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    15 views19 pages

    2 Rectif - 1 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Maurizio Falcone

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19
    PRACTICAL RECTIFIERS 4-1 The vacuum diode ‘The vacuum diode comprises hot etode surrounded by & rect ode iside an evacuated enclosure, usually lass as ‘etched in Fig 49. At sufiienly high temperatures electrons tre emied from the cahode and are tracted tthe poniive Stode. Electrons moving Ivo the cathode to the anode coma tate scares they do au when the ana spake with reper FIGURE 41 Curent chet of an ie to the cathede. When the anode i negative with reapect wo the ‘ithe, elatons are rep bythe sade a the reverse ct {eatin sro. The spce between the sede and cathode i exact ted, wo that electrons may move beoeeen the electrodes ne ‘ded by costo wth yar molecales. “Cathodes in vacuum diode ake several dierent forme. ‘The free electrons in any conductor given stent energy by heing. wil ecape Irom the wold. Some materials ste muck moe tt factory inthis respect than others, however either because His ‘elativey ea for electrons to espe becuse the material a tafe) withstand high temperatures. Tungsten, for example ft tefl cathode materi, cia retsine te mechanical rent shenreme temperatures. A thn layer af thin onthe aurlice (Of 3 angen cathode flamentincreses elect eeision, and Speedie curent anne a temperatures of about 108°K, “Tis finm of calade & diroaly bested by an eee curten the sway the Elen in am ocaescent lamp Teed in vce “decesautble for highvahage applicaions. ‘he conventional ‘symbol fora vacuum dode of thistype shown in Fig. 8 "The modern aaidecowed cathode, which consis of @ meal ‘sleeve cated with inte of baum and aronthy onde, the most efbaent electron emitter developed dae. Copions ee ton emision is obuaned t temperatures near 1OWK, whic ‘means thatthe power Feqused i muxh less than for tungsten, ‘sual the oxide cathodes ndirety heated by a separate heater located inside the metal sleeve, as Ia Fg. 42 Ths boats the Inater curren elecclly from she ethos connection, which considerable advantage in eleetonic circus Alb, an ac heater IGURE 42 shah of exude ‘current may be wed without introducing undesirable temperature ‘artons in the eathode atthe Frequency ofthe Renter current (Oxide cathodes are employed inthe great majority of sacs tuber The heater wr ofen omited ip dhe conventional crit Seba, Fig. 3h, sine ie po dee ave part a the air. ‘When the anode is negative wih espect othe cathode, the lee son current aero andthe reverse character emetic ‘tan ideal diode. ‘The forward characters determined by ‘he modon of lecuons inthe space between the cathode and the anode when the anode has postive potential For simpli. “onsider a plane cahode and a plane pall anode separated by {Tasance das in Fig. 4 Asfune thatthe potential diference ‘etween anode and cathode is y and that electons ae ented hom the cathode with zero veloc, which is very nearly tue in practic, Tone electron is present in the cathowe-anode space, it exper ences fore caused by the electric field Yald and i uniformly Seckerned othe anode, The toa curren not the sim of fhe currents de to many individual electrons, however, ‘The GRE 43. Ch yb fo ct ie of flor @ @ fo ce ea | ede {eter number of electrons emitted frm the cathode so reat thatthe tlecric feds due to the electton charges dealer the Tor fd fd se wp by the applied vokage “Therefore, the ef a fect of al the eeceone mis be consider simultaneously. This Idone by apphing Poin quation hich i asclly efor thon of Contr aw seating eerie ld 0 charge distin ‘The woluton of Poisons equation ves the potential Pac pin ina region comcaining a volume deny of charge Here at the number of electrons por weit volume, and #8 the charge on cach electron. Teone dimension, susable for Fig (ch Powons ‘equation writen ww ‘The current deny berween calhce and anode is from Ba 13), Jo-w a where isthe velocity ofthe electrons andthe mi sg secu for the negaive change ofthe electrons Acordia wo the define tio of penal (work pet unit charge) the Sine energy of an ecru at any pin related tothe potenti at that pithy Yom = as) here mis he electronic mass. Inducing the current density from £4, (4 ana v trom Ba {45} Poisson’ uation Become B-2-16)" wo “The wl thie Werenial equation for Vis mts ws wert sae. nang thatthe elestric field atthe cathode is zero, These approxima: ts are quite accurate in practi des, Since we are interested in dhe current between cathode and anode, puts d'and Y= Fin, (85) and ove for he err Sensity. The ees is $C a0) “This equation, town a le, show ta te cre ai asthe power ofthe vokaye, rather than asthe br power, 2 ‘in Obms'tsw." ‘The currentvelage chractertic of 4 vacuum CURE #5: Cornessgs ie sca dish ee doe is therefore a horizontal line in the reverse dvecion and 4. (66) in he forward divecson, se shown in Fig 43 “Actually the forward chsracterisis of prt vacum odes separt somewhat fron E5(65) bees the elses are nor ‘aly oyindial rather dan planar and Beaute of them pic ons inoduced im deriving Child law- For thi reasua the {onward charsceristis of practical diode are determined expe mentally, ‘These chareenate currentwokage curves ave re ‘coed graphially in manufacturers complains kaon a abe mona “According to Chit’ lw, the current density in a vac diode ‘depends upon the separation d between ale and cate ell upon the anode voltage In aon, the wal cusvent of any “ide varies tec wih ie aren ofthe eathode Ths tips Me to obtain diferent curreot voltage characteris by akering the geomenic shape of the anode and eathoe. "Two amples of pratieal diode characterises are gen in Fg. The type BUH diode is 2 mediumpower reer the type IV2 dade designed for highvotage low-eurtent power suppiicn. The ‘de-cathode separation Js coosierabe tm the 1V2 in order to Iniimize the pouty of a discharge passing between sone sd Cathode onthe reverse portonofthewltge ele Consequently. the eurent inthe forward direction s much amar than inthe {se forthe SUS in confor with Cuil’ aw The 304i de figned for ue at lover vayes, 6 the separation between anode and cathode m sina. "The forma caren coreapondingly {renter athe sume forward olay. CURE 6 srl rad haf Iw ac dr ae wah ifr ac Steet omen To any praca vacuum diode the reverse current is nat aly zero, beats of eka carent on he suas ofthe as ne {tors and sir secondary elfecsTypicaly the teserse test nee i ofthe order of 10 MAb. Since dhe forward resistance say be of the order of 100422" s stale operating eter the ratio ofthe reverse resance tthe forward resianee, a the Yrcifatan ra, is apprecibte "The interelectrode copacianee tetveen the cathode and anode limits the nxn reuency st which a vacuum diode i useful"The eathde-inode capaci feactance is eHectively in parallel wih the ckctron cuenta tends to short ou the reverse restance at high feqlences (ue Rare 13). 42 The junation dodo As wil be shown in Chap. 6, the ain of certain forcign stows to otherwise pave semiconductor materials wh ss ger or sien produces tee eectna which cary doce en “A yemiconductor crystal containing auch Toren sons is ale an epectytalbecatse a the negative charge af the current ‘arying electrons. Sines by incorporating certain eer Kinde ‘of foreign atoms the semicon appears cont current by postive curren carries. Such > ey called 4 spe on dior because the curent cater have + postive charge Ie pout change from type to pay condi nthe ane ‘exysal by introducing an abrupt change from one impurity type to the other across a given region of the semiconductor. “The jue ton beeen an inp region and # pnp sepon im a sem Scorers cles po, ry go een The feafingeharaeict of anton de Cb deed {he flowing way. lon inthe mype tego tad de ito the paype jon ath ncn neg thi competed by ‘Sino of consindc Nese det. foe amir, ‘Bough iporant. concenmon of trons inthe prope Since the cancion of ecco ch fares the maype ter tan nthe pgp, he ton cure om hen eon ‘ould dominate it were not for the presen f 8 posal oe ihe janeton nich reduces the curent Bow in hs don ‘The polar and magi ofthis iva potential ference ae sch arto make the tro coren aa A sul angeren ppc to the pote carries clnsug the onto beeen the hd pepo ‘When the pe jnction sin equiv the intereal potent tarver ext tne the mand eons since cheat cal in Tig 7a The uci, aul rom cero dif {rem the msde vel octet nich ner ome tras lentng the pode” Suppose tom an excl petal ‘pled the jrtion sa nse the ere bre, asin Fig 47h “The nuber of eictoneeing erste uncon from the » region ach reduced sae very few ler hae slit energy to sarmount de bger potest bier On the “aer hand the mumber moving tom We pote ee nua. feted Heer these cetrons enous o bres Thus net oven exit ts inte the sal sue etre {hep region. Ihe polity af he externa potential every Fig 17th interna bare reduced Farge cs he ‘ber of eeeroneimthen eon sogres Aga telecon Coren ftom paypeto ype remus ated, The meta {env in thie ces ung and correspond toh forward dircton “The revere polity teens the fen heir ae eel cetyl crn in determining the cherent-volge character of he onion diode, te mane comsideatons apply tothe cea ced by the pose tavern ott ce by ero, the ond Carre thetum ofthe wn Yorusng aun en the cont fr the curren fom the prin othe Foon proportional tothe clean conenrtion the p region heat bain, ten vehere Cy contan inven the jncton area and properties tthe semiconductor cepa which are not ore interes hee “The minus signin Eq (17) accounts forthe negative charge a the electron. Aeonding tthe preceding dacnson, fis de pendent of the applied potenti! The current fy fom the» {de tothe ps, proportional tothe muir af scion in the region with suet energy to surmount the barrier Th FIGURE 4.7 Creat aro «pu con dade ‘je hoff i in, ch (omer ei) rae by "rao unber iy te determine frum the Bolton dition, Which roites che concentrations in two regions having deren potential energies That, 1a —Cngestvrr us) where nthe concentration of elec in them tego, andthe ‘exponential represent the Rotman relation, When the ape Potential iszevo, ff Prom Fas. (4-Tband (8) ween ‘The net learn curren is therefore heh k a Ce = 1) cern — 1) 410) ‘An. identical expression can be derived for the positive carrier ‘herent The reat ie Le Ginter™— 1) aun where fs the concenuation of pov carter in dhe ween Sd Cis consane analogous o 6, The tol crtents thea (OF Ege. (410) and 11, Bekah, = int Caaierer— ty a) mer) (413) sige icin heria, on (14 seagate ‘pt yn a epi se Spt ae Ser" eg Ss a ure eo : FICURE 4S Caetonge hari ff jest eg iret, ‘wns out char expevimenal current-voltage characterinice of Pract jandion dhodes are i goo agrecmem with the rece uation, "Te juncion dei very neatly an ideal rectier forthe vot ages commonly encauatered ia praia applications. "This ot te timated by compuring the currencvaloge charaterstcs ‘ofa pal siicon juncion diode wit the type SU vars diode, Tig. UO. Nate thatthe vlage drop inthe foresrd directions ‘ch ss forthe junction dade. The sie of thi juncion ion out 2 mints the justin ode physcaly very meh smaller than the acwusa diode A third mar advantage of te seman Aurion devices that a hoe eathode fn required. This mens that heater power is aoe waved and so that no warmup dine i necessary ater applying power the ere, ‘The reverse current of a pm juneton is somewhat greater than that of the vacuum die ldougl ii al sal nou to be neglgble. OF grester concer the fact thatthe revere str hmiors PIGURE $9 Ferand artis of ion E Pru recor INI, ad voc { cry ‘bod p30, rent incteases rapidly wih temperature, According to Egy LC Co ay Sabactuting from Bq (49) an ies equivalen forthe pase t= =I beam ete” (45) According to Bg. (4:15. the reverse cutent of a janction diode inereaes exponentially as the temperature incresey Esch hough fs of the order of only 10 je at room temperature for typi silicon diode he rapid creme ncaa that sy ees temperature se can be toerated. Sion jection deny for example, are inoperative above about 200%. Juncron ales Used circus at power level abe fem wats or waa cole Imorder wo dsapate joo bea canned by the curve nthe de vice. ts common pracice to ath jnstion des mh Imetal eat sinks havtng aditor Gas conduct the edt sy From the dade, Inspite a dee temperature sensi, acharateri common to mast semicondacar devices, junction des ave extremely good retirs and enjoy wade appcuin. Commerc jason floes are made of either sllon or yermaniutn by press sini lupo thse deserted in Chap. 6. Praia devices we completely neapslated to protect the semiconductor suace fom catand raion. Thisis accomplished by plaving the dade in sal neta Gan file with an inet ataspere or by encasing the ode psc. Because of ther superior eketialcharacensis, sean 2nd germanium junction diodes have largely supplanted oer forms of semiconductor reciers made of selena or copper ‘ide. interesting to note that dhe lauerretfiers were the first commercially usa semiconductor devices The ecu) bol fal semiconductor ioe, gven in Fi. 4-10, hasan ate {o indicate the dtection of conventional forward carent in the deve ree xeriremran ($) ‘The excelent forward conductiviy ofa junction means ta prattcl diodes can be quite small Therefre the say eapacine eactinees are correspondingly small und junction diodes ate use: ful at high Trequences ‘Thi feature enhanced in fmntcontc odes, in which a metal probe = pled in contact wa sm conductor eryal- During procenseg a minute ptr is Formed immediately ander te point. Such ny deve an oper teat Frequencies corresponding to zalimeter wavelengths nd Brewed, or example. n radar and highspeed compute cst ‘Apical poinccomtcs oe is shown in Fg 4-11 PIGURE $14 Poiscot gl bode oe, (Cat Ole ‘iar Cary RECTIFIER ciRcUITS 42. Hattwave rector An clementary recifer cit, Fig. 4-12, as 9 vaca ode in series han ae source and a restive lead, ‘Whea the polarity to he source makes the anode pstve with respect tothe athe ‘he diode conducts and produces a cures ithe la On the 4 reverse half-eyele the diode does not conduct and the current is ero. The ouput euerent i dhercore 4 succession of haeine waves 2s ndated nF 4-12 and Whe cra called alae Teeter, The average value of the Dall-ine waves i lay ero, that he output eureen has de component. That the Fut sine wave ha ben resicd FIGURE 412. Fleer hls srr rt ‘The curent in the drei is determined from the voage equ: vein ‘ where the voltage srs the dio. Song for, 16) wm a ‘This equation and Chi’ aw, Bg (1), aut he sled to deer sine the current which sasies bth equations. Acta, deol Son i carved out graphy. becuse the current vote charac teristic of «praca! vacuum dhe i determined experswental. Starting with a given antanenus valve tthe inp wake ry P1GURE 413 rari ba ie wh Eq, (17) is plowed together withthe character cunve of the diode, ‘The plot of Bg (17) ie nraight line thew Fg 4413, with a Slope “1K, and intercept at v= sya a = oe ‘The imtersecion ofthis welled ln withthe shode crac: rei gives the cuenta the ne the insuntaneous inp le age isos the input volage swings through the pie hall ‘ofthe cele the current at every itn canbe detersined fro Similar load line having a vltage iterceptcoresponing to the Jsantancousvoage af the source, ‘A pt ofthe enrrent as a function of applied welage, Fig. 4-14, Isciled the deat heat ofthe cist These hare FIGURE 416 Gore fr smal bese (ean ter ams are li, which i simply the current witage eure ofthe dio, aid the dynam characterise differ beeae ofthe vohage drop actus ‘he lad stance The vallage drop reduces the aoe tathode ential for» gen input vole “The ym characterise ca be used to plo the urzent wae form resting fom an inp voltage mavetonn, tated iy Fig '-14. Inparcula, if the input voleage eshwsoisl, the ut Pt current i not sy &halsize wave bees of eurvate othe diode charac For any purpuses however, this curate Imay be iyared and the forwatd characteristic veplaced by stagh ne approximating the We cuve- nth cite te ode ‘stepnesenied by a fxed Fesistance Rin the forward detion The approximate current inthe ctl oay then be ound tnmed ‘nel fom Ea, (18) she replacing m by fy 4-4 Fulkwave rectifier ‘The hala rectifier is inaive duving neha ofthe input pele ani therefore less ecient tha sponse. By arranging two ides asin Fig. 418 s0 that each de conducts om acre ee balcyles, falte rectication venus ‘This ix accomplished Dy using a centertapped watsormer winding. ‘Then the ede (of dive Dy is postive wt exper othe cent tap (abd Hence ls cathode) when the anode ot nde Ds negative with espe te center Up. On the alternate hateyele, the conditions are reversed so that the outpat-eurent wavelorm Fg. 410, ha nly momentary zero values, n contrat othe hall-nsve cra ‘ DAA FIGURE 416. Wer pw wie ‘The falvave vce, a widely ed ru, ca be anabyeed exc a in the case ofthe halfwane reifer Note tht each ‘inde inthe dager of Fig. 415 rust withstand the fll en fend volage of the tanstormer nding ‘Therefore the fo tore vologe rang ofthe ddr mse beat ea twice he peak ote bar PE pt wokage, “This is usualy ot 2 serious drawback expe for rei designed to operate at highest voltages, Comparing the ‘ntput waveforms of halwave an fllwave rchien, igs #12 nd 16, revels that the frames requency equals heap ‘age in the half wave rectifier buts tice the suppl frequen) in he cs of he fullaaveceui ‘Thre an ingore cose sion in power-supply deus a wile detonate! later Section. "The center tapped tansormer in the fall nave cit ‘Supplies current on boll haleyeer of the in vleage, which Pets more efficient sansformer design than possible inthe fase ofthe hallwave cuit Note, however, thatthe outp Yole ‘ge only one hal the ttl vate the rnslorme seedy 45° bridge rection Fallrive rectification without a entertapped tratsforme i posible wi the bridge vate, Fg. 17. The operation of thi ‘Srcuit may be dese by easing the carsent on atenate bale ‘les ofthe iar vliage. Suppose, for example, she upper te tinal of the transformer is ponive, This many that ode Dy ‘nds, as doce diode Dy ad euvent is present the od te: Stor. On the aerate halfycte diodes Dy snd Dy conde ne the curren divetion inthe load resistance tthe spe a before “The vhlage acess, corrypond to fll wave retiiation ad the peak tooge i qual tothe transfor voltage les theo ‘ental drop across the diodes ‘Note hat if vacuum diodes ae wed ina bride rete circuit the heater currents must be supplied Kom separate ounces since the dode ithe are aa tthe se poten Fr thi feson ici common to employ neon diode inthis cca. Sine two diodes are in series with the load, the opt sage is reduce by twice the diode drop. On the other hand, the peak inverse age rating ofthe diodes need ony be elt the trannies ‘olage, in contrat tothe previous fallwane creuie 4-5 Voltage doubler Consider the Grit of Fig. 418, wich eno diodes ae com: recied to the same vole Source but inthe oppasie sense On the hallyce daring which the appr terminal atthe soaree ! 4 FICURE 4.18 Vetoes aor ls devia og sual tice fon | ‘me posh, dade D, conducts ae cpactor Gy charges wo the peak auc of the input vokage. On the revere haleyele D, conducts nd C, aan charges to the Fal Spat Meanie, the ‘dhange oC; retained, sine the penal across Dy bin the we ‘verse direction. Thun bth Cand Cy charge tothe peak supply Tolle and the de outa volage equal to twice the peak apt kage. Accordingly. ths crea called rege dou "The whuve uly apps tothe cine men wo current is de vee te ad When ond rete comet cent is supplied by the dinchage of the eapacies On alternate ha ‘ler the capacitory ate sabacquenty echanged This implies, bowever tha dhe nutpt voltage under Ind sno longer de Dut fn an ae component Ueistovessry to make the cpactance of {ae large enough to minimize this vation n ost ot tte. thing io acount the current drain and the supply fe quency The fering action of the cspacors in this ret Urea in ester dea in the nex section ures 16 cay desirable to rede he akernaing component of the relied waveform so that the output is primal de vlage. ‘This acomplihed by means of flrs which are composed of stiably conneted capacitors and indocances A power upp [keri low-pae fier hich reduces the apts of ser rating components inthe ecibed vetore and pases dhe de ‘ompenent. A meant of the effecvenes of ker sven by the rp fasor which debe 3 de ratio oF the rs vale oF the a componente the de or average valve. ‘TH i (os) According 10 his definion i i desirable to make the vipphe factor as smalls possible Alshough recited maveformm contain ‘many harmonics of the input wleage frequency, ii generally fatsfactory to determine the ripple factor atthe funitental Frequency ony. This isso becauae the fondamental frequen) 3 Predominant and als because higher harmon ae stented more than the fundaipental bythe low-pat iter charters 4-7 Capacitor ster ‘The simplest ker cet consis af capacoeconnested in parallel with the fod resianc, as inthe spiel low-elkage bridge vecier power apply shown in Fg. 4-1 ite rencanes FIGURE $19 Praca Lng pve ih ingot ‘ofthe capacitor at the powerine Frequency iseallcmpared with ‘he lod resstance the te component shorted ow and nly ‘Sceurzent remain inthe kad rear ‘Characerisis f the copter ler ae determined by exasining waveforms inthe crcl ig 420. The capacr Iacharged tothe Peak value of the recied volage ¥, and begins to discharge FIGURE 4.26. ova ge of cxpior flrs loon al i pe “alge. through Rafer the rated wohage decreases from the peak tales The decreaee in eapartr voltage besween charging ules ‘depen upon she relive values ofthe RC ime conan ad the petod of the mput voltage. A stall me constant means the ‘crease is age andthe ripple alae save large. On the cher hand, large time conscant res smal ipl component ‘The diodes conduct only during the portion ofthe cycle hat the ‘apacvor i charging, because only ding this ecerval the sme fof the mpply voltage and the capacitor volage auch that the potential cron the des iin che forward dietion "The ripple voltage is approximately a triangular wave if the ‘AC tine constane song crpated with the period, RCT. Ie this ase the exponent derene of cxpacton volage dating one Period is given approximately by ¥,%°TIRiG. The de ouput fohage isthe peak capacitor vokuge minus the average ripple component or 49) ate" (and where fis the main frequency of the rected waveform. The ‘Becive vokage of x eangular wave fs calelated in Appendix 2. In present aoation (43) where the approximation R,C ® Tas bee used aga. “This eal shows tha vipple reduced by Increasing the wake ‘of the fier capacitor. When the lad curtent ir equal 1 £er0 (i), dhe ripple factor bocomes zero, which menos that the fontpetvokage tp de. Arte load cent inreaed mer Tales OF al the ripple factor lacreases ering component ‘ahs gen onthe eet sagan of Fig 1-1, the pple atone found to be 005. ‘Thus she ripple vokageis about percent of dhe e ouspt. Note that the ripple vokage ofa fullave rece is “approximately one-half that of the halewave ceeut because the frequency of the rectified component is twice gest. “The de output voage may He itn, using Ey (119), a8 1 Yau Yo— ato 4) ‘where the approximation f~ FR ns been used. According (By (£22) the de ontput volige decreases lineal a6 the de ‘current drawn by the lond inerenes. The consaney in output votage with current scaled the eglaton ofthe power supply G2) shows tha a large value of Ste eapacanceinpves the rexulaion. TUshould be noted thatthe decease In utp ‘lage given y thst refers only othe ange accompany Jing the teveae inthe ac ripple component ‘The I dp sa tiated with dine resistances andthe reastarce of the teasformer ‘ening Furher rede the outpace a the lod current hi “The simple capacior Ber provides very god fering action et tow currents and i often woe in highotge low-cut power supphes. Because of is simplcty, the cuit ale i foul the higher euttent supplies where ripple rly lst in Pottant.The de ouspu wohage igh equal othe peak whe the supply voltage. "The disadvantages of the capac Set ate poor regulation and intend ripple farge Ie 4-8. Lsoetion ster eis useful tad series inductor othe capacitance fie, a in the crit of Fig. 421. The series inductane in this Lion Chalrinfa ter opposes rapid variations inthe current and so URE $21 Latin er ‘contrite tothe fering ation. The ripple factor may be dete ‘mined by noun that the ac vokage components of the rected ‘eveforn divide between the inductance andthe impedance Z of the tesstorcapactor combination. These Wma) AZH2 +X} Wale here the sbseip refers to the vltge rai tthe output of dae Fier andthe subnerie refers othe reed waveform. aie tin (23) ay be pati ame insractie form by aang magnitude of the impedance and reavsnging (30) Gina). aera 69 G2) ianeverTTaR a) Noe hit dhe dependence upon Rial upon the load current, ‘eich saley thin the ease forthe eapacitor Biker fe {8R,C > Ty asisdoneinpraice,he Fipple factor independent of the fod. "Teserting the rms io spproprite for fallwave ‘eter (Appendix 2), Bg. (35) becomes vit Sa (426) According 10 Ea, (4-26 large values of La loge ales of Gm. ‘rove the Bitering ation, "The inductance chokes off erating components af the et fied wavelorm and the de ouput voltage nny the average de, aloe of the rectified wave." For ase of halide th ‘means tha the de our olge (Append 2) Yan2v, moor wa where vp the peak ard i the ram vale ofthe eanaorener toltage. "Therefore the output wage ofthe coke ip le ie onsen ln a that of he apace fer ‘cording co Bay (4-26) the pple i imdependent of the load current. This means that there Ho decree nap woe (due 1o a dcreae in iter action st high erent such a8 Eq, (422) for the capactor fer. Therefore, the output voage ‘is independent of the fod excep for IR drops in the diodes and tansformer windings Fo his eso the Lectin Hier sed Jn pplicuions where wide vniatns In the Toad «iret are sm peated. ‘The adesatage of god repulsion anon be bance Against the comparately low cup vole im conser any ‘Bren epphcation FIGURE 422. Valogemguitin horritiesf | BS tapensnpt hi ond cn | $85 “The effeiveness of the inductance is reduced at low currents, so at very light fads the Lcton ier ace ke simple capac tance Mer Therefore the outpot voltage rises to the peak Yale fofthe inp vlage. tn order to prevent his its common prac ‘he to include a resstince actom the espactor. This rear dams suficen current to make the inductance effective even ‘when theo current drops oer. Sich a ater Fesson 50 {eulin daining the change fom the fer eapactor afer the Powersupply turned off hich reduces the injory azar. A apason ofthe volagereguation curves of exper flee Sind chokes er, Fig. 422 shows te por regulation but igh ouput ofthe former and de good regulation but over vole ageelthelate, ‘The minimum current neceeiy to ensue good fering action inte cave ofthe L-eton keri cestly evident -seotion iter “The combination of captitorinp filer with an Lseton iter, 8 showin the power-supply aga of Fig 4-2, ina very Popular cat. he cpu voltage of this xin fle i eae at ofthe eapadtor input ier, andthe regulation characterises bre about the same, "The ripple H very much redvced by the Soule Bierng action, however I fat the overall pple factor et | I PICURE 422-4 pci 10st four sts is escatilly the product ofthe ripple factor of the capacitor fer tine the inpedance rato of the evecion iter Therefore ing 1) and the impedance ratio developed or (425), _ et 8 oie we XiXe us “8 te cand ‘According 10 Fy, (1-28) if the reatnces of bth capacitors are Small atthe tipple Feeney, ad tha of the induces ge, the ripple factors." Note thet the ripple incest wth oad as fs made sna In spite of the puon regulation properties Of the serection fier, iit widely tse, because of i exelent kering ation ‘The pracial power-supply diagram of Fig. 4:25 fas ceversl ther features of note, Both ecfiers are enckned i the sane las emelope of the ype 3U4 diode to simplify flliwave ret= Fesion. The S-vlt hestercathode (the oxide emiter is coed rectly onthe heer i heated by a separate secondary winding ‘on the power sansformer. Finally, 8-ylt ening ab pro ‘ded 0 suppl dhe heaters of der vacua tubesin thease retry. A cru sia to Fi 4-28 very common in elt: tronic devices ‘Other combinations of fier ype are tho wed, Tho Lscton filters Fig. 4246 for example provide the good regulation of the ‘hokcinpurflertojether wh very How ripple. Theripple factor OF any filter design eat by considering each imple hiker, Separately, a8 inthe cane of the maction fie deste shoe. ‘A usetl warn of the ween Ber parsculaly sable for lowcurvent cuits replaces the inducance with 2 reso, Fig “£240 the ripple Lact sap Bq (4-25) wth Ny sepaced ye Value of the series restr R.‘This ect i wel only i the orrent i low enough so that the I drop acon the resins et excessive sd if regalaion sof aecondary concern. Within these Festrctins the ctu provides eter tering ston tha 3 ple apoctanee Ble. FIGURE 424) Deal Lic ft nd tion RC —_t_T_ VOLTAGE REGULATORS 11 fen deinble that dhe wage o poe supply remain fed independent of telat crrentAbwughiheeedaton the chokesmput fe very good the output vase dene wih increaing cusent co in thse hectu of he ‘ros acon he tatormer winding resistance and he eer dese variable tach a hangs hehe lage ad “Snpovent aging. may abo eearbuteovarane inthe Bones SUppb valiag In order to aan the oupa age sane, ‘elo ur devs ne nade pat ofthe power eps te fy elaborate elton se I wer) prac Feu eee ab dace ot te chapter ecer exes spa ‘onmporen chat matin node vloge sub ae une 4-10. Zener diodes A ome particular reve yolige the reverse cree in a {june nese very rply Ths happens when ceo lr acelerated to high vlotics bythe Bela the json and rode other ice skin by Sonia olson wth stm {Thee eecons ae smarty alerted bythe eld an nur cate ther vonzatons Thu vache proces fender ge et alten ata aero The rikdown itt dst, hover ie the powe dis thn sallowed wince the emperstare tothe pot whereleal Imeking desire the senicondacor. ‘The vkage ness the Jincton remain quite conan over wide cave range nthe Ureakdown region: Thin effet can i med vo maintain theoutpt ‘fa power spply a the breakdown stage ea IGUHE 425. Rose bobean chante f "rnin Ze de “These pm junctions are called Zener isd, becouse Clarence Zener fst suggested an explanation forthe rapid current increase at breakdown. The eutencolage curve of Zener de, Fig. 4125, hiss sharp tasion potential Mat cient lata above bealdowa, Zener dies may be oblate with brethdow Yeliages ranging from aboot to voks tr several ined ots nd ‘wh curreat ratings of Tew millamaperes to many amperes "The way in which s Zener ide xed ta repute the wus Voltage of 4 power supply fs iaursed in Fig 28 ‘The un ‘Tegulted ouput soage of the supply mut he greater than the rs FIGURE $26 Zoe de ede ng maton Zener breakdown vohage of the diode. ‘Then the wlge mp cro case by the de erent dds beso potential dsp tothe power spy potent Ashe lad er Fent ieee, the dia arent dvtencym the dep asa Ry iva the ilferenee between the Brea own potent sad he fererspply volnge Even the powersupptyvokage eres finder hd, the repated ope wage remain conte “The mininim vale the see resor Rs deter the smatan pera ode ren at 1 itis howe that the lad catent never falls Below cera ‘unin value the seve seston can promtbly be nese Above tha given by Eq (49). This mies he power has the weve ei am) 411 vr tubes An olde frm af voltage regulator, the VA tae, based om the properties ofan lec glow dackarg 4 lowpresose ine. gas bewween two unheated elerodes ifthe punta between the lecroes is high enough, electrons are secreted slices > Sonic gas atoms by callson and crrentaalache resi. A inthe tase of the Zener dade, the elecrode potential ness Independent of the curren ate dicarge. the detice cn be Used as voltage regulator ins power supply. tur ot that the ‘lectrode potential Yequived to inate the yo discharges about 40 percent greater han the sustaining podem 0th the st ‘regulated power-supply voltage ma be correspondingly greater VR tubes are walle with 7, 0 105- and 1S0-aK ratings and with nominal current range of 6 1240 ma, tis therefore posible o exert control over a-cursent vations covering this ‘ame range_Diferent regulated voluges can be obtained by ing ‘0 oF more WR ces in seris (ig 427), ‘Thin can slo be done FIGURE 4.27 vag par tbs yb plc stent sng pl a ofl Ben tgs lth Zener diodes if necessary, although the wider veection of olkage ratings avaiable usally makes this unecessary. Pattie Connection of regulators increase de caret ange not fea ble, for one of the parslelconneced wait unevoxaby ea slighlyfover operating potental snd therefore cases of the furren. "The eat smb forthe Vk tube, shown in Fig 4427, ha an open cre symbolising the cold cathade, The sod ‘or indicates a Bed tube. Both VR wales and Zener dlades also provide Altering action since they tend to maintain the att vollage constant wget, ‘hanges in the power-supply vole, inluding ripple. For ths ‘reson iis often posible o employ ony raiment. nde tance ‘apacance filtering in conjunction wih vote regulators 412 Controlled rectifiers Ie is often necessary wo contol the power delivered 10 some Jon, sch van electric motor or the Beting mento farnace Series resitanees or potentiometers wate power serous dae back in high-power rei Conrld rece have heen de ‘eloped which ar capable of adjusting the wansmied power nih Fue waste "The most sasactory unit of tis Kind ie the slo cold ‘ecieror SCR. ais semiconductor device contains fou pale ‘junctions: cis described deta ia Chap. For presen pur ssi soficient to note tha its sind oa junction reste In which forward condsetion controled ty the current in acon. tol electrode, ale the gute” The incon of the pe cetrode i shown on the SCR symbol (Fig, 4-28). ‘The currene-voluge characteristic of a piel SCR, Fentcal to a janeio rete the revere deco, ‘avd direction has both an ostate, which equivalent to nol FIGURE 4.28. Cait ef on ome eter orwatd conduction in 2 junction recifier, and a lw-current ofr sue. So long a the forward avode

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