Carrier Sif stem Cle remeMBeeE-nOlerey | S AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENTSYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL SUMMARY OF PART 81x ‘This port af the System Design Monual roient procteal dota ond exomples fr se: Tecion ond pcan of handling e=9ip- ‘nen for normal ci condoning sytem The tex! of thir monual offered o# @ general guide forthe use of industry ond of onlin engineer in designing systems. Judgment i equred for oppleton to spe ‘ie ntalletions, and Carta ne expan ble for any ofthe uses mode of th fox CONTENTS fans. ‘air concitioning apparatus unitary equipment accessory equipment tou ron sem ED tinsea ‘CHAPTER 1. FANS ‘This chapter presents information to guide the ‘engine in the practical application of fas used air conditioning syste ‘fan isa device used to produce a ow oar. Use of the term is Limited by deBnition 19 devices pro- ‘ducing presse diflerentials of les than 28 in. wg a¢ seule TYPES OF FANS any ate identified by two general groups: 1. Cenusifugal in which the air lows radily thru the impeller: Centrifugal fans are clasied according. wheel Blading: forwardcurved, bckwand-curved and esdil (stenight). 2 Axial low, im which the ait Rows axially thr the impeller. Axial Row fans are cawified a8 propeller (is), rabeaxial and vaneaxsl. Figives 1,23, 2b and 2e show the various typeof commonly applied fans. ‘APPLICATION ‘When 2 duet system ie needed in an air condition: ing application, a tabeseal, vaneanit or centrifuga! fan may be used. Where there fe no dc sytem and lite resistance to ai How. 2 propeller far can be sppliel. However, selfcontained equipinese fie lutlze centrifugal fans for applications without ductwork ‘The centrifugal fan is wsed in most commlort appli ion because ofits wide range of quiet, efiient ‘operation at comparatively high presures. In ada ton te cenuitugal fan inlet ean be ready attached to an apparatus of large crasssection while the dis charge is easily connected to relatively small ducts [Air flow ean be vated vo match aie distribution aye tem requirements by simple adjstments tothe fan drive oF contra devices ‘rar Da on Der CoNntenO. Pores Fo Pr Dane Fic, 2Axtas Flow Fansi" iS i . aC WB ce 3 Se 2S Fic. 3 ~ Souno Rowen Levees Axial ow fans ate excellent for large air volume applications where higher noise levels ate of second: ary concern. They ar, therefore, often wsel for in Atustriat air conditioning and ventilation. "These high velocity fans tequite guide vanes to obtain the best eficincies when operating agnins pressures onsiered normal for centrifugal fans, However, these fans nay be applied without guide vanes, igure 3 illustrates the approximate sound power level ofa pial cenuifugal fan andl an axial flow ‘an. The fequencier detectable by the human est ($00 to 1000 cycles per second) are the least favor. able for te axial fow fan. Therefore, to obtain a xc NOTE: speespeat = 2B %é Fe. 4 ~ Serciie Spex RaNess acceptable sound levels with the exial flow fan, Sound attenuation may be required ‘The concept of specific peed is wf in describ ing the applications of various fan yper. Specific speed is a Tan performance index based on the fan speed, capaciy and state presure. Figure shows the ranges of specific peed in which sx types of cen tifugal and axial flow fans operate at high static cliciencies This gure indicates tha forward curved Dade centrifugal ane attain their pesk eficiencies at low speeds, low capacities and at high static pres sures. However, propeller fans reach high eicieney at high speeds and capacities and at low sate pres. ‘The horsepower characteristics ofthe various fans are such that a type may be overloading ar nonover leading. The backward-corved blade centrifugal fan is'a nonoverloading type. The forwardcurved and radial blade centrifugal fans may overload. Axial flow fans may be elther nonoverleading oF over: loading All fan types may be willed for exhavst service ‘Wall fans operate again litle of no resistance an therefore are ually ofthe propeller ype, Propeller {ane are sometimes incorporated ino factory built penthouses roof eape. Hooded exiaust fans and fenral station exhaust fans ate typiaily of the cen: ‘vifogal ype. Axial fans may be suitable for exhaust applications, particularly in factory installations STANDARDS AND CODES Fan application and installation ould conform to all cols, laws and regulations applying a the job ‘The AMCA Standata Text Code for Air Moving Davies, Bulletin 210, presriber metros of testing fans, white ANCA rating standards prescribe meth cols of rating CENTRIFUGAL FANS (Centrifugal fans ae identi by the curvature of the blale tip. The forward-eurved Ulde curves in the direction of rotation (Fig. a). The radial blade has no curvature (Fig. 38). ‘The bickwardeurved blade ip inclines backward, curving away fom the direction of rotation (Fig. $c). The curvature of the blade tip defines the shape of the horsepower and state presure curves “The characteristics ofthe three main eypes of cen fog! fans are listed in Table ICHAPTER 1. ras FORWARD-CURVED BLADE FAN ‘A sppical performance of a forward-curved blade {an ie hown in Fig 6. The pressute rises from 100% {tee delivery toward no delivery with a characteristic Aip atlow capacities, Horsepower increases contina. ‘ously with increasing air quant BACKWARD.CURVED BLADE FAN Apical performance of backward-curved blade fan is shown in Fig. 7. The presure ries constantly from 100% fee delivery to neatiy no delivery. There is no dip in the curve. The horsepower curve peaks at high capacities Therefore, a motor selected co {tity the maximum power demand a¢ 2 given fan speed does not overiond at any point on the curve, providing this speed is maintained. ‘Tyo moifcations of the backward-curved blade {an are the airfoil and backward inclined blade fans 3 . Fic. 5— Fan Brapes Fic. 6 — Fonwano-Cunven Buaot Fan PsrsonMance: TABLE 1cHARACTERISTICS OF ‘CENTRIFUGAL FANS ‘cred 2 tamper Bt lps hat he “These are illustrated in Fig. $d and Se. Both are nonoverloading pes The airfoil blade fan & a high eficiency fan be cause. ite aerodynamically shaped. blades. permit “moather air or thra the wheel. I is normally used for high capaci, high prevore 3 power savings may outweigh ite Since the eflieney characteristic of an airfoil blade fam usually peaks more sharply than thote of other types, greater care is required in its selection and pplication to particular dy. "The backward inclined blade fan must be selected lover co tree delivery; therefore, it does not have as Fre. 7 ~ Bacewano-Cunveo BLAoe Fan PenvorsanceTic, 8~ Raotat Brave Fan Penromares great a range of high efficiency operation asdoes the Backward curved blade fan, Manulacture of an in- lined blade is understandably 3 simpler operation RADIAL BLADE FAN ‘Typical performance of a radial (sigh) blade fan is shown in Fig. 8 The pressure characteristic is ‘continuous at all capacities, Horsepower rees with increasing air quantity in an akmort directly propor: tonal relation. Thus, with this ype of fan the moror may be overloaded a free air delivery i approached, “The radial lade fan has efeienc, speed and ca pacity characteristics that are midway between the forward.curved and backware-curved blade fans, It {is seldom used in airconditioning applications be ‘cause lacks an optimum characters PART 6. AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT Fic, 10 Vaneaxiat Fass tubular housing but without inlet or outlet guide vanes. The blade shape may be at or curved, of single o double thickness ‘The axial flow fan has become particulaty aso- ciated with the vaneaxial ype which has guide vanes before or after the fan wheel To make more effec tive use ofthe guide vanes, the fan wheel usualy bas ‘curved blades of single oF double thickness. Figure ‘isa sectional view ofthe vanesxial fan. ‘The curve stationary difuser vanes ate the type most frequently used when higher efiiency vane axial fans are desire. The purpose ofthese vanes i ‘ARIAL FLOW FANS to recover a portion ofthe energy ofthe tangentially Fgere9 show perfomance caraceriic yp Seta aalots ropa a “Type perfnmance ofan axa fw fan shown “Phe bec fan cs rmmn al fw tan ins in BRIG oo ih ih He ih , Se he Sloot HEL SEE 7 Fic, 9~ Proveuuan Fax Penroneaner Fro 11 = AKiat Fuow Fan PraronstancrCHAPTER 1. FANS FAN DESIGNATION, CLASS OF CONSTRUCTION ‘The ANCA Ins developed standards of centri fl bn constuction basal on the pressure the fans re vege to evelop, The Fo clases of fans ap- pear in Table 2, Each of the various fan manulae- tures has defined his own maximum whee! tip speed foreach ease “The require fam cle can be determine! from Chait 1H outlet velocity and static presure are now, Caleulation of velocity presute and total prestre is thus eliminated, This chaet is based on Mandar air 2992 in, Hg barometrie preswre and 70 Feempersane) nonstandard conditions of temperature and al: tituce are encountered nam application, the cae latee static prestve should be corrected before en tering Chart 1. The procedure is describe in the section entitled Fan Selotin, See Example 3. Minimum first costs can often be achieved by sing a larger size fan ofa given class than by choo: ing ¢ smaller fa sizeof higher clas Ifa selection lies on the border line, both alternatives shoul be 65 TABLE 2—CLASSES OF CONSTRUCTION Cenriaga Fons Some manufacturers ofler packaged fant and motors which are not defined in terms of cast. ‘These packages are made of Clase Tor It pats, mal ie slighly to hold the motor within dhe fan base. The fam package islet expensive than the equiva lent Chat 1 of IL fan and it satstactory for most applications. Packaged fans are also offered in con- struction lighter than Class, Manulacturers speci Batons usualy uistingush between light and heavy A pressure clas sandare pertaining 10 centeita fal {ane mounted in cabinets hat alo been pubd- Tished by AMIGA. Cabinet ‘ane are commonly tse with central station fanoil equipment. The theee ‘casts ofc Fane ae dein! in Table 3 CHART 1-CONSTRUCTION CLASS PRESSURE LIMITS [eae fom pteone ir cd» coemteron pT tee cage i66 PART 6 AIR HANDLING EQUIPMENT. Fic. 12—Daive Ansanceatenrs TABLE 3—CLASSES OF CONSTRUCTION Cobinet Fons Fan clas nomenclatare does not apply «0 fans ‘well in Gn-coil terminal units where the manufac turer limits such fane to» particular maximum peel an statie peste FAN ARRANGEMENTS Centrifogal fan drive arrangement, sanfardized hhy AMGA, reer: to the relation of the fan whee! {the earinge and the mumher a fan inl. gure "indicates the varius arrangement. “The fan drive may be director by belt. With the exception of packaged (ant and motos, direct dive issekdom employe in ai conditioning applications because ofthe greater fexiility aforded by the bele ave [Arrangements 1,2 and 8 are commonly used for air conditioning. The remaining cholees are modi Sed versions of Arrangemens I and 8, Double inlet ins for bele drive ate available im Arrangement 3 nd, In selecting suitable fan arrangement fist cost ant space requirements are considered. Single inlet fans ae usually les expensive in the smaller sites while double inft Fane are lower in cost inthe anger sizes Forte sme capacity single inet fan i about 30% caller shan the slouble tee syper bat only About 70% ab wideAvrangement $ is che most widely wed because the beating location eliminates the necessity for a bearing plasform Cost and required space & there fore minize. For sngle inet applications Arrangements I and 2 are ued where the fan whee! i les than 27 inches in diameter. Arrangement 8 is not used since the bearingon the inlet sides large enough, relative to 1 inlet area, to affect fam performance. Fans of larger ses and double inlet fans are not limited in chewy Arrangement 1 i wsuslly more cosy than Ar rangement © because i ht two bearings 2nd a base ‘Where Clas TIT construction is required, Arrange: sent |e preferred over Arrangement 2 1 Arrangement 8 s tobe used at ar temperatures ‘exceeding 200 For Arrangement 1 or 2at tempera tres exceeding 80 F, the fan manufactrer should be consulted so that the proper bearing or heat linger ean be specied Table 4 compare the cons of fan and drive for several single inlet arangements. Selections ate bhved on a constant ar quantity and stati pressure TABLE 4—ARRANGEMENT COST COMPARISON “aaa Ta a — ic. 18 — Moron Posons EDD sir castoingcomoeey or Figure 13 shows the motor positions posible fora betelriven fan, Use of Festions W anv Z results in the simplest constriction of fan base and bel guard ‘Figure 16 shows the standard rotation and dis o Fie. H= Rorariow Axo Disc ance‘Axial Row fans are available for bee drive of di tect connections. Therefore, to arrangements have len standardized throughout the induity. Ar rangement is driven directly Since the motor iin the airstream, the applieation ofthis arrangement Sslimited tothe handling of air which will not dam age the motor. Arrangement 9 iy beltdrven, with the motor loated outside of the airstream andthe ‘rive protected. FAN PERFORMANCE Fan performance curves show the relation of pres sore, power input and fan eficency for a desired "nge of air volumes “Thie relation i bated on con Sant speed and air density, Static rather chan cota pressure and eficency are vwually inferred, Static presute best represents the presure useful in overcoming resistance. However, statiepressize is less applicable where che fan outlet, ‘locity is high. Further, if the fan opeater against to resistance, static presure is meaningless. In these cases tox mechanical eficiency i uted Fan performance may be exprewed as percencages of rated quantities or in term of abyolte quanti PART 6. Al HANDLING EQUIPMENT ties. The former method isillustrated in Fig. 6,7. , Sand I LAWS OF FAN PERFORMANCE Fan laws are used to predict fan performance under changing operating conditions or fan sie ‘They are applicable to all ypes of fans The fan laws are stated in Table 5. The symbols ‘sed in the formulas represent the following quan Q —Volume rave of ow thru the fn, N ~ Rotational speedo! the impeller. P ~Pressure developed by the fan, cither static or toa Hip ~ Horsepower input othe fan 'D ~Fan wheel diameter. The fan size number may be used If itis proportional to the ‘wheel diameter. W —Air density varying directly asthe barome tie presure and inversely ae the absolute In addition to the restiaions noted in Table 5, application of these laws is limited to cases where fans ate geometrically similar and where there is no TABLE S—FAN LAWS. oe) See | a sleet | 2-8 sir [5] ptm] me aaa noe : so wae 1 [Stern nmonam | a(R) gee [oe [igen emer | Bay ; >) lsemer "= | e-@y Be | oo | erhooattors | alee cmye Een mn Bra) am pest | Cosecr 1) | Rage od tempore woy | er mr ani at = a neCHAPTER 1. FANS change in the point of rating on the performance curves. Because of the latter qualification, fan ef ‘encies ae astumed constant. Geometrically similar fans ate those in which all Alimensions are proportional to fan wheel diameter “The same point of rating for two fats of diferent size means that foreach fan the presi and ar vol ume at the poiat of rating are the sme fraction of thutof presiure and volume at fre delivery, pro: vided the rotational sped f the same in either ese For example, an operating point on Fig. 7 will not change with the application of les 7 thea 9, even though speci values will change, Exomple 3 = Us of lowe tre? Ti qunaty Se pme | Tisleoe BT horpover= Spc. tc promne a onepower ih pe apaty 20 aya = S815 Se premare = 12x (op = 205m mp. Hacpower = 1 (yS8) FAN CURVE CONSTRUCTION Fan performance is usualy presented in tabular form (Table 6 However, for 3 graphic analysis per formance curves are mare convenient to ws. It no curves are avilable, tabular values of pressure and horsepower may be plotted at constant speeds over the given range of capacities. ‘The reiting curves ‘may then be eed a deseribedinder en Perform: ‘ance in Sytem FAN PERFORMANCE IN A SYSTEM SYSTEM BALANCE ‘Any ait handling system consists of » particular combination of ductwork, heaes, Kes, dehumidi fers and other components Each eystem therefore has an ivividual presuresvolume characteristic vehich is indepensdent of the fan applied to the 53 tem. This relation may be expressed graphically on ‘coordinate system hlentical co that of 2 fan per formance curve. A typieal system characteristic is shown in Fig 1 System curves are based on the fae which states that the resistance to alr Now (static pressure) of 2 system varie the square of the air volume flowing thr the system. In practice a state pressure is ale late as caeluly a possible fora given system 3 the required air quamity. This eaalishes one point of the system curve. The remaining poing.are abizined by calculation from the above law, rather than by futher stati pressure calealations at ther air quan ‘When a fan performance curve fora given fan size sand speed i stiperimpated upon a system character: istic at in Fig. 1, there ie only one point of inter section. This point is the only posible operating point uniter the conlions. Ifthe fan speed sin eased, the point of operation moves Upward to ‘ear he right If the speed is decreased, the operat. ing poine moves dawn and to the lef Figure 15 ilasrates the elect on sytem perform ance of operation at other than design conditions Such a situation could be caused by dirty Blur, wet cl versus cy col operation ofthe dehumidifier, or the modulation of damper. Lines of constant brake TABLE 6—TYPICAL FAN TABLE rea se mer ane = 9 BACKWARD-CURVED seo wa oa = t setae setae anf oe seo oa + earban| tel aat rep arta aot esr ooh eedd arf rar