—, (CHRISTIAN ORIGINS AND THE QUESTION OF GOD ‘Volume One THE NEW TESTAMENT AND THE PEOPLE OF GOD NT Wright prge (1792)conrens ce seit a PARTE Introduction ser gnata 1 1 Chistian Origins and he New Testament F508) 3 inaceoyat ewire St ey reesei chive Bre rey amin a (Stott 3 Stas 5 PART Tend Ta > 2 Kaw: an Vas ae HEE ‘ : 3 Lies, ale Aniont Wate © Ol sick x oe ar 8 cone ESS 3 (The Am Sane: Nein Sucre Ae 8 eM Ne i aS Sea 4 4 Hog st eC ee ee 5 eatnlacin 3 gerne z (i) Ne nd Meg is coe HHConn ep enigma rae en hy ne ee ei een, an 3 a 2 pee E za a, : : | ies g : RTH Fay on Wd 3 © Menge ty A BEE een | Tene * ‘ere ey Been | oom 7 The Developing Diversity ww ” Pie % 5 Eiemecton oe 3 akan : 2 Been LL.B Goto pee 7 ap SSS ee hae 5 eee ; Reso = a ; ee eee * eSame. a Sooo tae 2 11 The Quest forthe Kengnate Chueh | a : ; era z | BE ay fr — oe e —— et 2 i S9S6 ERSEE Y BECERYEUSHUENY SNBENENEREEUUHUUUEEE E BENEetree ees Cones 13 Stociesin Bary Christianity (1) eon ‘pases Compt SS) 2 rebrand se es tor Of EERSSNah Clete eter fe 2 ceatmackdmocet” Stories ia Fat Cray 2) a sottntayt Qantas SS 4S. The Eatty Christians A Preliminary Stteh i 16 TheNew Tesament andthe QvetionofGad "°°! ine Gunes Append: Chronsloical Cr of Seco Temple Sesh History andof Early Christan Biography Abbreviations ‘A "Pray Sources BB Secondary Soares Indexes ageweeyees § Inderof Ancient Sources Inde Selected TopicsPREFACE "oe sme years sed owt to Boos se ys: one about Paul an is ‘heeloy, the other about Jes win his oral content. Ie pradaally “ined on me thatthe wo belonged together more closely than Vad el- lec uth were concerned wih the hora desrpton of eens and bebe Inthe ist cetiy Both emphasize sparta way of undettanding te ‘leant tent and event Both rege a preunderstanding of steety Scam Both demanded contig tholosand pata elec So {Wasa ound myself criven to think of wo-olume work on Jesus and Pau ut the matesa, and the sara of he arguments I wished to advance stout would ot let me eee ist tat Ose the vl guests at has 0 Brsted ss prt of the search for Jess at so do wih the gospel they ‘and and he enormovs problem raed there cool arly be dealt with int {ingle chapter somevere wit a already overong book. Having ven {tu aed to myself hat Uwas ths planing ee values, tas ony @ ‘Short step to te relzaton tat was Stal hakog Lge one each for {es Pal andthe gospel, and am introcction (he present volume) and ‘ancaion in which the varios hing that wool there Rave oes Bete nd nf ec af he er re kc ere The fst projet wed, though si foes ently on Jess ASM Pu abo inevitably abut he New Fextament ss whol ‘One reson fo allowing he teal to expand ais way ite fing ‘yevty of 30 many one volume, oF even twovolume, ‘New Testament ‘theologies in the present century. To compres the cin ofthe parables, ‘or ofsteation. no wo othe pages actly not mach we ether othe ‘Srdinary reader orto the advancement of scholarship. At ber all one cA hope wo do by that method ost few bel singing aod se any teers at ogo svay and work ot what they might ean. Hhope to dole more {har ha and ata to aes soba es, ad engage deste with ‘opposing views a cet ey points. "A the opposite exteme fr be bl overall suey i the rapmestation ich exits nso much ofthe dicpine, whereby pope spend entire pre. Somlctcers spectlzng it on salvar, and neve ey ora together heTr cy aie Preface {reads of wider hypotheses. believe i important that he synthesis be 4 atempted, but without fae eimreston of oversinptieton. 1 bop then. 1% oltter consitent hypothesis am the ogi of Cran, with particular ‘ation to Jesuy Pal andthe gospels which wil set out e™ maya of Udestanding major movements a thought patters and sguest ne les that teyss can oll up. hope o coctibute wo his ask yl. “The phrase "New Testament holy wie dss nthe ist ape of the present lume, Kite present dy iaded with sity of onnaaion [though i mary waye what tam ding falls into the pre of books with sie tha I hve prefered oleae the ain ile of the project cosree rather than abstract One of the ubdeying ete thoughout the meaning tthe word ‘God oe or that mater g(t below), sd iicems fo me tht thecal Chstansneladig he wie othe New Testament, wrested wis "hat question re than is wsualyimapiaed. The word thor for Greek Speakers snd is equtvalent im ther guages spoken the Bs ent) ‘snot univocal So the early Critane ade out fay thorough ae fo Snertanding tins prea see Lamtertore mt merely nesting ‘he genera area of eng (Leaning that pases fo tealogal eiee- {on onan subj), but wh o fos partially on theology” proper—ie ‘he meaning ad eer a he inortaat mar "po. Tas ha prea brig been somewhat nected within‘New Testament theology. td Seem 0 me hp ne that the station was recties “There are five mates of ings wage on which Imus comment, and cuiber apologize for perhaps, explain wy apology should be unnecesary (Fist tora refer o Jesus sess nt singly rst ad may ole ‘es, Ths ot simpy to sending my Dens fens another fo thom Jess’ Mesiahaip a mater of debate, risbeesse Metlahship ‘self question thouphout the gope! sory. ad te task ofthe Mstorin 0 Seething a fara poe trou be eyes of he people of he ine par ‘eal my serve ae a reminder tat Chit i. te wih spel, ond tute lined, meaning (ce the dann in volumes ? nd). was ato ‘vine’ ie, bowever mc thas bean weed ue in Christin i ‘hes a as ot nearest Chia edb oa mere roper bans ‘Second hve frequent ase go ited of God The aot a priser’ {ror ori ta Slberate irreverence; rater the opposite, fac Toe Iodernvsuge,withou the ate apd wih sap, tem to me scaly Ahangervs. This wage, wbic sometimes amount epading Goda Ne Popes nate of he Del, ater hans esentaly common noun, ples that aluser of he word are monothests and; witha at tall monoteie believe inthe same po. Both these propsins seem tome teltevderty ‘ue Tr may or may tbe tise hat 2 worship a ry pod translated by Sore myserous grace into washipof ose gd who actly exist, and wh happens oe the ol god Tats ened by some dent of religion. Ie net bomever, baie by vey may pescioners othe maine moneec {eligions Usdaism, Christianity, lam) or ofthe bon-Monotestc ones se wh sgh. er Preface x (Windus, Boshisn andthe cognates. Certainty she ews and Chisians| (ofthe fist century aint bees They believed that pagans worshipped lacs or even demons. (The question aso ow Jus and Chars ered ‘ich others eles on this ope willbe adressed in Part V ofthe present ‘rte Teseems to me, theteore, simply misleading ows God! throughout this work Thave fen peered ier trees onus gd bythe ea ame, ‘it aoctstanding debates aboot the ue of thi ame within Second ‘empl cas) on pases designed to remind us of what oF who we are {sling abou, to Speak of the eestor, the covenant gd or Tra od. The ‘arly Css wed the ras the pd ho he) of ths go and his eas Ieee) somewhat polemical, making an esenaly Jewish moves plat ‘Fer agin polytheism toa worl where here wate tty suns one wold ns the su Frtertore the early Chim replay fl the ned 0 he lat which god they wee aig about by losing te phrase as Pel ‘atten does witha reference othe Tevelation of ns po fe and Vreug Tes of Naereth ine infact the present projet presets ase an ‘she hing for res uerstanding Of the eating dod conte of te word "pn and lsat “Gee te ph of Jes he Spt and the New Test Jeni It would be begging the question to follow a usage whic seemed 0 iy tha the answer was how in svace Thnk guste ely hat many “tise wt come to book ke th with the rm coniction hat Sesh {a aed equally well many of tose who come with the frm concn hat bes not may bol views othe meaning ogo o ‘Go, whch ght o be ‘llenged inthe ight ef he New Testament The crstiogial usin 2 iether the sttemeat ess is God itr, eso what see sen ‘nde thugh"God were he known andes the wknown his ge ‘Nnaoesy mistaken Hanjin. the mater sans the oer 00nd “thud ame people pet rs if they sete asge Be and ad in etree to sats before and after the birth of Jess sige they take Hae 4 spn of {Nan imperial, Oters are iitaed i tey see Crating the ‘sig popula eat aternates BCE (Beloe the Come Ea and 11 Gimmn Ba), beau Sema either ptronsing or pees. Sat ‘ites rage ato whether he Hebrew Bible should he called “Tanach’ oF ‘hu Testmen perhaps even “The Ouer Testament (nm view teat ‘thet patiing of lor wether Fist Testament and Second Test late more appropiate Iissvange hat seen o be seolas win be “1 Chan tadlon wo at ied vith thse problems ew wens ae ‘Cesta’ way of eer Utes nd book, or woul ish sulfa hese eases there fara mine rong uh which sone ihe ese to present neural or objecie’ vew though we wee all ‘nett diteretedfistoriss looking down rom an uninvolved Obmpian Init As shall he arging in Part Hof the preset volume, such an emul is inappropeate and inded impose Therefore, mind of selyemmsetceh ee tiny ef Lan Pt Hemi Prface the frie impossity ofplesng al he peopel the time, shal coins {oll the sages to wich Tam acetmed (aD and ey ‘Old Testament nd/or Hebrew Ble), wih neither ines or patoiigitent—o0 ing indeed, tat he same usage obtain the teviston of Sehorers classic vrork bya team of historians fom widely diferig bahgrounds unde the Tender of Profesor GeaaVermes® “Fourth we meet he cutently vexed question of he gener of language sbat"God or goss Here again we meet pre. Nobody insite that 2 Me lis theologian shuld eer to he goa he or he dsr he thi sit a sel otervise Matis woud not be ble to write much helo Te ame SToud’be tr, thin or ll ows ut very recey and certainly forthe reat majority of Jews the present. Nobody inst hat someone wg Shout Hinds delies shuld make them al Idacniatesdrgyne some fare leary masculine, oes equally deaty feminine. Nor woul the pagan {gis and goddess ofthe anon world ave been plowed tet devotees ‘aa got her genders male In work of sto 1 tink ti appropriate fo {fer the gd ofthe Jew, he gf the Gest Roman wots the go ‘Lie early share, nay which tos Fup mould themes have eg Shall constanly need to rele to that part of he Middle st in yh the gospel events ae St comity cll ths terior ‘Palestine ny Jewsh lends may abject refer tot ates my Pest ends In et slgted andra, mot ofthe ative Christian rent ng Inthe area happen tobe Palestinians I hl hereore adopt no const poli, ut wish o place on record my desire to be sete tothe feeling Fears ind aspation ofall concerned as wel sy gratitude for he wonder folwoleome and hospitality I reseed on al ier during te tine 1 sents ‘ersten 188, working 0 the st hee olumes of ths poe ‘Something mast ow be sai abou he gape Wis rst Volume. I bas cally at exces in pound daring eged fo enable me engage fa ther work on Jes, Paula the psp without begging Ql oy gues tinea would Rave done had Tint squete ths mari int hee hapers of other books In mos ofthis book, he, Lites 2 faciated mater, cae than a highyseined profesional My own spetalation® Ive bec Jess ad Bl and have come to hermenesic ahd theo Meo on the oe and nd to the iy ofa cetuyJuasmonte ater, ‘san enti outder, Some, eager for exes lind auch of hs book areane an unnecesay ote Haig pest he Une siting mara {hat ete pall gether gute ry, il seapect that important questions te Sil being begge. (Ths spares veo Pr have found Wnees Sar though fo texas on these eto, since the eset chat of New “Testament sistas htown up s0 may confusions of method ad coment ‘ha he any Hope ogo Backwte beginning The oy way of alewating the remaining nedequais of he ese ork would Nave beef im each Par ina whol bakin isl, Peace i ‘This means among other things, that readers ooking for lengthy “sory esearch will usally be dsapponte, To inde that sor of material Mout make the projet teas al song agai si alendy Tha wi {en ebewnere about the present state of New Tesamett sues, and abou parclar sues within cures seseareh and sal continue to do 2a 8 Modklite tis however one must be quite selective i choosing one's co ‘ersation parters eve atthe rik of appearing fo bpas etn questions ‘ewan chek up on desi o eal i pen of nko ‘ep then setting ot my om proposals am at least mpi ening Ice calogue with many more wees than ae listed i he footnotes, O8 most every page it would have been posible 10 Goubl o treble hese ‘ondary sources teferted 0, but ose must daw alse somewnere. [have {ended to refer to recon dcasiony, many of which ive al boris Of "Avword mast be sid ee abou te category of(Gon] whieh have ound yn xing increasingly equ. Ht han sendy prove rl wri ‘ot areas in ecen scholarship, pt only in Iieray etn but mars a ‘ives a antropoog,phiasphy. eyo, edvation,ehits and the ‘ng sell am wel ane tt some wl gtd ny Seo fs, and [Soeouse te that sory is ena Festre of postmoder tim, il {is rjecto of the antradiona anistry tiadeof the Enlightenment tt 6 nt wih nang teeny oy alae int postmodern Ill On the coniray:nheressposimoderissometines wes St" Incans wheshy one may alk about something ater tan spacetime ey, Ave edt ltegrate within be ‘ena pated expounded i art ead ous away forward in oy an theology as wes ery sty. “This leas to anal word of warning frequent el my stadens that «ques high proportion of what sy probs wrong a Tse led oF sewed inom way which not the moment ez. The ony problem {thu do pox know whic is ate wrong: TT might do something about i."The analogy with otber arse of ie salutary: Take aay mistaken a ‘moral and practical matters, so why should I iagine my thinking to be Impteromy exer? Bt bores if hurt amcone, or ake 3 wrong in {heron ta ely conned quite toon wth eon, expound erate ‘ewe hin the world of acnemis theology Iam key ob cowie by ‘ation. (The fist person ere, as sometine in Pal cade the em fie) Weal ave ways of eopig wie thers comment wit changing Ou ‘nd ha lne tam aware of he ial ceiny ero in ome of wh ‘ets ope baal pay proper tenon othe omens of eee ad “ia hee wl be many wish o ray ateton to the paces where they fad ny statement othe evidence inadequate my arguments ma ty MT ptm M19 onthe New Teams mae ea Neha ™ rT, sll Preface conclusions unvarrante, Serious debate and confrontation isthe stl of Sademie if, an aok forward, no of eouse witout ome tepidation, 0 fore of eas esa of projet "Three smal technical matters( Fis I have adopted the increasingly pops lac bole of bbigrphial eerencts ha ose shor ame and dat, with {Ri deta etd in the tibograpy- (Where am ovigia-guage publication, fin io, eae tem een oe By mor tao oF re ars hae indicated i in sgoare brackets) Tis allows the ootmotes to ‘Emaln where they belong withow becoming oo lengthy Second in quoting fom ba aod ter ane sores Thave equely used oy own ans im, Where Iba followed oes thas been because they see adequate ‘ner than feease Ive # content pty allowing one parila = ‘on: ough fave tndea to ue the New Revised Standard Version (60 ‘Siuting ‘HWW’ for the LORD’) unless otherwise noted. Thirds have ‘ellertely Rept quotation of sncent languages toa ium, and have tfenitersed Grok and Hebrew in as sgle ow as posible Te ony ema o hak several fends who bate conta to the project ty fending its ofthe unusrp.eteing spa encouraging, making Spe ‘nso al sons gery enabling ret bing rg abd une pro Jectto birth Vive ears nd rs ofarious pas have nuded Pros ‘Grs'ihwel Stone sn the late Sara Kamin, ofthe Hebrew Ualtesiy. Profesor Richard Hays, of Duke Divaty School In Durbar, North Carol Professor Char Moti, former of Camb: and Professors Christopher Romlan Rowar Wilisseyapd Olver O Donovan of Oxi The thendsip libel tre as Bee for me among he pretest lesing of ving and Sorking in Oxford am partenariat fiends who tae let me see Workin progres before publication: Tihek parteulany of De Anthony “Tibtion of Johns College, Durham, wbose male Bock New Manzoni FHeroncutcs Iwas pvleged tread in peseipt. Love a further debt of ‘autode to nysadens, bth roa and tadergradat, who fave ened Fatemly fo ny ides ovr the year and equeny made sete observations nd erincom {want otha he ers and wf of SPCK and Fores, pa ‘early Pip Law for thi entusasn fort projer, the ae ich fey have levied upon andthe patience ih wich they ave waited —and ae ‘lingo Dvd Machin Anew Godard and Tory Coming ‘ead the cmplted pest and sted doze f way in wich could [proved sod cid fr hich Tam profacndy grate A specal word of {nk ost go tothe manufacturer ofthe soperiative Nota Bene sata, ttich has one viral eventing Ihave sed oft evaling he book to Be ‘ppeset in my oom sty The remalig masts, ofcourse, re an sal ‘ong ne ofthe above persons, but o msl alone. Seca and elton Ssance of igh quai as been provided over the years of thi work by Jaye Cummins, Elisabeth Godan, Lucy Dt tnd particulary othe later stages, by Katleen Miles, who performed Wonders of orptizaton sd Treating compling te alee, thanking thee four with ko 10 0 Proce in ‘hose whose up te fund through whic I as ale o ford to employ them, In these days of university ase. Pater mention mus be ade in hs Connection of Paul Jeaso, of Orange, Calforla, and the Revd Michael Lloyd of Covists College, Cambridge, wo have given inthis and ie many thermo, mach valsed sep, encoragement and pric hl "The main defo volumes 1nd ard the fis ha flue 3, was wi tenile on sabbatical fnlerssem during the smmme af 1989. For ths | trust nt only hank Worcester Calee andthe Univer of Oxford for grat Ing me leave of absence andthe Leverbuline Tes fra generous Traveling Felli bat also ay hosts ia Jerssem,naely Profesor Devi Satan a the Heieew Unversity wo arganzed my eager, and arly the then Beano S Gtonges Cubed the Very Rend Hugh Wyre wh ane ‘nes mello pin.ton in hs ft, and proved conten bath domestic {nd eens, whch exe aloe as anything Ubave ever Found to eat Ing the perfect conditions for wating. um aso deeply uel othe Revd ‘Mca loys Rend Andrew Moot, sod Dr Susan Cling fr look Inpatient so ay jo dingy varius asence tnd oe a {Ero reading parts of the tet and lring comments whote searing fare reflected the bes soto eolegialiy. Te ratians at the Hebeew {Unversity and he Feo Bibigue were ery bepi ack Rome, te Bodleian Lary emai congenial and prtvleged plac o work, despite problems srthsviking resources Te rare of te Orietl Shs snd Rheology ‘acutes hve Ukewe been of reat help Pride of pace in acknowcdgerent must, aah 0 the ppt of sear wife anderen, who pt up ith my absence in Jerusalem a wth humerous other absences and pressures in the couse ofthe work TE hermencutis, an tdeed story sl we inevtaby 2 mater af teraction ‘etree reader and evidence thse who hve helped he reader o be wh be ‘Sand to become wt he ought 10 becime af oe feenpnaed as pat Sets ofthe reading te rere “One pararchitec who a mary ways Bas een she que no fo the whole oie and for my teslgin and prea hermeneutic! inking over ‘he lax decade, Dr Bran Walsh of Tort, It was symptomatic of it nts forthe work that ewok six wel athe sane 191, 19 elp te think tvough and reshape the euclft fe chapters ofthe resem “tlume, The many weaknesses tat the book stil hs Belong fo me slone: “Sverl fs strength, ns far et as ay, cme fom th tof schol fevers and tenasip, which i relected though holy fevarded ade ‘uate a he deietion NT. Writ Worcester Coles, Oxord seers1 Anwodoction ‘The and of eae smal county. You can walks length, orth sath a 2 few das ad fom cial mous jou ca ee aera boda, the sea to the west an the ert he ese Bel has ha ah importance ou ‘fall proportion o size. Empires have fought ve i Every ory for years ‘ut of the ast four thousand on average, am army fas marched trough fe stereo congucr to reseve fom someone ee to we a. neta Tanlground on which og siren enemy oro ake avaniage of at ‘he mtr! rout fo gong somewhere ee o fg thet instead Thee afe ‘many places wich, once Beal, re ow tfteted and angled wih the lepacis of wae And yet tt emaned a Beal nd sl rodlg apes i,k ae bodes “The New Testament has not ben around a long ashe fn of rel, bt (nother ways tbere ae remartatle pales. sal book sale than ju t's boy Boo, smal enough oe ead hough Ina dy ot. Bat {thas hada inporance bled by li sppearance It has plo abd again een abatepround for maring sts Someties te have eo plunder {is treanies fr thelr own we, o fo anes bt of troy at patos larger empire in need ofa ew xtra rate muna epi Boones, Someries they have ome co ght thelr avate bates on nestle, ‘ding inthe debates out «bok 4 pages convenient lace to stage ‘rar ich is ely berson to moive oF piesphiesenacles Ce paratively related tothe New Testament and i comer Tere are any pices whore tape esuty hasbeen trampled by es: foted exept a earch of« Greek root glk sermon, ors pltcalsogn. And yet hat Femaioed a powerful ahd evocle book, full o della and Maes tes nd aupte "What oght one do wih te New Testament? We may ae it for granted ‘hati il be no god ig to peeve ssl Being ed a8» taller Na borde fences woul be stony enough fo kee ot te pilonpber, the iologists the poltcans andthe csi tourist: noe should me ersten {hey were Tere are many wha hase comet ifr and have stayed be pl owe saute Re DP ame Gon Cle,4 Pat Inti rims. To plc ll or prof ha bok wi a sated ensure wold eto {tute a dominial rebate: ny house & to bea house of prayer forall he ‘ations Past atmo kept or oe group onlj—heake-oer bs y the ‘cholars and the picts he fundamentalists and the arichalt socal ‘rorere—have ended ith nseemly bates, the equlaleat of he Sod struggle forthe conta of Holy Paces te land of rac This book a book a ‘dom for al people bu we ave made adeno scholastip oo matow_ aid and ext pey “Dee have been groups, broadly, who have trie o inert his ter tay for themseves, to make ths book ther own preserve Like the to ‘jor claimant th lad of sae in out ov ay, each eonais some who ‘re commited t the emir removal othe ott fom the land, hough ea tsa contains many who pers nserehing for compromise Solutions. We ‘us understand something of bath poston if eae to apreie he ove ‘task before use ale the sale ts (he ty of esa Palate espe in parte) hat win “There are those who, having Sized power a century or two ago, and coccupsing many moe forueses (einen cals, well- pow publishing ours, apo forth ai thatthe New Testament be ted In hough. Ing histrical way, withostificting on the borden of being tbeolosaly ‘normative. We mis fing ot the nin! meanings af he et snd et hem (uta atta as we eat krespecive ofthe felings of tose who thought {hac particular posse belonged to them and meant someting dierent ‘There sometines an attogane about his aim fo power. Bulg om the Sppatent strength of history. and able to demnstate te iadequacis othe ‘pe way of fe which preceded them, such solr ave St up eoverle furstatioe where before thre were vineyards and hey pata tbe set 0 Sars hore who into he snp ay "There are onthe other ie thore who have thown just a mich determina tion inesistng the advance Of the ew regime, Some sil regard the New “Testament a aor of magi book, whose meaning’ as te Yo 6 with what the is-centuy autor intended, and to do wih how some peru ‘ovtemporary group hat been sccatomed ta bear init call to parla for of spirtoaltyo Hee Tis peremenon s scen ost viol ita findamentalsm txt thy no means conned to the groups (sly i the Protestant dlon) fr which that word is sally reserved. For some the [New Testament hs become sip pat the eu o be ehued red a ‘hon detached sippet, used in pul eye, ut ato be sed ia andor iat to be wrestle oer in the hope of Cicovering something one dd not slready know, fens teem to stan the sol not tostech the mind Such ates have esponded to aroance with arrogance, have ied ost ‘up og areas where the sho ocupying frees ean penetrate have ‘manned barricades wih the stones of petsoul pity, and have bolstered ‘orl with les ef boty arotien ‘Asso fen inthe wr of dy-to-dy plicit i ard fee that one ie ‘atoll right an he ther totaly wane. The New Teme x endowbedy (Chron Osan he New Teament 5 stint apa ew pe pet pent beg va te eter SN os Stine Sree eto a So heeaerr cone me eect ae erate mo lomrome ev Srresblge Aecrkins Green eects hie gers sige regen ay SeSbts ne name tet pacieee apa et Sergi mane eames Sink weiwacpea mnie arta ri Shah cuyeerane craven crema Coico rat ee sehr soem Tecoma egrets me Soe Some ial ment gees oe, Ertan as eer anes Bape la ere at as wy Sitinieroren ine gies eae Eauinceeannce re pee xc Wen ecstercecreieepee eer teneeernenerd Some trae emer ee SES Scat cate oemaeee SSSaN SESE Saas te eae ae inten mena Tyres eee Cece mer teaee eee ena SouTigation cy contenant Fee iappereenetaemctariactd SEAS yp crechati a mete oat Sm rie screens 5 Sig ote eat wocreneai ce See craes e es ita te nih hn noe neo saben eel ti erent er Perea oct neeess a oset eon aanreaees So eig Caie in, need pd te a 7) a Sher he6 Ponts Inratucton vin) n volume of Shakespeare may be wed prop up able le, or It maybe used ‘Ske bass fora pulsopica theory. es oe difical tough to see at ‘ng it the foun for drama productions he pasteles a ‘es more authenicy than ether ofthese (hough of use rasng farther perio shot shir = modes es pndaction more ess Sppropriat than period one, an ofr). There ea peneal appropri ‘es about ung Sukespeare ae a ase for sain plays wich jie el ‘ithout much more argument "What might the equivalent befor the New Testament That is pressety | ovr question. The New Testament, sugges, muse fead so 2 10 be inertood read within appropriate comet within an acoustic which wll ll overtones tobe heard mest even with ile dation 8 [osnble. and mith se mch sentivy ax pombe Yo its eiferen level tbeaing. Imo be read so that he worey an the Stony wheels can Be [earda tores, ot as amblirg way of ecaringwstvied ea 1 oust De Feaa without the asumptin that we lea) How what ls ong Sa, 296 ‘ithot the srogunce that assumes tht we™—wvhichever fou tha gh bewalready have ancestral rights ovr ths or tat pusage, book, of weit. ‘a a fal apyroprntenesa mst be ced in such away tela motion {he drama wen uggens The preset oiomes ae an stemp fo atte ‘Leading which does justice wo these mans. () Wrato Dowih the Wicked Tenants © ‘What, then te ature of our task? Tt may Help we Den with anther ‘stato, asi concer squable ve Letty ‘Aman te uo fe rule wine es a i ‘he ay her sme hos thy sod me an he les eal ane ‘Beret emf ne soter "eee ey ke ot i, cee isos cadaueeceearenainey act eee al What nigh we do wih test ke hi In ds even te tow we might ifs te usin hare tobe See oft oars pee onset ‘rounding ctrl tog We es tne oma cane ar ng ‘leptin i ng amen pene Yo ‘Chriion Ogi andthe New Tesaent 7 ‘of mood within Western cute: tem modernim to postmodernist: from Enlghenmen dais io New Age’ panels om extemal 0 nee forms of paganism, To make things more confusing, lerent of al hee ond ‘ore lye stl coext idety ie withthe sae ey, the same fami and Sortetimes eve these ind and imagination Is potato De Se thatthe sons of questions one ass depend fo his pereeved fore on Sart of sumptions abut the way the word and the nature of the uma task within it Since there sno prospect of apeement on such questions the iy possiblity is to procee wth nation looking est oben wth fo ‘many dieton as eaonay possible “Tere are, pethap, or Spe frag tht ght be offered, which wil iasrate fur movers within the ht of readng the New Testaments hich we wil presen lok in mae deta Te fou wae (peal, {octal theological and pestpodern ean) orepond vey boa tee oes within the Mistry of Wester cite nthe let fw centres The fs belong the period bear the Enlightenment the eighesnth century: ie sean to the major rps te Enlihtennent,smmetines haw 0 ‘modernist of modesty the thi to a comtecve o the secon, tl mn within the Balightenment wore: snd the fort he reset period in hic he Ealipenmen wedavew bas beg to beak up under Guestioning "Tom many sides, spd wih bs become Koen apostate Tuan fading arate tof prayer Casas who believe he Bible to be Hay Wee ak few any guests sb wht eh ins historical context and listen fo the vole God a they read the tex. ‘They might, perhaps, se themselves a enans, needing fo be rebuked for te own fret recognize te Son of Goo, na contest of penecaton, {ey might ent themseves an thei hurh wth the prophet nh are {ejected by the power de aso owners, tbo il be vided te ast. ‘This precieal approach sino take the tutortave status of he text ‘erin, but would today be ertied on (atleast) three grout, cor {sponding tothe oer hee way of readings take he tent sees ‘storey, tas to merate lt the tecogy ofthe New Teter whol, andi isis ea ft oom presappoion aod sanpoin. ‘Allowing each ofthese jection sown day aC ths rns wee sence approach. Asocted primacy wih the Ealghenmensmstence ‘nthe importance of toy, te spp wil sk a ange of quests) id Jesus actualy el he parable, an if so what di be mean by i? Were ‘here oter similar stories of owners and tenants the Jewish background ich lp us odscover what suanees might ave erie for shearers? {@) How did the earyenereh ane ths parable Ine preaching? Was per aps, retold at time when the cre needed ena why most of Seas Jewish contemporaries had rejected he message? What new impet igi have had in that ewer contet, and hai beenadapied to meet ferent ire ttt oer ats emt yehpe a Felew Va8 Pa boc ees for ise by the highighing of Jesus divine snsip? Was it ven Dera, crested ost of nothing fo et needs whic emaiaed unmet by ‘Srl saying of Jens? (3) How ha be evangelist se the parable wi Sent ha ne cu dae pine ho pot ‘arate, jus when Jess as performed a drama action the Temple and then the pace of the sory now quiteinglowar te ruin? Has he Wreterakered abd adapted fr these purposes? These te apronches “respond broad to the question sed by (1) sad Mtr scam ‘tine peopel (orm. and sure-cticam, and @) fedacioneiicam ‘hal eh hem in more deta in Pat V below. bon scolar woul agree that sich questions are sl ndapemabl ors serious reading te text “Tere sre aus ter veoh eogy hic might roe rk we me te pra cawars an out ote te mah et 1 hore or qs sesot of eal though somewbat probable, Inert woul be of ner prapm a tle of tbe socal Rory of Devi Bt we wuld dcover, ty Wr mea is nthe ater el {Baths story ots we sy tobe taken erally. Ra very imprabaiiy Indctes ta ting ed ay more than ts face messing mig fest When placed ate content oa narrative whose seta character {Eis anny such one; when thexe tre ate given agente, paral sthen we ducer hal the suave standin aio hich ies con Tas otersiitar stories (Tash 3-7 then we rig conto hat ay beste ead aa meta ot fr own te eanng Bt or some ‘steel these dco the pace wii he hs eaig of he et ‘eaten tops twain sppoprate hail contex Sc al eign ogo tee roan ist it pot clear from allthis bow the tex, toe read can ave 2) hora fr he rho wit, nly he cae at te rest majority of peole who have reat the New Testament have come il Some soc expectation Sond woul oo at fin ig ras queso sb the theology the documents; bt would now be generally agreed that Such ‘estion are both appropriate and neeisay, Thirdly, might be ove ‘ptmini to hin hat me oul get aco wha acl happened rng finaly at objective oral rath. For all these reson ore tics as broadened oer the st hundred yen perl. onde tebpa dy ofte tx “Te ikclogalwpproach sis diferent, hough overapying, questions wnat the undryng theng othe praie? Wht cris ips ‘hep ofthe So? Whee doe ong within Mark’ Matthews oF [e's or the eary cures) tal theological statement? Thee qostiony, ‘growing oto the New Testament Theol projet as concelved by Rudo Shimano athe ide years ofthe present en, have Been much vue recently. Aouph hey can be rowed in wae bic nude emote he ‘uestion both of sutbority and of baton they am ko eal avoid oth, ‘Suton potstaly ‘normative stem Gr poteiay Nora? one int "merely 20 spect of Matacan tela An nce ht Cristian Ogi andheNew Tesrent 9 ‘method, iter, has taken seriously the charge of recent rts that it mst Attend more aefll tthe procese ahd nis on reading “The fourth and inal approach stat of he recent so-called poximoder Ierary eles: Rejecting pre erica piety on the oe band tod the his toring appoaeh othe Eatghenment on he bes, tach eniom into "taming the proces of reading In ele What are we ding wen we te ‘eadg ths tex? What co bring othe tatty way of presuppion,td s ‘at way am changed trough easing i Though te snrwe os uetion ‘night depend in parton wheter I hn Jar eta told the pare hat Tstonat question woul ol be airy othe real one hich concera me {nd eating sch questioning gains is apparent seen fom te at fuly hatte eer poets have In proving her ae hat voy won a the cst ofthe natural abjection: I may end up dsoerng what happening tome ut thought tna ping 1 iad out shout Goo Jas ote ca ‘Chistian. Arm timply to give up thneporbilies? Can auch 4 reading ‘Sex with avo, soo holy? Ferapreease of hse pees Pestocern tear theory hasnt yet made may lv nt malin il {alscolarshp bt here every reson tosupoce tht wil shorty 0 “The problems that are when these dierent pyoacie ae jap re ‘fen ecsed on to one particular pout, tamely, te emon between ead ing tha seks to ein some Seas normatey Christ ad tht which eke te faith to Mistry. The modern (as oppoed tothe posse) reader ‘seen under to coniing pressures. Tete fist the Enlightenment ‘nitnce tat ll dope be este tte ba of Bly. Thus HS Relmars (sir, who was neo the Eliphennes cit representatives i New Testament stds beeved that Jesus was an onary fei evaonary, td hat this Tact ispoved orthodox Christian, There i econ te Cita nse that, ovo speak, Pontus Plat belong nthe Creed ‘ne evens which are central Christan belts ie are no edule 10 "eas of non spatitermporl reality but have wo do wit event tht osued ‘thin the real word Therotedest of Chris sory is tne leone cannot escape fom ine Ealihtenments ergo ty shin ha eat question faith (Ales, stent fo som ey Grotc the recent theologian Pal Tilich, have been widely tegased s avidng "her tan addres the pote) art ofthe dfieuly hs ben, thin, ht the bei ofthe Enlightenment lune Bee too shila thei denincation of tradnal Chany and tat "hristaniy has often een too washakeahyarogent In exiting new gues. twin let alone new ansers, ins uorn deen ol that Crstans hove often imagined that they were defending Crstaniy whea essing te " iigenments ates: bt te egually paul fo sugges tat whe wel se athodox Christianity was defending was often the presenlightement {orliew wih was self o ore spectellyChrsan than any oe. Wi are te el tenuns inthe New Testament vineyard? Adin what does ‘he responsibilty cams? And who has the right wo be scons he band of Th erstr ca or 10 Po Praction : prophet figs coming 10 rescue the vneard from he ravages othe wut Tr pone rk a i toh be acest hn tm cs a cat moet Fe oe ee er cache Sa a ae cee Tenner cceas mn cat Sec a ace ea a aaa et Se rie staal i nk os eee ce tae ea a Sy ensancahk Eee yet arti ga ate ea es area se eae Cait Hn ete Enea ee eee reo eel See ee ee een ea ee a ee cee de meavlegrues surat see tthe ene ee a pay Sp een rece ene i ah ace pe a ae een ep posted Fo mp, ean ov Teme iy ty a le a eee Se ey el fo tee Wace ace Sime Sra cha sue eae ce Se cee ee from thelr contemporary world. It must function as part of the challenge and see cee et ea See ea ey ent Bee a pe veel sea ay Cita Og andthe New Teaent 11 take up the question of he New Testament within them. spar of he ist ‘qucson that we ak wy the early Cina wrote what they Is pe of the second tht we exloe the dynam telainsip betwee what the Now “Testament say and what Christians beleve—aad the frtber questo, af swhther thot els are caerent ‘fig Senin. 3 (Me Questions we en fone e oo Re a pice be ttt toe : et i eens ing ew eg ah We el oa es gn ea ieee nl i eng a ge faeces ait Sl a at apes ten a cao ee ie te a te Serine inte area sacha oe mane ia i eee anaes re ech he wean mh ne ae wh ‘tan ket Powe ha ee re ct jogo ei lo ers ns ne epee eetats deere rare ssl ein ek at ees12 Pa: raducton do—and php tt Poteet ordre hetero of oe ‘tied rome hep ea k rana okag Sen ata bae ana ed peo sae oe Stee wert adie buon opin wee he eat ens eats fa wns sea gh ah es SEGTE Sarno die ays dager Dutt b ard of quo: tt rt abe sed aon wap tag he wnt. Wa Chae awa) ot Wine me ouytiewar he beso fac comm eve ne Sips eco nfutve Chchang Hoe doe Dist Woeleeuee alae nos ba ew mes Erotic ino tani shan apron and oe Seca sacks o cay Clee Sau os ‘Sine tra thre sions fa he veh ad gi ‘elseif ce mip we tn Hoe mihi pec ie Mats hl td cel? Xa Unesco ou Sony econo ae Sie plone an ri, mo wl pet ht oe sold vont Segura tae ane sc gone esiges TSS tinny nde wee shot ia ebony SISA stnfonse ic noel anion af Cinta 1 Tomcat oft at ok ppc note veo le owt Site dap hee ehuayropilcls acres ape oe tl ution dt spy gp we ead Ne ‘eased ts heal lt ona Semen ‘Sauna he aso yo 6b needs se eso {Rates sweat of cove acig oe age ove S- Sips tov atentecn outst oer tndtve me ats po ne anaes neon ohh have pod string sy Sate pac tihe deinc than ars tesa or pense ‘Gens ben pj ict senontaly ie et a ther api veer pve oe arlene (Bahar tek spe ay sgt tre cg sd hgg te esos fey Can eo anon Chia gan soy igh no “ee mein SSE oor a ce onc hom et eS Se XN mgt se carome example hr wero sone Deh appa ach Rin aera maces aig MC ey tne tr Ct Chin Ogi and he New Tesament 13 Without some sch atm at tegration, he dangers alas preset ht storys theology wl spare Thte ae sil plenty of people who inst {Bathe only proper tak fo he New Testament soar "eu istricl ‘Esco Hon rparde athe publi ask, ot nthe open. Aone morgage nad indeed syane might ws ce, a Rasen arcs, ‘ary Chisianity was part of «tal pod ia wotd Story, and © undead {Cini well cotibue to greater mata! understanding within our owe ‘wore community. Theology, meanwhile, i often seen asa private ‘Cain game, played ons sfe pitch ay from serous opposition, Many Geshe income hs coving ofan an ad {cording Many wil ony repd ior! tay as egimat’ if ts com emporay relevaice le immedately obviws and accesible (Dut what Goes that mean fr today said inthe one of oie whic ples that are Yo {Goeth and cay nwo wil dente tha a mitake bas ben made Some ster) "Ps pote mata ory betwee histor and teolgy bas ete [Be wciranown spit in New Teaamen siden whereby The sec {Feed ito owodutonconeced 38 rely hata aed "Theo ‘py, conceived less Mistrial and more spatbetlaly. Tis spit is now ‘rine in te air of anya unsere, and (an even more Law ‘tae Medes and- Persians aes) ia the cssifention stems of say a rary, Bu ths peat de, bowever mach encouraged by someon eee ‘es mies necesay or automate a in fact highly mileadig. On the one han. sting the theology othe New Testament depends om Some bic mene vogue tha core things ht happena ae rst ena are Insome sense notnve or autorate for sosequent Christan. On the ‘ther band, dying he Bory of early Crs mposse witout 3 ‘Sear gap of eary Cran bells 5 pais diet to go Beyond ‘hee eo agle statements Th however, does ot detract om, ut ates ‘phen the fact that thai, even spetily Christian bel caot ‘nina senator in sealed word ay fom pole sera and question. ategraton, hoo ict emain an appropriate ass ‘ihe hstry and then work athe sry relatos there avays «dang, parva apse tat erry ty wil pet yal, ‘tna inpnging on or being fete by. ether o the thers The mare we Trove warden climate in wich ny reading he tex 5 wha mater he [ese presue there wil be eter anchor the tet ns owe histori content ‘rtaimegrte a wider sage’ of te tet with oer messages, producing a ‘vera sheng atrento yes This aga, Sal aoe ater, sec Rise 0 nig ewes puts y Mo lh et "eth tt pes tid iKnow ‘SoM Mor nr tes hy Ske eee af ny we Te ences ala Reem man Bere16 Par :Inrbaton 92 represents an unnecessary step, though preventing it being taken swt always om, “The presen work he, is an emp imerae tre tas fen thought be prs Tete wl be times wea we sal ean more heavily on ques fons of one sot uber than anther Inset, testy of ga st nd forest a matter of sy, needling etl aay ose of Herr ty {he tex and helo sty af pletion shal serie Jess rm he point of ew of torial evens whch precited theological and tray evolon Ina sere the stay of Pal ns mater of teal. neding care {al aeiaryhstrcl an teary work Thal sets Pl rom he pt oF ‘es of evolutionary theology which preiptated a histori achievement. Ina sense, studying the gospels thir own ight i ist and foremost & Merry tas bt it ent be done whut creel tenon tthe bistoical 4nd thecogical sting contest and pletion. shall aise the gospel ‘rom the pint of view a a iteraryacievement which nbn a rexohtion ty orien (or several revolonaryworlvcws?). And ae shal argue Par of the bok, none ofthese kinds of study canbe dope witha detached, Darks "tjcty all inale al knowledge tveves the Knower of ‘afer, the studeat or teader Unless we te car about hs om the sat ‘te thall be labouring under am oversimplaicconepion Things might oa Pleasantly staighoreard to begin wth but trouble would be sored up for Ereron ‘fe are wo take this programme fue foward we mus a ook ity what hasbeen done ne te tes under eomieraion ander Soe foommerts om each ake them bere tbe oder ia wich thy have emerged SS forees tobe reckoned within New Testament sadies ring the lat (Gi) Te History of Early Cristaniy For the ast wo handed years and more, ols have busied theres with the serch for what may be ele arty Christin ta. What was the exty ‘huvch realy he? What were ts main movements? How dl ehange, within {hundred years, rom being a sal Jewish sec oa lrg and loosely kal ‘ltrcoufat group setting across tbe Roman empire?" We shal Lok at {hs whole area in Par IV a the present volume, and there no need fo Stipte that sare bre AS we hve sendy cen, ths Boric sty mt Ince what maybe calle early Christan holy tht strc dese ‘ion of the worldviews and Bele?toms a professing Christians between, Say, 3D and 190 ADV IF hs fat we wat te New Tested! obvny the main lace to go, even fon for wat of amthing ese. Bu alot fread. Ing between the libs wil be needed, since the writer ofthe New Testament "forthe try oe con Kum Fr al crn mare Cian Ori and the New Testament 18 sre no forthe mos ating wo ge thee readers this sr of information, Une indeed were sonctines Combating cetan pes of eaty Christan bce. Systeme Reconstructing te theolony of early Chistanty wil oelade the ‘Roonstrtion ofthe tela toe have owe wetgs (Such here stern) have nor been posed Pai enough tat sort of betwee ies ‘omction wat Moran ote ane tod. prince itmay Be pos {isis Certaialy a great deal of energy has beem expended oa it In reent eae : a “Th rea ratge of is ts that can be seen ie eat a lic opeaton, ri pen fo al and snd! nto ae those fay ton eeonretg any oct oa blesses aon ee 8 {peat opportuni ors ak fn comemporay shah: New ols and {Exs hive opened up worn of thought an if of wich ow redesesors 4 {uty ago oere gor Stuing the hin ofthe eat cure ang {hey oft belt pole scating td poeta ul “Ate sme tie tere re several fea is ak wl eneDune, “Toei wih cares the ener ificlty fal anceat tory tee not eough materi to makes horoogh a, We eanot aan 0 asa dese {tomo cry Christin reipon and hence thealog, a we woul ike, The Soe Umentation, not having been designed to give ws thi information, 1 Ucegune Av remit ere aay the dager of vos cl: pt {he abo hare sty of ery Chrtany fo aie a vantage poi {tom ich we could sun the whole landscape, nelading the New Test ‘Ten but met fhe mater rhs ask comand win the New Test “Te resol of hi. ars the possibly of ends and rues spec tion Exraorunary Ryo em pow phe mh ke Jon's eur, bat to hr wind comes he nest yt cate tem tower, Tey se, ging ‘eter to various cotemporany views of Christianity that do ol pha ‘esr thm. Tre te gang tion of Corian ori, cern 0 sth ie, pure and unadulterated Chretanity appeared bref a he ‘euining and hs bee cooling down snd getting full muddled up ever since. There ls the Steady deutlopment hypothesis according to whieh thelial sd prac eis and spends evel In sapt ne wton ‘i ror cond hough. Tete isthe ob Tubingen Rpts, acard Ings which Chrstanydeneoped in 0 prea distin aye Sed byracal background, and then came together i the second generation ino the eahoic church There sa good del te said pat each of hese there bt they cote to wel isn aimee ‘A terter probes with oe repr conception fhe ak ss possi scidccripon | sal argue in apr 4 that a story ioe ecto, Strangement aod 0 on an that he ea oneal or "bjec stan gent of pot Enighcnnentimaginatign ve me make ay Gncton ters beter otk of publ snd phates rather tan ‘bjt “aMSS Dam Pan mt 4) Pe by16 Part traduction and ‘abject Yl hy clone il on, renga ite and dagen ice btrogrphy oe tough chap were ely tine i procs ina Rene sect Rane wt {oun fe ht ote deel nd eum ec a ‘Seapmeneon te wae ot ope “Sard sce ae ive spoil ht we ess» suse nog tn are esr ot sje, neo ‘ate nt all ey wl soe wo Starke lor oon sake to fdr sng vat pen Ba te et ‘eat al won Now Teta day Coy amen Sree hve se wii orn est he prance ot eens creed dan tema on w ae Sexson. ‘Toe ard tbat eb fhe panera perce a licen the pee Srp bat owe hy fen Girt ob rent forthe reves ay Ah pom tere no Scent tree sme say ted sos the cer ve sen regis chino oe cry Christe (omens inant) she SSruive emet son Crisis sh apart aanae a Stabe sve oon the Soe tpondy Sen sy fey Ente ont help othe ede at he ne ha ard SSomanc our hie Wal ml ot wat Chany sppne oe he One mg he woh oped font mse Of eseing ti eye sheen sme ingpnon th he agenda of Woe and ideo nats syeah i itn whe bin rape aerate a ato coment wih he pre eh Sad hcl hoy toremen oe ptr pet th edhe a he Bee IRON Sovcnin dop en forest od rv al ‘many ce win tito twice cerry peel heme Caan, bea wn eng ches ee mtg On Mowiag ex Testament easy atria ese ‘hese uments nn aceite urate tbe ‘Sic Schr acne betty forte Me of Doman. hs Spl ewer shows ft hw spay the nord ‘nti nee Situns some elaetharswbbeTnespeper Met py fe vents ap eno “SeenaDi cry Csi to anion a any wy a norm, he roca valsioty Sova sleson—nuc py te slechn vod iat Terie account of anything, et he section of pe of early Cartan Sevving ta pesranged erie schon, Tis wil newt ve Smons. There ae mar peso arly Chitin than en ely be so [eeiancn RS eds erg he wh of Ral Bla ads hd combing Stet Fanon ule Se ed ote n Mon P18, Kt 190m, ' Chistian Os and he New Teament 17 |roupe together and given autores. And at ths poat—nse on the mode being sed the can of no igieance—one forced port terri wot, wh eae th rt rest period om the round fi Belng primitive and therefore per or She mal take parcelar np of religion Seserived aesording wo ether futural provenance lewis or Greek) Fs conformity oa theolgieal norm (autne Chistian for istanee)™ Ad hs gun seen highly problema Where dd these eter ome om? They do hot seem 1 have cme om the [Bie or tation They cn oly have come lor the interpreter view of hat museum, of nateni, carly Chstaty was realy ke But that ‘What fing attempted instead 3 fr moe eneraied Chris thesogy (vith a starting point as yet undilsed, oa east some subraneh of New ‘Tetum tesogy "Ths problem equally evden inthe work of Rssinen, who, advocating “ubjetive study of the toro ary Cran ble, apues that # woul Be {eto spy the elo Nes Testament td othe wor an ot ok {he church Tis accords wth the pesuppston of fast {ony canbe used au soative programme ut th nara peas not JO [tse tothe Prot ante on the ete ax being dine revelton. Nort hs tel succeeded, either in ignphtng te evens that are 10 Count at evan, oan proving lea helo! coun of Bow Such 2 {evclaion into be cone. ‘problem for both models i eused by the diversity of the ofde to prose norman” aterment Out ofthe New Tes Ren iti praca iene tat oe wil emphasise one pat ofthe text (he eapen ofthe et Th fenton a otha schon a + popula etl Upncas of lean certain pass ofthe tesogy ofthe New Tertament, for fune the thenlogy of Paul no canon within he ean Such method ‘ofes jain by apes tothe pri that the hard parts af the Bible trctote inert hep te ese oes, eal ow "He th pin has conierng the ltt subject he {Soin Wha ihe oreae wi tou vay enor em ae Ne age a: a be savin ncaa i aay oe ne i a a‘generation, and clue setng 19 another: wes. “pocaypic’ in our owe cena. Tas not to 0 porate with some kind fs ser ean: a ioterpeters dy wheter they Stn ior no in hat al come to the text wih some Seto goetons hat begin the enesumter The question then what shoul we do with thik "ortng pint? Should wean simply = ay nto the mater remaining {aos of isp bast Oc wilt be sed wa Prorutean be by whieh {measure and condemn, the oer beth oot i? The former ay Be pose in theo at the iter ey ene. “The argent probe ced the New Testament theology” projet partie ate wate the Batman paradigm ad is variation, att 0 with Jesus New Testament thesogy sty sein, doe onde the enc. ing (orth ace of tele death and etaretion) nf Jean merely he ‘eit of the New Testament writes abour Jean, or pate toe eles xpresed ythologlaly bmn of Jesus. es the ood nemesis the Protest prise ofl seus ta oe ofthe base models to wie as given te asi place min is hermeneutical etre oe aon Sse for Jesus inal snc he was he author of 90 New Tenet ook From this pit of ew, Blinn was prety coret inthe anus opening Sentence of his New Testament Theo The mea of ssi presipos tio forthe theology of the New Testament rer tao pat of ta belo {Se Here we se te ln tha um om Melancibon to Ba sd [pasion tomes we na longer ned ess oe fo imi oaed i story [But ie eres of Chest put foreard by Reimaras and eer, 9% 10 Ienlon the esos Scher of many Jewish wits nou own day ll Bot be sued with the retreat om ary exempted by Kale, Bulan Sh Tic. Nor wil he problems ofthe moder char paras fess, ‘ch those by Senders evaporate I Jets ma 8 Reimar, or Scbweter te Sander, nave portrayed hm, thea tbe church nes athe very eat 10 evs is faith quite usta ‘nadie, ume wile n Fart V there a partial ey shou plac {ag’New Tesiament theology” 8 or over again Jen himsell a a8 {one canal by ultra. perf ire that the New Testament pre ents with Pas Mari Lake's ete theology aba ess 0 that Jeu fn thecal belts canot be read if the srlace othe tne Some woul geese eo So Rann Ome anno pce SE vee nee ah a ee te SERA ahr enero se See po Cian Origins an the New Testament 23 sy that he real Jesus cant be revered aa eng ow so tboroughy overlaid with ihe evangelist thelope oes woul a) tat be soll ot [ceutehed fora a since ook for esas behind the evangelists sto ok {ora historias coma (or another idea! igure) rater than the Lord ‘hom he erst Christians worshipped ad alowed But event soy ts Truc inp that he New Teramest wits so nik tha they were se Ting up by means of heir writing am authority ove agaist ate Jets Tt fa ben cutony tos that he New Tenent writers ot hi hey Were welung crip ad hosp a we sal ce, that formation may (eo vo be sevise, mo leat inthe light of ecent redaction eels Ie Certainly tre to the extent that orem th place where fre god ha Seat fori hoon of evo wot mh tig et an ‘tore gps, tin thir king Ne and bod to de oma eras ‘Thelrom tort was commened se esate om and epenem pon tat {es Th we ste ha Jnr and walt a th Speiting jak of New Testament then sds aa ean tha ess a Hs procamation shold be rlavied in favour of he real ting, Le New “Testament theolony One might say insted, so much the wore for ‘New ‘Testament theology fete fit does at tae the decsive proslanaton of Jun cannot elf e the Beall ap endl of he divine revelation the {ate locus of authority. he ting tl stoy ofthe Now Testameat Dent towards ing Ifthe poet of New Teament bola asl of problems thi wy should anyone wan continue wit? Why are me fed in both popular {hdschoary wore wi fami flor to lost, dail savage or even invent Something that ca sil be led New Testament theology an that wil Senet sustanc of sade cous tnd he tring poet or chreh Ie. preaching sion and evangelism? The annwer, Lthink, hella Eis he teoogilsecor ere hs sk as ben cated on ost urgent Ie Protestaiom, and Protestant sl egatd te New Testament a in some sense or other the fea authority for Caestians(See0Bd the pilosopical ‘omen of uch o this work has Den esis, wie ss beea hap with ‘utes hoas than wih concrete story, 0 thology, seem atx staf uch dene atains x priviaped ate If the New Testament i -auhoratve' hit thioay fas been deemed toi the holo ha icons Tard te practi! cones for‘New Testament sheoogy hasbeen the chu pe ed tsk of adresing buch self onthe wider wold with 3 wor rom he tre go. ‘New Tesament thos eine fel preaching. The prob- lems which tis model has ro ato have den some to obec that was footsh fo look for authori, coberene ot even levance in the New Tet ‘men that objet histori cy ad sje sch a ris tha the [oj simply clans ch no that rca by Wee hee generations poor Ruininen tre yeas ago ojeve’ espn of religous wing in {ebioralconent ii cated eters oy Lo estate away oft dang fomething which amb clod "New Testament holga til Dd24 Pat Imran ‘0010 desrption and prescription an have both ines runing through the New Testament oF at east sone oft sealed ‘jor witestes. Lae powers ha the igh way ut ofthis fam snot backnards 0 Wied {iisinen) nor by meant ofa sidevays expansion into Tvsed apd pos > (EEE Rie teen ‘tauthoey, helo and eleva ‘lub am ronal Corin schere—invoked bere nota pir sete hioricl matters, but the necessary foundation for showing Hom Iradtonal Christan judgments hve in fact workedallathorty Belongs ital the rain go adi (stadtonal Chin has ge oa 53)) tis gadis made know supremely In Jesu, then Jes, too lds an ‘bor tas uprior to al writing about hi, Many of aus wl up Pose isto hea ae atithesiy ine wnat we now abou Jens we kaw Brecuely i these wtng, But than wl earcely bold within aioe New ‘Testament cology, i which as we hae sen, stomata he pope’ donot ie diet acces fo ene buoy 0 the feof he evans ind tee predecessors all autor belongs oe creator go, ts «mater ‘of some delicacy to describe how such author comes tobe vested inthe Neve Testament and wha! he ls of gt be. “The utee approaches we have eared ths fr (ary Christan story, sand New Testament theology in two itn! forms) have comied 0 Be [usued win the guld of New Tewamen sbaarhip Much a theme ence of New Testament studies (use Kut’ pate hs proceeded to {in tbe pracigns represented by Weedes hs agenda, ultannian ‘New Testament hecogy andthe ventges ofthe "bles! heoogy move: ‘ent I alter al uge apenas ke htt ge te meaning a pp, the sence of excitement, othe detailed sci of bi shor In om Imenais, ares and onograhs From te Enllghenmens tis or Ms {oy there bas owed the guest or Jesus, pods ends pb Dt aso Dowie for scholar at eure alte From the Bulimannian this for [Ne Testament helogy there hve Dawed, mang eter things major stds of Pauline theology and major reenseraton ofthe gospel ttn. From the post'mar iia theology" movement tere Rave Nowe, song het ‘hing, eseys on slaton nator” New agendas have coe iat ply, ot least he postr desire te Christy a the New Testament om he ‘epicton of comply inthe Holo (or aerate. to ame them fr Sn) Mhere hasbeen shortage of sity onl roms Uist thie ange of tracking se ht he preset caper, and indeed the pretemt vlumes, adres heaves with | hope, ame ew and postive ‘propor We ned to do both hata an thology at hoe? Ul the ) suum prjet prt of theme tah Gece face modern ) Mestern cre in seme ot nly thesogans or Critins—af tying to worl nthe fse ofthe itera clue the one wD tas dominated the Western word forth at to cents oo. Amd t recely oe of th features the mew dow wider steht "ht Ciitan Orig and he New Testament 25 1 elo belong insu comparnens is mow tlre neh ontatcpves whl o ce te elev mel aang dis —and who cure rte coepmg ‘lamin cron se py spe no ther ‘sCattnge baced ina sv of reat of tlh he ayo he New Trent et fre porsag her ne mt lak eto Catach soe New examen ae wre be sas Sratonogan ve mat abo be eae (0) itera Crim re ae ill ome New Testament schol fr whom hepa iterary Par eaten aplcaonto he New Tennent ofthe ites question: Smethns made fas ine fst a he centr, outs fe and mim were he re dans some wh ysl were {Ros uf pretest New Tesamen suis bas Deen concerned ith ey ag dash tem te hstral ana ofthe ntestion ofthe went aataines a be mater hat we nw inh the New Testament "fuhcrd weve, as ange bjond i ecogntion in he fe eat‘. afpstmdens rary em Ge chapter 3) bas made he cnuy moderne aseies-of esting the erly corsmunt tat ‘Sia adtons of pag tounemer compe erat surex of np Iwi rece e creel ae dong wt one vet onk ‘eng fo moc sone test cl Te sy of he phenomena of al ad tbe appcatn of th owt happen when oy eaters ead IRE eames a messing) poplar Gd Ana thas een been retest snc hora eich scm ot ove produced the ods ter ere ig nena ep mn te wo fc) Hear cm mip fly ice what we ae tee doing observing How rset aposte an reve ah obec hood Sihjmeresdg ofthe Men Tesiament® trodes n elec x ew wy of being Blinn tend of doing symone ines in lo (i ee ie mesepesta ancend spce and se Ran atten sscomp ‘Siho pxtmoderiy, at Baten pelage aed to accomplish within Tcey'R such hs propo mone way Tom the sterile postvsm of reba titatne and oyenup pss forging an aroun of haw weeisatpeurstech nates oer tanh onl onc parila, Ur tities i Hasan colo ha ken hs ee a the ete advenage at gin om a sais te row Ct reap intead ofthe unenwn (a Chnity maybe reomstucted rom between he les te New Testament).= But the props sil faced wih some eins gueson 1 wo le from within the ode wy ove shoals seading the Nex Tesnment fhe hfe Why shuld oe mt rea fein ag he Gop of Toman Pk Ao or for ht mater Pie and Pate? Leis {lear nat contin sts the moe Ge toy or my on {tentrm, on a thon ue pct Wy nt carly Cian ‘Sr arcs sis that Hertre mace ovina ance o pont ‘mrder sty? Or thatthe oversadowing othe me aca one cores {Ervine New Tesamentoiends oto ain that he eles ca Ie undeiken intr often? apa, sil ott al ear where sus might to sc reading- Wench say ta wen we ade shee meng twenty ene cay en of tewnosgalyor wot of at Aan pray how wil eo ged theslid in ubietisn? We shal havo pre then quests tbr n apie “A the sme time as he posodern shit n emphasis oseader-rented sy, holst fe fate ets onga comes hs emia Bat ithan eared or ute sifeen prenomena fom ts predesuots.Bel ‘pedals are ata icing ther sca coleapus in abandoning the {hls a toraou such enact feos oct We hve en Spat often een on aint hora ad ray come tions and forms and an nitence that New Testament research shoul ake mae of thee Tis rom one pan a sews ing new gap in Wredes Progaminesepting ope the New Testa Scent onthe Hs {ol mapa te aye Ath sat fenton ar a aemp oases the tel "ception of be wings with teow communes which ffervely.a moserast (hte) sin fs pormoder penomenon, Fo {ooops ave snd tha the reader sy) Put Matto ee ‘sil similar o modern vases so tat something that tems fat 0 ‘Sr woul prt he sca i oom Te uy ance et Ec writg coments xcs thes aie escent i ‘A such ts peat tobe mleomed. Though a by wats compete may of ‘eg te New ese a ei mak major ombtn Wo oe (00 Te Task Rested : We hive nom rif examined the mor componens ofthe sk of reang the New Testament in eme of sane msredecnssons andthe Secon oer rier gored Geib cia specs en aes eae ste Chitin Orin andthe New Testament 27 ‘he modean emphasis om phe tex (and Chritianity Hse) a ireducby Integrate av Histor, and reduly noled wit heoogy. ad the post ‘oer emphasis the eal ofthe ex. To pu ater way, Me eed 10 fo jc imultoneout, to Weed’ empbasionSrous hry (elalag {he ntory of Jes, Bulmane's emphasis on notnaivetheolag, andthe Dosim empaion te tent ands adr Each of hese ou [cine oct soe sph, an een sharing terry eggs fn, But sich radios caine shoal be rested = ‘We sem nly find th way forward the route of patvsm (ee ‘haper 2) oy the sear for times rato by Spy eects 99 my Faking mow. Lagat that the oly na to Sombie what nee 0 be Sm "nei fy means of esh examination of what 2 contemporary Chrsian erry nstrieal and theologies project gh lok like. That isthe am of Pail Inthe course of thi tsk we wil el some tres about he way hese tase are de whch wll I hope sober some ofthe sores al sb tern ‘Shenere Not llow fr the possibly woul et ele te range eon chable hstorial and theological newers ahead of time m4 qulle Snaccepable fashion. Inte contemporary word i I uneetaites ‘Shoot eototing paradigms, we havea chance vo ates Mee ask te Stay Ils tobe hoped tn ths il coma, not merely to peat ei. ie uss though thee shoul eal be taken cae. to wide oss not east advancing te ingdam of ga That, Tawever, torn some iti way ahead of te agunet. Tt igh of Pari, we ned to advance sme hypotbeses about te bs tore sution within which he New Testment writes were Hor. Tis wi Ive ra enon of te ada an aay fe ft {eotuy, We know «goo del more shut anew Jaden han we used 1 {nd thal draw on tis new Knowledge in some detain are IL The Feconsinaton of ery church haar ha ee roquent een ated, and the ck of materials has reste et smout ffs. Oot pst Taranto desribe Christianity between 30 and T80 AD without desing Jest of Pal some aricalrther like desing European must from 178011850 wahout mentlonng Mona od Bethowen—at mt De tempted for fo reson ist lis enportan fet up as clea a8 posible {he tricone within mich the to major abject ess and Pa ay be tie. Sonar ou formation bout esas comes the fort {of documents In which we eet traditions handed om nd eventoaly writen ‘down, by Chesaans some of whom were ving i that early peod and ‘idreing ss particular needs We ms therefore understand someting Shout th ear church vl nde ae bet ed he ppl wis propee Fort sestny and eave. Tin the abject of Pat Vand ail eal {oveach in Part Va preliminary etatement of some of he key sues Tere ‘Sot cnracy a neve clr here, but a sl ow in Par 19 to ay scant ecesary cay of seria hoa aed indeed “pitcholal eeamarocton28 Pat Inacio and the poipels In eck area thee fave heen many new nave of tay and ineres in recent decades bu ths ue not been integrated ier biol ‘rheology. Inaterpting ths age tak Im wring orig ike he ‘New Testament heloges hich have been writen frm ime to meat dam also consis a6 nued ea, of the ferences between the ease formulations ofthat model an the way in wie conceive he sk and gol “Tif volume, then, none sme toduces the ene projet and ‘bur anoter sans bys argues fora patclar way of doing iso, {Beals an ers Hay inflation othe questions fhe Rit entry irpee fora prior way of understanding fstcentry Jugusm an fs Eentury Chistian; an oes a pelineary deussion of the meaning of ‘or Mhea and hese tyme lance fe eh [ng an pone he ard ul that may hemo a hig he teas Fad heeded the owners isrtion, thee wuld have ben no dapat about ‘he vineyard the cen of rc had Heed he Devcon ning, when they eventual coed the Jordan Part Two Tools for the Tasknn TT TT Ee We hive seen tat hey of he New Temes males hee ines IngarioleIeratute, story and theology. They ae su were among the Src ht ate te New Testament art hte pound, Many ofthe dates stich have ocupied scolar they hate ssed the tera of gospes and {pier have mt been so mach the tied exegesis of neo tat passage, tine larger ues at wich vew of Roya of tesogy,they wil take nd wich pieces of terior they ean then aone ith ein o jestied Ielece. es thoteforeincnable~nugh some wil perhaps feel rere tine we mat pede ine hg eg a ee ae "hem: Ul we do this yf Jonas Pal and he gp al main rely the projection ofa nde mets ime da ot expr pesos tinal matter, we can expect endless an russ debate: Those wh are ger gt on wih what hey se asthe Ya bubs ate, of cuse weleome fp tin et ya in ng thy i pe. ‘Dae inner ational of ht Pat f the bok ithe sense tht the problems ‘ahem encour in the sty of erat, his and thesogy Belong top. Each eect, in he nay appropiate be Ys Shape the problem a Angled el Ths scarey Supe, bat worth Pulatag ou, since to addres he problems piecemeal, witout recogning Ther brad smiarie, woud be or tbe ole dsc offs tente af [Brecon es therefore mach he et hing del with the wider Ses et ‘before planing ino te spe of particular questions. acing such sues even more aera oy tha before Dee iat the ‘moments muchrbsened und muchrdscued ste fc Ue humans. "Fae dominan vionoro of he st wo anred ear associated partly se the Enlightenment, as Ben in ae af tery fr some whe, and focaled mens fing steady vetaen bythe somewhat unhappy ‘ave postderlsnDOMd cerales have gen vay to new uncerantes, a deci nd dco pk ey ea a ta32 Pa I: Tok forthe Task din sch time it sil that projet uch a this oe shoud show from {he outset whore t sands on base question f thd el at be possible ‘ove argue rest engi forthe sewpoin propose aco Tat would ‘Eman whole ook to ie an anes he fea roto he pang In {he cating that wheter the method adopted soceeds la making more ‘Sco ofthe sujecemater when we gto intend, nary case to etn to theue ies inthe ial volume of he peje. ‘Theasi arumen shall advance ths Part f the ook shat the probe | Apnea adhe ie rac fa orm ey, se cif sriedoyceine nc ghee et Sat wm te ro rh han ly (Seer foweut attra nsmr oe rey ae {es ofall woidvien the element of cong ial importance not see a nee tonanen Seay Esa br (sShomt etaprontn Sy lpn ip ein sari wleones cra png em en Pt Tera Aad fre kta! 2 Towards Cri! Reais “The poston which. shall nee re oatine that whi is now known woul tz alan Ths tery tet how pops hw hinge nd (tes fellas ay foward over ait oer competing eres that have ‘Sppented in ever ed (leat n the thee with which we sal be parte ‘hry concerned) and that seem oon toe Ina Sate of elapse. Tose hs ‘ore clearly we need a bse and bead ash acau of these Fal erie, Ithleh are, more or less the optimistic and pessimistic vetsions of the Enighenment eptemolapeal project oof road empiric The teh fal tern sl ee ath tage ae deliberately genera spar of ours much debated but I ope theese learn outing ‘On the one hand there the optimism of the Gann posTTOR Th ptt levee tht here are soe thing a eat Sut wh ne can ve Eclinte keoededge Tere are some thing ht are simpy -abjecvly oe that seme things about which we em hve 0d acta do ave, soi sd eet ieee haat eee RepUTCE Rat he, Tahar ee tio the New Testament by Meper H a eet Kone: Probes and Varies 33 ‘unquestionable knomledge. These re things which can be tse. {hati ty obsersng, messing ete within he pl wn Tang i 0 Asoc contson, ings ta canna be ested ath way canoe spoken ‘twhou ling ame sre of consense® Trough thi view has Ben gs ‘bandoned by pilosophers thas hada long tun fore money i oer ‘phere not est hove ofthe plea! senses Despite te grest test Sifawarenes tat have come about through (or astaee) Sociology of inowiodge, not tomentonpionopy of siece lone sll met soe ‘lems (and many on stem who talk aout selene) who eleve that wat science does simply to ook objective at things tat are there The fever of ths Blt that where pis canner sil eriie, Ahi in sbjectty relay. The mctdiscased contemporary Prenomesn of trl and eto lain ise nh ese Sip The aunts of pestis ‘People ths ssune, win the world of pos Ealghenmen posts. that thy Kw ngs wh may ep cone rh Fetaréed a fea, Separures rom the nrm—-ubich presumed te that aman bing, wth proper seni conte vel, have isan acces 10 aw daa about which they cat singly make ue propostions one bas of ‘meetin Sine i vis tat so al aan Enc i ts shin positivism thi cet, metaphysis a thclogy ome infor ts reat tment Sine they do ro adit of veratin, hey become bel. ot know! {ge (x Plato had long spo sguested) and then mesniaglss or onsen bee (es Ate argued}. Aestbetn Sn ei re reset encom he erences of one or more people beaut” ad you simply mean /e Tet ome approve of ha. Ponta hus manages a resee ern re of trol he expen of eer Ther are ste hig, ams, hich we have (i uncle) a goeye ew pd others fr which al we hive are prejudices and wh, he fc tat pina hs een sujet 10 Alamaging erties in recent decades, beng drastically modes even by leading proponents cading Ayer himself ot ped it rom ono Ingio etree an gnc atte popular eve wher acorcs wl with he ing Western woriview which gives peceminet vale to scenic ingandtechnsogeal conto and oer whe eating te intangible ‘aluct and beliefs of human soviet, One meets t among mave Thespian, whe complain ht whe other peple have preppy mp read the fen iagn or who cla that, hecase one cannot have “rect acest the act abou Jes al al we ee let wth moras of (Ae ig egg kn Ea an 9 suite rues acim acy ae Rar ee a nt Nc ea etal 2 Pa Too forthe Task fuscentury fantasy, We wl mest a poo deal of his sot of thing a8 we eo ceca Tika finds se sek Retween he to pes. it sort af “objective soowiedge, or all ely "sertve® Or hi a fae geo? What ‘ecto enw do we hate of histor evens? On the oe and stoi sledge »sijes tte sane eves tal owe im genera Is por Sle ote mistaken, uy thnk Yam Hong a bok ben afc tmp ‘tscod; may hk Caer cowed the Rac, bt may tact have been Some ote ver may think that Paul fsnded teehee Philip, at ie fenectable that someane ese got there is. When therefore, people talk frau about whether hee eal prot for hs that Mistral vent ‘ually concluding that there not, te canes are that they area eas Sangerouly ner the edge ofthe poss tap the fae eter-or of fll ertsintywvaur mere anubstatated opinion The evidence for Caesar's {rosing te Ratio mat of the same orders the evince tha wt Tam Riding 2 book. Very ser vereation procedures in at, ap 0 ‘bo propoions. Nelher tolutely cea: elie so een ato be ‘let we do ot rcogize this fendamentalsnlriy we my nd ou fetes ignoring Catan dou never Me and embracing uri formore serous sues Inthe New Testmen fel some ris have made & fest song snd dance abst the fac that he eta of ea Me, oe the fact a AS resunecion,canot be proved Scien’ philosophical rigour sould ‘ompe them (oat tha the same problem peri f the vas range of ‘edinary human haow/edge, icludig the impli claim that hnowedge eles empiric vera. “The pesmi sie ofthe Enlightenment programme can be most lest'y sgenin certain ore madet forms of empircam, ot lea plonomenlon © ‘Theonly thing of which ean realy be sure when contorted by shige in (hat seems tobe) the external wold re ny om sense, Thi ew, ith 2 Kindo apparent epstemolgiea! hit, teelore warlates ale sbout ‘ner object (hi ss mug) oo Statements out sease-data (Lam aware ‘thar, round smooth and war fesings omy nds). Poi, a hit Dnt, sould goon infer, andl possible very. the presence of external ‘bcs phenomenal remains caus, ands caution has ated «good ‘eal of popular specch istend ot he rash "he correc, we say woul Stam to are tht ths corres, clang «anger arpa saterent “bout he worl imo a safely humble sement about mye. The welFknowe Problems with his view have not topped from ving enormocs lence or lest within some pare of oxime, When seem oe looking fervor ata authori witha the ext rat evens of whieh te Ya Sees “dase sats, Pench nl ne Engh The Engh amcuncers ep | a igreamn fecmagee ore oa et Kooneie Probes and Varies 35 tobe speaking all am ely doing i sexing be author's view of vets or the tents appearance of authori tenor ae oly my Sen Uae a the presence ofthe et andibiteen sie wn "A capram may el at ths point The postistconcies of knowing 82 simple lie om the observer to the object. This est athe follwing mate aay cae weep ao ote ‘Tee phenomenain ows es hot an neh al ess Teron a nt fy se “Tere ae ofcourse ll sorts of variations these themes, bul hey show he Aierence between to broad postion. Tey cold te lrtercarateted by an ilusvation I knowing womething ee Inking hrngh a wlescoes ‘Sinpitie point might sage that he simply looking at the objec forgetting forthe mort telat that be loking deg lenses whe ‘Phenomenal might suspect hat she fooking ata mio, in whic she teeing the reflection of hes own ej. One loge resulta the iter poon i acu slips the et hat aon en Wt ce do Fave ev ‘Ques aginst both ofthese positions, propose a form of iia! reais) “This ta way of dserbiag the proces of knowing tha ehsowledpes te] teal of he hing km, samehing oer han he knoe (hence els), | ith aly knw hod ace we ae ot ally es ‘long the siaing path of appropri daa conversion twee he Kenora ering known (hence tie KE ath leas to ee ‘election onthe prods of oe engi into eas that our asertions ‘hoot ealty acknowledge their onn provonaity. Komwledge, in other er ioe pie oer et indent of Kom, QS hn pap th enn ep ‘sh ih le inn seme nee epee ry a) "ps abe mr pie na | Te ction ha poe ea te el hyo ceq 36 Po I Took forthe Task oh ‘We might, then, atmpt a preliminary sketch othe shape of knowedge, coring oe fer elim flows ‘Rec aie ecg eh “The second ad hind ofthese stapes ned ey, farther dscusion. Ct cal snares eels tre thing a est sot the proces of owing. all of GRaT chalenge citer» aaiverealam ort manine pons. ES the Seer soning om one pit fiw, nd one on ad tere mo such thing ass guTwape ic (Oy otich nod be mean Dat go-ye ew) Iralube w human bln poist of ew wich wo humans poi fie ‘Sttond and oneeguent upon thi al uma inevitably and natural inter Bette foto eshed om fetes though «gf expectation, erin sre petal sos nd no. Te pm flew mot trey peal nam of ection (am sanding on th side ofthe rooms fv tate so my eepin diferent rom our): ao pecan ‘tems the ers ny wore (a aus witers have show, aac and Pethcoetal oi of ew tls aecesary condi fay pereepion The bowled fo osu at ai)" Ti and mot important, where Hand Lhe (neoprene tough woven lok Rave seat eal 0 ‘ith the communis hich slong Some thing wich Tse laa partion Talay eee tus teense I belong fo 2 pacar human community. ‘setrrk ffl and fend ome because Lelong To profession: wre, ‘eceme fam an snuteur usc ads on Every human community shares ndshertes ceva stumpion, adios, expectations antes, and so {lat wich encourage ste meres to costo reality i paral way, and stich create comer within wbieh cern Kind of saement ae perceived msg cfc och gate lost Sere, ‘SA ten stn mean yea ich save Bas to take ‘uly on bsrd the provisionally ofall ts statements. How the cant po= seas? Sh smancaretacmnee amen acteurs sce cde hang fick Dees te ang eel ea el hig tn ice io ee Knowle Probl an Vries 37 ‘The one thing that sno posible a this pot so revive some form of posit, abe ins chastened mood. That wl ot dot 3) a hit Dnt tha hen al he above llowaness have been made, there simpy are forme thing wich can sil esi, on he Das of empl sense a, bout {he wor exe othe aseve() NO nse a working or be pes laws of observation, or sense-dat to concen statements about exter) ‘aly, posiisicaliy conceived cal els (as | am poping # ees ouledgeofptclrs taking place win ne lncger Pomewer of the ar wrk wich fore fsoteobcrvers way of ing fe {tonto the wor (I sal das what worden are, and Rw they morn thopter 5) Instead of working ait were upwards fom empiri! dts in however chastened and hence cautious a fashion, knowledge takes place, Within this model, when people find Png tha fh he partly oe (Gore lel) storia hich they ate szstomes te gv allepane 1 Shall ‘Sus presently the artes probimso whch hs pes ise Tame aware tt by Hel, hs statement willsound very paling wil seems though knowlege simply pate mate! the phenome ot the subjects have wo aher AI Tkoow abou fsotmthng ta takes ‘ce atid my cm stay. oer show wy th ection tated tre mt look atthe matter ofverfiation, What count a verifying’ tht swhichi claimed «knowledge? "The ual accounts fscenfc’ methodocus (with good reason, my ses) on hypothesis ao veeaton/fasifieaion We makes hypothe out thats, an we go aout eiingo ing ty farther experiment ‘om But bow do me srive thypothetes snd what counts verfeton or {iteation? On the pots de,potess ae cored ot of he Seed received and then go in search of moe sense-evaence Wich Wl either coin modo dst the hypothesis ths rated. sugges that this is mileage very uel that ne cold contac good woking hypothesis ot of sete dts sone, od i fact no etecve ther ny eld Intagins tat thin the ene. One neadh rer rmework on which 0 da, later et of zoe abt cigs that are ey to happen inthe word Tete ist always be a leap, made bythe lagloation that has bee avuned Smpathetaly to he subject, tm the (i picpe random eben ‘ono pheaomens tthe iyptbens fs puterm Equal, vgrfeaton fap et not so mach by tering random seme ose whee they ft with {he hypothesis, but by devising meas, precsely onthe bass ofthe larger Soret coding te fypetiess ise, task specie questions aout pete pects ofthe potest Bat ths presses the question what wap the ie str A te pci dn ne oer oti tha we i238 Pa I Toots forthe Tsk 4. stores, Worivews and Koorlede oi oe mat asc mde of an eT wo te ease tat Strato rhc oma ee ofthe wen ei hte say tty ave nko mo. A Mare agus emeatonst set adhe scone in gee ences ares: Tha eral anv se mare se xe, ee Pa mp ‘eon cn ony bended win at ee uo ean ean tn an coined ei ma en Ss Etnemene sae snr, Sete hele hn rstoy hee usta nepal conta th te bess tance oe can ele itech ete emp cried pare a oer eae lad iter nse sha wat ft te ara cy wma setae 10 se eco ang reo sich Stes een of mene hey et oe hy ent win Faeroe tl rue shaper Sat all eee ue cet whoa aloes ae Se seen ty pes ne seo ah ee elie ters ofthe Awe TEDL ctaews he wa tug bien tua prev eli, eae Tenis Consus in terme human el 2rd, wtih fonton sublease wore Te ws ach ane ce i tone oe nap tanan ow dae eee han cy fori’ ol, acne rea reich mos obviously embody woes ae ofcourse te anon mys iy the socal pie nat 2p of he word 0 Fy ore wording a the cen Parla See es coer one west of aoa ees a cay uae sce.) hone aoe oe beer ges et 19 se Sar ee uae mpl te Ss rho tn ere vos at ma ve ne ey Se eR etcetera iSite nr egies SSS SS Dacia ad Kosice: Problems and Varies 38 Jn the Depression are used to uel sympathy for the oppressed working clas: ois of terorism are used to just present itewing reps. Closer fo ome, stole ate used in personal and domes dscure ot mete 10 pro. side lafrmation shout events which hive ten pac, but oexiody and Ince enforce, o perp to modify a shred wordvew wit a fay, an fic, club a college Steven thus provide tal famenock for expe ecag the worl. They ho provide a means y whch ews of he word ay ‘eshalenged. ‘The fat that stories are a fandamental charac of wordlews canbe ‘urierilstated in relation tothe Jewish wordiew ands yrious mut tome These can never be reduced to staf mass: Even atu mot poner Dial and epirammai, Jewish wit eas the underying subsite of the Jewish story aout te covenant god the wo nd Ire For ot Jew, ‘eral in the fie cenry. the Sory-form mas the nara and indeed Incntable way which her worsen woud fad expresion, wheter ae Ing te stories of YW mig deat in te aston bel fh people of {teating new tres which wos function ost the fal pin the peat {o-comfoue in paence snd obedience ri ooking forward to the mighty ‘eed that wa sil to come which woul rownal he others String bel {re ad lng iteration once a for al ‘Stores never unpopular wth children and those who read purely for please, have tus become fashionable ot lo unang shay, nt est {athe bila stale gud, Within the st generation several ers have Aran on the wok of alae ana ase 8 Vind Prop op them Sndertand the sacar ad sipnance of various sf te Bile. read ‘trast’ avatne i somhing ee, we are nov urged to fead as and nderstand nto terme nb erry ad thecal terms ‘his seems to me an aliogeher admirable development needs: no doubt Some checks and balances but in pine cat eelomed wih ents “Tis esearch ha frien eamined how as work oth themsrnes and in relation to other stories. Lhe irl evel stries have structures, lots and characters. They ese varius theo ecigues, which Include ‘ode af naration (the neato character ithe drama oe dose Base Brivileged sigh na all the events), rom. onli, flere pratt sch ain, a0 forth, Tey il gute hiey hve by impbeton, ‘et hasbeen cle an ie reader tt hey ingly an perhaps nite an Spproprate reading of «pra Kind. Allo tse have tet ove eet on In ther actual readers se things. We aren oer wor ite to do wth 2 complr story wht (ase Shall see fo the ext chapter) we da with ay Tera ie hat to ty the eet rested a the easy which ‘rested. Auuhorial ota shold no bs eid om his proces, hough sce ew Bmp am a pid we ir 4 Macs Sai thon rigs noe fat ao Saye tans acs te Ors ae (i gece in ie see ipa ee re Pos hgh50 Par I: Tookforte Tak ten: for istane, when dealing with ancien ets we shoul remember that ancient commenstr on hear were peety wl sare a the aed possible ellis of nasa, and we sfe ot pound to regard all the rangliss a ignorant of Such ioeas Equally. however a witer ike Mark ‘ight wel have produced such fl athe sme way ha nau rae Toul do ig arey of techniques without thinking or evem kRowing, “bout hem ‘Wher we examine how sori wor in lation to oter sores we find ha human beings el stores boctse ths fsbom me peeve and indeed relate ta. the word, What we see closeup va mulude of ie Init heer ‘bined or (nore Heh) intercated, we make sere of by Ging on sry forms aveasy more o ese kommt and placing he formation win them story, th spatter of problem and conf, of aborted attempts at tesluton and inal esl, whether sad gle may fr fom the ‘ommon race ofthe wo, ively perceived a he es ay of aking Shout he way the world aetaly Good stoves assume that tbe word Place of eo and resolution whelber comic or trgie. They select and tune atria arcorigi, And we sugested elore ores can embed frente or eraps mite worst hie hey rele Stories re, actualy, peciliay good at modifying or subvering other oien and ther worlbtews, Whee bead-on atack woul certainly fhe arhle Rides te wiom a he serpent behind the innocence ofthe dove, Enining entrance and favour whic cae then be ese fo change assumptions stich the hearer wold terse Beep hidden aay forsale. Nata els Basidt story shout rich man, «poor man, aod ll lamb; Davi aged ad Nathan springs the tap Tellsomeone odo someting, and yu hung thei Ife-for' dy: tell someone a story ad you dango tel ie ‘Stoney in having this tfc factions comple etapa Metaphor con ie ringing two sts fens clone together close encugh fr 3 spark fo Jump, But no too close, 3 thatthe spark in jumping. mines fora ‘moment the whole rea found, changing percep st does so Evens, {he subverae sory comes one ena othe sory areaty beleved bythe same gan TEnoul be posible, and in pipe desirable to chase ths insight rough vatlous further camifeations, Societies are complex cate, and the nd inidani mack their owm ay ihn arger seing, Human ie fo “verlpping words and snd a group, hey ay wel el them Scives ferent sd overlapping. Du abo cmpetig stoves In addon the oc ay he ecm i et SXcFiocn da fn orn how hc we Kong: Poems and Varieties 41 stories that ar explo ya rou ona may wel Be consist ‘runconcouny Seca and wi equi shecking nthe ight of cea! Prats and of wider symbotc universe’ Wha! someote hail dec sd {he symbols around wach hey order thir Ince a eas lle a Inder the worview sth orcs‘ l= “Tse of alti nearzrilr ehe New Tenens lass Acrain gop it cenuy Jems el nd whe to commend tne pareular variant ofthe fint-entary Jewish wordew which we all {cicrb in Sea in Pal) waed oy: he hope wich races out ‘ortview fas been fle in hee evens, And the se oy tht ‘om natral (an obvi Sena) wy fling ey, node ery tosumerother was of lokng at there Tabe mace ic sey Sew ikea eter peoples, pervs the worl and event within he wo wap of interpretation and expecion Te prclar pd consed iy heart of thei elt thatthe word wa made by to woe abd Sanipotent go, who hd heen acl Hsp ppl: elved tha thelr atonal ster commonal and adtenl soy spied tem with lemes though whch hey cold ptcone evens nthe word tough {Ph they cou make ome sec fen andr ves corn. “Tey tld stores which embodies, exerpliied and so riforeed thet lew and in dong ew dons ptr soe chlnge icra workhiens Those who wabes fo exorage er fellow fees think iteremy tol the same steer witha the a Te Earns told try about he secret begining of he new covenant spy tht Brae god going oer the Roma ca sy shot way ‘enans whose infideliy woud ease the death ofthe owner sons he zation: he cr Csi ove aha he gam ol ens Iaugoration through Sess. But one thing they never die They never creed a workvew in which the godin gestion wn uitereted fo Setmolved with te cented mud in era othe trl ote pl in paral To ha we salou “Tae teason why sores come Into conflict with eachother tha woliiews, tothe sis wh shart hey aren ppg oma {ec that they clin to make tose ofthe whe of ally Even the feats who belees that evrybou’s pin of view on eventing equ ‘aid even hough apparent ineompat.bcbesin toa serying soy tow realiyutch comer eal condi ith mow ether sre hc Speak of reat ain the ast analysis seamless we open In pig 10 Spectre emanates {nerm wor ave teatded Chrstany a3 prate worden et fps ate soriew Some Chstans fave seal played gh ita th ep. Bat a Feiniple the wbole poe of Chain a i otlesastory wach he a8 Shh tampa dCi Rind mpg it2 Pant Ts frthe Task story ofthe whale wap is bie uth. Oe colpes to some ‘ron of Grose) Ween teretre daw vp someting of sing scale to show what hap- ens when storie whieh one grup tells at fhe wor ome iu coat {Sth Stoves that other group ell At one end ofthe sete tere fs he onmenon of daxtsuination the sory imped by anja sto, Ss crn fs pny ny wos Ase wet ee ‘dcecsonttniaig twee to ake seme o the stores lee enacted i {font of, woul ave to sandon my onroing or andi 8 mew ne, stk woatd happen ty my comma ou of he dene fhe ese {Es before me tty my overhearing some oer commoriy' ory hat cul sparen, mae ese of h(t presen puzlng) even The oly ‘Sher ny or haing theca between str tly ander ‘alain ow he Chcce tor he halen ony sn as cepts Ser sommon mine ncence (he eperment id no work therefore Some unexpected variable mint have inte othe proces), Noy {ihe tents dort tthe fas tector, someone tas Stored them), abd ther areas Ant, nBeweon these two eemesofconfieation and com fromato, evens and bjt ca ter may suet the ry oF tes sre we eg. Anda ay the prot ofthe pong reas nthe tng There ro sch hig as ea objective pro cay the eam atthe sory wear now tlng abot the words 2 whole makes ore ese isle apd deta tht ther pct o cul tors tha may Fetmatfer Simpy of ote, legace handing te dts win the en al pra hyn hgh sym ee is edie yet an: ie re wat count™ ‘We hve returns, herfore, to something Iie nan of pies and serieton Atypothess (nny ld) sal held to be eri i ru he ev ni Swi cert gy on oes tof in abe gape the account of what ype ately a of what ‘nts verifetion- Af asout I ow apes mgt ince the flow ingelement: qui tengo pres Shere mf awe which the pothesis formed. The question ds not ah Of in a emerges preci om the est rain burn bing ae teling tense at wateve vel One as qh or bea one's presen so sinsome way ether puri or iacomplee. See eee copelitpan Let Te guste ser oe co eri nai ‘Se in eeu Sanedwapch e mieei Sete _ “fie sate ais We ow eo Knowledge: Problems and Varies Lang se inser tg ease ys rece means SLE av ehets nent ete ‘pt ern eet ee on inser msetyraaeaenatenn Smyrna ate eae porach as no tl aernt entra SET anes aoe Sameer tes ope guess Ret Sh fapacae’ core eantiy er faa sa ce Upc nites Soa rebecetne ice te raed aaah act te ea aia gba obese Mice dfatcecenvamearecneh ae Sate tras ag bai Repeats ot aate EAR a meet ae, de ethno tanner coca amen cain arte asl are a REISGne est irae aa pagent cn ace ‘Mla cig Sohncod nate Stated Rican ca ogee as pean tp Th ar nasa acai ponte ects a ee St a rangi no as ious pki seer cst ie ee eee tenet api neh cetera Seda Gey ot se et ‘pe waa ac etcna tar seh cert aaa eee serena herd anata amie me Seat on hy cian ‘Sats es ema ie Siete eae hoan Deron| \ 46 Pat I Tok forthe Task thin events, And events have 1 do with i principle ineligible ations. ‘The rel of thn shat ited ofthe alm o comers we examined ier between abner and" objec ay eonecved within the empiric ido, whee in optimistic ors pesmi form, we Rave ose ‘conversation between humans (oot merely neural nd detached ‘Shservaton platforms) and eens (ot merely dlached or meaningless ‘objects. Andon horse oft dsloge we therefore have sie the “ores tht the humans ae impli teling spot the worl he tories {hat ae med ty evens end within tbo, by the object tha form hee “We'may therefore draw a modified version ofthe eter diagram of, tenet gnc, ing anh ow de wee Sorting hens: nn Sen ‘natant 1 agen pce o oe op me hat (irc ep nr fda pf png aa ‘tsa ae aii on ee ere irene SESTLSSEAN ce i itera ee toes eae tien ea genes genie st nore ae ee ty the fac that particular people are doing the knowing. 4. Cones 14-08 dstinction between objective and subjective must be bandoned as sles I anne fede hat Sentence, atone thks here {sho Such thing as objective knowledge’ that merely shows bow deeply ingrained ine potiv acon hs bec in rel, at he omen shen perpetrate hve finaly adited that twas wroap Wis fenced, hase srped. iss more nance epstemaloy, sd ject the confines of {is Boot andthe lmao of mp expense, Ihave ted 0 ofr ove. Bu, ee en Rc te af (Siew Wheres ruc onan poeta oe nt Kono: Problems and Varies 48 suming forthe moment Chinn worew, 10 be argued ia more detail 0 another oeason, we ca tea say tig: knowedge as vo Jo withthe p—2 Inereation of humans and te created woe Ths bigtwin he sphere ‘the bli Dele ht Purine ate made inthe image of the ces, ad {hatin consequence they afe entrusted withthe ask of exerling wise ‘esgasbity bin the ceated order. They ate nither detached dbeeners | > ‘of nor predators upo,ceaon From tipo of ew, knowledge ca be 2 {oxm of steward: rtd the present stale of the mori, krowage canbe form of redeeming stewardship ica be, i oe ses, form o lose insted ican ofcourse Become the opps of al thse tings knowledge tay be seen a pit degned te win in sewadehip) To know sobs — 2 feladon withthe known, which meane hth ‘ower st be open othe sy ofthe knows! being ober than ha ben expected o ven desired, nd must be prepared to respond scoring, not merely to obere from 8 «disance. nj “The etal realism offered nore therefore esenilly a relational = * enc pg cesar io ‘Ago example of hi shit, in neta area ean be ound in the pai ingot Monet Monet eps like mot punters pating objects in the ral ‘wl: ripe, eather i garden eile. At Impretcns bese, 50 {o sy, more impressions, and paticlar and ineestingy 5s an ‘ght deerlorate, he began to plat more and more ot so much the objets ‘they were ut is impesion the objets ott in smile pia we find ourseveslokingote, obese, it rest Slight not at» qu ‘Photographic picture but a he depiction a someone's sented Ba. yi ‘Ben account, Monet became less and lessees the Sese-aa tat Re ‘hjetsterselves were presenting to i an ore and mote itersted in the patterns and shapes the colous and movement, whlch he was imply Imagining ni ater works we find him moving toward shee abxraction. “Thr summay of Moses progression tof cme ied de een i Par ofthe book a gross ovesimpifstion, bu wl ule to make the poi” "We may suspect, a fact, that most people ure fom one position another depending on cvcmstances Ent people tend 0 tik ofthe. ‘vera aban res we at observe te fabs and ere them, me read th tw att But (ae we am above) ar soon ae we read a nesapaper Feport oan event we know something abou, we ae avare ofthe difrenee Tetcen be journalist's plat asi ind our ov ad at son 8 we engtge (Cor stance) Ia personal couseling we become sare that ane person ca Inall apparent Innocence, superimpose or ‘projec onto his picture of nuter person phenomena which are pure nde his own Hea. To fever 0 the example o journal, what we often se (or stance in television ‘Sovsmentares, o reudo documents) opens Wo the reader Wewe a Sighlorward fac; bat whats actully going on very kel) the {eprter® ides of what ought oe oeang projected ont an apparent “real orl (ths iea appearing as his poi of view on reali, and) point of view appearing a ey ite! When you spre withthe plat of ‘iw, you tend to watch as areal (his haw ng tally a2) when ou ‘saps jou glcly Become a phonomerat tte athor/event sage ‘jt ber pot of view) or even a subject (se simply made al up). ‘All ths may seem site remot fom ie word of the New Testes But fn fact steno fn the face a soon two pik op 4 moder book the ttapels The German schol G,Stecker has een publisbed x hook onthe ei ema of een nd aioe ee Hae 7.8 cic sme sane mtg chew ply Be 482 Pe I: Too forthe Tsk ‘Sermon on he Mout On he ack oer we ae tow an of wm, rte Semon on the lun de on septate salu rather als Mas oe hes Ta! bn, hx pear a xegetil SEE baa jolenen ice pbsopil one” Suchet ting a recund f heting ian abst Tona Nal othe ‘Seared ter mre Score gown fying at tha the sate of Mat Seem We edhe Sermon oh nt nde a she iybody tere? The swe nr nine sere a oil spe Foe ees nous ago he soe Tete samy Mathes We Hee eee iam reais ove an ompineas easing (Mathews tae rea tn ane poennesalion (aes ao ind) “Te sonar fre of Stecers pop bs comparative hilt Frees hs. an et del oreo duh ne teniebcetay esl mg and eae wo duet aptiereeampe, te useless hat gen of Josep ee aca rhe Phares eas abot teo ss though they were Set scoot ath pate boat eter and of Now Rody Gobet there wre Pare an that hyd ave ons, Dt Ses dub th hy were vay te Gack pitwopher Mere ot SEP cpa Fenda sean sy gt bs perception ‘Sc Foaecs br mre sete pepo th he Know wl econ ae tape ate. Th perception wat mee ane nha rete nares eortopond exc tne wy tags nual were a easel cone re carn rl edo ba aires rl an cee perl genicaes reser sodas ote 1 ‘ied weceny tone or profes slemny ated apc at vel Bales ws ot fenced ty holga phibesapial soar ots tea topes of he gop aonb wn enpsge a For Moet ural ectch Tivo whch isnt eo Bue Pa ton of src and bermere one cho ras ayone Haug tn complex ptr: pivam in elaon 0 Slamans wg Tear thc es chee le lee ra) sepa sbut Blemanat ‘stot what he nas cng be sd ea prenapponon at we howrhc dn) and phone cord o Bains hme, nel aang ery ch and ering sat eas (hey wrote about Dos, tefty ere ray te mw pr alin owt tr own fat. Suey inyeran vrai on eae ttnes hs beste cnet in sume paso modern iia sty om the communi that may be med mabe text a8 many arr ht ty of Seca teh en aye st ofthe angele, ever ince he 722 formesicm seven yas agri ost bee not on tre TSR asp pty. ate same wah) woe ses nhtnlit hin etree eget at ia ed fsa an beyond he tet baton the commutes that transmited weds. Sthore formic ha given way to redaction eri sted ofthe “angel an offen focsedvemply on tet chreh snd community set ‘Communi’ se thus faneoned ts an ferntve sot of referent, beyond oF end the tex ene? ete) Commun “This move has, for many tweateth-centry theologians, more obvious hermeneutical sfuness we How (we hk) what oo with ‘commun ands hel, bu a even! shade o hale. Bu wll soon {ceo abvous thatthe groin could be ct fom det evn hs tedaton lcm by some sor ols postheder reading a the popes, which would {leny the propty of ning even Matte’ own mind talon tha ofS “community, sia hi opel and whieh would ist stead um the terse ‘ion Rerween reader and fr (or even fetcen te reader and bso her own Inind) asthe onl focus of meaning These readings ae all herenty {nga the phlsapieal reasons why te come it Being in he fst place {Cartesian anaety about peciaton of atl Felten) wil salon thea up All of his means that se phenomenon of reaing a any level ober than ‘the nae has Become very confusing. People have read peat ray texts of the one band, and he Bible on he ees, ina wiring wary a ert ‘wy Sometimes they have bee mv realise Shakespear ling 4 toy ‘chor of something eke: pertap he is dsingWranny and demoeracy 0 {everal? Might he be sng Caesar a an allegory for a rans oboe? How might we te? De a Mare stellog story abou horseman and an ‘my hows. Is that all I he perhaps really tating abou someone looking {or'GoM she aking stout modern erature sel, with sense tat ete sed 1 bea sutor ide’ ett tat aw tere is nobody at bre? How igh we find on Mana is teling a story about a fetus composer. Bathe aso, que certainly ling a sry aot mosern Germany Tndoing so. he is of curse revealing hs own opilons and elt, which are fly “nvoled' inthe rely of which be wees: Hee. tbe meats ty wih we ay Toe ‘ea of his cool, pu aur simpy hat tating 0 J with a teat ‘Sto pay tht for oneself I mut see what he does oe, 300 no ak Stetter tere is another mind oot here being the Text And of couse thats there not mic pin dscusing the text with someone ee, Thee ‘wt no igh or wrong’ reading ony my reading and your reading Thnk wl be cast how wel tater postin wl pew many lori age, an age which places eluent above the iegation fait 2 08 wt ann ni of i eo son i be ens eae asa ae SEL ies ern adie peseae ister ing mp cipaaluaccy tor reat teeot Peat carat ea hee aoe fy ERBEIGR seed Sma mt pith ood Saute hepa aa ER ere ee ced cel att oti it ea fea me perepeiet treet rect erent tardi) (0 Pa I Toobforhe Tak wither seen There aro cours, many diferent rms ht cold be CONSE Sen is ele view ofthe wot Trace its plsophical and Aone Sy anceney troop Foueaul and Nietsche n pata, and indeed et something ofthe mi that Cin opin) the Si aan thc postin thats ings Soe pars of coemporary ERIT ha noveve soe sch esto fo erent content 0 8 wean ats far decaatocona ns trans hs nt etal ety pone wodé of New Testaments, amd So as rt outsie tar apeta re Tere have Ween soe temps to roe tb) Heer of he bilan raer Dominic Crossan Conan, dese Besenets gate mide hs en lone y mary oer x et, eras Berne Meme hu posed ot rt uve inl ove aera on tying at he same tne se he s deconstructing the texts 0 i create hua Jesus trough a bebind them™ The wap ard tat {S55 genuine decomsttoctonsn, an thse who follow content are ‘ow os Bible eades ofa connate stamp wi ook san at decosin- site aes proposed model en facto cose for comfort to many eg ity doped wii (oasly speaking the ltt waitin. The reves faP actualy stutonaied apa sstematzed ways of reading the GRIER are seanel sila to some ans of postdoc ere arch has ied the gospel vr al ie, and fry Mees Outre ot move ort contepuse hereneatcl model. Even rare tse thon cesta la to take the ible tost sous Jee tae there above alee 8 woeful fel odo precely ‘yax’peictay un he fopes The moves of reading and iterprettion ane ben fea ae as fon he made of ison and ‘Boss ofserpare that ane been Bele, explicit o (moe oftn) amphi Zee rn ce apd which hae olen made ponerse of ay atemps 10 TAU bibl nial The devout predecessor of Jesontacions {Sat reg the et wh sts tat what he le ys ome ow Ne SESS Sad ales meaning eat whic oes ot want oko aot Mcthatton ene evnpls tice fh eat eure, een abou at secon actully tke Thor ae some sange bedfellows in the wold of “Siete racic ss ben heer tan theo an a word rm he estes! go hs bese beard dest the sul dae hat readers and tet preter bve gr emcee ima Tat singly show wing, at I be Prcina fpr us tee of hou, dos no exter 0 EROS eau more crtaly war oF Oop to be appening when Lerare Stony and Wordiens 61 pepe eh pe sae ch con rem i Sent reqs oaeraon of eo of esta tat ae soo ot Sire os owing torte gogo 8 etl ena st ‘be deferred until considerably later. a mi Frey ten pint he poster reais ofthe bl ae Mey 0 int Ula tee who ae hott endo he pe {Sabu caplng ay awh to rt ets castle eae {Sabet leon hat happens when ase ing eal ote coun tsb tappen when same enw ang rent Ste cout fat pen atts esate eich pupa bc seg een {barber scoun o wa hapers we he pop temsces re ene {Ext Ay piinopily mind tay rts odin fora mrt es rip eo comer Ns aa pes wold a pete tha ‘insta compete tate enor woud ef ne and Pence, But sce hs ctr aa ring or doe owes ican ic ae ts) oy ome ono sy hw (i) Reading ana Cea Realise What we need pgs tcl al aco of the phenomenon of ra Ang val is par To one ie me tan sethe post othe nave Tea, ‘So Rinc ate slg nner br cet that hey are unaware of he snake in he grass ery step he her se ‘we can Sethe reductionist wi, sopping ook a he sake, swallowed Up by them nd proceed ofr Avoing both hese pat Tage ha ‘Se mut arcttes theory hich lesen the entire phenomena of tex ‘oii a acl en anna ate ha Shae mii lak mth We ann nrte commas ohh yous mee a) el oc en ‘toes asad to dasner wt hey te deconsrestony ined Sex Within thi texeaing activity imei, ate don. Selves, at east sometimes ahd at least prince, a comat wih the abd _ pee emanated mar, een in eee seta dah Wy he aero ‘Severn rn {0 0) roma, Mere hal, gs a po Sin ones emnaeemaere ine SEIS sh ate! hy sco en7 ! (2 Pr I Too forthe Task dines of he autor. Discs te aut mind myo be samen pene bh pe netgear dee for oe ae nde ar ele ae i tthe ore ere ‘Reena ce hep semop etn ne ‘Truce about them elsewhere hinsell® Nor ean I elev that the parallel, SEReES DN hace even saad 0 Muon te es eho ine same time, itis important 10 sires that both of these authors wanted oe ease af el wok sab an Seeger in Toe pt eer so eee SSRSE lt eon ite mse ae tas eps meyer hc eel {etame thigh ase ways of iCving sal whichb outside, and ieremt i ee hse Gea of oe wy eee a ree, See aryl ets woe od i ponies inte wore teoaibemeee Baas ut gat se eet fe poem ms So sant taps wv a eo hg severed staan eal oper tat ony ely aa dere pai ta eae sy oe Bp any ti lace vere ch ce ie compl ako TR ay an owe a rr * "Wace i none vsdng wh tte deri sab jut neh ie toe tis car aD ond cea tty emp ba sown tot ae wanes fe ae eet Sum Tru so dco tear SB) SESS etter oa ne x (er tls ae gece cca scien sd Se TELS eet othr tie nd pe may wel Were ge eat We dtd hen ed an a sary neds eo al see Ei et edi Hcl as Pt NE olan, ee a bt wich ey SLSR epee ecamodten tance see Birrsso laine nn aatagenetenss Se a se trae htt cskeareetina senate ca eee Owe pareaemciantettn tire 3 act at oe ey Litera, Ston and Wore 83 a. E—rtéi<“ Lier Stonyand Wovens 6S On Literature then, we may agree tha such a thing as trata exists, and that we can Feat and talk sue shout twthout having oar words colts back upon Themetes, important that west, lb bith wha erature lndvhat we ought to do witht (Ueahe iterate’ ete ay brood Sense, Incading mos wings of mos an beings but perhaps topping short of telephone rectors b-kete athe lie owever late they may be "cultural symbols) Here the now familiar sory of modern epistemology Fepeas self gan excep tht crampls of he exer vewponts might be fareo find. At the eafeme posts en, herature might be coneeved Spy a he neutral” dsp ofthe wai: he bate temps some ‘isle generations to ttn out poety by edcing etapa Lo pals “nadored language sem ofave bee bong nde hs mspprehenon [Ate omer en of tesa, erature hasbeen eared and paps te Sia. the Romane pots encourage st regard) as a alestion a bj: the teclings “asthe strnative to both these extremes, Lsugest that human wing is bestconeived asthe aration of woeisews, of, beter ulehe eling of ‘ore whch bring werden im arco Ths of cure appr ne ‘aren wae Some ate qe ows the novel the marae poem a the Darable all stvies already, ang i note dese the move that eeds to be made fom the specif plol in question (or Ws Sub-lo) tthe dof wrldew which eg arated Oe reno ovis tt Srimportat in their own way The sor lef colleague reinforces Ost Shared rarrtve word nubicharangement for nes term easing hae 0 ‘be made in advance, nd tus rlforee in tum he ager worl in which we both cell ourelves, an each other te story of univer of he stay and {caching a hewogyon if we are cc, the soy of hing aban nt Sige ene sma hw gemtin ha human, The dy tentook, with ate apd theorems tells he story of 39 ‘rdered worl and ofthe possbity of humans pranpng tht order ahd 50 ‘orking rity within Shot poets and apes ae to wvkvews what Snaps ate othe ton a hla, hha matige Ad on Para ieast of the ak of Herat ericsm therfore, supe 0 Ly {he and ultimately pied worden, and Bow © Thi tak an be done even Ifthe writer remains unknown (uhich sss well in view ofthe any of eat mary works ot etn the New Teste). But may be helped oa Ithny by Some conderto, even at spel level, of wht he writer SEE en teenie mini ey See te SPSS Te hates orate wages Cir6, PI Too forthe Task was ing or isendg to do, Here again we ave the fair dichotomy. The Dit ri ily atte purpose of ets so establish the 7 oF meaning of he es wl tre tat hres sacha thing and halt nin principte be found. The phenomenal readet—vho thease might ‘return on bea decotrsconstwil ose toware saying that 08h {hing exit There fon ny reading, ou ening and an inte numberof ‘ter pombe renin. rept to both extremes, eieaealt reading oa {ext wl recognise, and take fly into scm, the perspective std conten of the reader. But sich eading wl til iis at, witha the sary oe stale that Seem o make see of te whol of aly there xs, seventy other than and deren fom the reader, texts that Cn be eats have a ead 4 se of appropiate meanings mony pote indpendent of hei ator but ao potently iaependen of Ue teade; and tha he Gepest lve! ot Franny cori in the re a lial the wolview which he tests arama "Thu he poss ri reading the parable ofthe Wicked Tenants wil seck a locate the parable within a partclr hist context, whee! the Ie of ess, be preaching ofthe earl church othe wring of one ofthe opel. He wil atempt alan “bjecve’descipon of what it mea at {he time, The apparent seces of such s projec may Ite tbe wovary Ito ‘hinking tat paiva ha prove point —untl eter commentaire ‘sonst wre equly ‘objective but quite diferent, scout are offer ‘These maya corse, emer ino dialogue with each ter. But one they star boing so they ae alveady siting that posts aot as Simple a 10k, {ithe pertop a ciferem model of kning to be petred “the phenomenal, by contrast rede the parable sod finds herself ares yi Thowp he realizes that tay hav a istrie conert what tatters what tse to Ber tday. This acco, swe oberved ear Ff tome extent bot ihe fundamen and the dscontuctonst. What cannot iene with hi sot of reading, However, to cai any nora fr jt because the ont a ths tome, here no reason hy shoul 110 Jou Ise ae ot uefa the clsim hs parable ellsme that mat ace yp 1 Try gorge eopeites or tha parle speaks of lena dying orn wil Eclape no snements of no more ps iticnce tan Tike tlt or" Iie Sibetis The phenomenalis purchases the apparent certainty and ‘ecu of hes stateent in elation to he tt ot he hgh cs of foreting ‘rial reals, however, will tempo avd bot ptf. We mus be aware of ur own viewpoint Reader of exs abot masters and servants may ‘rll hve instinctive sympathies on ane side or the others readers of ete out abes and Sons Hews readers af tex hat they ake Be In some try nonnative or tat they know oes repr fn ths ay) tne with cern pes and, pert eas We rea ths tay 8 ter words fn tbe ight a al {he light four fondamenal worldview Neverble it prs pt othe ‘ry that we can tll wate us aking un ane of a ing Liter Stonyand Wokions 67 ‘he worl hat there ein adton to oom rt tres ote stovies ter tenting ne found in he New Testament ah that hee Hrs tna, we atend to them, reafrm, mou, or suber some oral fhe Stores we have been teling arses Thee ate oer warkcws thy aoe pred in work itertre; an thc trac with ur own rales feng aoe ng’ foram (St 2) ae ise; and othe pum wiles ope othe bales, Iie. and savenion eee "We tettare rea the text, examining inal ts histori theres o cuseives a wel aly estemporlelatedes to ourselves a being {var ofthe complex reltn tht ets etwee tine wo ngs. When me foe tthe parable we reads soy whch sesoy has sion a st Sox sel ich ecings sw ad wong ties oa ea Wich tures out to be a story boot Jesu stay which wl hve meas oe “hing te minty of Jee and sorting rater dierent as ling by thee cure, as a book abot oe! na flees sro ng os the mel ise. Ad eventhough part oft oe (and in pnp sa ‘erable tory we may ble that we an again prince, seer some tort of historical accra ia these reading the meaning tha he peable ‘Condnues 1 hve wil a several inportnt espe remain open. The wil be tn appropriateness shout certain potential meaning and an iaayproprite tess ou ter Disin of where dete sued esing Come oo {his sealeofapproprateness can sd ms ‘ake acts at «private {me, And the ts for aew proposed meaning wl have todo wi their ‘Smonatable contty wit he Norcal mening, Ato what cant at ‘omni, that must itl remain open for he momest. Toe poi at ae here i thatthe sory has brovght& worldew to bh. By reading torlaly can detec hati wassleaye intended "3 subversive st) tdermning a crn worldview nd tempting elas wh aot, By ‘eg wth ny own pea yey aie “Aplyng al this on a wide front Jewish and Cristian Urata ofthe fis centy, we discover without diy that the great major ofthe ‘material ha an easy ese story-orm, eer onthe surface of he et {not far beneath tBu there ae, abot religious tasivon mo obser ‘aby diferent pes of storie. There ae fst sores which embody and Incite a worldview eventhough ts ea hit the stores dant rele fo fens which happened inthe pli worl Te parle vio fl into ths eatgory so wih Judas does bok lke Joep and faethe are second stores which emboli an alt the wordieby teliag what ‘as (move or ess) actual happened in he plc dota amet wh the woavew purport fo expt. Within Jul this Susy the ese ‘wit boks Ike T'and 2 Maccabees, abd with ete’ Angus and eth sere ce oF ib en ed on ec a (i ang “SBiXninown tn eae eA(8 Pan Tots forthe Tasks Wr Josephus is well aware ofthe care tat he made ital up, a i ery aes ent aert that hed a= Within Christan ihe ae of ZASS mochcomtvered The Dok hat professes most oly ha was SOUS, Gyomeove abe knew wh be waking sbout Guns gospel, 3b the one mat sey eared ay ry ofthe sar than the Zeon ype sir tony found inthe work of sme eis who read eG” pupets as ig stores ofthe second ype, loser up to the arcana he oops ar stoves of the fstype, atologal mth fo Srendof Cutie of ouch wih sounder" We wil bn o xine are cman in Par 1 ow, Bt we cana east a hs win he Swern: aly con ren shaper wa vo nto, precey because the gest majority of Jews belived 8 We Taser god was te creator of the word who continued w sitet cai Thu hey wre ative ao Pr earn nutatves tnotstal trical feferem sh stores are reefer ently eveatver designed to da Ot teifre, © perhaps Wastin emphase oft lhe seen ype tory about a god who dd ersnd would no actin tory wou uber the base Jewsh ory 50 ‘vnoghy that there woud e Ptbing le. Thats what Macon and the ‘Gross; nercgy. tone modern movement tat ar closes 10 Greeti ues te ous cotemporary voices ring te Je-Sdazton Se Jean” IR tae sogest hate critic who wie to do justice othe et nseles rer cosine them beyond recognition ms come 0 {Sime te ned tapeat of matey nthe ea ingustc wold what & ‘aut ee oii nape mo eee. ae ope ‘ne mala eet of Antony Ton recent work! Drawing om Specie theory propounded by Sete sod te phovepbicl argument Of Worcestout Habermas and above all Witgensein, Tilton argues cn ag tht fora eat many speerac there ital and non oopole ‘em die cot of he i erecee wha sad and evens ne ext eet mrt, Tmgh much of hs aeton ected to spec ons edhe an pins et ad icy the po here wish fo hig tat ital par in appeopeting a Fee ea west e the wo of Mistral recosrotion= Pat sich oh eA kt eh race a ogee Sap omc ache etc 3 2S ply Mo a Sew he Ceo Ah hk oto mare: ve ey mr ome ih sce Lert, Soy and Wott 69 reconstvton possible wl as dsb I stl argue in the nes chapter. Ihave come tothe view tat arguments agai epost cam often be Fedvced to argument sguina is desirably, The lospbesl worldview sch makes itunderable oes tthe same ie als wth wich oredr ‘apparent spose. Tis whale Prt ofthe hook i exgned omer sucka wortinew The fiery cite wring om dove for fect felpoan movements most therfore draw’ out and make ext he 007 ‘ahi the writings are telng oto whieh they ae, in her varee ways, con {nuting Ts anal ofworivew-by-meatset story is ental the ask Tb fig thsi so course a necesary Wo examin the try Ses hat the Srlngs are themselves adress, enforcing, aberng or whatever Abd, [Estab he ei at work on de Is Mare e Mar mt so show how the fet In question achieve the funtion they do achive and must also perhaps {nau tether hse he function he sutoriniened the New Testa fen eric mus study he pars inthe gh af the whole, drawing ot he rel ton betwee form and omen structure and inact ft apd elect There ‘0 doubt much mare tobe said on this whe sat ut we have least {teated soe space a mie we fy take ctr so proceed wih et Beto we move ono te mar emponents ofthe New Tenet bj ‘mater, history snd theology, mut lok in more detail atthe central atepry which are using al along, We have een tveughou au argue ‘hat one of the ox bai themes tt hum comslousnet tha tytn dion itis beyond quesion ta a good pat ofthe New Testament and of ‘he dew eratre ta forms prt teat of ts proper cote!) com of Ssstual storie. We must therefore lok more slay at wha stores ar, and ow they wor 4. The Nature of Soi (Te Analysis of Stores: Narrative Stucure - ‘The way in which tries poses the power they do, by which he actualy change how people think feel and behave, nd Pesce change the way the Sos actully ean be ten ore clears by means ofan snay Ofthe ‘Sse components which he (tories) coetan. Among the many features ihc have been studied in een years fe ntrair, pot of ew, andar Bt jodgment, implied author, ied reader, ined Teader, ye hetorcl techniques, dso on About il his there fod deal hat could Be id for Wich her shee alter lie wor apace Much attention, however hae been fcised on ame element i partis, namely te arate Sucre of Stories an How it operates: and this elemeat wl form ail part of Sever fgment I shall advance later Inthe Book bee fallom, mare ole, the eee erg rey seo he wk of Pate Pty Fak anda 70 Pat I: Tol forte Task nays of stories which was worded out by A.J. Griemas following the sting sor‘or Vind Prope Abo ti ew prlrinary remarks “Fie has often Ben incpoaed intel sie during he sakes oct In or example) se ork ofD. 0 Via and 1D. Croan, a tae Generals hs Den nei te service of fo aos cst apron which tn vhs Den 2 my fe sane eletad petty aemping 058 something bet’ abou a8 "TEARS mim doen ic stemped Yo fcat the text wi the soy ae a a cama aro the a rhs recomtue een tc hgog teeta we Crema tel o boy no Setrucrtse mouel which ready somewhat pase andi any ce Sclusiiyamhstca,Agaiot hi a in favour of cautious ee of eee de tee ana within he present role, oegst Ot the Seema gus on nttative, within the theares of epatemology, seseaempe ee Sapte 2 above) sd itor! stay (chapter 4 below) aerate ea re unttaning of how matatnes mrt and that we der gs seting sot oo him sly ov na forma ra crc hn ne series of broner historia! ape hermeneutical Hisptme. Grea’ etd s dtl oo foo, nd Taal a ee Pobre hg debuts abou > su the prot of he ping wb a thecatn “Se aceme can best be seen i sre of diagrams: The compenity of se tein to toe nfo with Crema as eso, may cee eae aough on were expiiig sn unknows an unk SSW Batt ole eat might seem forces tas wil 1 Dope, ad 25 bncame afpeca Wout ce enon the diferent phases bw warren nerve alos toed jap to gusto EO pucbany ron) contusion patil when te sory in goes Fe remit troops caves reeling The requirements of te tet for sw do date ve ge what a ee iag on, slsoget ater tu fae ated wo the ol soy ld Ase et datiune slices ie the story ofthe OW Testament —was he teeehane Gru be early care leveled tls 1 might lo be ug eae ABS ea afar om the part of contemporary Christians see ta and macoer oh rot fs eal eal of mera ot The Chri radon gncral ode gospels in parla "sce cm 17 Papp 8 Oe he pcs Cal 6; Fae 7% soa SFI srt: pst He Oh 2108 IBA Ta cher yn te ea circa et walle sug ewe) Lowa, Suryand Wovens 1. [Atasic an ric! story may be divided up nt three moment Tere is ‘henna oquontr inch a problem stupor erested, witha ero oF ing ena with a ask wih appears iil oF ae sere fve ee en a ‘retliy manages to 05a the fil enc in whe the ila ask finally completed. Ths = se iin ome il Re Ri ol ng me ey her matteo a TiSe gence caste ett a eigen sig be flowing — “he ener ptr tt ke or ovey seat te Teter: The gent Frente os dg wat required ys or free he opponent Ends at ean penal, ped by he pert he ial segues ‘Shiney, the opponent Wdch mph simpy bea eect of charac inthe ‘Sen ore power han be get nd ay alle tele Tee wold ‘Stree be nosy ony a sentence Li Red Ring ond war som by Sermoter othe uni foodtber grinder se dso thy were apy Ths mip be harming butt hardy aor Ras oes Pot enoay «mri eey psy an extemal aon Th (hrm hes) > RA Hind « hae 2) <——Oment ‘When we apply this othe opel sequence ofthe flea, thi i what me fi pees oe > RRtod ‘The ase is too powerful forthe wol the unfortunate gis rescued: rend moter hing been deere from th els stomach (eat in one ve. Sos ofthe sto reer he fond at Te ial aguence thar peat the nial sequence, hemp ference hat now sea > 9)» Been) up (rAgm2}—> Aga} <—Oppenen ‘So, apphingthisto ou heroine an er alan escer end eB Hd t terre, Son and Wore 73 John Barton, one of he clearest recent eponens of erent methods of tia ay, aes the pn that te story demands such an ending ifthe trode hd eed te wolf and rnred Red Riding Hood. an ete i Ferem worldview would be brought orth That of couse pole” one {a imagine a icine of Sarre propounding soc a hig; ut 0 wbat {he sory was ponting to al slang» This the syntax of fll: hs Simpy Row they work. I his yt is altered, a poweflly subversive move {ett of hough sought wo exession. "We mt ofcourse recopin igh aa ht mos stais ae far more com ples than thi one They ual comain srs, plots win lo and So [rie sal see ins omer! welkaown titel stony that hs ety ‘one plot within another And mst shoei at 3 major dion na. fat namely, rage, doesnot so obovate scheme flees, {hing tea to workout mel in heen therm dow har a ltt do th tbe function ht they ate designed to sen thn tragedy can be pena ot. Hine oft own, whichis Crema scheme inte owe appropiate may. The ‘ory shal preseayel wil asrate ths 00" "As we shale, he may twists and arts ofthe por of story which wil mostly fal in subdivisions of the topes! sequence’, exhibit minature Sequences of the sae for, ohn ight down 10 smal details Sach minute ‘ays has infact sn praised reny on the opel with he ext being pt Under the microscope to see wht fn fae png on behind x marratve ‘hove outward featre are oen so wel known tu they prob rae than {rooirge fresh andertnding. Altouph ths exercise sometimes Seems 30 ‘dene ait bcomes in ieturn new barr to derstanding m price fan and often des enale us fo sor ot, or cxample, were the main phases of arate (bey ay no bea all where ora ening of {te tet have eoditloned uo look). and how the diverse ars eae tthe Shae: There urgent need fr eiter con within the practic f hs ‘etd for ndg se wae of assing the respective sserdons of eis sth have wed Slee for iance ht many of the who hae prac {esd such analysis have come with vnetamins prssppostion ost the ‘bjecumatr ofthe ox shih ought fo be clenged Bat in pice nar fate analjsisis move than jst useful exerese. nan (academe) word that a age forgotten what stores are and ae forts ngetay ask Ht we Sis aa nas a lg sane et ae int Staub Sven el wa ese Bat sos [re the une sont meee honk te Sn and Bax mitre ong ol mre gy Pt una cht rt14 Pn To forthe Task (4) The Anais of Str: The Wied Tenans {As an example, eto rey ook tori end, the parable a tbe Wicked ‘Tenants (th i2 1-12 ad paral) Here we find cleat enough suc “nbn turn otto bea plo inside plo, the iar plot bela esenily fase The sory begins wih the owner panting a vineyard in over (a5 Sppesr) to gt fut for Riel slg tenant ss ape despite (a it sppeas) the peed i Spe eet) (oot erst) So far 0 good. The owner sends mesengert othe trans wo ge the fie this ibe ft move ofthe iner sory The tenant however, ture ou 0 Be ot oly the object ofthe mesenger journey but also te opponent to the lan hs precip he rag nur the inser ry, he fat ha inion wil cary ase ory 2. aS (= ee a Sgn fo oe 0 “isin move ving ied howe sen toa te pli he — ese ito ry “There are now m0 thing tht remain to be dow he origina plans to succeed AS the wap cla ofthe ie story, he tenants mast ep the fate Lier, Stryand Wovens 75 they fave soma fo themes. And the bce liar of the ater tn the orignal plan mst smenow be accompli despite the rebellion Be ‘ean Ths isthe owner comes in person and destroys the trans rope = Pl Senco er (We wi see shorty that the blank inte "helper position is significant) Finally, he isa ew tenants who wl produce het he reales, hus feturnng a ast to the il sequence But instead ofthe sare tenants fal doing wat they were supponed ike Lite Red Riding Hood folly ‘elverng te food to her ratdmorher, the tea nture of he ane ty ‘means ht the orginal gem mst be plated ya Rew oe: SPS Ma ied) > eens

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