AE 231, Thermodynamics, Fall 2014

Final (January 10th, 2015)

Please write neatly

Question 1:

a) Explain the Clausius inequality (5p.)

b) Explain the principle of the increase of entropy (5p.)

Solution 1:

a) For all reversible and irreversible cyclic devices:

δQ
∫ T
≤0

b) A system and its surroundings form an isolated system. The entropy change of an isolated system is
the sum of the entropy changes of its components, and is never less than zero.
Question 2:

Two kilogram of Carbon dioxide, CO2, in a piston/cylinder at 100°C, 1400 kPa is expanded in a
reversible adiabatic process to 400 kPa. Calculate the work done by the system (CO2) during this
process. (15p.)

Solution 2:

Control mass: Energy Eq.: m(u2 - u1) = 1Q2 - 1W2

Entropy Eq.: m(s2 - s1) = ∫dQ/T + 1S2 gen

Adiabatic Process: 1Q2 = 0; 1 S2,gen = 0; s2 = s1

State 1: From superheated vapor table (Table B.3.2), for P1 = 1400 kPa , T1 = 100 °C

v1 = 0.04870 m3/kg ; u1 = 383.54 kJ/kg; h1 = 451.72 kJ/kg; s1 = 1.7588 kJ/kgK

State 2: P2 = 400 kPa, s2 = s1 = 1.7588 kJ/kgK from Table B.3.2 by interpolation

T2 = 10 °C; v1 = 0.13 m3/kg ; u1 = 323 kJ/kg; h1 = 372 kJ/kg; s1 = 1.7588 kJ/kgK

1 W2 = m(u1 - u2) = 2× (383.54- 323) =121.08 kJ

Question 3:

A rigid container with volume 3m3 is divided into two equal sections by a partition. Both sides
contain air, one side is at 1 MPa, 300°C, and the other at 100 kPa, 200°C. The partition ruptures,
and the air comes to a uniform state at 100°C. Assume that the surrounding temperature is
25°C and air is an ideal gas with constant properties (Cp= 1.004 kJ/kgK, R= 0.287 kJ/kgK).

a) Calculate the mass of air in each section. (5p.)

b) Calculate the final pressure of air inside the container (5p.)

c) Calculate the entropy change of air inside the container. (5p.)

d) Calculate the heat transfer during the process. (5p.)

e) Calculate the entropy change in surrounding. (5p.)

f) Calculate the net entropy change. Is this process possible? (5p.)

Solution 3:

C.V. : A + B no change in volume. 1W2 = 0

a) mA1 = PA1VA1/RTA1 = (1000 × 1.5)/(0.287 × 573.2) = 9.118 kg
mB1 = PB1VB1/RTB1 = (100 × 1.5)/( 0.287 × 473.2) = 1.1045 kg
mTOT = 9.118 + 1.1045 = 10.222 kg

b) P2 = mTOTRT2/VTOT = (10.222 × 0.287 × 373.2)/3 = 364.95 kPa

c) ∆SSYST = 9.118[1.004 ×ln (373.2/573.2) - 0.287 ×ln(364.95/1000)]

+ 1.1045[1.0416 ×ln(373.2/473.2) - 0.287×ln(364.95/100)]

∆SSYST = 9.118[1.004 ×(-0.429) - 0.287 ×(-1.008)]

+ 1.1045[1.0416 ×(-0.237) - 0.287×(1.2945)] = -1.289 -0.683 = -1.972 kJ/K

d) 1Q2 = ∆ 1U2 = Cv (T2 - T1); Cv= Cp - R = 1.004 - 0.287 = 0.717kJ/kgK

1 Q2 = 9.118 × 0.717× (100 - 300) + 1.1045 × 0.717× (100 - 200) = -1386.71 kJ

e) ∆SSURR = - 1Q2/T0 = 1386.71/298.2 = +6.996 kJ/K

f) ∆SNET = -1.972 + 6.996 = +5.02 kJ/K

We have positive entropy generation and the process is possible

Question 4:

An insulated container with a volume of 0.1 m3 is initially empty. Later, the container is filled
with Carbon dioxide, CO2 from a line flowing saturated liquid at -10°C. Assume that this process
is adiabatic.

a) Determine the final state (5p.)

b) Calculate the final mass (5p.)

c) Calculate the total entropy generation during the process. Is this process possible? (10p.)

Solution 4:

C.V. container USUF where: 1Q2 = 0; 1W2 = 0 ; m1 = 0

Mass: m2 - 0 = min ⇒ m2 = min ; Energy: m2u2 - 0 = minhline + 0 + 0 ⇒ u2 = hline

a) State 2: P2 = PL = 2648.7 kPa;

At state 2, we have two phase u2 > uf ; u2 = uf + x2ufg

b) From CO2 Table (B.3.1) :

uf = 60.92 kJ/kg; ufg = 224.10 kJ/kg ; vf = 0.001017 m3/kg; vfg = 0.01303 m3/kg
hline = hf = 63.62 kJ/kg
u2 = 63.62 kJ/kg
x2 = (u2 - uf )/ufg
x2 = (63.62- 60.92)/ 224.10 = 0.012
⇒ v2 = vf + x2vfg = 0.001017 + 0.012×0.01303 = 0.001174 m3/kg
⇒ m2 = V/v2 = 0.1/0.001174 = 85.17 kg

c) Entropy Eq.: m2s2 - 0 = misi + 1S2 gen

sf = 0.2501 kJ/kgK; sfg = 0.9828 kJ/kgK
s2 = sf + x2sfg = 0.2501 + 0.012*0.9828 = 0.2619 kJ/kgK
si = sf = 0.2501 kJ/kgK

1S2 gen = m2 (s2 - si) = 85.17*(0.2619 - 0.2501) = 1.005 kJ/K

We have positive entropy generation and the process is possible

Question 5:

Air flows into an insulated nozzle at 1MPa, 1500 K with 10 m/s and mass flow rate of 3 kg/s. It
expands to 500 kPa and exit temperature is 1300 K. Assume that air is an ideal gas with
constant properties (Cp= 1.004 kJ/kgK, R= 0.287 kJ/kgK)

a) Calculate the exit velocity in actual (irreversible) nozzle. (5p.)

b) Calculate the exit velocity in ideal (reversible) nozzle. (10p.)

c) Calculate the efficiency of the actual nozzle. (5p.)

d) Calculate the per unit time of entropy generation in the actual nozzle. Is this process
possible? (5p.)

Solution 5 :

Energy: hi + (1/2)Vi2 = he + (1/2)Ve2

Entropy: si + sgen = se
In ideal nozzle, sgen = 0

Assume that the same inlet and exit pressures in actual and ideal nozzles

a) Ve2 = Vi2 + 2*(hi - he) ⇒ Ve2 = Vi2 + 2*Cp*(Ti - Te)

⇒ Ve2 = 100 + 2*1004*(1500 - 1300) ⇒ Ve = 633.8 m/s

b) In ideal nozzle, we have isentropic expansion

Tes /Ti = (Pe /Pi)(k-1)/k ⇒ Tes = Ti *(Pe /Pi)(k-1)/k ⇒ Tes =1500*(500/1000) (1.4-1)/1.4

⇒ Tes =1230.5

Ves2 = Vi2 + 2*Cp*(Ti - Tes) ⇒ Ves2 = 100 + 2*1004*(1500 - 1230.5) ⇒ Ves = 735.7 m/s

c) the efficiency in actual nozzle

η = ( Ve2/2) /( Ves2/2) = (633.82/2) / (735.72/2) = 0.742

d) Entropy generation per unit mass

sgen = se - si = Cp *ln(Te/Ti) - R*ln(Pe/Pi) = 1.004 *ln(1300/1500) - 0.287 *ln(500/1000)

sgen = se - si = -0.1436 + 0.1989 = 0.0552 kJ/kgK

Entropy generation per unit time

dsgen /dt = 0.0552 kJ/kgK * 3kg/s = 0.165kJ/sK

We have positive entropy generation and the process is possible

Some useful relations:

( m2 − m1 )CV + ∑ me −∑ mi = 0
e i

Vi 2 Ve2   V22   V12 

QCV + ∑ mi ( hi + + gzi ) = ∑ me ( he + + gze ) +  m2  ( u2 + + gz 2 )  − m1  ( u1 + + gz1 )   + WCV
i 2 e 2   2   2   CV

t
Qɺ CV
( m2 s2 − m1 s1 )CV = ∑ mi si − ∑ me s e + ∫ dt + 1 S 2 ,gen
0
T