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& = 5( ,6, C (, %*,&(2'*2 03 '.,&0.&( 01&603N
,&'(.(:6((,%(202 − = 0H*,%020%*5(25',%*.(25(30160.&705( C,730,1*G
,0,91*.,'5(20:6(&6.*B'V(,05'1&V030,%'%0,=:6(9%020%*5(21*)%2026.,01*=0)',)*9:6'(2(
#05(30.&02$>0,&0(3'.,&0.&(01&603(3B(.1')'(.&*5(,610%'&03-'.0.1'(2*-6&62*
= + & = 9
(,&0.5*5',%6(,&V02(.6.1'020%02&(5(,6, C%*2.*&(.(2:6((,%(2020H*,>0,&0<*4021*.30,
%'%0,
)0<'.0:6(9%*21*.,'5(202(:6'B03(.&(,3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*, + = + 93*,'.&(210);'J',+*
,(09(3 + %0,00,(25(&6.*B'V=(3 + %0,00,(2&6=*
0&6203)(.&(9(3(,&65'*5(3*,'.&27.<6'3',5((,&(
5(10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,%6(G
!!'0"'!"67""!4&!)+&'$!&7+)"()&$
5(%30.&(02,(5(,5(&6%6.&*5(B',&0*5(,5((3%6.&*5(B',&05(&6.*B'V3'+"45&%"%&%%'
=
! !
=
& = & =
•3.@)(2*A6A&03:6(
M
6= = =
M
M
−
−
' = 6 − = − = = = M
'.5'10:6(1*;20,MC%*2 :6( ,6B(.1')'(.&*
5(,5((3'.,&0.&( & = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&( & = (A'A,(5'1(:6(
(,(3 5(3'.&(2B03* # & = + & = $ N(?%2(,0
(3 06)(.&* &*&03 5( 10%'&03 %*2 1050 (62* :6( 8 9 ,6
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& = & = & =
•3.@)(2*A ρA &03:6(
−
'
M
ρ= = = M = &<α
& − & −
'.5'10 :6( 1*;20, M C 0.603(, %*2 :6( ,6
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
α
( A ρA ,(5'1(:6((,(3 5(3'.G
&(2B03*# & = + & = $ N(?%2(,0(35(10%'&03%*210G
50(62*:6( 8 9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( & = & = & =
>0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
"
=
"
=
#
& = & =
•3.@)(2*6 W &03:6(
6W = = = M =
6
'.5'10 :6( &6 .*B'V 2(1';( M C %*2 :6( ,6
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( & = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&( & = +*,(09
(3 %01&* B'(.( 0 5(1'2 :6( 1050 (62* 5(3 '.,&0.&( & = (:6'B03( 0
M (62*,5(3'.,&0.&(& = N "
M
+ ≈ + ⇒ M + ≈ +
(6 W ,(5'1(:6((,(3 5(3'.&(2B03* & = & =
# & = + & = $ N(?%2(,0305',)'.61'/.&*&035(10%'&03%*2 1050 6.'G
5055(10%'&03:6(89,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
•3.@)(2*' W&03:6(
−
−
'W = − 6W = − = = = M
'.5'10 :6( &6 .*B'V %0<0 M C %*2 :6( 8
):
9,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
M
(' W ,(5'1(:6((,(3 5(3'.&(2B03*
# & = + & = $ N(?%2(,0305',)'.61'/.&*&035(10%'&03%*21050(62*
:6(89,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( & = >0,G & = & =
&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
•3.@)(2*ρ W &03:6(
−
ρW = ' W = = M = &<β
& − & −
'.5'10:6(&6.*B'V%0<0MC0.603(,%*2 :6(
,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& = ):
( ρ W ,( 5'1( :6( (, (3 β
M
5(3'.&(2B03*# & = + & = $ N(?%2(,0(3305(10G
%'&03 %*2 1050 6.'505 5( 10%'&03 :6( 89 ,6 B(.1'G
& = & =
)'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
"#$%&$'"()*"#)+"'),-.)/(#$
*.,'5(20:6((2(,%2*%'(&02'*5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*#
+ & $ =:6'(2(, >0,&06.'.,G
&0.&( & %*,&(2'*20 &,7930,1*,0,91*.,'5(20:6('.&(210);'0,&610%'&03#
+ & $ %*2(310%'&03 #
+ & $
%2*%'(5055(6.;0.1*9%01&0.5*:6(303(=5(10%'&03'401'/.()%3(050(,
=
+ X# & − & $ 9,'(.5*
X > 9 %*23*:6(
>
9%6(, + X# & − & $ > 9=0:6(& − & > .&0310,*9%020(3'.&(2B03*# &+ & $9(,N
+ −
≡
=
ρ ≡
=
−
=
≡
= =
−
−
=
= + −
+ −
≡
= − = + − − = −
=
=
+ −
−
≡
= − = − =
+ − + −
ρ ≡
=
=
− + −
"#$%&$'"()*"#)+"'),-'0/(1$.*"
*.,'5(20:6((2(,%2*%'(&02'*5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2*#
+ & $ =:6'(2(, >0,&06.'.,G
&0.&( & %*,&(2'*20 & 9,7930,1*,0,91*.,'5(20:6('.&(210);'0,&610%'&03 #
+ & $ %*2(310%'&03 #
+ & $
%2*%'(505 5( 6. ;0.1*9 %01&0.5* :6( 30 3(= 5( 10%'&03'401'/. ()%3(050 (, = + − 9 ,'(.5*
X > 9 %*23*:6(
>
9%6(, + −
> 9=0:6( + X > = & − & > .&0310,*9%020(3'.&(2B03*
# &+ & $9(,N
≡
=
& −&
+
=
= + & − &
≡
= − = + & − & −
+ & − & −
ρ ≡
=
=
− −
≡
=
=
= + −# & − &$ =
+ & − &
≡
= − = − + −# & − &$
− + −# & − &$
ρ ≡
= =
− −
2 !
)0<'.0:6(B'B')*,(.(30H* & = =:6(&6.*B'V&'(.(6.05(
= C(.(3;*3,'33*+*,(09
(,%2*%'(&02'V5(3
= + & = 9:6((,6. ,%6(,(3
5(,6,C1*'.1'5(1*.(3'.,&0.&(01&603N=<0,&J2G
,(3*,(.,6<6,,730,1*,0,91*.,'5(20.*3(<6,&0.3*,,6<6,=:6(9.*&(.'(.5*.050)(8*2:6(>01(2
1*.,610%'&03%2(,(.&(
= + & = 9 ,=5(1'5(
#2(&20,02$,6B(.1')'(.&*,'3(%0<0.%*2&0.(.*2)(,012'-'1'*
)0<'.0 :6( %*,((, (3
= + & = 9 :6( (, 6. , %6(, (3
,'5(20:6((2(,05'1&*03*,,6<6,=:6(9%020%*5(21*)%202&(6.&20'3(2=0)',)*9:6'(2(, #05(G
30.&02$ >0,&0 (3 '.,&0.&( 01&603 (3 B(.1')'(.&* 5( &6 10%'&03 -'.0.1'(2* -6&62*
= + & = 9 (,&0.5*
5',%6(,&*02(.6.1'020%02&(5(&6,C%*2.*&(.(2:6((,%(2020H*,>0,&0<*4021*.3*,,6<6,
)0<'.0:6(9%*21*.,'5(202(:6'B03(.&(,3*,10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*, + = + 9 3*,'.&(210);'J',+*
,(09(3 + %0,00,(2&6=*=(3 + %0,00,(25(&6.*B'V9
0&6203)(.&(9(3(,&65'*5(3*,'.&27.<6'3',5((,&(
5(10%'&03(,-'.0.1'(2*,%6(G
5(%30.&(02,(5(,5(&6%6.&*5(B',&0*5(,5((3%6.&*5(B',&05(&6.*B'V3'+"45&%"%&%%'
!!'0"'!"67""!4&!)+&'$!&7+)"()&$
"
=
#
= "
& = & =
•3.@)(2*A BA &03:6(
B= = = M
•3.@)(2*A5A&03:6(
−
−
5 = − B = − = = = M
'.5'10 :6( %0<0, M C %*2 :6( #0.&'1'%0$ ,6 M
B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&( & = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&( & = (A5A
,( 5'1( :6( (, (3 5(3 '.&(2B03* # & = + & = $ N
(?%2(,0 30 5',)'.61'/. &*&03 5( 10%'&03 %*2 1050 (62* :6( & = & =
89,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5(& = >0,&0& =
•3.@)(2*AδA&03:6(
−
δ= 5 = = M = &<θ
& − & −
M
( δ ,(5'1(:6((,(3 5(3'.&(2B03*
# & = + & = $ N(?%2(,0(3305(10%'&03%*21050
6.'505 5( 10%'&03 :6( 89 ,6 B(.1')'(.&* 5(,5( (3 & = & =
'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
=
!
!
•3.@)(2*BW&03:6(
BW =
=
= M
=
!
& = & =
M
≈ ⇒ ≈
& = & =
5W = B W − = − = = = M
•3.@)(2* δ
&03:6(
M
−
δW = 5 W = = M = &<γ
& − & −
:
'.5'10:6(&6.*B'V1*;20M C0.603(,%*2 :6(
,6B(.1')'(.&*5(,5((3'.,&0.&(& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& = γ
( δ
,( 5'1( :6( (, (3 5(3
'.&(2B03* # & = + & = $ N (?%2(,0 (3 5( 10%'&03 %*2 & = & =
1050 (62* :6( 8 9 ,6 B(.1')'(.&* 5(,5( (3 '.,&0.&(
& = >0,&0(3'.,&0.&(& =
"#$%&$&$.'1$-*0.)/(#$'0/$3')"#
*.,'5(20:6((2(,%2*%'(&02'*5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2* #
+ & $ =:6'(2(, >0,&06.
'.,&0.&( &0.&(2'*20 & ,7930,1*,0,91*.,'5(20:6('.&(210);'0,&610%'&03#
+ & $ %*2(310%'&03#
+ & $
%2*%'(505 5( 6. ;0.1*9 %01&0.5* :6( 30 3(= 5( 5(,16(.&* ()%3(050 (,
=
− X# & − &$ 9 ,'(.5*
< X < E# & − & $9%*23*:6(
<
9=0:6( < − X# & − & $ <
.&0310,*9%020(3'.&(2B03*# &+ & $9(,N
≡
=
− −
=
= − −
≡
= − = − − − = −
δ ≡
= = − =
− −
≡
= = =
=
− − − −
−
≡
= − =
δ ≡
=
"#$%&$&$.'1$-*0'0/(1$.*0
− −
=
− =
− −
− − −
≡
=
−
−
= = − −
≡
= − = − − −
δ ≡
= =
− −
− −
≡
=
=
= − − − =
−
−
≡
= − = − − − − =
δ ≡
= =
− − − −
− −
"#$%&$&$.'1$-*03"')0-"#
*.,'5(20:6((2(,%2*%'(&02'*5(310%'&03-'.0.1'(2* #
+ & $ =:6'(2(, >0,&06.
'.,&0.&( &0.&(2'*20 & ,7930,1*,0,91*.,'5(20:6('.&(210);'0,&610%'&03#
+ & $ %*2(310%'&03#
+ & $
%2*%'(505 5( 6. ;0.1*9 %01&0.5* :6( 30 3(= 5( 5(,16(.&* ()%3(050 (,
= 9 ,'(.5* X > 9
+ X# & − & $
%*23*:6(
<
9=0:6( + X# & − & $ > 9%6(,& > &
.&0310,*9%020(3'.&(2B03*# &+ & $9(,N
"
" ' + # − '
≡
= = =
" " ' + # −
' # −
≡ $%
= ' − = ' − =
' + # − ' + # −
δ ≡ &
= = #
− ' + # −
" "
= ' + # − = '
( ≡
=
δ ( ≡ &
=
"
=
−
"
' + # −
−
( ≡ $%
= ( −' = ' + # − − ' = # −
( = # − = #
)*+
+
!
,
%-
) ρ)
*
δ
*
) +)
+ −
−
*
) )
+ −
ρ
*
δ
+ −