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# + &$ 9 5*.5( A A (, 30    #(?%2(,050 (. 6.'505(, )*.(&02'0,$ = A&A (, (3
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5'2()*,:6((,(3     1*22(,%*.5'(.&(03;'(.(1*./)'1*(.16(,&'/.
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• #  + &  $


 
# + & $ •  

 
& & &
& & &&  & & 

0&6203)(.&(9&*5*'.&(210);'*5(10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,(,(:6'3';205*+*,(09,',('.&(210);'0.3*,10%'&0G
3(,-'.0.1'(2*,# + &  $ =#  + &  $ 9(,%*2:6(30,5*,%(2,*.0,:6('.&(2B'(.(.(.(3'.&(210);'*,'(.&(.'<603
102'H*%*20);*,10%'&03(,+(,5(1'291*.,'5(20.:6(# + &  $ =#  + &  $ ,*. 


K6(,B00,(2:6(
(10);'*)'
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05*6.10%'&03-'.0.1'(2*# + &$9 (,.(1(,02'*5',%*.(25(6.0-6.1'/.AA:6(5(&(2)'.(30160.&70A"A5(3
10%'&03-'.0.1'(2* # "+ %$ :6(1*.,'5(20)*, 0 # + &$ (.6.'.,&0.&(A%A0.&(2'*2*%*,&(2'*20A&A
( 5'1>0 160.&70 A"A ,( 5'1( :6( (, 30
 #      5(3 10%'&03 # + &$ + ℜ ×ℜ×ℜ →
 + ℜ
(. (3 '.,&0.&( A%A9 = %020 5(.*&023* ,(
(,12';( " = # + &+ %$ ( 30 -6.1'/. AA     
,(5'1(:6((,6.0#    

    $$(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2* # "+ %$ ,(5'1(:6((,(35(310%'&03


-'.0.1'(2*# + &$ ,(<@.303(=-'.0.1'(20AA%   $$&%'()&( $$#*,(09
% > &$9  ")"!)*"+&,=5(A"A5'2()*,:6((,(3      ,(,12'G
;'(.5* " = # + &+ %$ %        $$  "+'()&(  $$ #* ,(09 % < &$9   
'%&+"+&,=5(A"A5'2()*,:6((,(3      ,(,12';'(.5*" = # + &+ %$

# "+ %$ # + &$
# + &$ ")"!)*"( # "+ %$ '%&+"(


&% '()%* %& '()%*


'-.
 
'# + & + %$ =   + M#% − &$ (,6.0#   5(B03*201'/.5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2* # + & $ (.(3'.,&0.&(
A%A=1*.,'5(20)*,:6(% = 9%0203*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,# + $ =# + !$ 9,(&'(.(:6(N

 
•  *)* (, # + + $ =   + M#  − $ = ! 9 3*, 10%'&03(, !


# + $ =#! + $ ,*.(:6'B03(.&(,,(<@.30#  AA+



* ,(09 .*, ,*. '.5'-(2(.&(,9 %*5270)*, '.&(210);'023*, ,'. )J, %2*;3(G !
)0N # + $ ≈ #! + $  ( 30 160.&70 !9 :6( (, 30  #  

   5(310%'&03# + $ (.(3'.,&0.&(% =  #%*,&(2'*20$ 


,(<@.303(=AA9,(5'1(:6((,(3      ,=,(    

(,12';(# + + $ = ! 
&   30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03#! + $ (.(3'.,&0.&(% =  1*'.1'5(1*.305(310%'&03

# + $ 9%6(,#! + + $ = !  + M#  − $ = !  
 


•  *)* # + ! + $ =   + M#  − !$ =  9 3*, 10%'&03(, -'G 
.0.1'(2*,# + !$ =# + $ ,*.(:6'B03(.&(,,(<@.30# 

AA+*,(09.*,2(,63&0.'.5'-(2(.&(,N# + !$ ≈ # + $ (30 


"
160.&709:6((,30 #    5(310%'&03# + !$ (.(3
'.,&0.&(% =  #0.&(2'*20!$,(<@.303(=AA9,(5'1(:6((,  !
    ,=,((,12';( # + ! + $ =  



&    30 %2*=(11'/. -'.0.1'(20 5(3 10%'&03 # + $  (. (3 '.,&0.&(

% =  1*'.1'5(1*.305(310%'&03# + !$ 9%6(,# + !+ $ =   + M#  − $ =  


'-/
M  −  (,6.0#   5(B03*201'/.5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*# + & $ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A=1*.G
'# + & + %$ = 
,'5(20)*,:6(% = 9%0203*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,# + $ =# + $ 9,(&'(.(:6(N

• *)*# +  + $ =  M  −  =  93*,10%'&03(,# + $ =



# + $ ,*.(:6'B03(.&(,,(<@.30#  AA+*,(09.*,2(,63G


&0. '.5'-(2(.&(, ( 30 160.&70  9 :6( (, 30  #      5( 
!
# + $  (. (3 '.,&0.&( % =   #%*,&(2'*2 0 $ ,(<@. AA9 ,( 5'1( :6(
(,(3      ,=,((,12';(# + + $ =  

&    30 %2*=(11'/. -'.0.1'(20 5( # + $  (. (3 '.,&0.&( % =   (,    

M  −  = 



'<6030305(# + $ %6(,# +  + $ =   

• *)*# +  + $ =  M  −  =  93*,10%'&03(,# + $ =
# + $ ,*.(:6'B03(.&(,,(<@.#  AA+*,(09.*,2(,63&0. 
'.5'-(2(.&(, ( 30 160.&70 9 :6( (, 30  #      5(3 10%'&03
# + $ (.(3'.,&0.&(% =  #0.&(2'*20$,(<@.AA9,(5'1(:6((, 
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      ,=,((,12';( # +  + $ =  
&    30 %2*=(11'/. -'.0.1'(20 5( # + $  (. (3 '.,&0.&( % =   (, 



 

  

 
 

 # + &$ 
 



 
'<6030305(# + $ 9%6(,# +  + $ = 

 
 
  
M  −  =   





 

    
 



.0-6.1'/.AA,/3*%6(5(()%3(02,(%0205(&(2)'.02(310%'&03,6,&'&6&*## + &+%$+%$ 5(310%'&03# + &$ (.6.
'.,&0.&(5(B03*201'/.A%A  0A&A#*,(09()%3(02AA1*)*3(=5(   $9,'16)%3(3*,,'G
<6'(.&(,2(:6','&*,N
$ 0%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03# + %$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A(,A A+*,(0N# + & = %+ %$ = 
$ 0%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03# + &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A(,,6%(2'*20A +*,(0N# + &+ %$ > 

# + &+ %$


&%

$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A&A=2(,%(1&*0A%A
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A#⇔ ∂# + &+ %$E ∂% > $ 
,(09-'805*,A A=A&A9160.&*
)0=*2,(0A%A9)0=*2(,# + &+ %$+(,5(1'2N,'% < %  ,61(5(:6(# + &+ % $ < # + &+ %  $


# + &+ %  $

# + &+ % $

&%% 

$ 0 -6.1'/. AA (, )*./&*.0 5(12(1'(.&( 2(,%(1&* 0 A&A #⇔ ∂# + &+ %$E ∂& < $ 
 ,(09 -'805*, A A = A%A9
160.&*)0=*2,(0A&A9)(.*2(,# + &+ %$+(,5(1'2N,'&  < &  ,61(5(:6(# + &+ %$ > # + &  + %$


# + & + %$

# + &  + %$


& &  %

$  0 -6.1'/. AA (, >*)*<I.(0 5( <205*  2(,%(1&* 0 A A #⇔ # + &+ %$ = #+ &+ %$$+ * ,(0 30 %2*=(11'/.
-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03# + &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A,(*;&'(.()63&'%3'10.5*%*2A A30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(3



10%'&03#+ &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A93:6(AA16)%30(,&0(?'<(.1'0(,6.1>*33*9%6(,,'9%*2(8()%3*930%2*G
=(11'/. -'.0.1'(20 5(3 10%'&03 #+ &$  (. (3 '.,&0.&( A%A (,  #⇔  3*, 10%'&03(, -'.0.1'(2*, #+ &$=#+%$ ,*.
(:6'B03(.&(,$9%*5()*,0%*,&02&20.:6'30)(.&(30B'500:6(30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03#+ & $ (.
(3'.,&0.&(A%A(, =  #⇔ 3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,#+ &$=#+%$,*.(:6'B03(.&(,$
 -,30-6.1'/.AA&03:6(# + & + %$ = + M #% − &$ %6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*#   

   $$#% > &$9%6(,16)%3(3*,2(:6','&*,(?'<'5*,030,3(=(,5(10%'&03'401'/.9=0


:6(N
$# + & = %+ %$ = + M #% − %$ = 
 
$# + &+ %$ = + M #% − &$ > 9 %6(, >  =% > &
$0-6.1'/. A A (,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A &A =2(,%(1&*0A%A
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A9%6(,∂# + &+ %$E ∂% = M > 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.05(12(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A&A9%6(,∂# + &+ %$E ∂& = −M < 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*0A A9%6(,



#+&+%$

# + & + %$ = + M #% − &$ =   + M#% − &$ = #+ &+ %$

M % − & %6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*#     

 -,30-6.1'/.AA&03:6(# + & + %$ = 


 $$#% > &$9%6(,16)%3(3*,2(:6','&*,(?'<'5*,030,3(=(,5(10%'&03'401'/.9=0:6(N

$# + & = %+ %$ = M  −  = 
M  = 
$# + &+ %$ = 
M  −  M  −  O 9=0:6(% > &
> 9 %6(,
$0-6.1'/. A A (,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A &A =2(,%(1&*0A%A
M  −  .M > 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A9%6(,∂# + &+%$E ∂% = 
M  −  .M < 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.05(12(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A&A9%6(,∂# + &+%$E ∂& = − 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*0A A9%6(,

M  −  =    
M  −  = #+ &+ %$


# + & + %$ = 
 

  

 

   
.0-6.1'/.AA,/3*%6(5(()%3(02,(%0205(&(2)'.02(310%'&03,6,&'&6&*## + &+%$+%$ 5(310%'&03# + &$ (.6.
'.,&0.&(5(B03*201'/.A%A   0A&A#*,(09()%3(02AA1*)*# $9,'16)%3(3*,,'<6'(.G
&(,2(:6','&*,N
$ 0%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03# + %$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A(,A A+*,(0N# + & = %+ %$ = 


$ 0 %2*=(11'/. -'.0.1'(20 5(3 10%'&03 # + & $  (. (3 '.,&0.&( A%A (, %*,'&'B0 ( '.-(2'*2 0 A A+ * ,(0N
 < # + &+ %$ < 

# + &+ %$

%&

$0-6.1'/. A A (,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A &A =2(,%(1&*0A%A 


$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A#⇔ ∂# + &+ %$E ∂% > $
,(09-'805*,A A=A&A9160.&*
)0=*2,(0A%A9)0=*2(,# + &+ %$+(,5(1'2N,'% < %  ,61(5(:6(# + &+ % $ < # + &+ %  $

# + &+ %  $


# + &+ %$

%%  &



$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.05(12(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A&A #⇔ ∂# + &+ %$E ∂& < $ 
,(09-'805*,5(A A=A%A9
160.&*)0=*2,(0A&A9)(.*2(,# + &+ %$+(,5(1'2N,'&  < &  ,61(5(:6(# + &+ %$ > # + &  + %$

 

# + & + %$
# + &  + %$


%& & 

$AA (,>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*0A A #⇔ # + &+%$ = #+ &+%$$+ *,(030%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(3


10%'&03# + &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A,(*;&'(.()63&'%3'10.5*%*2A A30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03#+ & $(.
(3'.,&0.&(A%A3:6(AA16)%30(,&0(?'<(.1'0(,6.1>*33*9%6(,,'9%*2(8()%3*930%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(G

205(310%'&03 #+ &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A(,M  #⇔ 3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*, #+ &$=#M +%$ ,*.(:6'B03(.&(,$9
%*5()*,0%*,&02&20.:6'30)(.&(30B'500:6(30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03#+ &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A
(,M =  #⇔ 3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,#+ &$=#+%$ ,*.(:6'B03(.&(,$
  -, 30 -6.1'/. AA &03 :6( # + & + %$ = + M #% − &$  %6(5( ()%3(02,( 1*)* #     

  $$#% < &$9%6(,16)%3(3*,2(:6','&*,(?'<'5*,030,3(=(,5(5(,16(.&*9=0:6(N
$# + & = %+ %$ = + M #% − %$ = 
$, < # + &+ %$ = + M #% − &$ < 9 %6(, >  =% < &
$0-6.1'/. A A (,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A &A =2(,%(1&*0A%A
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A9%6(,∂# + &+ %$E ∂% = M > 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.05(12(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A&A9%6(,∂# + &+ %$E ∂& = −M < 
$0-6.1'/.AA(,>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*0A A9%6(,


 
# + & + %$ = + M #% − &$ =   + M#% − &$ =  #+ &+ %$


  
M % − & %6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*#    
 -,30-6.1'/.AA&03:6(# + & + %$ = 
 $$#% < &$9%6(,16)%3(3*,2(:6','&*,(?'<'5*,030,3(=(,5(5(,16(.&*9=0:6(N
M  −  = 
$# + & = %+ %$ =  M  = 
$, < # + &+ %$ =  M  −  < 9 %6(, P 
M  −  P 9=0:6(% < &
$0-6.1'/. A A (,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A &A =2(,%(1&*0A%A
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A9%6(,∂# + &+%$E ∂% = M  −  .M > 


M  −  .M < 
$ 0-6.1'/.AA(,)*./&*.05(12(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A&A9%6(,∂# + &+%$E ∂& = − 
M  −  =  
$30-6.1'/.AA(,>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*0A A9%6(,# + & + %$ = 
 
 
M  −  = #+ &+ %$

  

"0)%&N0%02&'25(0>*209%*21*)*5'505030>*205((,12';'29160.5*6&'3'1()*,6.03(=-'.0.1'(20
%02010%'&03'402#5(&(2)'.0230%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(6.10%'&03# + & $ (.6.'.,&0.&(A%A%*,&(2'*20
A&A$9305(.*&02()*,# + &+%$9=,'30()%3(0)*,%0205(,1*.&02#5(&(2)'.0230%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(20
5(6.10%'&03# + &$ (.6.'.,&0.&(A%A0.&(2'*20A&A$9305(.*&02()*, # + &+ %$9


10;0)*,5(B(2:6(30,-6.1'*.(,
M %− &
# + & + %$ = + M #% − &$ =# + & + %$ = 
%6(5(.()%3(02,(1*)*3(=(,5(10%'&03'40G
1'/.#% > &$ =1*)*3(=(,5(5(,16(.&*#% < &$
Q61(5(,'()%2((,*R 



  
0$ '(.5* A0A = A;A 1*.,&0.&(, = A%A = A&A %*,'&'B*,9 0.0371(,( ,' 30 -6.1'/. # + &+ %$ = 0 +   + ; % & % − &
%6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*3(=-'.0.1'(205(10%'&03'401'/.(.(3'.,&0.&(A%A
;$ *.3*,B03*2(,5(A0A=A;A*;&(.'5*,(.0$9Q%*5270()%3(02,(AA1*)*3(=-'.0.1'(205(5(,16(.&*R




0$ *.,'5(20.5*:6(% > & #%6(,,(&20&05(B(2,'AA%6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*3(=5(10%'&03'401'/.(.A%A$9
B(0)*,,'AA16)%3(&*5*,3*,2(:6','&*,(?'<'5*,030,3(=(,5(10%'&03'401'/.N
  
$ *)*# + & = %+ %$ = 0 +   + ; % & % − % = 0 + 9 (,# + & = %+ %$ = ,/3*,'0 = 
    
$ 6%6(,&*:6( 0 = 9(,# + &+ %$ =   + ; % & % − & > 9 ,/3*,'; % & % − & > 9 =,61(5(&031*,0,/3*
 
,'; >  9%6(,; % & % − & > 9 =0:6(& >  =% > &

% <  &
$AA(,>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*0A A9%6(,N



$0-6.1'/. A A (,1*.&'.602(,%(1&*0A &A =2(,%(1&*0A%A
$ AA(,)*./&*.012(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A%A9%6(,∂# + &+ %$E ∂% =  ; &# % − &$ >  9=0:6(& >  =% > &
$ AA(,)*./&*.05(12(1'(.&(2(,%(1&*0A&A,/3*,'% <  &9%6(,∂# + &+ %$E ∂& =  ; %#% −  &$ <  ,/3*,'

   
 
# + & + %$ =   + ; % & % − & =   + ; % & % − & =  #+ &+ %$


  


*2&0.&*930-6.1'/.AA,/3*%6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*3(=-'.0.1'(205(10%'&03'401'/.(.A%A,' 0 = 9; > 


  
=& < % <  &9=(.&0310,*(,12';'2()*,# + &+ %$ =   + ; % & % − & 

;$0200.03'402,'30-6.1'/.AA%6(5(()%3(02,(1*)*3(=5(5(,16(.&*(.A%A# < % < &$9;0,&01*)%2*G



;02:6( < # + &+ %$ < 9  %6(,30,5()J,(?'<(.1'0,,*.30,)',)0,:6(%02010%'&03'401'/.'(.5*
     
# + &+ %$ =   + ; % & % − & =   − ; % & & − %

2(,63&0 (B'5(.&( :6( 1*)* ; >   = % < &9 ,'()%2( (,  − ; % &  & − % < + = (, # + &+ %$ >  ,/3* ,'
 − ; % &  & − % >  93*:6(,61(5(,/3*,' ; % &  & − % < 9(,5(1'2N ; < E#% &  & − %$.&0310,*9(,12';'2(G
)*, # + &+ %$ =   − ; % &  & − %



 
 


*)*:6(505'1>*9(3:6(&*503(=-'.0.1'(20,(0>*)*<I.(05(<205*2(,%(1&*030160.&70A A5(310%'G
&03-'.0.1'(2*(,6.1>*33*9%6(,1*.*1'(.5*30%2*=(11'/.5(310%'&03#+ & $ 9,'.)J,:6()63&'%3'10230%*2A A
5(&(2)'.0)*,30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(310%'&03# + & $(5'1(:6(6.03(=-'.0.1'(20(,  ,'(?%2(,0
(310%'&03,6,&'&6&*5(310%'&03 #+ &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(5(B03*201'/.A%A0&6203)(.&(90301>(%05(&*503(=-'G
.0.1'(20 # + &+ %$ B0 %(<050 ,6 1*22(,%*.5'(.&( 3(= -'.0.1'(20 6.'&02'09 :6( 5(.*&02()*, #&+ %$  =
*;&(.52()*,#&+ %$,'.)J,:6(>01(2 = (.30(?%2(,'/.)0&()J&'105(# + &+ %$
 -,303(=-'.0.1'(206.'&02'0#&+ %$1*22(,%*.5'(.&(0303(=.*6.'&02'0# + & + %$ = + M #% − &$ (,


30#&+ %$ = #+ &+ %$ =  + M#% − &$

M  −   (, 30
  -, 30 3(= -'.0.1'(20 6.'&02'0 #&+ %$ 1*22(,%*.5'(.&( 0 30 3(= .* 6.'&02'0 # + & + %$ = 
M  −  
#&+ %$ = #+ &+ %$ = 


'(.5* #&+ %$ =  + M#% − &$ 6.0 3(= 6.'&02'0 5( 10%'&03'401'/. (. (3 '.,&0.&( A%A #% > &$ 9 1*)* (3 B03*2 5(
#&+ %$ ,/3* 5(%(.5( 5( 30 0)%3'&65 A % − &A  5(3 '.&(2B03* # &+%$9  5(.*&0.5* A.A 5'1>0 0)%3'&65 #. ≡ % − & >  $9
%*5()*, (,12';'2 #.$ =  + M . + :6( (, 30 160.&70 5(3 10%'&03 -'.0.1'(2* (:6'B03(.&( * ,6,&'&6&* 5(3 10%'&03
#+ &$ (.(3'.,&0.&(5(B03*201'/.,'&605*A.A6.'505(,5(&'()%*030   5(A&A


M  −   6.0 3(= 6.'&02'0 5( 5(,16(.&* (. (3 '.,&0.&( A%A #% < &$ 9 1*)* (3 B03*2 5( #&+ %$ ,/3*
'(.5* #&+ %$ = 
5(%(.5(5(300)%3'&65A & − %A 5(3'.&(2B03*S%+ &T9 5(.*&0.5*A.A5'1>00)%3'&65#. ≡ & − % >  $9%*5()*,(,12'G
M − +:6((,30160.&705(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*(:6'B03(.&(*,6,&'&6&*5(310%'&03 #+ & $ (.(3'.,&0.&(
;'2#.$ = 
5(B03*201'/.,'&605*A.A6.'505(,5(&'()%*030   5(A&A


  
 



*)* :6(50 5'1>*9 &*5* '.&(210);'* 5( 10%'&03(, -'.0.1'(2*, 5(;( ,(2 (:6'3';205*9 30, 5*, %(2,*.0, :6(
'.&(2B'(.(.(.(3'.&(210);'*5(;(.,(.&'2'<603102'H*%*23*,10%'&03(,'.&(210);'05*,95(;(.1*.,'5(2023*,
(:6'B03(.&(,+%*2(,*9160.5*5*,%(2,*.0,,(%30.&(0.30%*,';'3'5055('.&(210);'02,6,2(,%(1&'B*,10%'G
&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,# + &  $ =#  + &  $ 9(3%2*1(5')'(.&*,'()%2((,(3)',)*N(3'<(.5(1*)@.016(25*303(=
AA5(B03*201'/.5(10%'&03(,:6(()%3(02J.=(3%6.&*A%A5(B03*201'/.+5(,%6I,5(&(2)'.0.30,%2*=(1G



1'*.(,-'.0.1'(20, " = # + &+ %$= " = #  + &  + %$5(0);*,10%'&03(,(.(3%6.&*A%A9=(3'.&(210);'*,(
%2*561(,/3*,'" = " 

 

" = " " "


"

"

  !

   $$



&%& 

" = "



&%& 
   $$

!
"

 
"

 ! 
!

&&  % &&  %


   $$    $$
 


 
"
"
" " "

" = " "

%&&  %&& 
   $$    $$


U0;'(.5*(3(<'5*5()6&6*016(25*303(=5( K6(,3*,
B03*201'/.AA=(3'.,&0.&(5(B03*201'/.A%A9 '.&(210)G
1*)*30%2*=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205()'10%'&03 ;'0)*,L
# + & $ (.(3'.,&0.&(A%A1*'.1'5(1*.30%2*G
=(11'/.-'.0.1'(205(&610%'&03#  + &  $ (.
(,('.,&0.&(9%*5()*,'.&(210);'023*,,'.
:6(.05'(,(,'(.&0%(2865'105*
# + & $ #  + &  $


  
 
 
 
       
         
 -,30,6)05(3*,10%'&03(,#C+!$=#C+!$(,(310%'&03#C+!$
*,10%'&03(,#C+$=#C+ $    ,%6(,3*,(62*,5(30H*
.* &'(.(. '<603 B03*2 :6( 3*, 5(3 0H*   (2*         1    #


    $2$ #          #             
   $$,    #    
 
 -,,'303(=(3(<'50(,# + & + %$ =   + M#% − &$ =,(&*)0 % =  1*)*%6.&*5(B03*201'/.
5(10%'&03(,9(.&*.1(,91*)*
 



# +  + $ =  + M#  −  =  = #  +  + $
# +  + $ =  + M#  −   =  = # +  + $
30,6)05(3*,10%'&03(,#C+$=#C+ $,(<@.303(=AA(.(3%6.&*5(B03*201'/.% =  (,
(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*#++$≡#+$





 





M  −  =,(&*)0% =  1*)*%6.&*5(B03*201'/.5(10G


 -,,'303(=(3(<'50(,# + & + %$ = 

%'&03(,9(.&*.1(,91*)*
M  −  =  = #  +  + $
# +  + $ = 
M  −  = M = #  +  + $
# +  + $ = 

30,6)05(3*,10%'&03(,#C+$=#C+ $,(<@.303(=AA(.(3%6.&*5(B03*201'/.% =  (,
(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*#+M+$≡# M+$



M 







 -,,'303(=(3(<'50(,# + & + %$ = =,(&*)0 % =  1*)*%6.&*5(B03*201'/.5(


 + M# & − %$
10%'&03(,9(.&*.1(,91*)*

# +  + $ =  =  = # +  + $


 + M# − $


# +  + $ =  = 


M = # +  + $
 + M# − $
30,6)05(3*,10%'&03(,#C+$=#C+ $,(<@.303(=AA(.(3%6.&*5(B03*201'/.% =  (,
(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*#+M+$≡#M+$



 
 
 
 

 
     
  


     
   

 


 
   
  





    !
   
 


)0<'.0:6(B'B')*,(.(30H* &  =  =:6(&'(.(,6.0   5(  =  C(.(3;*3,'33*+*,(09(2(,%2*G
 
%'(&02'*5(3       =  + &  =  9:6((,6.   ,%6(,(3 5(&6,
C1*'.1'5(1*.(3'.,&0.&(01&603N  =<0,&J2&(3*,(.
%'%0, ,730,1*,0,91*.,'5(20.*&(<6,&0.30,%'%0,=:6(9.*&(.'(.5*.050)(8*2:6(>01(21*.&610%'&03
 
%2(,(.&(  =  + &  =  9      ,=5(1'5(,   #2(&20,02$,6


B(.1')'(.&*,'&(%0<0.%*2&0.(.*2)(,012'-'1'*
 
)0<'.0 :6( &6 .*B'V %*,(( (3        =   + &  =  9 :6( (, 6.    , %6(, (3
  &  =   5( ,6,   C (, %*,&(2'*2 03 '.,&0.&( 01&603N        
 ,&'(.(:6((,%(202  −  =  0H*,%020%*5(25',%*.(25(30160.&705( C ,730,1*G



,0,91*.,'5(20:6(&6.*B'V(,05'1&V030,%'%0,=:6(9%020%*5(21*)%2026.,01*=0)',)*9:6'(2( 

  #05(30.&02$>0,&0(3'.,&0.&(01&603(3B(.1')'(.&*5(,610%'&03-'.0.1'(2*-6&62*  =   + &  =  9  
(,&0.5*5',%6(,&V02(.6.1'020%02&(5(,6, C%*2.*&(.(2:6((,%(2020H*,>0,&0<*4021*.30,
%'%0,
  
)0<'.0:6(9%*21*.,'5(202(:6'B03(.&(,3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,  +  =   +  93*,'.&(210);'J',+* 
  
,(09(3     +  %0,00,(25(&6.*B'V=(3      +  %0,00,(2&6=* 
0&6203)(.&(9(3(,&65'*5(3*,'.&27.<6'3',5((,&(   5(10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,%6(G

!!'0"'!"67""!4&!)+&'$!&7+)"()&$

 
  





5(%30.&(02,(5(,5(&6%6.&*5(B',&0*5(,5((3%6.&*5(B',&05(&6.*B'V3'+"45&%"%&%%'

 =  

 


 
!   !

 = 

&  =  &  = 

•3.@)(2*A6A&03:6(

M
  
6= = = 
M
 


'.5'10:6(2(1';(,MC%*2   :6(   ,6B(.1')'(.&*


5(,5( (3 '.,&0.&( &  =   >0,&0 (3 '.,&0.&( &  =  + * ,(09 (3 %01&* !
B'(.(05(1'2:6(1050(62*5(3'.,&0.&( &  =  (:6'B03(0M(62*, 
5(3'.,&0.&(&  =  N

 +  ≈   +  ⇒ +  ≈ 


M +  &  =  &  = 

(A6A,(5'1(:6((,(3     5(3'.&(2B03*# &  =  + &  = $ 


•3.@)(2*A'A&03:6(



M
 −    − 
' = 6 − = − =  = = M
  
'.5'10:6(1*;20,MC%*2   :6(   ,6B(.1')'(.&* 
5(,5((3'.,&0.&( &  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&( &  =  (A'A,(5'1(:6(
(,(3    5(3'.&(2B03* # &  =  + &  = $ N(?%2(,0 
(3 06)(.&* &*&03 5( 10%'&03 %*2 1050 (62* :6(   8   9 ,6
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  &  =  &  = 

•3.@)(2*A ρA &03:6(
  − 
'  
M
ρ= = = M = &<α
&  − & −
'.5'10 :6( 1*;20, M C 0.603(, %*2     :6(    ,6
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =   


 α
( A ρA ,(5'1(:6((,(3      5(3'.G
&(2B03*# &  =  + &  = $ N(?%2(,0(3   5(10%'&03%*210G
50(62*:6( 8   9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( &  =  &  =  &  = 
>0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  = 




    


"
 
 

 = 

"

 =  


 
#  

&  =  &  = 

•3.@)(2*6 W &03:6(


 
6W = = = M = 
   6 
'.5'10 :6( &6 .*B'V 2(1';( M  C %*2     :6(    ,6
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( &  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&( &  =  +*,(09
(3 %01&* B'(.( 0 5(1'2 :6( 1050 (62* 5(3 '.,&0.&( &  =   (:6'B03( 0
M (62*,5(3'.,&0.&(&  =  N "


M
 +  ≈   +  ⇒ M +  ≈ + 
(6 W ,(5'1(:6((,(3      5(3'.&(2B03* &  =  &  = 
# &  =  + &  = $ N(?%2(,0305',)'.61'/.&*&035(10%'&03%*2 1050 6.'G
5055(10%'&03:6(   8   9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  

•3.@)(2*' W&03:6(

−    − 
'W =  − 6W =  −  =  = = M
   


'.5'10 :6( &6 .*B'V %0<0 M C %*2     :6(    8 
):
 9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  
M
(' W ,(5'1(:6((,(3     5(3'.&(2B03*
# &  =  + &  = $ N(?%2(,0305',)'.61'/.&*&035(10%'&03%*21050(62*
:6(   8   9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( &  =  >0,G &  =  &  = 
&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  


•3.@)(2*ρ W &03:6(
  − 
ρW = ' W =  = M = &<β 
&  − & −
'.5'10:6(&6.*B'V%0<0MC0.603(,%*2   :6(  
,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =   ):


( ρ W  ,( 5'1( :6( (, (3           β
M
5(3'.&(2B03*# &  =  + &  = $ N(?%2(,0(330   5(10G
%'&03 %*2 1050 6.'505 5( 10%'&03 :6(    8   9 ,6 B(.1'G
&  =  &  = 
)'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  



"#$%&$'"()*"#)+"'),-.)/(#$
*.,'5(20:6((2(,%2*%'(&02'*5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*# + &  $ =:6'(2(,   >0,&06.'.,G
&0.&( &  %*,&(2'*20 & ,7930,1*,0,91*.,'5(20:6('.&(210);'0,&610%'&03# + &  $ %*2(310%'&03 #  + &  $

%2*%'(5055(6.;0.1*9%01&0.5*:6(303(=5(10%'&03'401'/.()%3(050(,  =   + X# &  − & $ 9,'(.5* 
X > 9 %*23*:6(  > 9%6(, + X# &  − & $ > 9=0:6(&  − &  > .&0310,*9%020(3'.&(2B03*# &+ &  $9(,N


   +    −   
 ≡ 
    =

ρ ≡ 
    =


  − 
=


 ≡ 
    =  =
  


   −  
  − 
=


=  +    −  


   +    −  

≡  
    =  −  =  +    −   −  =    −  

= 
 =
 +    −   
    −  
 ≡  
    =  −  =  − =
 +    −    +    −   

ρ ≡ 
    =  =
  −    +    −  

"#$%&$'"()*"#)+"'),-'0/(1$.*"
*.,'5(20:6((2(,%2*%'(&02'*5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*# + &  $ =:6'(2(,   >0,&06.'.,G
&0.&( &  %*,&(2'*20 & 9 ,7930,1*,0,91*.,'5(20:6('.&(210);'0,&610%'&03 # + &  $ %*2(310%'&03 #  + &  $
 
%2*%'(505 5( 6. ;0.1*9 %01&0.5* :6( 30 3(= 5( 10%'&03'401'/. ()%3(050 (,   =    +   −  9 ,'(.5*


 
X > 9 %*23*:6(  > 9%6(,  +   − 
> 9=0:6( + X > = &  − &  > .&0310,*9%020(3'.&(2B03*
# &+ &  $9(,N

 ≡ 
    =
& −&
   +  
=
 
=  + & − &  
 

 
≡  
    =  −  =  + & − & − 

 +  & − & − 


ρ ≡ 
    = =
  −    − 

 ≡ 
    =

=

 
=  + −# & − &$ = 
 
   + & − &



 ≡  
    =  −  =  −  +  −# & − &$

  −  +  −# & − &$
ρ ≡ 
    = =
  −    − 


2   !
  
)0<'.0:6(B'B')*,(.(30H* &  =  =:6(&6.*B'V&'(.(6.0   5(  =  C(.(3;*3,'33*+*,(09
 
(,%2*%'(&02'V5(3       =  + &  =  9:6((,6.   ,%6(,(3 
5(,6,C1*'.1'5(1*.(3'.,&0.&(01&603N =<0,&J2G
,(3*,(.,6<6, ,730,1*,0,91*.,'5(20.*3(<6,&0.3*,,6<6,=:6(9.*&(.'(.5*.050)(8*2:6(>01(2
 
1*.,610%'&03%2(,(.&(  =  + &  =  9      ,=5(1'5(  


#2(&20,02$,6B(.1')'(.&*,'3(%0<0.%*2&0.(.*2)(,012'-'1'*
 
)0<'.0 :6( %*,((, (3        =  + &  =  9 :6( (, 6.    , %6(, (3  

 &  =  5(&6,C(,%*,&(2'*203'.,&0.&(01&603N 


 ,&'(.(,:6((,%(202 −  =  0H*,%020%*5(25',%*.(25(30160.&705(C ,730,1*,0,91*.G



,'5(20:6((2(,05'1&*03*,,6<6,=:6(9%020%*5(21*)%202&(6.&20'3(2=0)',)*9:6'(2(,   #05(G
 
30.&02$ >0,&0 (3 '.,&0.&( 01&603 (3 B(.1')'(.&* 5( &6 10%'&03 -'.0.1'(2* -6&62*  =  + &  =  9 (,&0.5*
5',%6(,&*02(.6.1'020%02&(5(&6,C%*2.*&(.(2:6((,%(2020H*,>0,&0<*4021*.3*,,6<6,
)0<'.0:6(9%*21*.,'5(202(:6'B03(.&(,3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,  + =  + 9 3*,'.&(210);'J',+*
,(09(3     +  %0,00,(2&6=*=(3     +  %0,00,(25(&6.*B'V9
0&6203)(.&(9(3(,&65'*5(3*,'.&27.<6'3',5((,&(   5(10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,%6(G
5(%30.&(02,(5(,5(&6%6.&*5(B',&0*5(,5((3%6.&*5(B',&05(&6.*B'V3'+"45&%"%&%%'
!!'0"'!"67""!4&!)+&'$!&7+)"()&$

 
  
 
 "
 
 


 
 = 
#  

 =  "

&  =  &  = 

•3.@)(2*A BA &03:6( 
 
B= = = M
 


'.5'10:6(2(1';(,M C%*2   :6(   ,6B(.1')'(.&*


5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  +*,(09(3%01&*B'(.( "
M
0 5(1'2 :6( 1050 (62* 5(3 '.,&0.&( &  =   (:6'B03( 0 M (62*, 5(3
'.,&0.&(&  =  N
 +  ≈  + ⇒ M +  ≈ + &  =  &  = 

(ABA,(5'1(:6((,(3   5(3'.&(2B03*# & = + &  = $ N(?%2(,0305',)'.61'/.&*&035(


10%'&03%*210506.'5055(10%'&03:6(   8   9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( &  =  >0,&0
(3'.,&0.&(&  = 



•3.@)(2*A5A&03:6(
  −   − 
5 = − B = − = = = M
   
'.5'10 :6( %0<0, M C %*2     :6(    #0.&'1'%0$ ,6 M
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( &  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&( &  =  (A5A
,( 5'1( :6( (, (3     5(3 '.&(2B03* # & = + &  = $ N
(?%2(,0 30 5',)'.61'/. &*&03 5( 10%'&03 %*2 1050 (62* :6(   &  =  &  = 
8   9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5(&  =  >0,&0&  =  


•3.@)(2*AδA&03:6(
 −  
δ= 5 =  = M = &<θ
&  − & −

'.5'10 :6( %0<0, M C 0.603(, %*2     :6(    ,6 


B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  
θ


M
(  δ  ,(5'1(:6((,(3    5(3'.&(2B03*
# & = + &  = $ N(?%2(,0(330   5(10%'&03%*21050
6.'505 5( 10%'&03 :6(    8   9 ,6 B(.1')'(.&* 5(,5( (3 &  =  &  = 
'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =  




    
  = 
 !




!  

•3.@)(2*BW&03:6(

BW =
 
=
 
= M 

 = 
!

&  =  &  = 

M 

'.5'10:6(&6.*B'V2(1';(M  C%*2   :6(   ,6B(.G


1')'(.&* 5(,5( (3 '.,&0.&( &  =   >0,&0 (3 '.,&0.&( &  =  + * ,(09 (3
!
%01&*B'(.(05(1'2:6(1050(62*5(3'.,&0.&( &  =  (:6'B03(0M  

(62*,5(3'.,&0.&(&  =  N

  ≈   ⇒   ≈ 
 &  =  &  = 

(BW,(5'1(:6((,(3     5(3'.&(2B03*# & = + &  = $ 


•3.@)(2*5W&03:6(
M 
−   − 


5W = B W − =  −  =  = = M 
  

'.5'10 :6( &6 .*B'V 1*;20 M   C %*2     :6(    ,6 :


B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =   
( A'A ,( 5'1( :6( (, (3      5(3 '.&(2B03*
# & = + &  = $ N(?%2(,0(306)(.&*&*&035(10%'&03%*21050(62*:6(
&  =  &  = 
 8   9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5(&  =  >0,&0&  = 

•3.@)(2* δ &03:6(


M 
 − 
δW = 5 W =  = M = &<γ
&  − & −
:
'.5'10:6(&6.*B'V1*;20M C0.603(,%*2   :6(  
,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(&  =  >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(&  =    γ

( δ  ,( 5'1( :6( (, (3          5(3
'.&(2B03* # &  =  + &  = $ N (?%2(,0 (3    5( 10%'&03 %*2 &  =  &  = 
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