HCMC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Automatic Control Department

FEP Outcome 1

Analyse and describe electrostatic

and electromagnetic fields

Truong Dinh Nhon

Automatic Control Department
nhontd@hcmute.edu.vn
• Apply field methods to establish analytically
derived values of capacitance and inductance

• Produce field plots and deduce approximate

capacitance values
Contents
1. Electric field 1. Điện trường
2. Magnetic field 2. Từ trường
3. Electromagnetic field 3. Điện từ trường (Trường điện từ)
4. Electric flux and flux density 4. Điện thông và mật độ điện thông
5. Capacitor 5. Điện dung (Tụ điện )
6. Magnetic flux and flux density 6. Đường sức từ và mật độ từ thông
7. Amperes law 7. Định luật Amperes
8. Gauss law for magnetism 8. Định luật Gauss về từ tính
9. Faradays law 9. Định luật Faradays
10. Inductors 10. Điện cảm (Cuộn dây)
11. Inductance of coil 11. Độ tự cảm của cuộn dây
12. Inductance of solenoid 12. Độ tự cảm của cuộn dây hình ống
13. Inductance of toroid 13. Độ tự cảm của cuộn dây hình xuyến
14. Field plots: estimation of capacitance 14. Field plots: ước lượng điện dung
15. Field oplotting using Teledeltos paper 15. Field plotting using Teledeltos paper
16. Trace equipotentials between two cylinders 16. Dò đẳng thế gữa 2 hình trụ
Electric field
• Around every electrically charged object is a force field
that can be detected and measured. This force field can
cause electric charges to move in the field.

• When an object is charged electrically, there is either a

greater or a smaller concentration of electrons than
normal. Thus, a difference of potential exists between a
charged object and an uncharged object.

• An electric field is associated with a difference of

potential, or a voltage.
Electric field
• This invisible field of force is commonly represented by
lines that are drawn to show the paths along which the
force acts.

• A large electric force is shown by a large concentration

of lines; a weak force is indicated by a few lines.
Electric field
Straight lines

plates

rods

arcs
Magnetic field
• When current flows through a conductor, a magnetic
field is set up in the area surrounding the conductor.

• Any moving electrical charge will create a magnetic field.

• The magnetic field is a region in space where a magnetic

force can be detected and measured.

• There are two other fields involved

– INDUCTION FIELD, which exists close to the conductor carrying
the current
– RADIATION FIELD, which becomes detached from the current-
carrying rod and travels through space.
Magnetic field
• To represent the magnetic field, lines of force are again
used to illustrate the energy.

• Magnetic lines are created by the flow of current rather

than the force of voltage.

• The magnetic lines of force, therefore, are drawn at right

angles to the direction of current flow.
Magnetic field
Current Loop of Solenoid Bar The
in wire wire magnet Earth

Figure 2: Magnetic field sources and magnetic lines

• Magnetic lines of force are indicated by the letter H and

are called H lines.
Magnetic field
• The direction of the magnetic lines may be determined
by use of the left-hand rule for a conductor:

“If you grasp the conductor in your

left hand with the thumb extended in
the direction of the current flow, your
fingers will point in the direction of
the magnetic lines of force.”
Electromagnetic field

• The generator provides the voltage, which creates an

electric field, and current, which creates a magnetic
field.
• This source voltage and current build up to maximum
values in one direction during one half-cycle, and then
build up to maximum values in the other direction during
the next half-cycle.
Electromagnetic field
• Both the electric and magnetic fields alternate from
minimum through maximum values in synchronization
with the changing voltage and current.

• The electric and magnetic fields reach their maximum

intensity a quarter-cycle apart.

• These fields form the induction field. Since the current

and voltage that produce these E and H fields are 90
degrees out of phase, the fields will also be 90 degrees
out of phase.
Electric flux and flux density
• Electric field can be quantitatively described by using the
concept of electric flux.

• Electric flux is the number of electric field lines

penetrating a surface or passing through a surface.

• The electric field can be uniform or non-uniform.

Electric flux and flux density

The electric flux (ϕ) passing through this surface is

given by the product of electric intensity (E) and the
surface area (A) perpendicular to the field lines.

ϕ = EA
Electric flux and flux density

• If the surface is not perpendicular to the field lines, then

the electric flux is given by the equation
ϕ = EAcosθ

where θ is the angle between the direction of electric field E and

the normal drawn to the surface in the outward direction.

S.I. unit of electric flux is Nm2/c2

Electric flux and flux density
Electric flux and flux density
Flux density

Electric flux density D is the amount of flux passing through

a defined area A that is perpendicular to the direction of the
flux:

D = Q/A (coulombs/metre2)
Capacitor
• A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can
store energy in the electric field between a pair of
conductors (called "plates").

• The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known

as "charging", and involves electric charges of equal
magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on each
plate.
Capacitance
• The capacitor's capacitance (C) is a measure of the
amount of charge (Q) stored on each plate for a given
potential difference or voltage (V) which appears
between the plates:
C= Q/V

• In S.I. units, a capacitor has a capacitance of one farad

(F) when one coulomb (c) of charge is stored due to one
volt (V) applied potential difference across the plates.
The values of capacitors are usually expressed in
microfarads (µF), nanofarads (nF), or picofarads (pF).
Capacitance
• The charge (Q) stored in capacitor is given by:

Q = I.t (Coulombs)

where I is the current in Amperes and t is the time in seconds

Capacitance
Capacitance
Capacitance
Permittivity and dielectrics
• In the equations describing electric fields and their
propagation, two constants are normally used.

• One is the speed of light c, and the other is the electric

permittivity of free space ℇ0

• At any point in an electric field, the electric field strength

E maintains the electric flux and produces a particular
values of electric flux density D at that point.

• For a field established in vacuum, the ratio D/E is

constant, i.e.
D/E = ℇ0 = 8.854x10-12 F/m
Permittivity and dielectrics
• When an insolating medium such as, mica, paper, plastic
or ceramic is introduced into the region of an electric
field, relative permittivity is calculated as:

ℇr = (Flux density in material)/(Flux density in vacuum)

• The product of ℇ0ℇr is called the absolute permittivity, ℇ

ℇ = ℇ 0ℇ r

• Dielectrics represent a class of materials which exhibit

a number of effects when placed in an E-field.
Permittivity and dielectrics
4:
Permittivity and dielectrics
5:
Gauss law
• The total of the electric flux (ϕ) out of a closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed divided by the permittivity.
Q
f=
e
• Gauss's Law is a general law applying to any closed
surface. It permits the assessment of the amount of
enclosed charge by mapping the field on a surface
outside the charge distribution.
Calculation of capacitance from Gauss law

• The electric field E between the parallel plates of

capacitor is given by:
j
E=
A
Q
From Gauss law j=
e
Q
Hence E=
eA
Calculation of capacitance from Gauss law

• The voltage difference between the two plates can be

expressed in terms of the work done on a positive test
charge Q when it moves from the positive to the negative
plate.
Fd
V= = Ed
Q
• It then follows from the definition of capacitance that

Q Q QAe Ae
C= = = =
V Ed Qd d
Parallel plate capacitors

A: parallel metallic plates of area A

d: separation
k: relative permittivity of the dielectric material between the
plates. (k=1 for free space, k >1 for all media,
approximately =1 for air.)
Calculation of capacitance from Gauss law
Calculation of capacitance from Gauss law
Calculation of capacitance from Gauss law
Calculation of capacitance from Gauss law
Energy stored

• The energy stored by a capacitor is given by

W = ½ CV2 joules
Energy stored
Energy stored
Cylindrical Capacitors
• The capacitance for cylindrical or spherical conductors
can be obtained by evaluating the voltage difference
between the conductors for a given charge on each.
Cylindrical Capacitors

• By applying Gauss' law to an infinite cylinder, the electric

field outside a charged cylinder is found to be
l
E=
2pe0er r
• From the definition of capacitance, the capacitance per
unit length is defined as

C 2pe0er
=
L b
ln
a
Cylindrical Capacitors
1:
Cylindrical Capacitors
2:
Magnetic Flux
• The group of magnetic field lines emitted outward
from the north pole of a magnet is called magnetic
flux. The symbol for magnetic flux is Φ (phi).

• The S.I. unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). One

weber is equal to 1x108 magnetic field lines.
Magnetic Flux Density
• Magnetic flux density B is the amount of magnetic flux
per unit area of a section, perpendicular to the direction
of flux.
f
B=
A
where B = magnetic flux density in teslas (T)
Φ = magnetic flux in webers (Wb)
A = area in square meters (m2)

• The result is that the S.I. unit for flux density is webers
per square meter æ Wb ö
ç 2÷
èm ø
Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic Flux Density
Permeability
• Permeability (µ: mu) refers to the ability of a material to
concentrate magnetic lines of flux. Those materials that
can be easily magnetized are considered to have a
high permeability.

• Permeability of free space is

B -7
= m0 = 4p10 H / m
H
• Relative permeability m r is the ratio of the permeability of
a material to the permeability of a vacuum
• Absolute permeability is calculated as follows
m = m0m r
B-H curves
• By plotting measured values of flux density B against
magnetic field strength, a magnetization curve (or B-H
curve) is produced.

• For non-magnetic materials this is a straight line.

• The relative permeability of a ferromagnetic material is

proportional to the slope of the B-H curve and thus
varies with the magnetic field strength.
B-H curves
B-H curves
B-H curves
B-H curves
Ampere’s Law

• Ampere's Law states that for any closed loop path, the
sum of the length elements times the magnetic field in
the direction of the length element is equal to the
permeability times the electric current enclosed in the
loop.

åB Dl = m I
ll 0
Gauss’ law for magnetism
• The net magnetic flux out of any closed surface is zero.
This amounts to a statement about the sources of
magnetic field.

• For a magnetic dipole, any closed surface the magnetic

flux directed inward towards the South Pole will equal
the flux outward from the North pole.

• The net flux will always be zero for dipole sources. If

there were a magnetic monopole source, this would give
a non-zero area integral.
Gauss’ law for magnetism
• The divergence of a vector field is proportional to the
point source density, so the form of Gauss' law for
magnetic fields is then a statement that there are no
magnetic monopoles.

• Integral form around the closed curve C

ò BdA = 0
C

• Differential form
ÑB = 0
Faradays law
• Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire
will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil.

• No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will

be generated. The change could be produced by
changing:
– the magnetic field strength,
– moving a magnet toward or away from the coil,
– moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field,
– rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.
Faradays law
Inductors
• Inductance is typified by the behavior of a coil of wire in
resisting any change of electric current through the coil.

• Arising from Faraday's

law, the inductance L may
be defined in terms of the
emf generated to oppose
a given change in current:

DI
Emf = -L (henry)
Dt
Inductance of a coil
• For a fixed area and changing current, Faraday's law
becomes
Df DB
Emf = -N = -NA
Dt Dt
• Since the magnetic field of a solenoid is
N
B=m I
l
then for a long coil the emf is approximated by

mN A DI
2
Emf = -
l Dt
Inductance of a coil
• From the definition of inductance
DI
Emf = -L
Dt
we obtain mN A2
L=
l
Inductance of solenoid
• The magnetic field is concentrated into a nearly uniform
field in the centre of a long solenoid.
• The field outside is weak and divergent. The inductance
of the coil of wire is given by.

mN A 2
L=
l
l is the length of solenoid
A is cross-sectional area
Inductance of a toroid
• The current enclosed by the dashed line is just the
number of loops times the current in each loop.
• Amperes law then gives the magnetic field at the
centerline of the toroid as
B2pr = mNI
mNI
Þ B=
2pr
• The application of Faraday's law
to calculate the voltage induced
in the toroid is of the form
Df DB
Emf = -N = -NA
Dt Dt
Inductance of a toroid
• This can be used with the magnetic field expression
above to obtain an expression for the inductance

mN A 2
L=
2pr
where
A: cross-sectional area
r: toroid radius to centerline
Energy stored in inductors
When the current through an inductor changes at rate di/dt
then an emf is induced if Ldi/dt.

The supply voltage v needed to overcome this and

maintain the current I through the inductor is Ldi/dt.

Thus the power required to maintain the current is

di
p = iv = iL
dt
Energy stored in inductors
The energy required to change the current from 0 to I is

I
di 1 2
W = ò iL = LI
0 dt 2