ENCOLAB – XE1 April 20, 2015

Leader: Hanna Yatco

Group members: Levin Cruz
Dannielyn Dacalcap
Christine Narvadez

Transformer
I. Objective
 To make transformer with a 220V primary and 10v secondary

II. Introduction
An electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy
from one circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of
mutual induction between two windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another
without changing its frequency but may be in different voltage level.

The three main parts of a transformer are primary winding, magnetic core, and the
secondary winding. The primary winding of a transformer produces magnetic flux when it is
connected to an electrical source. The magnetic core of a transformer is the magnetic flux
produced by the primary winding. This will pass through this low reluctance path linked with
secondary winding and will create a closed magnetic circuit. The secondary winding of a
transformer is linked by the flux produced by the primary winding. This gives the desired
output of the transformer.

The main working principle of an electrical power transformer is the Faraday’s Law
of Electromagnetic Induction. The current through the primary winding produces a
continually changing flux that surrounds it. According to Faraday’s Law, the rate of change of
flux linkage with respect to time is directly proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor
or coil. In this case, if any other winding is brought nearer to the primary winding, some
portion of this flux will link with the secondary. With the flux alternating, this will create a
change in flux linkage in the secondary winding. With this said, there should be and EMF

Figure 1. Form of a Transformer

 induced in the secondary winding.

The figure above is theoretically possible but not practically. In open air, a very tiny
portion of the flux of the first winding will link with the second. The current that flow
through the closed circuit will be so small, it will be difficult to measure. It is desired to be
linked to almost all flux of primary winding to the secondary winding because the rate of
change of flux linkage depends upon the amount of linked flux with the secondary winding.
By placing one low reluctance path common to both of the winding, this can be efficiently
be done. This low reluctance path is core of transformer, through which maximum number
of flux produced by the primary is passed through and linked with the secondary winding.

III. Material
Transformer
 Magnet Copper Wire w/ electric varnish
 Silicon-iron plates/ Sheet (Letter E and I)
 Wax Paper/Pressboard
 Masking Tape
 Frame
 Formwork
 Sand Paper
Test for the Transformer
 1 Varactor
 6 Alligator Clip
 2 VOM

IV. Procedure
1. The material needed where gathered.
2. The area of the formwork was measured
3. The number of turns for transformer magnetic coil was computed using the equation below
42 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑋 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 (𝑐𝑚)
Primary winding
42
2310 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑋 220𝑣
2𝑥2
Secondary winding
42
105 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑋 10𝑣
2𝑥2
4. The winding for the primary was started. The number of turns was 2310.
5. Wax paper and masking tape was used to cover the primary source
6. 105 turns was made for the secondary winding to have 10v
 7. Masking Tape and pressboard were used to cover the secondary winding.
8. Sand paper was used to removed the varnish of the magnetic wire
9. The continuity of the primary source wire and secondary source wire were checked
10. The finished transformer was tested using a varactor.
11. The data was recorded in Table 2
12. After it was tested, the transformer was tested for 110v and 220v. The result was recorded at
Table 1.

V. Data and Result

Table 1.
Vprimary Vsecondary
110v 5.558v
220v 11.07v

Figure 1. 110v Applied in Primary

 Figure 2. 220v Applied in Primary
Table 2.
Vprimary Vsecondary Turns Ratio
5v 0.253 19.76
10v 0.535 18.69
15v 0.758 19.79
20v 1.039 19.24
25v 1.265 19.76
30v 1.517 19.78
35v 1.771 19.76
40v 2.057 19.44
45v 2.281 19.73
50v 2.519 19.89
Average: 19.58
 Figure 3. Primary Figure 4. Secondary

VI. Analysis and Discussion

The average turn ratio of the transformer is 19.58. The Primary source voltage is 220v
while the produced secondary source voltage is 11.07. This only means that there is discrepancy
in the computed turn ratio. If the secondary winding was reduced more, the group will get the
target 10V for the secondary source. The theoretical turn ratio of the transformer is 22. The
computed turn ratio or the average turn ratio is 19.58. The percent difference is 11. There is a
10% difference between the actual secondary source voltage and the target secondary source
voltage.
The desired voltage for the output in the secondary winding will depend on the number
of turn of magnetic coil in the spool. To step-up a transformer the primary winding should be
less than the number of turn of the secondary, while to step-down the transformer the primary
windings should be greater than the secondary windings.
VII. Conclusion
We therefore conclude that in order to make a transformer with a 220V primary and
10V primary, the number of turns needed for the primary winding is 2310 turns while for the
secondary winding is 105 turns. Having this number of turns, the group was able to make a
transformer with a 220V primary and 11V secondary.

VIII. References

 What is transformer? Definition & Working Principle of Transformer. (2015). Retrieved from
http://electrical4u.com/what-is-transformer-definition-working-principle-of-transformer/

 Build An Electric Transformer. ( 2011). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=s6NyTprQCBI