Introduction

Baba and Nyonya are actually referred to Peranakan Chinese or Straits-born

Chinese which are the descendants of Chinese immigrants who came to the Malaysia.

Nyonya is the term for the Female Straits-Chinese descendants and Baba for the

Straits Chinese men.

As in early 15th Century, there were migrants that travelled from their home

country to The Malay Archipelago. Some of them began to adopt the local culture and

they also intermarried with the locals. Indeed, there is not only one tale but a lot of

tales that attempt to trace the origins and identity of this unique hybrid culture termed

Peranakan.

There is a folklore suggests that Peranakan roots in Malaya began with a

princess from the mainland of China who were sent to be married with a local prince.

Historically, the term Peranakan was used to refer to a number of different ethnic and

cultural groups in not only Malaysia but also in Indonesia and Singapore. The root

word for Peranakan which is ‘anak’ or child comes from the Malay and Indonesian

word, referring to locally born descendants.

The history stated that the beginnings of the Peranakan-Chinese in South East

Asia begin in the 15th Century. There are numerous of Southern Chinese merchants

had actively engaged in trade more than 2000 years ago. This particular identity

within the Chinese community began to form when Chinese traders intermarried with

local women. At the same time, they also adopted some of the South East Asian social

practices and the local language.

1
 The term Baba is an honorific term for a Peranakan male. Factually, a

Peranakan-Chinese Baba is a descendant of a Chinese who has had a long residence

in the Straits. Meanwhile, Nyonya is a term given to a Peranakan female.

This topic which is Baba and Nyonya will discuss about the history of Baba-

Nyonya population and their cultures. These cultures will include all about religion,

their tradition cloth, their marriage tradition, the various types of food, their creative

buildings and also furniture and lastly about their way to entertain.

2
History Of Baba-Nyonya Population

To be start of, the first Chinese immigrants from Guangdong and Fujian

provinces settle in the Malay Archipelago arrived in the 10th century C.E. In the 15th

through 17th centuries, they were joined by much larger numbers of the Chinese. This

is because of the Ming emperor's reopening of Chinese-Malay trade relations.

Most states in Peninsular Malay often paid tribute to other kingdoms in the

15th century in order to build a diplomatic relation. These kingdoms are China and

Siam. During the reign of Parameswara in the 15th century, close relations with China

were established. It happened when Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho), a Muslim

Chinese, came to visit Malacca and Java during his expedition (1405–1433).

According to the history, the Emperor of China sent a beautiful princess from the

Chinese Ming Dynasty, Hang Li Po to be presented as a bride to the Sultan Mansur

Shah, Sultan of Malacca as a token of appreciation for his tribute.

Part of her entourage included five hundred youths which are sons of ministers

and several hundred women attendants of noble descent, to wait on her and keep the

princess company in her new home in Bukit Cina. This entourage eventually grew

into a class of Straits-born Chinese known as the Peranakans or some might called as

Baba-Nyonya as they inter-marrying with the local Malays. The mixed marriages

marked the beginning of a new generation of people in The Malay Archipelago.

Not soon after that, Chinese traders especially those from Kwantung province

in China had intermarried with local Malay women. These actions affect the increase

in Straits Born Chinese population.

3
 The populations later on keep increasing when waves of immigrants from

China settled in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. This waves is because of the

economic hardship that happens in mainland China. They embraced some of the local

customs but at the same time they still retain some of their ancestral cultures. These

people are better known as Peranakan. Normally, Peranakans have a certain degree of

indigenous blood. This can be attributed to the fact that most immigrants were men

who married local women during imperial China. According to a research, most

Peranakans in Indonesia held such a high degree of indigenous blood. Literally, they

are almost physically indistinguishable from the local population.

Peranakans and other Nusantara Chinese are grouped as one racial group

known as Chinese due to some political reasons. However, Chinese in Malaysia

become more adaptive of mainland Chinese culture. This can be attributed to the

policies of Bumiputera and Chinese-National Schools (Malaysia).

Later on, these Baba-Nyonya migrated by themselves between Malaysia,

Indonesia and Singapore. In result, there is a high degree cultural similarity among

Peranakans in those three countries. In Malaysia, there is a high population of

Peranakan in Penang and Malacca.

Some of the Chinese men in Melaka fathered children with Javanese, Batak

and Balinese slave women. During British rule, their descendants had moved to

Penang. In addition, Chinese men in colonial Southeast Asia also obtained slave

wives from Nias. Meanwhile Chinese men in Singapore and Penang were supplied

with slave wives of Bugis, Batak, and Balinese origin. The importation of slave

wives had being tolerated by British as it improved the standard of living for the

4
slaves and also provided contentment to the male population. The usage of slave

women or house maids as wives by the Chinese was widespread.

However, it cannot be denied that in former years, the existence of this slavery

was of immerse advantage in procuring a female population in Penang. Sometimes

there are around 300 female slaves that were exported to Malacca and Penang in a

year. These women who were actually come as slaves get comfortably settled as

wives of Chinese merchants. They finally live in greatest comfort. Most of them never

think of returning to their native country.

Besides, people of Chinese ancestry in Thailand make up a significant

population. They are tin miners who migrated to the island during the 19th century.

The Peranakans there are known as "Phuket Babas" because they stay in Phuket,

Thailand. They particularly have family ties with the Peranakans of Penang and

Malacca.

Meanwhile, there are also Chinese who married local Javanese women. They

soon converted to Islam and created a distinct Chinese Muslim Peranakan community

in Java. Factually, Chinese rarely had to convert to Islam to marry Javanese women

but a significant amount of their offspring did. Adoption of Islam back then was a

marker of Peranakan status which it no longer means.

In old times the Peranakans were held in high regard by Malays. There once

cases that some Malays in the past may have taken the word "Baba", which actually

referring to Chinese males, and put it into their name. This is not followed by the

younger generation as the current Chinese Malaysians do not have the same status or

respect as Peranakans used to have.

5
The Traditional Cloth and Handicraft Of Baba And Nyonya

Peranakan retain most ethnicities but assimilated or use Malay language and

culture. Peranakan wore similar clothes that are almost identical and native to the

original Malay, baju kurung, Batik Sarong (batik wrap-around skirts) and brooch.

Then, they apply Indonesian kebaya and develop them become their own traditional

outfits. They embroidered beautiful and delicate floral motifs, tropical birds or

intertwined vines and butterflies and the Kebaya called Nyonya Kebaya or Kebaya

Sulam." The traditional costume for Nyonya is the Nyonya Kebaya wearing with

sarong batik and brooch (the chained brooch). Kebaya is also known as the original

cotton jacket from Indonesia.

Pic 1: Kebaya Labuh Pic 2 :Kebaya Pendek

The special about Kebaya Nyonya is the Nyonya Kebaya tops are usually

sheer and translucent worn with ‘anak baju’, an inner cotton camisole. To them, it is

pretty and makes them more beautiful by wearing this kind of fashion. The materials

vary from voile to gauze cotton or georgette. The collar, sleeves and hem of the jacket

are more emphasised with motifs, beautifully hand-embroidered flowers, butterflies,

Phoenix, honey comb or other natural patterns. For the Sarong Batik, they used batik

from Java that was locally known as ‘batik jawa’ that have many kind of cuts to

choose. Plus the ladies love to wear Sarong with a slit at the front to show their legs.

6
There are two styles for Nyonya Kebaya which is long jacket (kebaya labuh) and

short jacket ( kebaya pendek). Usually, kebaya labuh worn by the elderly ladies while

kebaya pendek is much preferred by the younger ladies. The different between this

kebaya is the cutting. The cutting for kebaya labuh is straight and the length comes

down to the knees while kebaya pendek cut hugs the figure and the length only

reaches the hips.

Baba will wear Lok Chuan cloth or Mandarin Jacket (the Chinese men full

costume). It is the Chinese traditional cloth that is worn by Baba. They will wear the

long sleeved silk jacket paired up with loose pants. But for the younger generation

they will just wear the top of it which is the long sleeved silk jacket with the batik

shirt or Chinese collar.

Pic 3 : Lok Chuan Pic 4 : Beaded

Cloth Sandals

Other than that, nyonya also produced a lot of handicraft such as beaded

sandals. Beaded sandals called Manek Shoes are handmade made with a lot of skill

and patience because it take times to produce. Usually, these sandals were made to

match with their particular sarong batik paired up with nyonya kebaya. It is hung,

woven and sewn on canvas with a small glass bead from Bohemia (now Czech

Republic). The traditional beads designs often have European flower subjects, with

colours influenced by Peranakan porcelain and sarong batik. From the 1930s, the

modern form became popular and heels were added.

7
Wedding Tradition

Well, it was not uncommon for early Chinese traders to take Malay women as

wives or concubines.

First of all, proposals of marriage were made. It is usually by giving a gift of a

pinangan. This pinangan is basically being put in a 2-tiered lacquered basket known

as Bakul Siah. The gift is present to the intended bride's parents brought by a go-

between who speaks on behalf of the suitor. Factually, most Peranakans are not

Muslim. So overall, they have retained the traditions of ancestor worship of the

Chinese. Even so, some of them converted to Christianity.

Pic 5 :Present a gift to bride’s parents. Pic 6 : Handmade Bead Ornament

This a handmade bead ornament made by the bride to be. It is presented to the

groom’s mother as an indicator of patience and creativity level of that bride.

The wedding ceremony of the Peranakan is largely based on Chinese tradition,

and it is undeniable that Peranakan wedding is one of the most colourful wedding

ceremonies in Malaysia. Usually, at Malacca weddings, the Dondang Sayang which is

a form of extempore rhyming song in Malay sung and danced by guests at the

wedding party, was a highlight.

8
 In today’s fast-paced and modern society, it is disheartening to see the lavish

and elaborate Peranakan wedding fast vanishing. Few young Peranakans these days

are interested in going through the laborious twelve-day wedding ceremony and very

few older generation Peranakans can remember accurately the complex procedure and

rituals associated with it.

However, these Peranakans or Baba-Nyonya had their own traditional

wedding ceremony and it is not same as modern wedding ceremonies which last only

for a day or two. The traditional Peranakan wedding is a twelve-day affair.

Peranakans wedding usually is carried out in the bride’s house.

First of all is the Cheo Thau ceremony. It is one of the most important

ceremonies in the Peranakan wedding as it marks the first occasion. Both the bride

and bridegroom will wear their authentic wedding robes. Only after the Cheo Thau

ceremony will the actual wedding ceremony take place which is before noon that day.

This ceremony is often considered as one of great fanfare because this is where the

bridegroom heads a procession of serunai (a musical instrument), musicians, men

carrying umbrellas, and lanterns. After that, the whole troop will then proceed to the

bride's residence after a series of rituals the bridegroom’s home.

Pic 7 : Wedding dress Pic 8 : Groom’s troop to Pic 9 : Ceremonial head

bride’s house dress

9
 After that, the wedding ceremony is followed by the Chin Pang Ceremony. This

ceremony marks the first meeting between the couple. The bride would lead the

groom into the bridal chamber where he would unveil her. Both of them would be

served tea and a bowl of kueh ee – small white and red dumplings in a sweet broth.

This actually an act was believed to bless the newlyweds with sweetness in their

marriage. Besides, a pair of rooster and hen would also be released under the bridal

bed. Their ancestor believes that if the rooster emerged first, the family could expect a

male first-born and a baby girl if the hen took the lead.

Pic 10 : Bridal bed Pic 11 : Groom’s unveiling the Pic 12 : The candle
bride

The bride and the groom will light up the candle at the same time. They

believe, if one of the candles goes out first, then the person who lights it up will die

first.

Nowadays, a Pak Chindek which means a wedding master and a Sang Kek

Um that means wedding mistresses respectively are most often required for the

elaborate Peranakan Wedding Ceremony. This is because the traditions become so

complex that the weddings need to be orchestrated by wedding specialists.

10
 Then, the third ceremony will take place in the bridal chamber itself. This

ceremony is called Chia Sia. Most people always said that this ceremony is amusing

and unique. This is because friends and guests of the bridegroom would gather in the

room and tease the bride with the hope of inducing laughter from the bride. They

believe if the bride does indeed break out into uncontrollable fits of laughter, the

unfortunate groom would have to treat all the guests to dinner.

Then go the finale of the wedding ceremony. It is known as the ‘Dua Belas

Hari’ or Twelfth Day ceremony. This is the part where the marriage would be

confirmed and approved by proof of the bride's virginity. First of all, the bride's

mother and father would invite the bridegroom's mother in order to inspect a

handkerchief, also known as a Bim Poh that was collected from the wedding bed. The

handkerchief will be placed on a tray. Then it will be presented to the bridegroom's

mother for inspection. The inspection is where she would be invited to perform a test

by squeezing lime juice on the handkerchief. The action is taken in hope of

ascertaining the authencity of the stain. However, normally the bridegroom's mother

would refrain from performing the test as it would also demean the bride.

Pic 13 : Tray and Bim Poh

11
Religion and Belief

Baba and Nyonya practised mixed beliefs among Chinese society and Malay

society. This means the dimensions of Baba and Nyonya society’s beliefs are still

influenced by the beliefs of the Malay community is very impressed and it shows still

the form of assimilation in Baba and Nyonya society.

They still believe in ‘pawang’ and ‘bomoh’. They will come to ‘bomoh’ when

a baby cried without stopping. They believe that the baby had been greeted by the

devil or ghost. They will ask the ‘pawang’ to help them drove out the ghost from

disturbing their baby.

Furthermore, the pregnant women also could not get out from their house at

dusk. On that time, the devils and ghosts liked to hanging around. They believe that

the blood of pregnant women who had the firstborns was very favorable by the

vampire (Pontianak) and ‘Langsuir’. If they had to go out too, they needed to bring a

thing which was made from steel such as knife to scare the ghosts.

Moreover, the Baba and Nyonya also believed in traditional medicine in their

life for disease treatment. For example, if they got Chicken Pox, the Baba and Nyonya

community will go to the ‘bomoh’ to get the water cure for drinking or bathing.

Next, the Baba and Nyonya also believed about the rule to enter the forest. It

had become the Malay community habit to ask for permission before started their

journey into the forest. However, it also became the Baba and Nyonya habit to ask

permission first. This permission was to avoid being disturbed by the ghosts and for

them to control their attitudes in the forest.

12
 In addition, neatly tweed-haired used an ornamental brass bouquet that is

alternated with a bloom of flowers that could raise a series of brides who wore it.

According to the belief of the Melaka community in ancient times, the crown prick

that was used as a resemblance to the crown symbolized the magnitude of the

responsibility taken by the bridegroom after being a wife. In the ancient times, they

believed that the weight of the crown was used to symbolize the weight of the burden

to be borne by his wife.

Most of the Baba and Nyonya were Buddhist. They believed in the gods and

worship them. The Baba and Nyonya community also visits Buddhist temples to pray.

(Jasmah Ahmad and Rosnah Ramli, 1997)

Whether they practice the same beliefs as other Chinese societies but slightly

different because the Baba and Nyonya community will use the Baba and Nyonya

Malay language while worshipping the gods, but so the intentions and requests made

are still the same. Prayers ceremonies are usually used with joss sticks, candles and

various types of cakes and fruits such as lime and pineapple as well as tea water

provided in a teapot and a small cup placed on a tray.

The Baba and Nyonya community is also a very devout group of Buddhist

teachings. This obedience demonstrates that the Baba and Nyonya still maintain the

practice and belief of most Chinese. One of the proofs is that they will place a corner

as a place of worship in the lounge even though the room is small, and they will also

pray every morning before doing any job, this practice is said to keep away from sin

and beg for the blessing to be avoided from the accident.

13
 Besides, the Baba and Nyonya community deeply respects their ancestors

while they are still alive as the services of ancestors that allow them to be born and

enjoy this life as a human being. These Baba and Nyonya communities also believe

that their ancestors will angry and will not keep the harmony in their family until

become chaos and divorcing. So, to keep the harmonious relation, they need to

perform several ceremonies to commemorate their ancestral services such as

performing rituals on their birthday anniversary by serving fruits and cakes as well as

tea water. They will attach the pictures of their ancestors in a frame as a token of

appreciation and placed in the living room and will be served lime fruit to receive

protection and blessing for them.

Last but not least, they also believe in the sacred. The sacred belief is a belief

in something weird, such as the habits of some Malay societies that would flatter

someone who has the advantage during his life even if the person has died by doing

something in the grave of the person or making the person a badi.

But for the Baba and Nyonya community, they will make something of a form

of worship on the tomb of the person with the intention of begging for help and so on.

This is because they assume that the spirit of the dead will provide the well-being of

those who live. In addition, to believe in the graves of those who have the advantage,

the Baba and Nyonya community also believes in moss or big stones. This is because

they consider that large stones and moss have power.

Based on the above description, it appears that the beliefs practised by the

Baba and Nyonya were the absorption of Malay and Chinese culture into their way of

life

14
The Traditional Food Of Baba And Nyonya

Baba and Nyonya community is famous in Singapore, Melaka and Pulau

Pinang. Like the other races, Baba and Nyonya also had their own traditional food

from their ancestors. Normally, Baba and Nyonya food came from Chinese cuisine

but it had changed according to the taste of Baba and Nyonya who loved spicy dishes

of the Malays.

Nyonya’s cuisine is the result of mixing the Chinese ingredients with various

kind of different spices and cooking techniques used by the Malay community. it will

make the food more similarly tangy, spicy, aromatic and herbal. to make it clear, the

Baba and Nyonya adopted Malay cuisine as a part of their taste palates, such as beef

rendang and assam fish. Even though the Baba and Nyonya cuisine is a mixture of

Chinese and Malay communities but they still maintain their own food identity.

Madam cuisine is more to vegetables and meat. Normally Nyonya cuisine is

spicier as they use a lot of chillies. For them, the use of chillies in her cooking is an

identity that distinguishes between their tradition and Chinese tradition. the use of

belacan, buah keras, galangal (lengkuas) and lemongrass is the types of foods that

received influence from Malays. While the cuisine that maintains the tradition of

Chinese cuisine is Itik Tim (duck meat was cooked with salted vegetables). The

cuisine and traditional food of the Baba and Nyonya community are traditionally

offered on the festive days such as Chinese New Year celebrations, birthdays or

weddings. And it is the suitable time to serve their traditional cakes.

15
List Of Nyonya Cuisines

 Ayam Pongteh

Ayam Pongteh has two versions. The first version is a black version that came

from Malacca while the second version is the white version, which originates from

Pulau Pinang. The Black colour version is caused by the use of sweet soy sauce with

Melaka sugar. The use of green chilli is the influence of Malay cuisine while the

original ingredients are from Chinese cuisine.

The way to cook Ayam Pongteh is to cut the chicken into eight or ten parts.

The potato that they used is Yukon or Red potatoes. Some of them cook this dishes

using dry Chinese / Japanese mushrooms. They avoid the use of fresh mushrooms

because it will cause different flavour. Green chillies are usually cooked first after

being cut.

Pic 14 : Ayam Pongteh Pic 15 : Sambal Belacan

 Sambal Belacan

Like the Malay community, the Baba and Nyonya also do not miss it, when

the menu of sambal belacan is also one of their favourite dishes. It is a side dish that

is usually eaten with fish or ulam. Sambal belacan is a chilli that was pounded or

crushed with salt and sugar.

This sambal belacan can also be mixed with tempoyak to add more flavour.

They will add lemon juice to make it tastier. The way to make sambal belacan is to

16
pound chillies and belacan together. Then, put in the hot chillies and mash it until 3/4

crushed. Next, add the tomatoes and squeeze them. Finally, mix with tamarind water

into the sambal and add salt and sugar to make it tasty.

 Inche Kabin

Inche Kabin is a Nyonya-style fried chicken marinated with coconut milk and

over 10 spices.

The method to cook this marinated fried chicken is, firstly, mix the spice paste

ingredients in a wide pan or large bowl. Add chicken and coat them well with the

spice paste. It’s better to use hand to get the spices into every nook and corner.

Marinate for 3-4 hours (preferably overnight) in the refrigerator. Secondly, heat oil in

a wok or fryer/saucepan. Fry the chicken until almost cooked. Remove them and

drain. Then, reheat the oil and deep fry the chicken again until golden brown and

crispy. Last but not least, remove the fried chicken and drain on the paper towels.

Plate the inche kabin and garnish with onions and spring onions. Serve it warmly with

sauce.

The ingredients are chicken that had been cut into pieces. For the spice paste it

needs pounded shallots, chilli powder, coriander powder, cumin powder, fennel

powder, clove powder, cinnamon powder, turmeric powder, ground black pepper,

100ml thick coconut milk.

Pic 16 : Inche Kabin

17
The Manufacturing Of The Building

Each race has their own unique design house of its own, including the Baba

and Nyonya ethnics. The Baba-Nyonya House is characterized by unique Chinese

cultural architecture. They combine the style of the Eclectic Strait and Colonial

Bungalow. It was built around the 1890s, it features English tile flooring, Scottish iron

art and beautiful Chinese wood carvings. The house also had more than 1,000 antique

items from China, and England. There is also a special bedroom for each occupant of

the house, which is luxuriously decorated. Most of these houses can show the unique

combination of Dutch and Chinese influences.

The Characteristics Of The Building

1. Facade of a mansion.

Each home has a main entrance. There is a decorative iron door wrought on a

concrete pole. While the metal crown on each side of the pole marked the glory of the

British Empire era in Penang. Baba- Nyonya House has no home address. They write

their family name on the lantern with their home address.

Pic 17 : Façade of Mansion Pic 18 : Front Door

2. Front door

In the Style of the Eclectic Strait it symbolizes the wealth and status and

position of a homeowner. And at each entrance has a red curtain. For them, red

curtains mean good luck, celebration, happiness, joy, vitality and lifelong.

18
 3. Front hall.

There is a Kerawang panel or wooden screen. There are three function of the

wooden screen it is known as the spirit of the wall- prevents the straight path of evil

spirits by avoiding him entering the house, hiding the beauty of beautiful ladies in

their home from the male guests and allowing the Nyonya to spy on visitors.

Pic 19 : Kerawang Panel Pic 20 : The Open House Yard

4. The open house yard in the middle of the house.

It is a yard that has no roof of the house. For the Baba and Nyonya generation,

especially the older generation, they usually practice Tai Qi as their workout in the

morning. The open site also has its implicit meaning which is, collecting positive

Feng Shui elements, to leverage the whole of the house and all family members and to

help them in search of the sustenance and financially.

5. Dining area.

Has two dining rooms using teak furniture such as European and Victorian

ceramics. All teak wood furnishings aim to turn on Oriental classical fashion.

19
 6. Space for guests.

Space for guests will be adorned with expensive and high quality silk fabrics

to point out that their family is rich and wealthy. Among the pattern engraving are

phoenix birds, dahlia flowers, roses, centipedes, a combination of eight species of

precious things and a boyan flower. Typically, Chinese guests will be served with

Chinese cuisine and lifestyle while foreign guests will be treated with Baba and

Nyonya cuisine and equipment.

20
Conclusion

As a conclusion, Baba and Nyonya have a unique culture and background. The

identity of the Baba and Nyonya community is the result of the acculturation process

and has been regarded as an adaption of the Malay community. Almost from all the

aspects of Malay culture such as foods, attires, languages and others have made used

in Baba and Nyonya community in their life. Because of this acculturation process, so

it will make this culture more unique and attractive. The Baba and Nyonya culture has

make our country, Malaysia, be more colourful with many various cultures. This can

be proving that multiple cultures in one country can harmonize and strengthen the

unity of the people in that country.

Until now, Baba and Nyonya still exist in our population although in just a

small community. They still practice their culture in their life until now because they

love their culture and they do not want to leave their unique culture just like that. The

mix of culture and customs between Chinese community and Malay community has

proven the familiarity and unity among them.

Lastly, we hope that Baba and Nyonya culture can be maintained forever

because it symbolizes the culture of a society. And last but not least, we hope that the

responsible authorities and organizations can make sure each of the heritage and

historical places in Malaysia are fully conserved and preserved systematically. By

that, the new future generations can have a chance to learn, to see and experience

about our own history and cultural heritage.

21
References

Internet :

1. Hubungan Etnik Baba Dan Nyonya,

https://www.slideshare.net/kikilalatymmchua/content-36204409 , accessed 13

August 2017.

2. Budaya : Perkahwinan Masyarakat Baba dan Nyonya,

http://inikaryaezzaty.blogspot.my/2013/03/budaya-perkahwinan-masyarakat-

baba-dan.html, accessed 13 August 2017.

3. Baba dan Nyonya, https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_dan_Nyonya,

accessed 15 August 2017.

4. Baba-Nyonya Wedding with a Peranakan Dining Experience,

http://www.what2seeonline.com/2010/10/baba-nyonya-wedding-with-a-

peranakan-dining-experience/, accessed on 12 August 2017.

5. The Peranakans - Bridal Chamber,

http://gsndev.org/archives/webs/scgs/rooms/bridal/wed.htm, accessed on 13

August 2017.

6. Peranakan Wedding Ceremony , http://www.peranakanlife.com/baba-nyonya-

culture/wedding-ceremony, accessed on 12 August 2017.

7. Sarongs, https://www.pinterest.com/pin/559572322428209214/?lp=true, 15 July

2017.

8. A Kebaya Tale, http://www.peranakan-kl.org/?page_id=927, 15 July 2017.

9. Peranakan Cuisine, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine, 15 July

2017.

10. Nyonya Clothing, https://thetrishaw.wordpress.com/baba-nyonya/nyonya-

clothing/, 15 July 2017.

22
11. Little Nyonya Batik, http://www.littlenyonyabatik.com/, 18 July 2017.

12. Nyonya Kebaya, http://www.penangheritagecity.com/nyonya-kebaya.html, 19

July 2017.

13. Peranakan Baba and Nyonas,

https://www.pinterest.dk/cartitadesign/peranakan-baba-nyonas/, 19 July 2017.

14. Nyonya Baba Cultural, http://malaccawhc.blogspot.my/2013/05/nyonya-

baba-cultural.html, 15 July 2017.

23