ATTENUATION, PROPAGATION CONSTANT, AND IMPEDANCE FOR VARIOUS M EDIUMS

Lossless Low-Loss Good

Any Medium Medium Medium Conductor Units
(σ = 0) (ε "/ε ' << 1) (ε "/ε ' >> 1)
1
   2
α 2
 µε ' ε"
 1 +   − 1 
0 σ µ π f µσ
ω
 2  ε'   2 ε
Np/m
 
1
  2  2
β  µε ' ε"
 1 +   + 1  ω µε rad/m
ω ω µε π f µσ
 2  ε'  
 
µ α Ω
Zo µ  ε" 
− 12 µ (1 + j )
1− j ε '  ε σ
ε'   ε
1 1 4π f
vp ω /β µε µε m/s
µσ

λ 2π / β = v p / f
vp / f vp / f vp / f m

Notes: ε" = σ / ω ; In free space, ε = ε o , µ = µo ; In practice, a material is considered a low-loss medium if ε"/ ε' = σ / ωε < 0.01 and
a good conducting medium if ε"/ ε' = σ / ωε > 100.
REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS

Property Normal Incidence Perpendicular Parallel

θi =θt =0 Polarization Polarization

Reflection Z 2 − Z1 Z 2 cos θi − Z1 cos θ t Z2 cos θ t − Z1 cos θ i

Coefficient ρ= ρ⊥ = ρP =
Z 2 + Z1 Z 2 cos θ i + Z1 cos θ t Z 2 cos θ t + Z1 cos θ i

Transmission 2Z 2 2 Z2 cos θ i 2Z 2 cos θ i

τ= τ⊥ = τP =
Coefficient Z2 + Z1 Z2 cos θ i + Z1 cos θ t Z 2 cos θ t + Z1 cos θi

Relation of ρ to τ τ=1+ρ τ⊥ = 1 + ρ⊥ τ = 1 + ρ

Reflectivity R = ρ2 R⊥ = ρ⊥2 R = ρ2

2 Z  Z1 cos θ t Z1 cos θ t
Transmissivity T =τ  1 T⊥ = ρ⊥ 2
TP = ρP 2
Z 2 cos θ i Z 2 cos θ i
Z 

Relation of R to T T=1−R T⊥ = 1 − R⊥ T = 1 − R

µ1ε1 µ1 µ2 Z n
Notes: (1) sin θ t = sin θ i ; (2) Z1 = ; (3) Z2 = ; (4) for nonmagnetic media, 2 = 1 .
µ 2ε 2 ε1 ε2 Z1 n2