, and als Ry te fraction Si Ia ten sues aa "Ryo, +jak eases ‘The modus ofthis mato Sp 0.98 i. i Rais 10 per cet of Ry the rvor inteoduced imo the Feadag $e of tie order of 2 per cent of the reading. ‘For many measoreraes the 6O-<35 Tine voltage provides a snitable sourcewith ar internal ‘pedance of a. few hms. FepaDer to ry Someone ad Substantially indnite inpoe impotance, find as distortion rieasuremente aze of Inmportanceonfy at low frequencies even large “strays” introface negligible er ors For exaruple, GO! gf av 60 eps tsa Innpedance of 027 megobms, However, the choice at grocnding point onthe Deiuge does need sone. donsderaon. The vacuueube volemeter will pros ably have one. input terminal sekich ‘aust be grounded and the best poi for ground om the bridge is A. The ine Gicstor can then be connected. across AG, while the voltige Pye i adjted to give die appropriate tic density in fhe core, atten sec fo AB while Rian are afjantl to gsc a rinimas ‘eng. The bride ntst Ue driven fom ‘a Heating winding on a transformer and the capacitance of this winding to (ground will shuns one or tore of the Bridge clement ‘A vacuuntctube volumeter with three= termaioal input being developed by the Sore will give greater freon in dpe of Fig. 3 ven by gex source impedance, 1A) ‘ond. (Bo equivalent circuit, smeasorememts of this ind, Suppose the three ingut terminals are Ty, Tp, Te ‘The terminal Ty. is permapenty ‘grounded and the Seput impedance bee econ any fo terminals i very high ‘The indicator reads the voltage Bermeen Ty and Ty irrespective of any volge Tia Tee Ta Te [Shae of Componente Summisg up. the method. offers a meas of tepid measurement of Til distortion ting 3 siniosme sumer of Inexpegsive components and of sufeient accuracy for most purposes. cy ‘The resistance R, may be Soilt up to Avand D, Of cowie, the de. path from seleeed composition resistors ac rong E shoold ten be Booked with the impedsnce it represen is mors capacitor and the de. supply mm be Tenown 10 2 high dayece of accuracy fixed tubulas paper eapaitor of eitabh fod thcough «choke to present @ high impedance to E: value fe sed for Cy, The resistance R tray convonsnfiy be a chain of Axed Rew Obtined value. composition feries Figure 8 show: co curves tan in composition potentiometer, giv- the manner described, Curve [i the ing 2 conse adjustment and a tne ai mastered distortion chiracteriai= of a justment over a wide range. Anodher iypieal Porridge High Fidelity oxtpat Sonpostion potentiometer it saitble transformer (wpe PFO/2) employing for 7 For disomtion measurements the 1 high grale sltoon-iron core. Cusve 2 elements C,,, and Raed not be calle ie Sesame characters tlten for the rated: they are merely adjusted co tine same cransformer but with a Rsdiomeri ‘he indicator reading is at 3 iim, core subettted for the silicon iron. Tt ‘Stitly speaking, the indicator tseti will be-notced that realy low percent should yive an ediestion of the rims. ages are obtne y the ase ofthe more alee of the complex waxeform of dis- expensive nickel-iros core material tortion voltage appearing seross AB. which also grealy increases the band Usually the third arronie predomisates wid cbuinable with any given degree ard in this ease the mean valve, as f= GE prizary-sccondary inerseconing. dicated on 2 cectiier-eype moviagecoll Te will be naval, however, tht te power Instrument, will be clove to the rs, failing expacy of he transtormer i not faereasad by the tse of tie nickel "laboratory type decade loxes can iron core In bath cases the percentage tbe used in the seoup, and a suitable distortion inczeases rapidly for power souree of watlible Frequency i aval levels slove 10 wat This should be ble, it may be soted that all the over expec as bith eters caterate at Inupoctant parameters of wansiormer Shout the simie ax ders. performance ean be east 2 small change of see-up (1) Iucremenio primary taduconce end Te is now widely core ase. ‘with only Warmanie Dstiion 1 tormagutation ecoized that ine dolation distortion te mare imipar= Use as Maxwell beige. Frequency tape than harmonic distortion as a canse ae for distortion measucement but Vk Gf poor’ Glclity im aao seprodicing age reduced ‘ystens Tn conclsion therefore 1 may (@) Primary leakage inductance: and he as wel 10 justify the aension paid copper lose ta the mensarement ef hartonie distor~ ‘Short eiveuit secondary of component tins. om test and inerese fresteney 10 mi Hae-banil Use as Mawwell Bridge, For chis measuremene iti more con- the magnete seoperti "es wellknown that harmonic dis tortion arises from the aon Fnearity of venient to have C, and 7 in parallel iat in common vse. The predoction of fiving the leakage inductance and jarmonies is, im tae, not very ob- fyulvalear serie resistance direcly a5 jectisnaile ence almost all trenumitted (3) Bauionent shunt capacitance sounds ate rich in harmonics 19 various egress; for example, the meat a Increase frequency Well above pest iol is characteriza! by the peevence tuand, Interchange Cand K.Use as Sf onrain harmon Freueneles in peo- simple eapacitor bridge. Meicarements can be made with « Srumems and for the sane icstrainent poltricing divest coreent throug’ the played diferent ‘windings if fig 5. Typical dittoston ctves taken on tio fransormerwith identical wind- ings and iter. font core mate. Hale. (1) slicer iron core, and (2) Radiometal portions which vary for dle Hence, the prepor: ics a Bae ea eet eT 5 = ni ESL Hi HT pes ae El Ht AT = F Si AUDIO ENGINEERING © APRIL, 1951HARMONIC DISTORTION Dromrage 20) tioa of harmonies can be varied within ‘pide limits withow desresing the 2 Possibly ence (i= auliton 1 Feproduction, Extividal tones ee di tinction am become merged, one with dnether wide spectrum of Sivan Uierenee tones Tk would seem that he test nay of speciving the distortion introleed Ly 2 circxls element would be to measure on. Ha ble to express the ‘poster which rik offer a zest beer teuipments: ‘hie exnnot be done for Germodulation distortion wahowe mak [Bg sone very abiteary acrumptions. To mmewure inermodaliion disertion the procelare (1) Feed in fo set ebnes simultane ‘ 5 known amplitade and fre- value of ‘etal ‘put voltage (one nusibe:) [Bive mimlers are therefore required fog the complete specication of inter “Total Harmonie distortion, on the cater hand, ir completely expressed by free sukers; irequeney and ample of seit tone and tims valse of har ‘monies appeing in eats The ob lower Tim of the pas amplitude car ba that correspondin mast be stated sayway, on fhore Sinire is needed 10 ied ce the two type of ittorton are so closely elated, the magnitude of the hhicmonie distortion ie tome indication tore objectionable ted ie more easly red, Neither figuse, of coats, i= ant in self: fee maoure of eee on must be sorrelteed ‘which i eoresp "You will find she best in recording appari come from the Reeves Sounderft Laboratories. Magnedic tape wich ten distinct feamures that contribute 59 its higher efficiency and fidelity: an assortment of recording dest answer every requirersent—allare backed by the greater ine tegrity and experience of the Reeves name, foremost manufacturer of recording and elec Sounderfe ape made inal ye anda Seon. Teemding dsc tndainin arietyota ‘nae and dable fee eevis eaecivafe Caner nin see Ss een fsa ott sa ae A, KEANE UE oR, AS Pd UE, ELA thorough understanding of transfor for any particular application. The fun duce the series on one of the most impo pest was 4 Tite when audio srans- omer woul he designated, cording to ratio eg 321 oF 3:4. Bat one com ovens wack) give mach betes per= Brave aihange Saviag tle eome farms sails as anothes She moder fransfoner manietser Knows tat there. is for wove to desguing a goo! icrvorae an jot puting lags io. Bach deve ust on act be sted The particular job im hand. To help 28S oomph Componer ein sposiied iy the, cenit for Siler 1G imesdal, eg “10000-chm plate te single pri” togetce wi some Eidenent of frequency range, The is ‘uch more infommative, bet stil fare {her and more detailed anderstanding of ‘audio transformers will erable them ie eend to bese advantage in every 3 Blcaticn. ‘Say adi, transformer ip essensally 2 malching doves, wuerng tansformer Joon periect amtshing device because it Hrodces ie evrm lasses and elects, Tris the designers ob to oee that these Tostes snd defects are Rept t0 stale ‘wroperdons. If he is done 2 good job, Fen the mies ear get the est pertorme Dice Tom the component by fllowing ES jouufactarsr's recommendations at fo cre values, Bat fe would nor be scans SiSign alan are former to suic every ponble apiestion crea, so astndze enottn feo to cover arange of ties, A pertecy ood transformer commected neo 2 r= ‘ca unsaied for ie, wil give pooe re. Sully but corcece uadersunding of the Problem ‘can slp tec these. det ow Sig Must it Be? ‘A popular fallacy bas beer that audio reneioimers always dolow che prin le the Wigger the berer”” Sometimes SEs essential to quay, bop for other Rpplications the stalet ‘component 3s Ee letter one “ail modern teansforseer core mate: als fave a well_defsed -saaration Eensty: Magneaation above i wil com- Sileabiydivtors the current waveform, ‘dnl the distorion wil refect BO the Canterbury Grove, Landon, SE. 27, Matec 462. How Good is an Audio Transformer? N. H. CROWHURST” sic Te stn dene wile ee gee ee oo ee ie aren Peas = perc suet ee a SOL TT do eh ee er ae eer ae pei an or hbase eae te ene eran! tae Sr ap dates ie lrg a meee eos meee et one SE kit yo ae aa mene TA ase co S°Sadged Br ct the face oe aes ot dl Se sate nario ee oe le 2 Epcameet oe eed we aie TE ta ae crots 8 ee te ee ees epee Sab oe sre are Sree Thanofetter,accoriing 6 che tended Speen: Potosi Shea. magectiznton, bt the gap 1 Re cove setces the primary inductance Sinise he agmne are incase. S019 Sthiere etable primacy ieductance and Silshcton” ae" magrstestion mts ‘Stiout okeeee Merion os. he reseace of polarising corent esse Ic eer cg sc npat transionses-fine 203i or wieropone to grid—siee secon St “Seatrage. She bet transformers ‘signed Vel of mal size, For tner= Sige tatslofers, whore appreciable Solage swing ie requrel, @ slightly Hoan ceanldemer ay be secesary mers is essential to the selection of the proper type idamentals are here presented by the author to intro- tant components in high-quality: audio. equipment. ‘For driver tvansiormens, where power ie dchvered to the geil cect erably larger ser ae required tes Herat Speiietion The rynsormer’s devrial propertie tates deest bearing on 1s perform fete, bor he weer wil not napesarly i iehered with them direct. Hi ome Shen ig with che perormance of 2 faked argete The prinlol propetes sno for Fterence at Fige bei SS aur inundoctanding de behavior Seve temaformer sider diferent cot ‘Gris and what por each conrbaes Thies one way’ of sepreeneing. the Sqealeat cittat of any gull tanse {Sma For convenicnve dhe fee that He transiormer provides a step-up or Sepedoun 1b nae shown inthe Uagrom ile cuon of the taneformer may be epardel a6 price ite imperectons ESE presi n he erent vars of Figtt The legend wader the dngram fae a ach fmol ere wre are four elenest Soe ning, be wanemited sige imp id secur. wind cope anes, pamary inductance and core loss festa wo ie primary ‘Fate are our eltsats shown asin series with signal ranpaission—pti Shop al secondary winding fesstance 2 Eup cuit for low freuen ext Sr cle tenor AS onzarcn Re merdin, fee pecans ‘BP Seoliad basset of (A): Repeal ‘canunanan of Rf Tewkage inductance, and) interwinding TET these cicenit, ements most be soitecol to one wining when consider Se their elfec. Tt the primary the Gibsen reference winding. then ements Sema eto te secncary winding cet” in wate bya factor of the trae io squared. Suppose te rato is 3:1 ‘Stepp then secomdary winding fsist- Shee ie divided by Band Heapacncetiple! by in eefereing to the Usally the “referred” winding ftsstanees of Sot windings are of Ne fame onder, bat the relented windng ‘arsctance ofthe high winding ts mel Inger San shat of the low one Capoat ies for 31 ratio). Hcice the effect tthe low-widing capaceance ran ofet be ignoved, only that of the igh ‘ing taken into accu loetion Lane Bl ene scaees lll age Seid a LN cee mea Liber amet ee Scan ee Sora arene = a pa male TEs ene Soe Pe eS ee By omfg semen wie tig ene te fer catliacas Sa iron ne i es ioe pauls omuce mae oo Deere CaS ec oe fence Se ear Seed i ica Si a elit EB Se ley a ees ae , eteceet Sere fm So Pate re oe a fie tow Prat ied a anton baton 3 op he ange to suit, varies wind Se feeder ante oe ‘Proportion, Thus a winding with too few Irae results ia low coretoss shen ‘while too many rarns produces excessive resistance, Clover rom the fermer 0 cies af lower impatience it design wale intcoes high sees loss due to winding tenance, while connection to higher inpecahes resales inser shane losses dae 2 core — "In generally. variaion f impedance resis ta 8 defconcy int equrney te sponse ae, well and the choice of Be umber of taste ip design amst he 5 compromise 29 schlove good response => bot low apd high ends of the spectra, A low frequencies. the eect of 4, Cand Cris negighie, bet that of Fig 3 Lew treawaney ot atcnstsn Serena Sa fnductance Le will came app For the purjose of sponse; the values ‘of minting. see oes ran can geterale be gored is stall compared to the creat Seist sande to which the trans: we is comiected. Ths the a 2 fron ftexponae, ‘At ‘an be redrawn A) the relevant sive are Show, ing the sone. “mpedatieic fe resistance of the tke if the et is cOntecte in 2 pl Fs § ee. Eilat cee for Wate: ‘pe cit 'in Sap netomat ed "ie 7 nah), ims open ate Re is the secondary toad resisrunc, if any, sefered hy tne ratio squat! ts he prinary side. For example a she cater ot } Taegan on the secondary of 2:1 step-up wil piven eefersed f megohm divided by 5" or 25, whieh = 40.0 obs, ‘De shunting effect of Lp tins be sconsidecadflative tothe payalel re sultant of 1, Re and Ry. Dhee(i) se Big. 2 Shows = ‘Splied.theonctial athe cireie, where Re the e+ moe of fy fe and Ry io parll Sreuit produ. a sinple 6 / getave if. cutom, of the pe shown 2 Eg. 3 in whieh the Sab pai the ie ftuney where the resctaner of Ey ual to R. Tans the outro Sequency ‘me modied ty changing eter 2, or R Ae Zp and’ Ry gre Beat by the Sansiormer, the tensibing: pest ies ‘or ajutng If, emo are aa Keston of dhe efectve paralcl re. sistance of these p20 il lover the 1 surat esending the free ‘Wiha dieet-conpled ere he coe plain, te core ‘guypad a0 Shat the highest postie HiSienee achieved wien the cure lor which itis designe! yassestheouh ie shining. Je fs wanted to work he transformer at 2 current dsfering appre- ly fas this vale A Girecteouplel. sonsioemer oper- ating inn pask-patl ple, cece doe ot polarize! $0 3 sraler component ca used, and the Creal of Fig 2 can be applied slsng eare that shiipedicesar ere: soci fe ‘ole, or fall of the prenary winding, Homeven "the indictance dy wth both Sequeney ad level <0 the response shows at igs 3 syne epi atthe ve eine ine Sor aljesting 1? cul-off apie, Di rion ie teselysusocated with Le respanse Hesanse’ i appears. mont song at this eal. Steps fat improve tion ae 1 Marzonies inthe magnetizing Garret Sometines tamnfortcrs are focal through the primary wiuling. Since a coupling expatitor thon necessary ht St, seen fore sadly ae redrawn ig, 3, where Be i i serge With rats Ce aed Em the das he reson sscthan-eritieal damping ny ‘pea int sliminates any tencency to peal, Choite alues for Brand €: ext aion of the Howsing aries. Response ot High Frequencies ‘at high anil Ce if asd. wil be negigble an Shere. ang apprecible Wapsiorsagon fat is ezploved, coe of he winding isc sya be nape it for 3 stopouo teansfocmicr. whih conen.d TABLE I! | ange in level ab to seseh Pra Ps | MICROPHONE for Coen Doe Perea DCm a er ey Bute gv pet af ene withoughapae in Midgst Gosdentce Necephones Sees Se gee, able dit in labonsory service: Provenance pam perfoctiance foe more than is yeas HOW GOOD Is AN | AUDIO TRANSFORMER? Before you spend money for RECORDS, consult tet i Equipment for Your Home BEFORE YOU BUY NEW RECORDS: hat tw Si het i Fis: leh. Etnation of ©, orm Pi and | Fe Seg tom Fa, | FEE Poe to EFORE YOU BUY HiFI EquiPmieNT oct w ont end ofthis ive wind- | Tage, ly "comecine he Soca BE egteal Mek reer ie | Pec to sre en | Sr i ae teen ote a oe es ges | Pe cn aE Bee Nowewindings have zero sign poets 0 or se of the ransormer is cries ronnie chee of tnerfiing cle dping, while that connected to te Eediance ie comple claret sot Nal allie shunt damping Fipwre 10 Sen diag Oreste walling’ Gt Name hs capece eae to Oh te ariagers Saou thre Gee fened SOLS muvtg, (8) ert peli art. (Roy de gonial og") meonsescal dyin Eerween windings will nx rote cr "Gopmen eaters, rae sires effect of interwinding ca StuPg gives rien 0.0 inf. pea the pacitaace has been eliminated, the cir- interstage trans ye ae of Figs, 6 and ee those goede < Sr ee Bae Be onda Pema formers for tetrie or pede tbe. Now, as is the Lf ese. exch (Crreful attention 2 the ete can ei ones ample. feorans cst mate an undestae geak or tess and SH Ae URfebaece comecel to ge rodoee the best possible response, ‘Te internal! propecties of an audio transformer tint ae limit 191s tre quency ange at the upper end’ are # singe ietectace and the sending ea Ducitsee of the high side" Cnc iiiionsl capacitmsy connected arose fhe wining eaterally, such a6 Inger anf Soaps). The imate Freqiency i tnersey proportion the sgaaze root of the prodact of sie lnactince an capaci, Bett thee tions incre with the sige of the ffasvfotmer so mi cleat Wat stall teameformers have sr inherently bigher frequency range FIFTH PRINTING Just off the press | | wo STILL GOING STRONG! audio anthology hayes comn «$2.00 ivelbutore write or quate dient “The long sated! compilation of eepins oom early ius of AUDIO ENGINEERING, mot of wich are undbainble 1 | Contains $7 articles on the following subjects: © Amplier Phonograph Bavipment © Seaibies © Tone and Lowdeess Contos 1 Noise Sappesors 1 ising Neworks “These arcs have been of gretinterertto reader of AUDIO ENGINEER | ING ever the por thr gears demled in one tolume, they ecmprive | fe mes authoritative velerence work forthe audio hobby. _——-OUT QUT—MAIL TODAY F | Book Bivsion, Dept, AD iI | Bede hapten ec ! | ee yok my. | | Ryde oot om see ——§ oem | | ie (wit ie ' Peles oe zee | = ae ig, 10 Aenaston ts (pie ett etl san ITT “cited damping’ and 6) meres ‘oe pin. for he on of any. tans SPS in inch Wei worked and the hancactorers specication does ot hot desermine how goo! any partic: Siar fansformer is Sorte job i ha Sinple Ss reeaseing ap he ‘ualtier tum Performance wil be ie Sikoyeent sles.