Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Critical effects
of filters on engines
and on filters by engines
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 2
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 3
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 4
•EXHAUST FLOW
•FILTER LOAD = f (TIME)
•SOOT CONCENTRATION
BACK PRESSURE
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 5
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 6
EO
IO IC
-
EC
TDC BTC
Gas-exchange work losses by:
Exhaust valve opening (EO) before BTC
(Expansion work loss )
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 7
∆be ∆pDPF
=
be pme + pmr
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 8
∆be ∆pDPF
=
be pme + pmr A
B 10 2 0.200 1.7%
C
C
6 2 0.200 2.5%
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 9
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 10
•The pressure loss is in the particle filter, which is located after the
turbocharger. The pressure ratio affects the engine. Hence, a back-
pressure that causes 1% fuel penalty in an aspirated engine, would cause
about 2% fuel penalty in a supercharged engine.
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 11
NOX is created when the oxygen and nitrogen in the air react in a high pressure and
temperature environment. Diesel engines operate at high compression ratios and with
lean fuel mixtures. This creates an oxygen and nitrogen rich atmosphere in the
combustion chamber that leads to NOX production. By drawing some of the exhaust
back into the combustion chamber (exhaust gas recirculation, EGR), the amount of
surplus air is reduced, creating a condition in which less oxygen and nitrogen
molecules are available for reaction into NOX. Exhaust gas recirculation can be
achieved in several ways.
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 12
Outlet valve
Auspuff Einlass Inlet valve
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 13
Main cam
additional
cam
Main cam
The simplest method is to either open the outlet valve during the suction stroke or the
inlet valve during the exhaust stroke. Both methods are easily implemented by
modifying the camshaft. The disadvantage is the uncontrolled process. The EGR
occurs independent of the engine load and RPM. Also the rigid internal EGR cannot be
disabled during cold-start and acceleration.
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 14
VOLVO V-ACT
DEUTZ / VOLVO
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 15
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 16
External EGR
DPF
intake
exhaust
IR ER
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 17
Influence of the back-pressure on the EGR rate & the raw emissions
EURO 3 truck engine with switched but unregulated external EGR
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 18
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 19
14
12 100 mbar
10 150 mbar
variation inin%%
8 200 mbar
Relative Änderung
6 250 mbar
4 300 mbar
2
0
Relative
-2
-4
-6 Pe Beff Texhaust
Tabgas pLade
-8
-10
Average over approx. 10 off- & on-road HD Diesel engines (TC, without AGR)
Emissions levels : Tier 1 & 2 and EURO 2 & 3
source: Liebherr
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 20
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 21
be
Relative variation in %
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 22
Turbocharger:
Cylinder head:
•Turbine housing
•Exhaust valve
•Bearing
•Valve rib (crack)
•Connection with
•Injection nozzle exhaust manifold
•Cylinder head gasket (screws and gaskets)
•Connection with
exhaust-gas manifold
(screws and gaskets)
Piston:
•Cracks (overheating)
•Piston rings
(wear , coking)
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 23
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 24
Additiv
-Oxid
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 25
light heavy
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 26
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 27
LUBE OIL:
•CONSUMPTION •FILTER LOAD = f (TIME)
•ASH CONTENT
•EXHAUST FLOW
•FILTER LOAD = f (TIME)
•SOOT CONCENTRATION
BACK PRESSURE
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 28
Turbocharger
Crankcase
ventilation
CCV Valve guide
Piston rings
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 29
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 30
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 31
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 32
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 33
Display:
Installed In
the driver
field of vision
Data logger
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 34
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / DiamondFJ/
Bar,
21.05.2003/
NovemberHDT-
12, 13, 14 2008
München
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 35
CONTENTS
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 36
Summary (1)
The filter can impact the engine only through the back-pressure.
Provided the back-pressure is small (VERT till about 200 mbar), the
operator does not sense the effect on the engine. It remains in the range of
2 - 3% power loss and increase in fuel consumption.
When the pressure loss is significant (> 500 mbar), then its impact on the
engine combustion is over-proportional.
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 37
Summary (2)
Causes & effects
•Cylinder head
•Valves
•Piston
Back pressure too
•Piston rings
high
•Cylinder head gasket
increased •Injection nozzle
DPF installation component •Turbocharger
lead to limitations thermal stress
in the cooling air •Exhaust manifold
flow or/and
•Alternator
increased the
•Starter
temperature in the
•Wiring harness
engine
•Sensors
compartement
•Hoses
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008
„DPF: effects on engines and effects by engines“ 38
CARB/AQMD Course on Ultrafine Diesel Particles and retrofit technologies for Diesel Engines / Diamond Bar, November 12, 13, 14 2008