Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 Feedbak1 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Maurizio Falcone
    9 views19 pages

    Original Title

    4 feedbak1.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    9 views19 pages

    4 Feedbak1 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Maurizio Falcone

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 19
    8 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS The performance of tremistr and veceam-tube amir: is enhanced in Imany respects by returning facto of the utp inal othe Input torminale ‘This proces i called fedback The foedbck ‘igual may either aupent the inp signal o end cane The ater, called negative foack, ithe primary concern ef his chepter. Improved froquney response charateritiy en reduced waveform ditrtion or tained with gato edbach {Tn addin, opin performance is much ls dependent wor ‘hangar a abe o tramter percocet cased by ing ot tempertare afc (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ‘The circuit alterations of a standard amplier which return a portion of the otpuit signal to the input may be analyzed by the techniques developed in presious chapters. It is more illustrative, however o isolate the feedback portion ofthe crest and teat it separately. Consider the feedback amplifier, Fig. 8-1, comprising ata ol ai “am oe eee eee oe be— | Fp ele | 4 standard amplifier with a gain a and a feedback network indi- ‘ated by the box marked According to this cincut,# vokage {By is added co the input signal so chat the tol input signal to the amplifier is e+ Bey ey Inuroducing the fac that = mut abe, (82) se that co) According to Eq, (8) the overall gain of the amplifier with feed ack, 4) smay be greater or smaller than that of the amplifier alone, depend ing upon the algebraic sign of Ba "The condition of greatest interest in this chapter it negative Joodbach, when fs i 3 negative quantity. In thie case, Bq. (B-t) ows that the overall gain fs reduced because in eect. che fee back voltage cancels a portion af the mput signal. If the amplifier {gin s very large, ¢ > 1, the overall gan reeaces to es) This shows thar the gain depends only upon the properties ofthe feedback circuit. Most often, the Feedback network i 4 simple ‘combination of resistors andlor capacitors. Therefore, the gin it independent of variations in tube or transistor parameters in the Amplifier. In addition to this desirable improvement in stabil, ‘the gain may be calculated from circuit values ofthe feedback net. work alone, ‘Thus it is not necessary (o know, for example, the ‘parameters ofall cransistors inthe circuit. [Negative feedback is also effective in reducing waveform dis. Lorton in ampliers. Waveform distortion result from non linear transfer characteristic, which may be imerpreted asa smaller agin where the slope ofthe transfer characteristic is less, and as 8 larger gain where the slope ofthe transfer characteristic i greater According to Eq. (5), however, the gain of an amplifier with feedback is essentially independent of variations caused by non lineartes in tube oF transistor characteristics. Therelore, the transfer characteristic is more linear and distordon is reduced ‘A quantitative meature of the reduction in distortion achieved with feedback is obtained by assuming that distortion signals can be represented by a volage generator in the amplifier. Fig. 8:2 (With this approximation the amplifed signal eis distortions. [As usual, % represents the internal impedance of the ert a. viewed from the output terminals of the amplifier. Under this Condition, the output vokage rant (86) includes the distortion volages ay. Both the amplified signal and distortion voltages are fed back, so thatthe input tothe amplifier is yt Blut ue) an Inwroducing Eq, (8-7) into (88) and solving for ourput signal, atta, rege (88) ‘The ratio of undistorted output signal to distortion vohages the case of no feedback (where e, = is, from Eq. (84), @-2 oo Including feedback, this ratio is, from Eq, (88), Brat on O-r5, on According to Eq. (8-11), feedback reduces the relative importance of distortion signals in the output bythe Factor 1+ ef. Since a isa large number, this smproverentesgnificant In effect, feed bck results in an amplified distortion signal that cancels the original distortion voltages toalarge extent. This result is parccu larly useful in power amplifies where transistors or tubes are used ‘over the full ange of their characteristics The benefits of negative feedback are obzined at he expenteof| reduced gain, according to Eq. (8-1). This is nota serious tos, however, because large amplifications are easily obtained in tran- sisior and vacuumtube circus. In practice the maximum usable fain limited by random noise effects anyway and itis not difficult to achieve the maximum amplification that can be efectvely used, even with feedback included. “The gain a and the Teedback factor fare inherently complex numbers. ‘That is, phase shifts associated with coupling capacitors and stray capacitance effects sre present, particulary at frequen ies outside of the passband of the amplifier. ‘These phase shifts Cause 2 departure fram the 180” phase shift necessary forthe fed- ‘back voltage to imerfere destructively with the imputsignal. Ieean happen thatthe overall phase sift becomes zero (., $60" s0 that (fis positive and the feedback voltage augments the inpit signal. ‘This called past frdlach and leads to serious instability efects in Feedback amplifiers. Note, particulary, that if 98 =-+) the omput voltage, Eq (8-2, becomes very large, even in the absence of an input signal. This means that positive feedback may cause an amplifier to oscilate, previously discussed in connection with the feedback effects ofthe arid pate capacitance in wiodes and the collector capaciance in (ransisiors. Oscillation is deleterious in amplifiers since the output voltage is not a rephca of the impo signal. Pore feedback is, however, a useful condition in oscillator circuits as discussed inthe next chapter 8-1 Voltage feedback In the foregoing, a portion ofthe ousput wohage is returned to the input terminals, a condition referred toa voltage feedback. The ‘wo-stage transistor amplifier, Fig. 83, uses voltage fedback intro FIGURE 63 Teo.sage joliack anplier. Fontack is determin by rb aR

    You might also like