Chapter 1 Analytic Goals and the Varieties of Scientific Contextualism Steven C. Hayes University of Nevada ‘Contexts isbeing looked toa framework within which pyehology may advance, sipped of ede mechanim and neces philosophical inconter- Ges Thain fo, as theseason the conference on contestation was eld uted to this volume Contextual it seme, roddenys progressive tematire ‘An examination of conceive watings leas quill to evo condasions, however, bol of which present rable fortis proprestiveeanstvcion f the “current tution st contextualism snot ew American psyebelogy bea wth very heavy comentiltic empha de te the el inllenee of James, ere, Dewey, and others. Secon, there are many contestaitic approaches, ech wh ‘very diferent perspectives Ie ic yet lea tat thee difeten contetsle cn ‘even talk with eachother eect “The fis point is woublingbecsse it segs tat our past maybe ou fare “Thecuren wave of meetin contexulism maybe docmedtofalce. Thesecond ‘gcroublingbecaueauggse tat tere are many contexualticpathaleding om the present otal of wih arelkly to succeed or-wore~that theres mo coberent ‘contextual position tobe pursued tal Th this chapter age hat the ultimate of American pragmatin within scien paycholgy var duc oa sale but rv petlem, beginning mithJamee Iimel Faso argue that the varcte of enti contention make Sense whet ‘th problem rented and solved. Contetalam can indeed sev eberent ‘Philosophy of science, despite the diversity of approaches that emanate fom i ‘The Models of Stable Truth Ech of Pepper oor world views can dtingvithed onthe basis of ts tah citer. What may 6 obious to mostbut was not ome for qt 2 while~stha he wut iterate notarial elated wo ter undeyngroot aetaphow. They ar buitinto the ot meaphorthemsehes Parente ry dscusson eras in many ether aes ders fom Pepper's do not think wing hs eategtes demands agreement with the specifies a is analy Lam prepared to defend ny ‘uy withouten appeal tobiaathorty,sndsimleiy wil otansmetheboren of deending hr thithingR Steven C. Hayes Fermitm emerged esl inthe history of philosophical though and fora ood reason: its rth criterion inherent in language ise. al events ae instants of ‘peciable oums, en the purpose of analysis to kaow tes forms and tonne them Tonameordescribeaneventistospecfaeationbetwern stem orseaence sidan occurence: The frit simple couepondence snothing more than he “enti ofcommon sense languageanditisbutinotheroot metaphor Lay "sn appleis rund, re, sndwet and Thavecnein my hind, the wthofthertatement ‘Ssesed by examising the propetis of eae in yb fan instanceof the cl "apple there, Lipo thy. do a thnk i's an accident that Formiam emergee ta writen langage coming into il losom within the human community Fermi the pliosephi of naming, and te ti icin the criterion of that common sense activ, ‘Mechanism in sense a elaborated pe of forms and ts uth criterion isandhiborated fora ofsimpieconesponence Beare the mechani ames the presence ofa wold organs api into event lations, and forest C0 Fe tound i dhe way err more ambitious veal female revel the assumed ongniation ofthe wold. Wone sume hat theres ingle way that the word ‘ongatized, maken sense to test verbal formuloe by applying them to new ‘Phenomena and thes predictive verification ithe pimary tt cteson ofthe ‘eds. gain, Uh tuth citron suit into the roe metaphor. The coherence ofthe organic is sopericaly ike the tth sought by story teller many pectic element ae nteprited into coherent whole But the tary telerknow thatthe story canbetold many dierent as, while ganic es 4 view that ie more pave mone sence and ale seve im another tense. The ‘ohernceof the organient tore ike the coherence ofa ead, When we vexd 3 ‘complicated mystery tory forthe econdor third tne we se how Faguents of te ‘torythat seemed unimportant or ielevat tbe sine hough, pow sume thei rope place, Ifthe nary swell writen and well undestod, every clement wl be mohaveits places often witout ancl nasa The ogamcotasumes bt thetets a grand sory evolving in mhich ll apparently contradictory elements will befound inthe end tobe parte the evelring whee Such changing, developing, ‘orgie systetn “ell ary that we ca eer read comet or no. The ut “rterion ofthe organics ast the application of tis oot etapa. Truths the femoral fall apparently contradictory elements so thal they ae sen tobe pat of the evolving whale: in weed, coherence Thetath eter Buk imo the oot metaphor ise Thal ve of these world views the anal ies the ob of also be one of eisoveryiterali arate of “ling the cover of” whats ey thee. The Iino ofthe analyst nay influence bow nell an jobdone but edo not change inate. Ths mcans that the sna need ot deal vithdhedificalt noe of aes ‘of ly given bit of knowledges yporant. The analy ean appeal tthe ‘onolgial bat of kaowledge a deen, Analytic Goals and Contestatizmn B ‘The Fluid Model: Truth and Consequences ‘Contests tie ala and pagnati respect on ruth Ago thistuth cvitesicn snot aeitary related to the root tpl: it ead a spplietion oft An atin contest isa oman set irl aca andi he present As such, its purpose ot causal, but dsrpieyfraore bout hie ae). Asie “going to the restaurant for hich have whit Peper elle entifction (wat ‘behaior analysts ke mye might ils contequence or einoree). When we apply this root metaphor 10 the action ofthe ast, # too iret 0 2 ‘consequence. Achieving that consequences the eth rtvion of eonextakisit ‘s built imo the rot meuphee Pepper uses many ems foc hs tat stein, and hingithes pong hese ‘ers for reasons ofimerestto professional phiosopes bun my view "wacesa working" the claret em for our purpose. Exmologicaly, work rated toa word meaning simply "avi" Succes workin. ts bcadest sens, ost socessil acti. Inded, effective action i commonly ied 8a aysonye fe sacessfl working ‘What is important isthe word “eucefl® Success ina outcome conceit 4 2 matier of reaching a gol, fulling + purpose, or producing 2 desiable Consequence. The terms “pal “purpoee” or “desiable consequence” ll sugzst {hat the ampentant sve not simply the presence or abvence af snp comequene, butte depres o which che consequence rodced wat part ofthe ginal 2c ‘A ochavion analyst might sey tha the question isthe degree to which the entequence produced par ofthe original function ofthe pert. 1 physics “wal i efined st efor ies distance. Distance cam ony be measured in tom of 4 dietioaom soimewlee 19 somewhere. Silay, Worlabiliy a th terion eure direction, We have to mesure wocabiiy from somenher to somenheie. Pepper ay tha ay Serious analjsiso he conteusin]in bays cite diel ovinivecty practical... Il from oe texture you wish get te anoter, then analysis Fas ovend ands dvetion and eee strands have clevane tthiend nd ‘others do not, and. the enterpase becomes smporane een te dnd (Pepper, 1942, pp. 280-51, ena ded). Not hat Peper wes the term “wih” This ogg thatthe consequence of lamporance must be preset, crea before is contacted, 1 be use 2 gle 10 ‘alysis: An analysis &uueto the extent ha reaches the endo aes one in he “iceton, that was inportat hfe tact of amas ‘Tha ira crcl point, Because i means that “excel wong” ie 90 foundational in coneulisa ou cannot srt For siecesfl working std proced fom there What is foundational» consequence, end, purpose a, Aiection, iment, valu, outcome, or mete tems of wach ent reo” of succes working canbe applied4 Steven C. Hayes Iwill argue that these consequences mut sho be seal pctent, apa ofthe ‘tended present ofthe ngna nate actiky, Sees weeking eter of Schiesngipecedconseguencee-ofsecomplahing that whch ma there Co Be accomplished, Verbal and Non-Verbal Time ‘The conceptual unit familiar 0 animal bavi have todo with change on esperienal ens, o- wiat we might cll nontebl tie (e HaSe, 1992). Consider a simple sauaon wih pigeon. Ft there ma an obsened aren lig. then peckon 3hey then fod ete. Latethete was an served green ht, then 1 pedcon ae, then fod eaten, Sl atc thare wa on observed ee ight hen 2 peckon 2hey, then food exten. Abindexpored to wich a sequence of ven has cipeienced an ender proces of change hom one interaction withthe wood © another If these events ome gether to form an operat cla, peck on the pee ieyis"parposefl”inthesense thats pstistory of change mpesentshen the ight appeas The bird pecks “in ode to gt Foo nthe seme that thei hasbeen sre quence betwen peckng and food, Thepek isa food-eting per" sus tems like "purpose" when they have to do wilt non-real ime, a rleing 0 fefining qualites of operant or istumentlBehavior-not ae 8 soure of this ichoviocbta12 way ofspeaking about the stencil le ofcensequencesin pret ‘esbalime, and thus eral prpose,idilent, howeverHayes, 1992). Thave tgued in several paces thatthe exvencr of verbal behavior tthe dervaion of lations among events under contextual contol not based spy on the foe of herelas, Temporal changeina vrbalsensisaclan of abiranly applicable change lations causeellect if then, before, andthe te Ife ae fol tha eh iter A comes 5 we deve tha "nght belo B comes" Sandal we are tught ietiy that "ght after camer BY and "ap ae B comes Ce cn derive tht shorty ater 4 eommes or tat shonly before Cones "1 Bee fuaetons Ge sample, i Bis a intense shor), other sar way have Fantons based on thei lived elation with B For example, may now elie eat usa, wile Cy 1410 calm. The vetblrelabon of tie brought to bea by contexual ee, not imply by the form ofthe elas. Thus, comsretion of verbal pape involves cntigthe presentation to consequences not snply bens tere comequenes ivebeen experienced following theveactons inthe ast butaso because a istry deriving change relations i brought to bez on the cuent station. My paint i thi: verbal mei notte ame 8 nonverbal tie, and tha onceps tke porpose, gol, or intention must lei the vo domains But ec ime relations ae also not mental evens that “sue” behavior tcc Verbal cations are enabled by the action of deriving an arbitrarily applicable relation tneen am event aid some change, When we Wien act airatvly with gato veh detved relations, me are behaving purposely ina veal Sense In other Analytic Goals and Contestilism 5 words, ebally purpose aio ar rele-goerned, and the ele thats ined temporal one Why Successful Working must be Verbal Truthismotanon-verbl concept Trthigsomeshing that spplistothe veal ations of verbal orpiniame Tewould be nonsense tosaythat the actions of dog orca ae “too fe" Forcrarple, suppose eat ties 9pen door pun Inthe pa, pornng may fave ed io door opening because owner have aceon the bass ofthe puri that change relation seen directly cect bythe et and iis the ats pon phic wean sy that the puing purposeful” ew part ofan operant ca of “openingshe door behave” Bu today the as owner nota home, The alae ‘ofthe door to open may mean tat pugs reat ieee, tit eos ot ‘mean that poring “alse” Puring har worked to open the door nthe pat snd atthenoment ther theca puri doereobavon shistoryosuccefl weg” ina non-ebal ent. hiserple showsthatsuccessol working cannot he sllomedo reer seo ‘sonvebalpurpoe because, when one dacs al purpose Dee ae” ‘cence db wharbas erin tp Po ancter may, nen we kets re" we mean (propery bs ison re, nd the "th fers wo ecu ‘wong noa-rerbl purely contingency shaped ens, then the anwer anys ‘One could ove this conundram by lsiming that ath ecu as todo with ‘heliralfare, The ets ection may be asin the sense tha,atthemament pers nth the owner gone wil soon be found tobe an unmorable means of pening, ‘he door, Parang hss been te, But now it fie, Thissoation edocs rth ster non nts, because we can never ass the truth oF any statement exept ated on someting tat hae ye happene Evenifa given action hasladto horrific cencequeners we canes reo athe ‘onseauences may change. Asked abot he th value of angthing we could ly Say "io nt know. Lats wat snd ce My concuion i this 1: feces working has odo wth non-verbal time iis applcable bt we leas find tat al present activity uses 2 its to do withthe tel non-verbal ture ite never appa: 1 therefore, svecesal working cannot fer solely to non eb time Truth saverbal eoeep,aplcable nly to verbal event, ttre can be ‘eve or ae actual stones cannot ‘Aves anal can fave many consequences: “To eapetnce che harmony of rents ‘Tocapeience connections sung events To produces consnency of bells Totnderstand end make sense ofthe world16 Steven C. Hayes “To predic events ‘To posed orinteepet the word ‘Te havea vabal place for eveything To fel personal sid ‘To manpulte and contol phenomena To survive a3 peces/elr/indvdoat To lookintligent Tohave fin To sive ualls Tospeak nonsense To confse you ends To get pt into 3 mers hora “These ae all wodking Each could be a goal ofa given statement or st of satements. Sucerfl working, oe eal th ctr, mut hep Us or Oat Verbal statements inte uve and fae categories. Since canaot dos fit inwoles ‘only directly contacted and unanslyze consequences, a hate ust shown, 1 omdade that succes working mast Bee mai of comacng verbally Spee ennpurce We mye say which of thee any consequences sve as ised. any thes. of inportanee to a speaker. Unlike enon eal variant, ects working thats fimitedtoa verbal sense of working” an be applied actions, anditdoes et lvays yield the sae answer. Suppose a person engaged in scientific action "x" As comteatualt Las his eton “his working?” oti effective” aa means of avesang the rath value lt thin activity. Ihe efeeat of working i tally on verbal the answer mest tlys bein the past yes inthe fture, do nothnow.* Buti working”iareater frerthingspecibed camequrney, Tmt fit stk "iowad whatae you woking?” Onlyswhen haves cesanswer may lel aki thi wenkng” the ens of “sthiemoving youtowerd yourspecibed conzequence” Even verysiclycenforced behave can fal such a tet Tinshon, to be mounted a tat erteron,eucenfl working st eguces 2 gosh and th gol mB sted seal veal gal simply the statement of 2 Eonsequence of interest (forthe est ef the paper when I ero goals nea verbal foal, Once we have soa we can aie the dee to whch nay pacices ave helped us achiev his oan the pas or the degree to which they ae Hy vo do Soin the futue,basedonan even eal broaderisory that sinvonedin tb tal ‘Sonsrocion oft Arte eral fate becomes present heures cad Becaatinuowdy evted Tinplicn goal re not very wif for cezepurpores because we can aay ‘conieueta verbal desption of our dite history. Thatisweeanavaystell story, postr that would mae ene of cntent behav tof past consequences ‘Oniyexpic, stated specific cpr goals can male successful working atuswor thy guide to aay ‘Analytic Goals and Contestuslsm ‘Why Goals Cannot Ulimately Be Justified have just argued that there it mo way to apply sce working vel without gol fs, since suecenal working ithe mean by which contexts valunte evens, rust be the cae that gale themes cannot elm ‘vauaed ousted only stated. To evalane a goal via cca woding WO equi et another os, but then tat second gal could not be east ‘Attines ne dabaveieachiesofgoleForemmple ema hve paces: ‘hata faked to outcome goal-me sek goa bee me ble tht pal» then be mot likely o be reached Ta sch act, goslx can be eval in ofits conubuion tthe achievement of got. in tha cise, homers, aly can be jue or evaluated “Ths, inate gl ae fondatione in conteanali, Soch gpl me ‘simply be stated-nated and inthe windthey cannot be sti ‘The Common Error of Contextualies: Dogmatism Dogmatisn is 2 matter of cogaitve ims that go beyond the cogs evidence If my analysis i sound, withost an eplic gol ll eogetne cis | contextualize dogmatic Ponhemore llaempttoyutifyorobectrlins oats dogmatic. The purpose of tah terion isto provide a means to craft the ogi teas fr cit follows thatthe coat bas foray cli ust beinadeqe ifthe tuth cserion tell insdeqestely or impropetiy applied. I abience explicit goals the cli made by contexts beng made tho bait se dogmatic Thisetors extremely common in contetulsic analyses. Idec ithasbe ‘ommon from the begining. James: The First Contextualstic Dogmatist, Wiliam James is seknoedged by all athe athe of contenant thoagt Buiking onthe pragmatism of Chae ere, he wat an extremely popula igs im istime. His leurs and books were atendedandead neciusby philoso ©: paychologss, but by the educated public ‘What mest fascinated the public was is ew oft, and he impiation that view Hereares few stems abot tt rom Jame 1907 book Pragati ‘Truths one species of good (p37) The ts isthe name of whatever proves ia tobe good in the way of bali and god, too, for det, ssignabe reason (p37) True teas te thote we an asim, vide, corroborate and vent. Fal “eas at these that we eannot. That te practical dierece ims {sto have tue ideas. (52), The conesions and tanstions come 4 us fom point to point as ber prowesive,hamonionssisficory, Ths onetion of areabe leading Soha ne mean by am ides vesifeton (9 93)8 Steven C, Hayes “To “gre” inthe widest sense with a ait an only meant be pied ther Staigh upto ois surtoundings, orto be pinto such workngtouch trith tar to hale cher tor something connected with beet han if wre disarced: (96) Whats noticeable shout thee quots isthe amos complete lack eoncem ‘over the panpose of ana, Good things mt be god for“SeFte, agate ‘eins but these presumably canbe assigned posthoe Ast have already discs, hhomever posthoe nalyasofconeequencesdoes potenable mening dstinctions tobemade ‘The reson James missed the point wat, i my opinion: theism. A deeply religious man, James was intensely woubled by Darwin. He was fascinated by Darwinian thought, and was tco iecelecualy honest dsm but he wae honed at x implicates fr rigius belie. One of the main eens Jars Was sb widely followed by the pubic was the velit he provided to beliers rom the ‘ene onslaught of materialistic sence In the book Pagwati, ever of pi lestars gen by Jes, his nas oft ile tox ein that captuted in thi quote! ‘On pragmatic principles, the hypsthese of God work taco in ‘teandewsenteattheworda trae Now whateerteenonliieies, ‘mayte, experienc chow that teeny doer work nd thatthe poble | ‘Srobuild io and dete to that wll combine stacy wath alkthe other working tthe (p 133) ‘OF most diet interests the phase “experince shows that i cen Joes ‘eork” Thequestons ay sho ov srk ina wats eves dec sates thisquestion nor:saasnet~brashing the sue ase by claiming thatthe wrk often is fen James doe mention (neste Hf Pragati hat eligi baiting comfot at srely does to many, tdi James hime Bu if comfort ithe guide, why ae the consumption of tangles oemaerbai forbuck catchingalno tb included in hi efor to "bude ou” In Jats [andy eligon ste ply because people ayy the bee Bot tienon-esplict, ‘non goalelsted remte of wockabieycanmotwthstand scrtiny, a Tv ted €0 ‘hoa: Iisa form of workability that aot workable fone wishes rath eer to bean active guide and not jst convenint hook on which kang our pt iss Tan opinion, James muro religous belief and pagmatsmvasdogmatic, notbecse ll ligsous bles mustbe so, but because he fied satiate oscar and ep, Had he stated bis polrlgious eit would have ad to Compete wan al the fame of eciiyenesed i ers ofthese sane goals Some could sight tor ny agament om is head by Sting that his goa isto aintunthe vale ofsigous beet Indeed eacpect thats oon ery ep tense noc criticize the goal, or anyother, exeptin etre of the oss mB Ive whic themscles must ensn ndelended Tam fe, however, o Yoke ith my fet. your goa enor mine, sour eel snlies ae ily tobe useless ere. Analytic Goals and Contextusismn 8 your goats sino mantin he vale of liu bli | wiloo be interested sipecthathiseotemperriea even those wthitonglipourbele, wouldabo not have Ben intrested. Wha scnated ad connote the poblc Was not is ‘uppoct for rekigion whichis commonplace, bathicaimthatthosupporemered froma philosophy tht could aecoramodst moder science Ith game aera paving had been sted Baldy, I sspect tht Jes heel ould have recoed from it, Piha his why be could nt become cet abou the is of explicit analyicgoustodoso would haveput ates happens hac-won voy. Hang ‘ceed place athe Scenic able forte, he could hae admit chat he Invitation to the abe wae contingent, and tht the contngeacy had mot et been ‘tified, ‘Skinner: More Contextualistie Dogeatism have argued ewer that Skanes bes viewed as imei contest (eg, Hayes, Hayes, Rees, 1986). Skinner was certainly xl abot his embrace ofa pragmatic wath eho: [scientifi tnowiedge) x comps ofr oreffetive ation, and ther i special sense whichit could bei the mot fective ston possible (A proportion nto the etet that with ite elp the listener sponds fecivly othe sation tdeverbe" (Sian, 1974, 235) “Tis quote cold have easily been writen by James himself. But, nce agin there iso sensi oth goal ofthe analysand wo sterpt to diingaih species fiom merely contacted consequences ‘When Skinner dd tale ab00t the consequences of since he did so a descgtons ofthe wen not goal ‘What we cl he scenic conception of thingie natpussve knowledge Seience i ot coneaned wil entemplaion. When we have discovered the lms wb govern 4 put of the wold about ws snd when we have ‘organize hese lawn este, wear theneeady to del eet with ‘hat putof he word By predicting occuenee ofan event we ae able to prepa fort By srnging conditions n way specie bythe lowe of aster, we not only pret we conta we case an eve ko occur ee to assume certain charset (1983, p18) “To preditand contol he behavior of he indies organo. This out “dependent vale =the eect fr which weateo Bind the cute (1953, 3%) ‘When innersays ha cence isnot contemplative, fr example heiselaiing this 2 mater of fat Ii hands, aos mater of fact dat the parpase of science ae prediction and conta. “Thsis snether type of dogmotiz. IF contest ae “the goles” how is {his clint be evista? Viewing statement of gel a taterpets af ts that the emerged ftom analisceates an inte veges the adequacy ofthe sal ‘an only be vaunted apa stil other pols What weve Sanne’ nay pals2» Steven C, Hayes 2ptnst which we can sits the truth of ht claim statement that pedition and ‘ontl are the purpose of scene? Viewed a3 comet, Skinner should bate ‘sid “Aly goal az co predict and conte behave.” This absolutely Skinners vege, and it equtes no defen. Ary gral egimate within cotertativ, ‘cae goals ate foundational and pre-sale. Once again, hers can the vate with het ee ‘What i wiong wit both Skinner and James i tht they are appealing the ature ofthe wold, nto their own alien They else send naked in ont of stand declare theiintemions, Both of thee positions at dogmatic ott een How to Avoid Dogmatism 1 have aygued that contextual cannot moun its cath criterion on egmataly withoutthe statement ofa, for wiht dheeisno nce dogmatic ats forthe cralustion ofthe access" puto wccessal working And tte can be mo contextual rounds or evaluating these goals 6010 only delays the Inevitable Contingeneyshaped behavier aso does not qualify by thi criterion, iny action s sacesfl working, flom rie to His Germany, one’s goal isto mae contest more workable ts sentipilosphy that helps foster sstemate development of line 0 though, then sme speci teccanendatons can be made, sed on my reasoning [.Avoidimplicit goals. Thesetyresofgol ives Feerangetodogmatn, and tend to move analysis toward the proc and pnt, 2 Avoid vague goals or goals that cannot be acesed. Both types of gl ‘weaken the wasabi of ices wong isl 3. Avoid incompatible goals. cis diicak to move in wo directions a once 4 Avoid using solely shorecerm goals. Exuemely shor erm goals change Sequertly by ther very nause Teno good forscience i You oa systematic development ofa pespective or pant of view. Comers if you value chaos, you msyeesch diferent conse 5. Avoid extremely ongterm gols, without medium and shor term goal Ie goals ae too long team, the erleation of the accomplishment it Indefinite delyed, snd eho tireless aides lot What sss {obe needed ifsynemtic development wamportan are goals a vans levels all im harmony. Accomplishment of fongerm gal cant be aluated really, but sac goals ep mate sense of medium and shor term goals ‘6.Avoid rapidly changing goa. Thisnot relly aprolemaslongasyousete your goals clea at they change I wl howersy, probably be» problem for others who will in turn vote with thee feat No sold enti Framework har ever been build on quicksand 1.Compate performance to goal. There eno point haves rterion that ie never us a atch, Analytic Goale and Contestalim a 8. Compare dierentcourses faction nd modify your bebavior accordingly. Tent enough to show that your activkiee movetn the dieton of oa. Ione aul values the od, then ome values elicenc i racing. Thus, swe mua concer with the nda pifomanc of varoa courses of ‘The Two Contextulisms Understanding che imporance of gous to contexts elp us ander why thei ae different cooteualsic theories 1 bebeve thee can be divided, anell, into two Toose groupings: deserpie contestuaise and funciona ‘content Descriptive Contextual Descipive Contes havea eon ues of aa They sek snappcciton of thw by hc rinse pricpants Tapp Sind ofeahecse gn but ie om he coherence cron ofthe engi inser wae therein spn tha here yam anal AD Suge tatoos atonetne mayor ok stance one ft wos re 3 notre Scand advanerinon aes ermal odvanecinante= toundertndwhatite etter dos otmcan that undesond pbs Bosh hae ferences come fom he dpe quay ofeotei. TM the coherence tought intel pesona erp cones a ae ‘ag he ity on even by staan tnt vaourcneal staes ren nay ea acinomae stan fer sah saat cesire anid abst peonal and lc ‘Armond: itn A ceudy yt undestund desipve contents and thir gab to compare he eto to tht soy (ay nde hy ‘hermeies do, eg Le). Haye, 192) toy ivaie constdeting ad eon src ny eid tl eo Tener mo e cn bere te vn hang th tal uy af the eve hems 2 ‘Set changes guy hagas vce were Fo example the amen ofthe ‘imencon eal war can be mpeg ove sven Fag ove the Ccoromsubugatono te Soh bythe Neth, The purer of de consn testy to ppc the qui ofthe event ee tec a eae tobe and what hen What he war wat omnes athe str ane Hittin can sa pogo ateraon cot every itor station sho nig anno one se? wil er nih Suc by crate anaes ven shen pric nso opponed Py wide speedos no insapeatons may atrovent agree “eal fader diane shen iowldgehas sniyadeonn-hrusiseme erty are ne hmmes acaene Ice onng sealing seh? Acme pproshng hs 2a ‘sof way suck bony the xtee denen ofkoowke a 72 Steven C. Hayes tieto the persona hry of te analyst. So extene may his sense be thst ones pte to deny the proresinty of knowdedge ene in paychology, A descrpivecontealit in the wrk of psychology ap- proaches the study of mole ergnizm interacting in and with 3 baton ad sitvational contest muchas hstonan approaches the study of records Aaralve ie crested that cess the multiple ioral sands and canent conte! of 2 piyeholngielaeton. Such x tary an temp to be enstive tothe actual Features ‘that pateipated the event forthe doe, butte descpivecontetabst ex adits that he of she cannot escape the flts of pesoral history and that 0 Interpretation sul maeorfnal Knowledges prsonal nd neces somewhat, ephernecl, Dama, henmencutis, Geld thot interband nator Liveapproaches se instances ofthis typeofcontextaln ee Resnow George, 1986). ‘Surengths and weaknesses, The srngth of descriptive contests i dat ‘hey an more realy stay reco the underlying oot metaphor f contexte. The purpoves do nattheaen a hai perspective, os sceme. Ther problems ‘ethoee fal Frat idea toasus anda share the accomplishment ofthe goal. When have we tld the story well enough’ And how can you share personal experience of cabesence? His fic to build» ogres cence based on 4 descriptive Contents. In fc, many decripee contest spesclly etchew the oss. But the move foveily that fguentimadethelenercasonsthey ean veto ater to lite o them, ‘Second, whe theenphict goal of descriptive contexualstsmay Lean appreci tion ofthe whole though examination of the prtcanat dic acorn ‘oFFother more dict practicil goals But what rounds te thereto argue that on ‘experienc ofcoherencewil ene praicalbenefis? Descipivecomenuaie can role thisbyoggetingthatherexpenenceofcoheence comes tom thei greter, {appreciation of eaity which uimatly must beof prc benefit, butto dos {a lem pertady clone to organi. That to dso meves one toward the _ssumption ofa grand pprecble ality ia whichallactscoheremtheesenceotihe ‘tga’ potion. One tafe step seems tobe to dey tha 89 practical bene will pecestanly few from anaiss bu thi isan argument tha one may win Intellecually caly to ls pliicaly, Another appeourhsatemp to demoustate practical benefit, but odo ao requis the uc of methodr-especally experimental ‘nethat challenge the hola pempecive Iocan for denripive contest ‘sts to se traditional emporial method other than mature observational roethods), and yt its ow methods are ether pool developed or not rinted toward the ealation of practi impact. he final problem ics difelt one to cxplsin: The purpose ofthe descriptive ‘contexte by contador. To appreciate the wl by the examination of {tsparicpant does netmeao ost wih the hole dsis znalytcally impossible “Tosay anything abou the whol, oe musta least have deel about the whole Analytic Goals and Contextalism and healed aboot whole that there mart be two. This obvious contac fas a agave impact on analysers. Likes monk on» moumaop, the tendency ab one appreciates ore and more fm ss und less The cone islsened, however, whee westatinsicd withthe “event” andthisithe path by eontentaistic readers (5 compared to mystic) But the eveat not whole and descriptive cootetslate ae constantly threatened by 2 peeve ‘whnpoot on bth end of ants, ‘Or the one hand ose tha the event we ze to understand it but ain ebivanly abetted part ofthe whole ead inexorably 3 stres e ae Unis, ntl one is dealing with the ndvided experience of som, about whe nothing can honesty be sid (L} Hayes, 1992) If we lose che ven, ee © ‘voice On the oer hand, even ifthe destptive contestant hangs omit ot. ‘rent, apeeiaing the patipantsintheevent ao takes ever widening "he analy ofan erent contin the exhition of extut, andthe exh ofa texture ithe dstinination oft sends ond the Fl crn of "ands the exhibition of other ttre. ond oe rom event teen’ 1o, [we miehtogo,ubich would before ore poe ed” Pepper, 1982.20" ‘Whatsrercontetslnfrom thetewhipooes practical action Seiusanaih forthe contents vay ether dey or indirectly practical (Pepper, 1 1.250) But the prictisl porpose ofthe desenpive contexts thei (cu ott, hae oc mete Toate tora + cacophony der) Istorisea collapse into ganic Functional Contextuaisan Fanetional Contextual have an intensely pectial prpote for ana ediciomandinfuence of events Influence ea beter Word than cnt» Fast for potiealyasons bat ao becase “entel” refers Both to bebavior Influence and the elimination of behavior variability in a absoat ese accomplish parila end may eed w elininate some forms of vray that does noe mean tht acon without vviabiy in a abolote sensei bet ndemtood” Indeed, i embvace such » bebe too ly, chit jcpuris contetlam becaue it denis the sured radon vation fom which 1 fume emerge. Mechanim sehen vually embraced. The sues not ciminati lal vars bat ether in pgchology ithe production of peciid spor factions, and cher "nfluence ea bitter em ce gan this volume forme cen ths pain. : : ’ model: engineering. A ready way to understand Functional contests and ther gol ito compre the enterpie tothavof engineering adeeb ‘hensive do) Engines ateineresedin yea peaking about thepliical mo ‘hatlead to the prediction andinflaenee of events The goals hyphenated Bees purely predictive knowledge wold eof te ase without an ait ta change ‘Sous ofevets, Simply toknow that ridge wil snot enongh-we mast Tow to enki net aa Steven C. Hayes Enginces hae lite efor knowlege inthe abact: when physics a stethedegcowhhatogtnoycnequncienenesteke aoe sigh sein ther tate io erence that does net male difaenee Becaue of ther pred gol, however, engines do ot fst stk pace eutcones on 2 tel and exor basin much crfan mi pence hat shows that inthe lngrun tis moc praca beefalo hue eral tes wah bacentpecion and scope t0 alow some ouones tote pede and ffluneed Ths fr praca eso that the cage hs ants ninonows knowledge that coker recs ve ssl cof ppl Ahan alage one But the engner wl make do with whucrer wos cen ht ‘ccs that principles inane domain do net apie sothen stir dams fas no goed principles a al In other mods, the engne would peer tat Keowee be ight and comprhenie, bt wllng to sept matees approximations exit. The preference fr conprchenive prope b ne os htlpel tenet boca ey prc ne in paycholgy. A ancl conan nthe wed of ppcoloy p> roaches the eudy of ele ogi craig ina ins rte eh ‘Stustonal content much fan engineer an ss phys tered ineneneeng ihe sua field of ergreeng can sand on phys as st bic sone, tg pricey it hod baseand applied scence, poycholzis ma be need tnbothrols) Fanctonaleontxualts ae anancestin thal ppholgy ‘the one hand, and theory of behavior change on the cles An anes ‘tated tha port testers the hone suondy and cure come of 4 psychological ston tht ean effec ge the behav of he sent! nine. The fnetionl enters esp amitsthat eo oso ope the fei of personal hry and that no terpeaton sae ol bat howl anteshuedand practical wher proc plesemage that gtde the acon of ether ans Benue the Bost to tot the pene af ines thacinvlte cao chaogsBeontolepermentton mead t fin embraced, Whe gency apleie ue of scion ae sug the functional contents cept pony fandom. Ths the preeence for comprchensive principe not ot onlegl sncren bua merely pct one Sengths and wehness, The tenth of fnsicel cots is that they canted asin dare theacomplhet oft gous They knot shephureconsraced nan conhen hon pein hero ith adequate esi and ape Whi ming tt nwt nay so be posesive they ehupy tote niet whee they fi Tae wakes of ational cote that ts methane it oot inetapber, Contestslits an boron chan tas in he ene ote fos bat hey ann tar be sane bythe pc vr tee tio and Secor mechan Acronplahinspracel teas requ the son of he stolen pars, Mostspecal ene comes nereed nbehoinlnfcnee Analytic Goals and Contextuslim 35 onc nt itis etncen vents tasting npn thee thant To nunc tether saton oe mart apse ene sve pombe manipula actin ety yes 8 Brome 180) ice it th tis pombe so manele he oye deine cements looning whet the atone coetats poem er ‘Sent sinpet cet nt xsl. A pon pet the eau obey ache to tate tee man erp atf-poe oe ‘coco by lon he acon whe the esau th eo a he tmoney edo bythe ad; sd oom se sce am then {Dhan maine cesta mah are eo gg he “Th sole of maimed resent thee poles Fit, Anion coment efiestmantnaly Suen Stdeanretinpecand {ein eb orm maple rt an epg ot ce inches bj Lamonly ssh xp ony Gomncnam Axcondrblen fy lt an mnlgnah ato none Encore wpa ncn bon nl Singapore Soper thecockoch oad d chath per am taig et ‘nog tothe tant rch Sec eck od hee {Sie pense cack tis, chat ot ny pce eon ‘manu nd ton ample een? tg sem hata Koop ‘nde Lemmon ony chat dc ly nt ee inkmiedge ht chnate ed Thess rm edhe ha sttne nae When deacon an conte ee frags pro Trotstanding apron snl si conte ees en nant ofp iercon wth te wot When hag he a” a a $posingof even hat ow chgh my ntti a che wor? Th te Girton contented es ane nde wtpool-ocin ibe pail ons of san sone mere ineo Bat ee fonctealy ean ou il te conte ety een bt incompatenblewtha the otto: Atacama eer {site peomanen ambiguity of th nd rere the moter by sono enc niecnce wr agod rr theater by eonnsy concn Goals and the Forms of Contexcatn The seat f deste conte the ee wth wich he et sncohorcane mnanedboriswesbn theta cmon hetnch {Teenom These at eo cones teeth whch eth ‘Theron canbe meumeasbu tr coe thea maaning otc Sith theootmeipr Desc comexts rene by rani fe cohen: gl aes no own heron fetal contenu tmp by eur enc med ed Hoden inte aye som2% Steven C, Hayes “White both foms of conten fave problems, beh ae bah ty contest, The dice of yoo in conte bison te sense deere cence xmsicr on enon ference Wut the sens tht TEASE plana lsc fr amas not the esa f ana, Thy aoe ocorancional comestusstcan cay tht ei goatee i erp goa one mitchooe Conve nocontesast ny lai thay Bese" ecunal emotes se mong ve behavior fluence 23 sein ap has conseqanesfocthetypesof eer ht ike 10 Be dont tad thes content poss can die dramstcaly whe emis aoe aaere Fhe geen velume conan camper ofthese postions. my Sim tha, en the gol of aval we eeognie, the conten som penne temsive 1 ml of postin Pony ctonal content an sre hearty with assumption eld by eens enters stint ene ply because out ders Dectipencconteusiss nenotthenemoffonctenalcentexalst andthe aesrrencs for decent eahshe purpose ean cheeronmycontessiic “Sitagues tom at cven while veings gly separ path, Lea epocly eset gulf he desapie cones, ad fom tha antge pot fer ape otients abot the adequacy of contstons poduced. At ine the wee pane conetals fe willbe dict sevnce ome cae hey spre he ements ofa contexts wel ew, tthe times hey wll not mete aval especticgonledoecpineconentalstar nsking tonsa “Whatever Happened to American Pragmation? Lean chapter with vo uso ita hat ety Areca percha ses een Someta, bt modern dey peycholgy not and) content a spenaso many thing, Whe ase deed ony he scond point ip Bsa tempting to eco orth of tee ets sould be det eer ny thee es dey of comes postions, bis int abo cleat Bi aby appened othe peo foes Dewey, Angel nthe ie? Fee seer modem cntexushatcannot hea chen anesthe Tea Sheved ince conection be te beginning of ater end tong nowhere ene at he present scion points th eee tht made: te ents atstalite dl ot speci thee ale goss cei and selon ceeifladthur gdual loouppetorfotcontace wth theundring postion Pee comeulsscleglySrptne tiny cole ed noting Ue oon lack dy sowt pons ces ecnnot bey acoerthat ames Bere tna and chine were mone rope han experimental set ere ieetgene comers. Aeoch,dry hung ont the 00 etn wy Seaburn gon mee i they ike det ie the we Ws tat eteron Analytic Goals and Contextual 2 ‘This waerined » em of progres otc owls and Ametian ychlogy gual ern way nutans fora mote epiea= heel toe epcmnct approach Expeimron fea or dsp ‘icontsanset no amt that fete purpee Thestudet of Dewey fd James andthe talent experiment poychlog a0 Jong, ‘hey patel loetcoac wabite cones spor Kati pare {Sine methane thos for ome end hana be dove ney ‘verte loop ter Avs eal the ona gael moved onal et onion, cpeclly mcchankn Wain» sede ebro, Ametin Frapmation oar ony 1 cling en the rane of pagel {Econ of tuna wat cere “Thue un cena se tat enplinsthe cent vey within ote tual ao saps shy the gon pragma mere so ey and gly Salome up. Comes porte many sae gon br weet ele tore hoa nor ar about goa tt peogmaten cnc gi, cert om ta the ginal ere nt bene hw aelnon tn psn, uae Could be many xe It doe mater bo mony pes hfe rich pe ominan Wha doe ater is appreciation of he cosa of ralyegoao ioc of comm Iontextais aed ee of opts, iny vie: they bath fm pap oni oot metaphar,and m grpon Uirouvome! ey wees anand meie bas References Hayes, LJ. (1982) The psychological present The Behavior Anas 15, 139146 Haver, S\C, (192) Vebalelns ine, and suicide nS. Hayes Liye (Eis), Unde sang vere dato pp. 9-118), Rezo, NV: Context Pes Hayes § Cy Hla Ly Reese H. W. (198) Finding the plosophcal cre: review of Sephen G, Rpoets World Hypotheser Jornal of Expert Arai Babin, 80,9711 James, W. 1907; ented in 1981), Pragati Indimapol IN: Hackest Peppes, 8. C. (19: ) Word pote: ud nce Betty: Univesity of (Califor Pest Rosac, R.& Georg, M. (1986) (Eds), Contecalion and detain ie Tehri, New Yok: rage. ‘tanner B (1959) Snead a Dehavioe.New York re Ps ‘Shine, BLP, (1978) bon behav New York: Koop