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Signal Processing and Linear Systems - B P Lathi - Solutions Manual PDF
Signal Processing and Linear Systems - B P Lathi - Solutions Manual PDF
“3 2 Za 4 54> Fig. $2.41 Plt) ZiT war = ar I oo t= Fig. $8.42 ‘We can show that the corresponding signal pairs are also orthogonal [Lnonea= [ esvoisevoiee= [Untoncnar= [7 ty ~zxojent + 2eo)ae=0 [Lnonoa= [ne +2noiee0 +2900) In deriving these results, we used the fact that J zfde= J 23(t)de = 1 and f%, 21(thza(¢\d Bd Here Ty = 2, s0 that wp = 25/2 x, and W0)= 00+ Sroncosnnt+éqsinnet = -1StS1 where Psinnetdt = po=be 3S wisest Figure $3.4-1 shows /(t) = for all ¢ and the corresponding Fourier series representing f(t) over (—1, 1) 8.4.2 Here Ty = 2x, s0 that wo = 2n/2n = 1, and S(O) = 00+ encosnt+ basin nt areten where 3-18 2° 2" Tre . no saci Shene oases Fe $93.42 stows 0) =f aad th sreponding Fre si to pret J) (2 34-8 (a) To = 4, wo = HE = F. Because of even symmetry, all sine terms are zero. 6ao = 0 (by inspection) oun [foe (s) a [coe ) a] Aint ‘There‘ore, the Fourier series for f(2) is wo 4 (ogg tt — Veg Mt, Legg Skt 1 Tat (cmH — gore F + Seon — joo Bt 4) and we allow Cx to take negative values, Figure $3.4-3a shows the plot of Cy ‘}. Because of even syrimetr, all the’sine terms are zero. oon ae [oo (5) = se SG), ee (F) bem Ee [sin(Ze) deo Gntegand i an 04 fntion of ) for n = 0, 1, 2,3, --». Figure $3.43 nd we allow Cy to take negative values. Note that C, shows the plot of Cn (©) Te= 2, up = 1 F (0) = 29+ Jrancosnt +bxsinnt with ao=0.5 (by inspection) [gemnane af 5-1 (ines Janars einai + banaey--) and f= = 05+ [oos (t+) + feos (2t+$) + feos (a+ $) +] ‘The reason for vanishing of the cosines terms is that when 0.5 (the de component) is subtracted fom f(t), the remaining function has odd symmetry. Hence, the Fourier series would contain dc and sine terms only. Figure '$8.4-2¢ shows the plot of Cn amd By, (@)% ‘x, wo =2and f(t) = St, (by inspection). (50) because of odd symmetry. aan ae 1) + ewe (40-4) + glyco (se 3) + Leo (s+ 4) + igure $3.4.3d shows the plot of Cy and 0, Se) = Aysinze + Linge — A; singe — 2 singe + aTta af we ll @) ape ee ay. > can =I wor aa Tiga eet e t ate a x [| «) 12> +5 6 we 123456 wo qd) - (e) A) x F ad 5 w> oo Fig snes (e) Ty = 3, wo = 20/3. if 1 wed feet * Qne 3 Qen | 2an | Qen eos Bede gS en 2 4 2 in 22 aan 240 Bem gg 28) ‘Therefore Co = } and [Eee(8) To= 6, wo = 9/3, a0 = 05 (by inspection). Even symmetry; by se ‘Observe that even harmonics vanish. The reason is that if the de (0.5) is subtracted from J(t), the resulting function has hale-wave symmetry. (See Prob. 3.4-7). Figure $3.4-3f shows the plot of Cn. Bide (a) Here 7) =r, and wy = #8 = 2. Therefore S(O) = 00+ J an.cos 2nt + bn sin Int ‘To compute the coefficients, we shall use the interval x to 0 for integration. Thus wont [ear =0soe en meat 0504 (525) mead fen amar = -0504 (85) ‘Therefore 0504, C= VaR R= 0504 (Toe), Om =tan* (2) = tan tn 1) = 0504+ 05045 eBay cos (ant + tan An) (b) This Fourier series is identical to thet in Eq. (8.56a) with ¢ replaced by ~ (©) IEF(0) = Co + SCn cos(rwot +), then S(=t) = Co+ J Cn cos(—nwot +n) = Co+ > Cn cos(nwot ~ Bn) ‘Thus, time inversion of a signal merely changes the sign of the phase 0. Everything else remains unchanged. Comparison of the above results in part (a) with those in Example 3.3 confirms this conclusion, 84-5 (a) Here To = x/2, and wo = HE = 4. Therefore SO= 20+ J ancos dnt + basin dnt where = and bm ThereloreSM, Co= VFA =0506(sedo). b= —tan en (b) This Fourier series is identical to that in Eq. (3.56a) with ¢ replaced by 2 (©) HF) = Co+ S Ce cos(nant + 6m), then. Lat) = Co + JY Cn cos(n(auo)t + 8) ‘Thus, time scaliig by a factor a merely scales the fundamental frequency by the same factor o. Everything clse remains unchanged. If we time compress (or time expand) a periodic signal by a factor a, ite fundamental frequency increases by the same factor a (or decreases by the same factor a). Comparison of the results in part (a) with those in Example 3.3 confirms this conclusion. This retult applies equally well 3.4-6 (a) Here Ty = 2, and wo = JE = x. Also (¢) is an even function of ¢. Therefore S(t) = 00+ ancos net ‘where, by inspection ag = 0 and from Eq, (9.660) S Jf 20+ 100 mtd = sig own b= (Oe oo Therore 84 1 1 1 [ow nes Bente doco Set + Boen Tet] (b) This Fourier series is identical vo that in Eq, (8.63) with ¢ replaced by t+ 0.5. (€) IF =Co-+ SCacos(nsot +8), then Mt+T) = Co+ J Cn cosnsio(t + 7) + Aq] = Co+ S Cn cosinwot + (Om + nwoT)] ‘Thus, time shifting by T merely increases the phase of the nth harmonic by nuu?’. 8.4-7 (a) For half wave symmetry 4) =-1 (v4 B) sp 1 [Po reconcorars [" so coanvotae lyr wot aed [" tonnes te Let z= ¢~T9/2 in the second integral. This gives E[[ wrommatts [°° sor) mn e+) a] mt mar -2 if Hocornentat +f ~f(0l-cornsid] pa -4 if He conta] In a similar way we can show that 4 ne “Th 4, a0 =0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence a-t[ffsomtgia] <3 fonttia] iis (cos SF + Bsn 3-1) (n oad) bn J(d)sin nupt dt () @ To=8, welt = sha (Fain -1) tn oaay 30Therefore Siaiaely ond fo= (li) 75 = 2x, wo = 1, a =0 (by inspection). Half wave symmetry. Hence HO= So eneaant + desinnt aon 2 [eM conneae <2 ee torent sans] 6 tt woo fe af ero A =? [owen Om on] ferro 0.05 ~ Tea FOOT) - +00 and oP sin ntdt etn . [ (-0 sin —nosn] (oad) +001 Bn (ano) = 14610 ore oon” =F e 001 3.4-8 (a) Here, we need only cosine terms and wo = $. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it is an even function oft, has a value t over the interval 0 < t < 1, and repeats every 4 seconds as shown in Fig, $3.48a. We selected the pulse width W’ = 2 seconds. But it can be anywhere from 2 to 4, and still satisfy these conditions. Each value of W results in different series. Yet all of them converge to ¢ over 0 to 1, and satisfy the other requirements, Clearly, there are infinite number of Fourier series that will satisfy the given requirements. The present choice yields 1) = 40+ Yano (2S) By inspection, we find ay = 1/4. Because of symmetry ba = 0 and alo (F)+F@()-] (b) Here, we need only sine terms and wo ‘Hence, we must construct a pulse with odd symmetry, which has. ‘2 value ¢ over the interval 0 < t < 1, and repeats every + seconds as shown in Fig. S3.4-8b. As in the case (a), ‘the pulse width can be anywhere from 1 to x, For the present caseBecause of odd symmetry, an = 0 and dialoinan — 2ncor2n) (©) Here, we need both sine and cosine terms and wo = §. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it has no symmetry of any kind, has a value ¢ over the interval O< ¢ <1, and repeats every 4 seconds as shown in Fig. ‘S3.d-Be, AS usual, the pulse width can be have any value in the range 1 to 4 10 = 00+ Sooneos (3) e+ basin ($e By inspection, a9 = 1/8 and a Fig. $3.48 (€) Here, we need only cosine terms with uy = 1 and odd harmonics only. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that it isan even function oft, has a value ¢ over the interval 0 < t < 1, repeats every 2x seconds and has half-wave symmetry as shown in Fig. $3.4-8d. Observe that the first half eycle (from 0 to x) and the second half eycle (from x to 2) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. This will cause even hharmonics to vanish. The pulse has an even and half-wave symmetry. This yields M0) = 00+ SP an cosnt By inspection, ao = 0. Because of even symmetry by = 0. Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 3.47), apy? 7 2 25.0% A comma- [te-ounca] = Zeon -r Ean not (c) Here, we need only sine terms with wo = + and odd harmonies only. Hence, we must construct a pulse such that itis an odd function oft, has a value ¢ over the interval 0 < ¢ < 1, repeats every 4 seconds and has half-wave symmetry as shown in Fig. $3.4-8e. Observe that the first half cycle (rom 0 to 2) and the second half cycle (from 2 to 4) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. This will eause even harmonies to vanish. The pulse has an odd and half-wave symmetry. This yields 32n= Sm By inspection, ay = 0. Because of odd symmetry aq = 0. Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 3.4-7), 4 ox oe seed [antars fees (f) Here, we need both sine and cosine terms with up = 1 and odd harmonies only. Hence, we must construct & puilbe such that it has half-wave symmetry, but ueither odd nor even symmetry, has a value ¢ over the interval OS t < 1, and repeats every 2x seconds as shown in Fig. S3.4-8f. Observe that the first half cycle from 0 to 17) and the second half cycle (from = to 2x) are negatives of each other as required in half-wave symmetry. By inspection, ap = 0. This yields ne, ae in rat = Basin" n odd Fit) = SO ancosnt + basinnt Because of half-wave symmetry (see Prob. 3.4-7), stxloentmsinn=1) bea gt f'tanntar= 26m neem) nal a bede f g hi periodic? yes yes no yes no yes yes yes yes o Dio bb. 2 period = Or Oe Mor arr 34:10 e a F(t) = 00+ San cos deat + basin ent (= 2) ae roa ff tae} ono f teos2entdt=0 n> 1. (ninteger) mone [esinzenea= Hence+ (seas Jones Lenars) 1S nae If E4(N) is the energy of the error signal in the approximation using first N’ terms, then From Eq, (3-40) sion {Poa [Qe (zy +-+( (Note that By = 1/2 for n ooras7s 3.411 L(t) = carole) + er2a(t) ++ erzr(t) sinees =f * eat 1 [tonto = 5 asf fonioe= ° a © = [tosoa= om [romtoa= Hence 1 Law jo0- fa - Zn 1 = Boat) [ Po# If E-(W) is the energy of the error signal in the approximation using first N’ terms, then From Eq. (8.40) Also‘The Walsh Fourier series gives small error than the trigonometric Fo ‘number of terms in the approximation. ier series (in prob. 3.4-10) for the same saa HO = cool) + came) ++ esl) [10d=0 eo amcence=on soae-t onLf wolfe-fae? Hence Also P(e)de=2 and using Bq. (3.40) ea = [Poa ea)= [Pow (b) This is a scaled version (time-expansion by factor 2n) of the signal f(t) in pair a wo-i(2)--20)-4@) 40] - 3.51 (a): Ty = 4,0 = #/2. Also Do = 0 (by inspection). 2 Lf! sone, = aint Dam x fl overnae- = Zein iniza (b) Te = 108, up = 25/107 = 1/5 =F Det, where a FO = Dre! wh m= © Ji) = Do+ Y> Dae’, where, by inspection Dy = 0.5 $ n>0 Da= hema= 2, sothat [Dyl= cb, and wn {i > Ps Im Ten neo (@) = 5,40 =2and Da =0 HO= SS Dae, where (©) Te= 3.00 = % wherero + jos Ph W qt “2 Fle ee Fig. $3.5-1 ‘Therefore Ea a aco. 3 wos aay (6) T= 6,09 = 4/3 Do = 05 roel mak [[erme tars fas [cone te 363.82 In compact trigonometric form, all terms are of cosine form and amplitudes are positive, We can express f(t) as S(t) = 3+ 200s (20 - F) + cos (st 3) + 3 con (se + 5 - x) 29.420 (ot £) ene (0-- 5) + ee (428) From this expression we sketch the trigonometric Fourier spectra as shown in Fig, $3.5-2a. By inspection of these spectra, we sketch the exponential Fourier spectra shown in Fig. $3.5-2b. Prom these exponential spectra, wwe cas now write the exponential Fourier series as a AB 4 ORD g War gg Hever gy y Leste aey 4g Usa sa=3 By L0r# Dy +t w> ¢ en Cn =m 7/2. 12345 Wo -27 Dal LDo t . t Tasts “35 we o> Fig. $3.5-2 3.5-3 (a) The exponential Fourier series can be expressed with coefficients in Polar form as LO) = VBE I 4 209 434 20 4 (BV FE IIe From this expression the exponential Spectra are sketched as shown in Fig. $3.5-8a (b) By inspection of the exponential spectra in Fig. $3.5-2a, we sketch the trigonometric spectra as shown in Fig. §3.5-3b, From these spectra, we can write the compact trigonometrie Fourier series at Slt) = 3+ 4eos (1 £) + 4vFcos (at - F) (c) The lowest frequency in the spectrum ix and the highest frequency is S. ‘Therefore the bandwidth is 3 rad/sor 3 He 3.544 (a) F pom 37 sl fe) = #@-7)£Dn Te enee "3 r2 or a =] t oes "Ia - 4 a 3 On 1423 w> TH: se 123 Os Fig. $3.5-3 Bn = Dye so that [Dal @) 3.5-5 (a) From Bxercise E3.6a no=behSPreont — -1ees1 ‘The power of f(¢) is 198 For N = 1, Pe = 0.1111; for N = 2, Py = 0.19823, For N = 3, Pz = 0.19837, which is greater than 0.198. Thus, N = 3, 8.5-6 (a) From Exercise E3.6b po Mew Sedan ansese 383.67 3.61 ‘The power of /(t) is Moreover, from Parseval’s theorem (Ea. (3.82)] +S ys (b) Ifthe V-term Fourier series is denoted by 2(2), then 2) = An SE sinnnt arstsn ‘The power Ps i required to he 0.904% = 0.342, Therefore For N = 1, Pe = 0.202647; for N = 2, Pe = 0.253347, for N = 5, Py = 0.296584? for N 0.302224, which is greater than 0.342, Thus, N= 6. ‘The power of a rectified sine wave is the same as that of a sine wave, that is, 1/2. Thus Py = 0.5. Let the 2N +1 term truncated Fourier series be denoted by f(t). The power Py is required to be 0.9975P; = 0.49875. Using the Fourier series coeficients in Exercise E3.10, we have Pe . 24 S 1 yo Sit 3 aap tae Dian eng sh sun se y= 2 irs at ae ae rt Bee ee eG AO 0a pommel wre. Te power of the error in the approximation of f(t) by /(t) is only 0.21% of the signal power Py. ee 4053 for N= 0 (only de), Py = 0.49535 for and wo = 2, and 0.504 a T+ 34m and from Eq. (3.74) De ——_ rT $ mot = 31.08n Therefore, v(t) = > Duff nwo)” D wet 39Chapter 4 4a2 413 rays [Treas [7 piocmnt-3 [7 nosnare If {(¢) is an even function of t, f(t) sinwt is an odd function of t, and the second integral vanishes. Moreover, f(0)coswt is an even function of t, and the first integral is twice the integral over the interval 0 to co. Thus when f(t) is even Flw) F(t) coswt dt q) Sines argument shows that when (ti odd Fe) =a) [ sosinueat @ If (2) is also real (in addition to being even), the integral (1) is real. Moreover from (1) [fF Hoccnstae= Foe) Hence Fs) is real and even function of w. Similar arguments can be used to prove the rest of the properties. [rite bf newerena, ie 1F(u)|ooslot + creaes [~ [F(e)I infor + 2F (0) Since |F()] is an even function and ZF (.s) is an odd function of w, the integrand in the second integral is an ‘odd function of w, and therefore vanishes. Moreover the integrand in the first integral is an even function of w. ‘and therefore ro=2 [stone + ere Because f(t) = falt) + fo(t) and e-™ = cos wt + jsin wt Ftay= foes sdniermar= [ito + toleonseat—5 J (0) + Jo(0)Jsinwt dt Because fu(t)coswt and fo(t)sinwt are even functions and fu(t)coswt and J.(t)sinut are odd functions of, these integrals (properties in Eqs. (B.43), p. 38] reduce to Fanaa f” seremtar25 [~ ferinatat a Also, trom the results of Prob. 4.1, we have FU} a2 [" pcjosseat and 71s) 25 [” nlosinara 2) From Eqs. (1) and (2), the desired result follows 4041-4 (a) 7 a ection an [core (b) 4.1-5 (a) rays [ernie [arma (b) ° mare Pefonsr tursinur = tare f t This result could also be derived by observing that (t) is an even function. Therefore from the result in Prob. 4a. Fig. S4.1-66 (b) The derivation can be simplified by observing that F() can be expressed as a sum of two gate functions Fi(w) and Fe(w) as shown in Fig. S4.1-6. Therefore w= f [Filw) + Fwyleaa = {f om aos f ona} sin 2ebeint ° 7 41-7 @) 1 . =f [ coswe™ ds el, Baa (ites + sind a x -a=m™ (3) © Lt pyetan= bf"? ca HO ae fg Oe FLU Peorcorstde ts [7 rapsnstas] Because F() is even function, the second integral on the right-hand side vanishes. Also the integrand of the first term is an even function, Therefore 4aBe (a Om sine( £)veet (&) al gluat + oatineat =H 4.2: Figure $421 shows he plots of vrion factions, The function npr () i ete fnsion cere atthe critnandof width 2 Te anton npr) cab epee x & (rf) hii tral alse centered ste rg and af with 10/8.‘ ftom i part (ea ene futon re) dele by 10. In ther ovis gio pln contend at f= 10 and of wth BT fonction art (@) i ne ple centred We onigin an the et eo octng at say a fe t= 3 he faction npr () ae ple Soc) dae ty Toe For the sie ps sin() the rt tr ners at gm, that at oS Therefore the faction a Sine ple comer at = 10r Sd rman spaced at er of Sas shown nthe Bg State ‘The fncon past (Fa prods of agate pu (ceed the on) of with Ter and ane pulse lected a the arin) with oon raced at interes ofS Thi een the ste pe reed Boj th lara (12) se ahown Pig ane “ak = sine (2) ans “a gigtemm ammo om _ inet = sine(rde 424 (@) (b)4g. 432 (@) u(t) = x6(0) + “ is 70 3 Application of duality property yields n8(t)-+ 4 os 2eu(—w) go 3 aioe 1 I feos; | = ul-w) Application of Eq. (4.35) yields 1 1 a [a-9- Al = ule) But 6(t) is an even function, that is 6(—t) = 6(@), and 1 i Fe + 2) o> lw) (e) £08 wot <=> x6(u + wo) + Ale — wo] we For jon of duality property yields 16(¢-+ 0) + 8(¢ — wo} e=# 2008 (wow) ee=———eEer Fo who Setting wo = T yields S(t4 7) +6(t~ 7) <=> Boos Tes © ginal => jrl6(w + wo) ~ blu — wo] wo For Application of duality property yields Srl6(t+ 0) — 6(¢ — wo)] 49 2 sin( wou) = —2e sin(wow) Re aw) Setting wo = T yields 8(¢+.7) — 6(¢~ 7) = sin TH Fig. (b) fale) = S(-#) and Flu) = (robe Be + jue" Fig. (¢) falt) = f(t 1) + file 1). Therefore Fle) (Fw) + Fi(wile™ = [F(w) + Fla) em SF (osu + wsinw —1) Fig. (d) fa(t) = (0-1) + flt-+) File) = F(w)e™ + F(-w)e*Fig. (0) flt) = s(t 4) + t+ Hane Fula) = Faye? + (we! oe tee pe Sem a jue =a) J posin = sine (2) Fe. (£) (can be obtained intneenepe: (1) time-expanding J) by factor 2 i) then delaying it by 2 Bree fai sd ntplyng by 13 we tay interchange the sequence for tee (i) and (i) The ft ep {Gnwecpansion bya factor) yllde 1(8) a 20a.) = bole — jnoe™ =) Second step of te delay of2 ses i 1 (S52) — ge™ — me ne JNiplying the resulting signal by 1.5 yields my 1 = Gilt - ia ‘The third step of sn =254 (452) em ght s2™) aN ; sint ule sae” . mNe ntu 7 : wo si nt) Ute? naar aoa (eT) wel) Fig. $4.3 43-5 (a) 10 = ( wa (22 T and (b) Fiom Fig. 843-30 we verify that 10) = sintu(t) + sin(t— x)utt — =) Note that sin(¢ ~ x)u(t~ x) is sin tu(t) delayed by x. Now, sintu(t) <=» $[6(w~1) ~ 6fw-+ 1)| + zby and sin(t — m)u(t — mn) =e {glo = 1) = 6+ + 4444 Therelore -m) Floto 1) -oo+ 1+ Ap Mate Recall that f(2)6(2 ~ 0) = J(zo)6(z ~ xo). ‘Therefore &(w + 1)(1 +e") = 0, and Fl) ail eo) (©) From Fig, $4.3-3¢ we verify that 10 = cot [= £)] a cortate conta (e- But sin(t — $) = -cosé. Therefore 1 =cortu() +n (1 5) (e= Flo) = Flow - 9) + 6+ N+ (oto) swan) hy ic Blak Ye"? = 6(w + eH? = 4j6(0 41) Also because {(2)6(2~ 20) = S(z0)8(x - 20), ‘Therelore alia te (a) F(t) = e*[ult) ~ u(t ~ T)) = e*u(t) ~ e-*u(t~ 7) etult) ee eM M y(t T) we er ig tot FO)= sya jona® janet! iy From time-shifting property HOLT) ee F(w)etT ‘Therefore SWE T) + (t= T) > Pluie + Flw)e™? = 2F(W) cos ‘We can use this result to derive transforms of signals in Fig. P4.3-4 (a) Here f(t) isa gate pulse as shown in Fig. S4.3-4a. $(0) = reer (5) ep 2sinc(u) Also 7 = 3. The signal in Fig. P43-da is f(t+3) + f(¢—9), and E43) + F(t 3) 9 Asine() cos (b) Here /(@) isa triangular pulse shown in Fig. S4.3-4b. From the Table 4.1 (pair 19) 19 -0() 0 (G) Also T = 3. The signal in Fig. P4.3-4b is f(t +3) + f(t — 3), and 1049) 10-2) = dein? (2) ede 45Fe | =6 ' (ay a Fig. $4.3-4 4.85 Frequency-shifting property states that Fle) JIN w) = s(et0" es Plu Fu0) ‘Therefore Liners ~s0t {()sinwot = FU + Le ‘Time-shifing property states that 1 1 Fife eo) + Fle — 20) SET) = Pls) Therefore HET) ~ S(t = 1) > F(T ~ Ful = 25 F(w) sin and 1 BUT) ~ 1 1)] > Flw)sin Tw ‘The signal in Fig. PAS is f(¢+3) ~ f(t— 3) where 110 = 10 ($) a ante) ‘Therefore (t+ 3) — f(t — 8) <> 2j[28ie(w) sin 3} ) = 4) sine(w) sin 3 on Fig. $4.3-6, 4643-6 4-7 48 Fig. (a) The signal f(2) in this case sa triangle pulse A(z) (Fig, 843-6) multiplied by cos 10. $0) = () cos 108 ‘Aso from Table 41 (pair 29) A(z) => wsinc®(3!) From the modulation property (441) it follows that 1) = 8 (5) eo 11 > Zin? 2] sine? Es} ‘The Fourier transform in this case isa real function and we need only the amplitude spectrum in this ease as shown in Fig. S4.3-6a, (b) The signal f(t) here is the same as the signal in Fig. (a) delayed by 2x. From time shifting property. its Fourier transform is the sane as in part (a) multiplied by e~™""). Therefore 5 fone git sone Sep} om ‘The Fourier transform in this case is the same as that in part (a) multiplied by e~™, This multiplying factor represents a linear phase spectrum ~2rw. Thus we have an amplitude spectrum [same asin part (2) a well as ‘linear phase spectrum ZF (w) = ~2rw as shown in Fig. $4.3-6b, the amplitude spectrum in this case as shown in Fig, $48.6, Note: In the above solution, we fist multiplied the triangle pulse A(z) by cos 108 and then delayed the result by 2x. This means the signal in Fig. (b) is expressed as (525) cos 10(¢ ~ 2x) ‘We could have interchanged the operation in this particular case, that is, the triangle pulse A(t) is ist delayed by 2x and then the result is multiplied by cos 10¢. In this alternate procedure, the signal in Fig (b) is expressed as A522) con 10 ‘This interchange of operation is permissible here only because the sinusoid cos 10t executes integeel number of| cycles in the interval 2x. Because of this both the expressions are equivalent since cos 10(t ~ 2x) = cos 10 Fig. (c) In this case the signal is identical to that in Fig. b, except that the basic pulse is ret (34) instead of ‘triangle pulse A(:4), Now Fl) wnt (sh) = arsine) ‘Using the same argument as for part (b), we obtain F(e) = n(sinee(u-+ 109] + sincfe (ea — 10))}e-77™ (a) A There (b) to Lancy a 2 (2) There 2 inc? F(t) = Fsinc*(t) cos ae fa) ult) and u(t) eo 26(0) + ie jaa eMu(t) u(t), then a7