Chants fr Gople cheer evalla- 236 © COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE 2 2 rap ( T i (a) - 3) Fig. 10.12 Representation of coupled shear’walls with two symmetric rows of openings by equivalent single bay structure. M = 2M, + Mz + 2N,t in which M, and M, are the moments in the outer and central walls, respectively. The simplest way of treating the structure is to consider a half-structure, con- sisting of a wall type 1 and a half-thickness wall type 2, joined by connecting beams, and subjected to half the applied loading. Since there is no axial force in the real wall 2, it will not undergo any axial deformation, and this may be achieved by assigning to it a very large area Ap. Similarly, the second moment of area of wall 2 should be taken as}; (Fig. 10.12b). The formulas established previously for a pair of dissimilar walls may then be used directly. 10.3.6 Worked Example of Coupled Shear Wall Structure ‘The theory and design. curves in the preceding sections provide a practical method forthe rapid analysis of coupled shear walls of any cross-sectional shape. Although they are accurate only for structures with uniform properties over the height, they can, by the judicial use of average properties, serve as a Useful guide to the forces in nonuniform structures. The analysis allows an assessment of how much of the applied moment is resisted by bending moments in the walls, and how much by axial forces. To illustrate the practical use of the design curves, the typical system of plane coupled shear walls shown in Fig. 10.13 is considered. It is assumed that the— 103 THE CONTINUOUS MEDIUM METHOD 237 Hee —> - jae 2.8m 16.5kN/m (9.248) 56m (183.7ft) (1.13 kip/ft) (20 stories) es 2 LJ at oy | =| — « — t oe ode Bow aie ; (1.34) cougted beam i: al__c p t aw on D wpa sez pPT ea (i ft) Sere ae Smeg Te. 24 (16.47)? (6.6) (23 Ft) Fig. 10.13 Example structure. system forms one of a series spaced at 6.1 m (20 ft) centers in a 20-story building, and is subjected to a uniformly distributed wind loading of intensity 16.5 kN /m “(1.13 kip/ft) height. © e nae es in the walls at base level, the maximum IC is required to dgtorgine the stresses in the walls at base level the maximum. ciel shear, and hence th&mnaxirium moment, in any connecting beam(and the maxi-_mem 6 mum lateral deflection at the top. Tn addition, the distributions of axial forces and bending moments in the walls are evaluated to illustrate the general forms of distribution of such forces. ‘The required procedures are first described, and then illustrated numerically for the considered structure. Determine the areas and second moments of area of the walls, and the oni 1d moment of area of the connecting beams. Depending on the design code used, the latter may be taken as gross values, calculated from the beam section's full dimensions, or reduced values to take account of cracking in the concrete. Wall properties: ww. f= eX SX 0.3 = 3.125 mé (362.1 fit) . Meh Xx PX 0.3 = 8.575 m* (993.5 ft) @. J = 1,4 Jy = 11.700 mé (1355.6 fit)238 COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE A, =5 X 0.3 = 1.5 m? (16.15 ft?) oe Ay = 7X 0.3 = 2.1 m? (22.60 fe?) 7 A =A, + A, = 3.6 m? (38.75 f?) 1 = 8 m (26.25 ft) For the connectingcbeams, assuming that the entire cross section is effective Jy = X 0.4 X 0,3 = 1.6 x 107 mé (0,185 ft") The second moment of area is reduced to include shearing deformations. As- ‘suming a Poisson's ratio v of 0.15 for concrete, ‘the shear modulus G is eos Pac conctete From Eq. (10.6) wer vate 4 12 XE X16 X10 X12 yyy” GB Px 0.4 x 0.3 x £/2: ce pero 07 & _ oe ; 16x 107 Leg? “ae Effecti id ent l= ;ctive second moment of area J, T1084 = 1.441 x 1079 m* (0.167 ft) Taking account of the wall-beam flexibility, effective"length = true length + } beam depth = 2,2 m (7.22 ft). le = Le + £(beam seem) Step 2. Determine the structural parameters k, a, and ka-H from Eq. (10.14). Al 3.6 x 11.7 2 ee ae ee 1.2 i +a : 1.5 x 2.1 x 8 a = 1.0995 1270 12 x 4.44] x 1073 x 8 itt wy 2a x2ex iia ~ 21725 x 10 @ = 0.05633 m=! (0.0172 ft"') keel = 1.0995 x 0.05633 x 56 = 3.468 This value indicates that the beams are of intermediate relative stiffness. 2 Step 3, For the particular level(2)considered, calculate the wind moment hw ~ 2}F]. Generally, this wll be initially at the base where the applied moment is greatest.MWe EE - K.-H = be wo? 40.9 THE CONTINUOUS MEDIUM METHOD 239 — Determine from Fig. 10.11 the percentage of the moment at this level carried by individual cantilever action (K;) and the percentage carried by composite can- tilever action (K2). The individual moment acting on each wall will be propor tional to its second moment of area. : From Fig. 10.11, the values of K, and K, at base level (z/H = 0) are 58% a. at base. 81165 x58 = ew eS Zeo = 25,872 kNm (19,083 kipft) Portion of base moment due effectively to individual cantilever action is 0.42 x(@5{872}= 10,866 kNm (8015 kipft) Moment on wall 1, M; = 22e X 10,866 = 2902 kNm (2141 kipft) 8.573 11.70 Postion of base moment due effectively to composite cantilever action is 0.58 X 25,872 = 15,006 kNm (11,068 kipft) K, =42% = Ka Total base moment My= X 10,866 = 7964 kNm (5874 kipft) Moment on wall 2, Mz Step 4. Calculate the second moment of area(, pf the composite cross section. Hence calculate the stresses at the extreme fibers of the walls, using ordinary beam theory, due to the individual and composite moments, and add these to obtain the true stresses at these positions. The bending stress distribution is linear across each wall. From Eq. (10.48), effective composite second moment of area of cross section Ay fe fein ries x 2.1 “— % 8? = 67.70 m* (7843 f*) LS 1, =G.125 + 8.519)+$ is ‘The position of the center of gravity (c.g.) of the cross section and the distances from it to the extreme wall fibers are shown in Fig. 10.14. Using ordinary beam theory, the stresses at the salient points A, B, C, and D are, on adding the stresses due to individual and{eomposite cantilever stresses taking tensile stresses as positive, Age ay Fig. 10.14 Cross section of walls. qi z xi,240 COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE M cs oe 2902 x 23 5 15,006 Ht eEeaI2Ss 67.70 2902» 2.5 15,006 x 2.167 _ > es ae ne S770 = —1841 kN/m* (—267 Ib/in.*) 7964 X 3.5. 15,006 x 0.167 = +3910 KN/m? (+567 Ib/in.2) = +3288 kN/m* (+477 Ib/in.?) oc "8575 a 67.70 _ 1964. 3.5 _ 15,006 x 6.83 _ = on 8575 67.10 4765 kN/m? (—691 1b/in.7) It is of intesest to note that if the walls were uncoupled and behaved as inde- pendent cantilevers, the corresponding base stresses would be as follows: oy = oy = 5528 KN/m? (802 Ib/in.?) O¢ = —0p = 7739 KN/m? (1122 Ib/in.?) q illustrating. the: considerable reduction in stresses that fesults from the coupling “es a F (ran). F Anat? V8 Step 5. From(Fig. 10.3) determine the maximum la NE F, (max) and hence the shear flow quay at the most heavily loaded beam (Eq. (10.29)]. The maximum possible shear in any beam is equal 10 gmaxf, and the maximum pos- sible beam moment is qmaxft ~ 6/2. action. This procedure will overestimate the beam shears and moments, by an amount which depends on the story height. If a more accurate estimate is required, the— actual beam locations may be superimposed on Fig. 10.7 to indicate’the position of the most heavily loaded one. The maximum shear may then be obtained by finding the area under the shear flow curve over the story height concerned. From Fig. 10.7, the value of the maximum shear force factor for ka = 3.468, F,(max) = 0.381 at a level z/H = 0.39. aoe The maximum shear How dmax Becomes, from Eq. (10.29), wo 56 1 & = 16.5 x x Te x 0.381,= 36.39.KN/m (2.49 kip/ft) Thus, the maximum possible shear in ak connecting beam is eno nue = Arunlt = 3659 x 2.8 = 101.9 KN (22.91 kip) } Uno and the maximum possible mobent in any connecting beam is Murax = (Qimaxl ey = 101.9 x 1 = 101.9 kNm (75.16 kipft) 2 _—yy! 10.3. THE CONTINUOUS MEDIUM METHOD 244 ‘Alternatively, if the positions of the 20 connecting beams are superimposed on _ the shear flow diagram of Fig. 10.7, the most heavily loaded beam is that at the . eighth floor level, where an average value over the story height of the shear forée function F is 0.380. The maximum shear is then ; nag = 36.30 X 2.8 = 101.6 KN (22.84 kip) and the maximum beat moment is Mraz = 101.6 X 1 = 101.6 kNm (74.93 kipft) In this case, the position of the maximam value of F; coincides almost exactly with a beam position, and there is insignificant difference between the two values Of Oma. Provided the number of beams exceeds 10, the percentage error obtained * in using F> (max) rather than the true average beam value should not exceed more than a few percent since the shear flow curve is fairly flat near the most heavily loaded region. Determine the ‘deflection factor F, from Fig. 10.8. The maximum lateral 7 deflection at the top of the structure is then obtained from Eq. (10.34). From Fig. 10.8, fonfkaH = 3.468)and{k = 1.0995] the value of the maximum deflection factor F, is 0.333. That is, since F; is equal to unity if no coupling beams are present, the effect of the coupling is to increase the stiffness by 300%. ssuming that the dynamic modulus of elasticity of the concrete employed is ‘estimated to be 36 KN/mm* (5.22 X 10° Ib/in.*), the maximum top deflection becomes, from Eq. (10.34), 4 wit 6% ole) + a1 16.5 x 564 ee Jope EEX s Powe B36 10 XT AE tee ayweh = 0.016 m or 16 mm (0.052 ft or 0.63 in.) With no coupling beams, the maximum top deflection would have been Ymaz = 0.048 m (0.157 ft) Step 7, Tf desired, the variation of axial force N in each wall throughout the height may be determined from Eq. (10.26) and Fig. 10.6 from which the value of Fy may be determined directly at any level. ; The bending moment in each wall then follows from Eq. (10.31) and (10.32). For completeness, in order to demonstrate the influence of the axial forces in reducing the wind moments in the walls, these have been evaluated and are shown in Fig. 10.15a and b. The curves illustrate the considerable degree of negative°242 COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE, 20 18 16 4 Story height 3S 8 2 UU 6 p 3 4 4 2 q ° 71000 2000 10 2 4 6 B Ww | ae Axial force (kN) 7 Wo1l moments Hy and Mz (kNmx 10°) 7 (2) (b) Fi “ Fig. 10.15 Distributions of (a) axial forces and (b) bending moments in walls. bending that takes place in the walls in the upper levels, due to the resisting mio- 3 ment induced by the connecting beams. In the lower levels, the amount of defor- L mation of the connecting beams is reduced, and the relative influence of the re- sulting axial forces is diminished. The proportion of the wind moment that ‘is resisted by axial forces diminishes toward the base, but it still accounts for 48% = of the total moment at the base. A redistribution of forces takes place continuously throughout the height, and the behavior is much more complex than that of ordi- nary cantilevered walls. The beneficial effects that arise from the coupling action are clear, but these, of course, must be balanced against the cost of providing = moment connections between the beams and walls. Step 8. If required, the shear forces in the walls may be calculated from Eqs. (10.40) and (10.41). At the most heavily loaded section, at the base, the total shear force is shared between the walls in proportion to their flexural rigidities. At the base, the wall shears become S, = 16.5 x 56 x ae = 246.8 KN (55.5 kip) 575 Sy = 16.5 * 56 x ca = 677.2 KN (152.2 kip)224 COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE Axial Forces in Walls. ‘The particular integral part of the solution may be de- termined from Eq. (10.16) and, on evaluating the integration constants C, and Cz from Eqs. (10.18) and (10.19), the complete solution becomes wi? (1 er (2 Equation: (10.25) shows that the distribution of the axial force throughout the height depends on two nondimensional Variables only, the relative height z/H and the stiffness parameter kaH, since kaz = koH + 2/H. Equation (10.25) may be expressed as : __ cosh kez + ko sinh ka (H — 2) cosh koulf e (10.25) N= wah (2/H, kal) * (10.26) where F, is the expression in the bracesin Eq. (10.25). The variation of the axial force factor. F; with the two parameters z/H and kaH ig:shown in Fig. 10.6. The curves demonstrate how the axial forces increase with an increase in kal. Shear in Connecting Members. The shear flow in the connecting medium then follows from Eq. (10.3) as 1.0 0.8 \ = X S 0.6 2 S Bos r = ~ 0.2 | 2 . 3 0 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.50 Axial force factor Fy Fig- 10.6 Variation of axial force factor F.Height ratio 27, ~Y /\ Al katt= 172 | 73 4 MS 4710 : a.t Fy (max) 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 7 0.8 Shear flow factor Fo Fig. 10.7. Variation of shear flow factor F2.10.3 THE CONTINUOUS MEDIUM METHO! At the top, at z/H = 1, the maximum deflection is wH* vn = SE ra(h, a) where a+ a 4 |: 4 Ee Arima (kart (ka#)' cosh kat kod sinh keH — cosh tait)| 7 (10.34) ‘The variation of the deflection factor F, may be expressed most conveniently in terms of the parameters k and kaH, as shown in Fig. 10.8. The curves show that the maximum lateral deflection is reduced by more than 60% for values of kod greater than 4. Forces in the Discrete Structure. The results that have been obtained relate to the equivalent continuous system, and it is ecessary to transform them to the real coupled wall structure. The shear force Q; in any particular connecting beam j at level z; may be ob- tained from the difference in values of axial force N at levels h/2 above and below the level concerned, that is, Q, = N(x — h/2) — N(w + 4/2) (10.35) 1.0 08 gos 5 t= {115 a tata : 1.05 ie hts oe #6 @ 0 “16 kal Fig. 10.8 Variation of top deflection factor Fy.234 COUPLED SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE 200 | sinh kod — Kal os, pity — 2) i See = (kali [1 — (2/E=)) cosh kal ia z ; 2 — cosh ka(H — 2) +5 (katy ( i 2) ] (10.55) and, by definition, Ky = 100 ~ Ke (10.56) ‘The proportions of composite and individual cantilever action required to, pro- duce the true stress distribution at any position are thus functions only of-the struc- tural parameter ka and the height ratio z/H. The form of functions K, and Kr fare shown in Fig. 10.11 for a range of values of the parameter Ao, covering the range of all practical situations. “The curves for F, and F, in Figs. 10.7 and 10.8 may be used directly as cor responding design curves for the shear flow q and the top deflection yyy in con junction with Eqs. (10.28) and (10.34). : Significance of Parameter kaH. It has been shown that at any height z/H, the distributions of the axial forces, and thus bending inoments, in the walls, and the shear flow in the connecting medium, depend on the relative stiffness parameter kaHl, which, using expressions for k and o as defined for Eq. (10.14), is given by qi Al |" an = |B (+ A) 200 100 160 —|-60 10 i|-20 + T o #0 2 |: 100 kal (percentage of conposite cantilever action) K, (percentage of individual cantilever actin) * 1 Fig. 10.11 Variation of wall moment factors X, and K2-tow Ine ot- ters sk.x 7, 52 Zbx Poe s x vo ee Bt Fevers pie weobile Pe ee x ( th ~%e-e) Sp oe oe Ere 6 @ v= @ «© terre kr FCee) £ ne Cae) Me ae age @2 FF + gee) iil ae @~ ime a8 oePPPeites of Lett. 29+ TG) + €) be Poperifes of bem. AgsTD H eg Ee 7 Te Abe bt h c Tey = 2 ler ye WET ame Le ea em eng oS —= Bet wt Len 2 eo + th. Gs E a Cae? = G. ug FES” nel” Ld i een ey wv : ae : Ay. Ave Le i eee 7 @ . be ie, 7 Le AO fs Tar ee Roe : * a J port Oe re cong bee ee te +h we SS ko ow. 4 a 4 eget amet af OR? By ts 7 & fo compesite Well po rele eh fms: peelsfy = [ff BAL Gerrit by inavidinl actions, We 2 we OM Senet ty eNpeone cutilem action’ boom Aig tel aH 2 KON bee, wets Boa e Ee (BN) trl my forint vidval action. I =e (B-Ab BMfe oy, = T+te € Pore ; by BH fev ae eee it ae Sit he pew body Streases tee to (BM) fe _tammpasiiie action S ; | ue % Tgnss = i+ t2 + ~, due fo indvidral action ‘ 7 ~ we ay ee Sw : z ay gor i uf wy om : iff (xy + X2)Tatersection of Farman. Fiom conve GES} (10.7) Get kau +» Za wipes peo a = eke = Or ¢ Favaany BAL ae nsteg. heigltt Soe Ws Fore baeghi ok Te weiding ks gale he Lagoa wee x ¢ “pefluction of berm ; he nee Le eS oe gent wrth Ot Gur aK From cove, (10:8) Get e -g. ER Noemel Stvss eee oO. Zy -9° 5 frante GED goa He eo